Notes to Chapter 5
“The Most Enthusiastic Election Ever Held in This Country”

1. Springfield Globe-Republic (Springfield, OH), November 27, 1885, Chronicling America,http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87076916/1885-11-27/ed-1/seq-2/;words=Atlanta+prohibition (accessed February 16, 2011).

2. Gaines M. Foster, Moral Reconstruction: Christian Lobbyists and the Federal Legislation of Morality, 1865–1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002).

3. Eighteen states held referenda on constitutional prohibition in the 1880s: Connecticut, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, and West Virginia. North Carolina held a referendum on a statewide law, not a constitutional amendment. Ann-Marie E. Szymanski, Pathways to Prohibition: Radicals, Moderates, and Social Movement Outcomes (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003), 2, 219n5.

4. “E. P. Howell’s Speech,” Atlanta Constitution, November 20, 1887.

5. “The Georgia Press Association and Temperance,” Atlanta Constitution, May 24, 1881; John M. Dobson, Politics in the Gilded Age (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1972), 25–42.

Even the idea of endorsing a popular vote on prohibition was feared by national party leaders. At the state level, however, attitudes varied. State Democratic parties rarely called for popular votes on prohibition, but during the 1880s ten state Republican Party platforms did: Arkansas, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Texas. In addition, the Connecticut, Indiana, Ohio, and Wisconsin Republican Party platforms included “indefinite expressions favoring the eradication of the evils of intemperance and the restraint of the traffic.” A party’s call for local option votes did not mean the rank-and-file supported prohibition. For example, in Texas, where the Republican Party called for a plebiscite, when the vote was finally held in 1887, probably the majority of Republicans opposed prohibition. Ivy, 97–98; Colvin, 175–76.

6. Rochon, 31; “Temperance,” New York Evangelist, July 28, 1887. See also “Some Plain Words on Prohibition,” The Advance, November 10, 1887. What it meant to “politicize” temperance had evolved over time. Bills with far less political significance than local option could not pass in 1850. For example, in 1850 Georgia’s Sons of Temperance sought incorporation under state law, but Joseph Brown, the state senator who chaired the special committee assigned to consider the issue, reported that even though most committee members were temperance men, they opposed the request because there was considerable public prejudice against the organization, and legislating on it would “inflame the public mind.” Joseph H. Parks, Joseph E. Brown of Georgia (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977), 10.

7. “The Georgia Plan,” Atlanta Journal, November 23, 1885.

8. Sam Small was a heavy drinker for years. At several points in his life it threatened his ability to earn a living. The same month Drew arrived in Atlanta, Small received an appointment to a temporary job in New Orleans and lapsed back into heavy drinking. Small did not finally give up alcohol until August 1885, during a Sam Jones revival. See Samuel W. Small, White Angel of the World (Philadelphia: Peerless Publishing Co., 1891), 16–21.

9. According to Drew he calculated correctly about Atlanta’s significance. From Atlanta he received invitations to many places throughout the South, including cities in Arkansas, Florida, and South Carolina.

10. “Mr. John W. Drew,” Atlanta Constitution, January 17, 1880; Our Union, January 15, 1880.

11. “Woman’s Christian Temperance Union,” Atlanta Constitution, April 15, 1880; “Woman’s Christian Temperance Union,” Atlanta Constitution, April 23, 1880; Mother Stewart, Memories of the Crusade (Columbus, OH: William G. Hubbard & Co., 1888), 510–17; Bordin, 78–79.

12. Ansley, 38–49, 61, 90–91.

13. “‘Dry’ Atlanta,” Richmond Dispatch, November 27, 1885.

14. Theodore L. Cuyler to John D. Rockefeller, April 4, 1886, reel 9, Office Correspondence, Papers of John D. Rockefeller, Sr., microfilm edition, RAC; National Temperance Advocate 20 (November 1885): 188; “The Good Templars,” Atlanta Constitution, January 31, 1886; “Templars at Work,” Atlanta Constitution, February 2, 1886; “The Colored Vote,” Atlanta Journal, October 1, 1885; “Whisky or No Whisky,” Atlanta Constitution, September 20, 1885.

15. James M. Wright, The License System of the City of Atlanta (Atlanta: Harper Publishing Co., 1964), 186–88; “Drinks for 1885,” Atlanta Constitution, January 3, 1885.

16. Raymond B. Nixon, Henry W. Grady: Spokesman of the New South (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1943), 271. Although Nixon’s reference to “communicated” articles is about 1887, the Constitution followed the same policy in the 1885 election. For descriptions of the campaigns see John Hammond Moore. Even more thorough is W. Dennis Mason, “Protestants, Politics, and Prohibition: The Prohibition Elections of Fulton County in 1885 and 1887” (Master’s thesis, University of Georgia, 1986).

17. “Whisky or No Whisky,” Atlanta Constitution, September 20, 1885; “Our Atlanta Letter,” The Weekly Sentinel, October 3, 1885.

18. Eugene J. Watts, “Black Political Progress in Atlanta, 1868–1895,” Journal of Negro History 59 (July 1974): 268–75; Watts, The Social Bases of City Politics, Atlanta, 1865–1903 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1978), 23–25.

19. “Prohibition in the South,” Atlanta Constitution, December 31, 1885; “A Joyful City,” Atlanta Journal, November 27, 1885.

20. “Fifth Ward Temperance,” Atlanta Constitution, October 14, 1885; “Munhall and Small,” Atlanta Constitution, October 15, 1885; “Fighting Whisky,” Atlanta Constitution, October 16, 1885; “Prohibition,” Spelman Messenger 2 (December 1885): 1; “Black and White,” Atlanta Constitution, November 13, 1885; “Spelman Seminary,” Atlanta Journal, November 13, 1885.

21. Mary Jane Smith, “Constructing Womanhood in Public: Progressive White Women in a New South” (PhD diss., Louisiana State University, 2002), 123–31.

22. Scomp, 814.

23. “Prohibition Points,” Atlanta Journal, October 21, 1885; “Colored Prohibitionists,” Atlanta Constitution, November 6, 1885; “Still Booming,” Atlanta Journal, November 18, 1885; “The Cold Water Wave,” Atlanta Journal, November 13, 1885.

A letter to the editor of the Atlanta Journal openly questioned whether Julius L. Brown’s opposition to prohibition—expressed in several lengthy letters to the editor between November 3 and 8—constituted a conflict of interest because so much of his family’s wealth was derived from leasing convicts from the state to work coal mines the family owned. (Brown was the son of Georgia Senator Joseph E. Brown.) See “A Father’s Opinion,” Atlanta Journal, November 6, 1885.

24. “Bishop Turner’s Reply to Gov. Bullock,” Atlanta Constitution, November 24, 1885; “Bryant’s Battalions,” Atlanta Constitution, December 10, 1879; “Prohibition Meetings,” Macon Telegraph, October 20, 1885; “Prohibition Points,” Atlanta Journal, October 21, 1885; “Still Booming,” Atlanta Journal, November 18, 1885; “Increased Enthusiasm,” Atlanta Journal, November, 20, 1885; “Down with Whisky,” Atlanta Constitution, November 21, 1885; “For Prohibition,” Atlanta Constitution, November 24, 1885; “The Cold Water Wave,” Atlanta Journal, November 13, 1885.

25. “Prohibition in Atlanta,” Sunny South, November 4, 1885. I only found two examples of wets urging blacks not to sell their votes to the drys.

26. Watts, Social Bases, 32–34; “The Republican Vote in Georgia,” Atlanta Constitution, September 28, 1887; “Distributing Whiskey to Control the Colored Vote,” National Temperance Advocate 22 (August 1887): 135. See also Atticus G. Haygood, Save Our Homes: A Prohibition Sermon (Macon, GA: J. W. Burke & Co., 1884), 19–20.

27. Atlanta Journal, November 14, 1885; “Black and White,” Atlanta Constitution, November 13, 1885; “The Inside of Atlanta,” Macon Telegraph, October 24, 1885.

28. “Fighting Whisky,” Atlanta Constitution, October 16, 1885; “At the Atlanta University,” Atlanta Constitution, November 12, 1885; “The Cold Water Wave,” Atlanta Journal, November 13, 1885.

29. “Colored Prohibitionists,” Atlanta Constitution, November 6, 1885; “Prohibition Meetings,” Atlanta Constitution, November 20, 1885.

30. “Manhood,” Weekly Defiance, February 24, 1883; “Wet or Dry,” Atlanta Constitution, November 25, 1885. See also Matt J. Harper, “The Ballot or the Bottle: Temperance, Black Manliness, and the Struggle for Citizenship in North Carolina, 1881–1901” (Master’s thesis, University of North Carolina, 2003); William H. Becker, “The Black Church: Manhood and Mission,” in African-American Religion: Interpretive Essays in History and Culture, ed. Timothy E. Fulop and Albert J. Raboteau (New York: Routledge, 1997), 180–99.

31. “The Anti-Prohibition Meeting,” Atlanta Constitution, October 28, 1885; “Opposing Prohibition,” Atlanta Constitution, October 29, 1885.

32. It is not clear if this committee was assembled solely for the purpose of fighting prohibition or if it was a standing organization designed to facilitate employee-management relations, but it was probably the former.

33. “The Colored Citizens,” Atlanta Constitution, October 30, 1885; “Anti-Prohibition,” Atlanta Journal, November 3, 1885.

34. In 1880 Badger’s taxable assets totaled $5,850, and in 1885 they were $8,000. See Dorsey, 172–73.

35. Although Bullock’s term in office ended in disgrace when he fled the state in 1871 to avoid prosecution on corruption charges, and he was arrested and returned to Atlanta for trial in 1876, he was acquitted on all charges and by the 1880s had become respected once again in Atlanta society.

36. “The Anti-Prohibition Committee,” Atlanta Constitution, October 31, 1885.

37. “Prohibition in Georgia,” New York Tribune, November 25, 1885; “Clark Goes Dry,” Atlanta Constitution, February 26, 1885; “Pledger on Trial,” Macon Telegraph, October 27, 1885; “Pledger Convicted,” Atlanta Constitution, October 28, 1885; “Pledger Sentenced,” Atlanta Constitution, October 29, 1885; “The Colored Citizens,” Atlanta Constitution, October 30, 1885; “Antis Grand Rally,” Atlanta Constitution, November 21, 1885.

38. “The Colored Citizens,” Atlanta Constitution, October 30, 1885; “Taking it Straight,” Atlanta Constitution, November 3, 1885; “The Anti-Prohibitionists,” Atlanta Constitution, November 12, 1885; “Antis Grand Rally,” Atlanta Constitution, November 21, 1885; “Anti-Prohibition,” Atlanta Journal, November 3, 1885; “W. A. Pledger to the Colored People,” Atlanta Constitution, November 24, 1885.

39. Committee of Twenty-Five, An Appeal to the Voters of Atlanta (Atlanta: Atlanta Constitution Job Print, 1885).

40. Atlanta grew up around a railroad juncture, consequently logistics (trade, transportation, warehousing) was, and has remained, its economic raison d’être. A major regional distribution center, the city has historically employed more people in logistics than in manufacturing. In 1880, 29 percent of all Atlantans worked in manufacturing, while 35 percent worked in trade and transportation. See Richard Hopkins, “Status, Mobility, and the Dimensions of Change in a Southern City: Atlanta, 1870–1910,” in Cities in American History, ed. Kenneth T. Jackson and Stanley K. Schultz (New York: Knopf, 1972), 230n8; “For the Sale,” Atlanta Constitution, November 20, 1885; Charles Davidson, “Moving Things Along,” Georgia Trend, March 2004, 13–18.
41. “An Anti-Prohibition Meeting,” Atlanta Constitution, November 6, 1885; “Jeff Long Speaks a Piece,” Macon Telegraph, November 21, 1885; “W. A. Pledger to the Colored People,” Atlanta Constitution, November 24, 1885.

42. Wright, 186; “Drinks for 1885,” Atlanta Constitution, January 3, 1885; Weekly Defiance, October 8, 1881; “When Liquor Licenses Expire,” Atlanta Journal, November 27, 1885.

43. “The Cold Water Wave,” Atlanta Journal, November 13, 1885.

44. This is an intriguing charge, but I found no evidence to support the idea that liquor dealers contributed to black schools.

45. “Antis Grand Rally,” Atlanta Constitution, November 21, 1885; “An Anti-Prohibition Meeting,” Atlanta Constitution, November 6, 1885; “The Inside of Atlanta,” Macon Telegraph, November 20, 1885; “For the Sale of Whiskey,” Atlanta Journal, November 20, 1885.

46. “Antis Grand Rally,” Atlanta Constitution, November 21, 1885.

47. Ibid.

48. “An Anti-Prohibition Meeting,” Atlanta Constitution, November 6, 1885; “W. A. Pledger to the Colored People,” Atlanta Constitution, November 24, 1885.

49. “Antis Grand Rally,” Atlanta Constitution, November 21, 1885.

50. Perrysburg Journal (Perrysburg, OH), November 27, 1885, Chronicling America, http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87076843/1885–11–27/ed-1/seq-2/;words=Atlanta+Prohibition (accessed February 16, 2011).

51. It would not take much for Atlanta’s police to fear that a fight was about to break out when several blacks got together and showed any excitement about anything. While I question how close their conversation was to an actual fight, I cite this to illustrate the passions the campaign aroused in African Americans.

52. It was important to a woman to be able to influence her husband and/or son to vote for prohibition. One lady said she would have a “very poor” opinion of herself as a woman “if she could not persuade him to vote on any question of right so plainly indicated as that in the prohibition movement.” “A Woman’s Opinion,” Atlanta Journal, November 17, 1885. The Atlanta Journal specifically called on women to influence the men in their lives to wear the blue badge. “The Ladies and the Blue Badge,” Atlanta Journal, November 16, 1885. The press rarely ever mentioned women persuading their men to vote wet.

53. According to Ebenezer’s own history, the church was not organized until November 1886. Rev. John Parker, its founding pastor, came out of Wheat Street Baptist. According to the Atlanta Journal, however, Parker was pastor of Ebenezer in November 1885. While it is not surprising that a white paper could record incorrect information about Black Atlanta, it is odd that it would accidentally identify a pastor with a church name that did not exist at the time but which did come into existence the following year. All the records on W. H. Tillman say he pastored Wheat Street from 1875 to 1897. While the following chronology is purely speculative, the general scenario is not improbable: Perhaps Tillman voluntarily or involuntarily stepped down from the pulpit for a time, and Parker replaced him; and while in charge, he changed the church’s name to Ebenezer. After a period of several months (in 1886) Tillman returned, and Parker withdrew with several members, keeping the Ebenezer name for his congregation, while the remainder of the church retained the original Wheat Street Baptist name and their pastor Tillman. See Tommy Jones, “Historical Background and Context,” Structure Report on Ebenezer Baptist Church, prepared for the National Park Service on file at the Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site, Atlanta, Georgia (2000), 2; “Prohibition,” Atlanta Journal, November 11, 1885.

54. “The Grand Battle, and the Whiskey Defeat,” Christian Index, December 3, 1885; “Dry It Is,” Atlanta Constitution, November 26, 1885; “Prohibition in Georgia,” New York Times, November 12, 1885; “Prohibition in Atlanta,” Wesleyan Christian Advocate, November 25, 1885; “Atlanta’s Experiment,” Augusta Chronicle, November 29, 1885; “An Incipient Row Prevented,” Macon Telegraph, November 24, 1885; “An Anti-Prohibition Meeting,” Atlanta Constitution, November 6, 1885; “Black and White,” Atlanta Constitution, November 13, 1885; “Inside of Atlanta,” Macon Telegraph, November 18, 1885; “Prohibition,” Atlanta Journal, November 11, 1885.

For examples of how prohibition mania affected students and employees, see “Girls and Prohibition,” Atlanta Constitution, November 12, 1885, and “High Pressure of Prohibition,” Atlanta Constitution, November 23, 1885.

55. “Wet or Dry?” Atlanta Constitution, November 25, 1885.

56. “Wet or Dry?” Atlanta Constitution, November 25, 1885; “Corralling the Voters,” New York Times, November 25, 1885; “Inside of Atlanta,” Macon Telegraph, November 25, 1885; “The Battle On,” Atlanta Journal, November 25, 1885; Scomp, 811–12.

57. “Wet or Dry?” Atlanta Constitution, November 25, 1885; “Corralling the Voters,” New York Times, November 25, 1885; “Inside of Atlanta,” Macon Telegraph, November 25, 1885; “The Battle On,” Atlanta Journal, November 25, 1885; Scomp, 811–12; “A Fight Over Prohibition,” New York Times, November 27, 1885.

58. “Dry It Is,” Atlanta Constitution, November 26, 1885.

59. “An Army of Voters,” Atlanta Constitution, November 15, 1885; “Wet or Dry?” Atlanta Constitution, November 25, 1885; Ansley, 87–88; “Free Lunch,” Atlanta Constitution, November 19, 1885; “Food for the Voters,” Atlanta Constitution, November 25, 1885.

60. “An Army of Voters,” Atlanta Constitution, November 15, 1885; “How Can They Vote?” Atlanta Constitution, November 17, 1885; “Threats of Violence,” Atlanta Constitution, November 17, 1885; “The Great Election,” Atlanta Constitution, November 22, 1885; “Tomorrow’s Contest,” Atlanta Constitution, November 24, 1885; “The Voting Hours,” Atlanta Constitution, November 25, 1885; “Police Laconics,” Atlanta Journal, November 26, 1885; “Prohibition,” Spelman Messenger 2 (December 1885): 1; “Dry It Is,” Atlanta Constitution, November 26, 1885.

61. Georgia’s 1877 constitution established a cumulative poll tax that required voters to be up to date on all their back taxes prior to the previous year.

62. “Inside of Atlanta,” Macon Telegraph, October 24, 1885; “Negroes Registered in Atlanta,” New York Times, November 2, 1885; “Inside of Atlanta,” Macon Telegraph, November 12, 1885; “Working the Prohibitionists,” New York Times, November 14, 1885; “How Can They Vote?” Atlanta Constitution, November 17, 1885; “The Cold Water Wave,” Atlanta Journal, November 13, 1885; “To the Colored Voters,” Atlanta Constitution, November 22, 1885; Levine, 102–21; Riggins R. Earl Jr., Dark Symbols, Obscure Signs: God, Self, & Community in the Slave Mind (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1993), 131–58. Wesley Gaines gave the same advice as Carter when asked if it was all right to vote the dry ticket after the wets had paid their back taxes.

63. “An Army of Voters, Atlanta Constitution, November 15, 1885; “Dry It Is,” Atlanta Constitution, November 26, 1885; Wright, 199; “The Inside of Atlanta,” Macon Telegraph, November 27, 1885; “Tomorrow’s Contest,” Atlanta Constitution, November 24, 1885; “Prohibition Prizes,” Atlanta Constitution, December 3, 1885.

64. “Prohibition Prizes,” Atlanta Constitution, December 3, 1885; “The Banner,” Atlanta Constitution, January 14, 1886; “The Banner,” Atlanta Constitution, January 15, 1886; “Banner Presentation,” Spelman Messenger 2 (December 1885): 5; Augusta Chronicle, November 29, 1885.

65. “A Remarkable Event in Georgia,” The Sun (New York, NY), November 27, 1885, Chronicling America, http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030272/1885-11-27/ed-1/seq-2/ (accessed February 16, 2011).

66. Springfield Globe-Republic (Springfield, OH), November 25, 1885, Chronicling America,http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87076916/1885–11–25/ed-1/seq-2/;words=Atlanta+prohibition (accessed February 16, 2011);“Badly Cut,” Atlanta Journal, November 26, 1885; “Pelting Prohibitionists,” Atlanta Constitution, November 28, 1885; “Pedestrianism and Prohibition,” Atlanta Constitution, December 1, 1885; “Two Atlanta Prohibitionists,” The Washington Post, December 2, 1885; “Crazy on Prohibition,” Atlanta Constitution, November 28, 1885; “The Inside of Atlanta,” Macon Telegraph, November 29, 1885; “The Inside of Atlanta,” Macon Telegraph, November 27, 1885; “A Temperance Orator Crazed,” New York Times, June 21, 1886; “Hosannas Being Sung,” Fort Worth Daily Gazette, November 26, 1885, The Portal to Texas History, http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth86650/m1/8/ (accessed May 21, 2012).

67. “Battle Between Badgers,” Atlanta Journal, October 18, 1886.

68. “Remarkable Contest,” St. Paul Daily Globe, November 23, 1885, Chronicling America, http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn90059522/1885-11-23/ed-1/seq-2/(accessed February 16, 2011).

69. A small sampling of articles expressing this view: “Let it Stay out of Politics,” Atlanta Constitution, December 1, 1885; “Prohibition in Atlanta,” New York Tribune, November 28, 1885; “Prohibition in Atlanta,” Wesleyan Christian Advocate, December 2, 1885.

70. A small sampling of articles expressing this view: “The New South—A Triumph,” New York Weekly Witness, December 3, 1885; “Press Comments,” Atlanta Journal, December 1, 1885; “Prohibition in Atlanta,” Wesleyan Christian Advocate, November 25, 1885.

71. “Hail Ye Freemen!” Atlanta Journal, November 26, 1885; “Press Comments,” Atlanta Journal, December 1, 1885; “What Georgia Editors Say,” Atlanta Journal, December 4, 1885; Christian Recorder, December 10, 1885; “North Georgia A.M.E. Conference,” Atlanta Constitution, December 5, 1885; “Was It a Mistake?” Atlanta Constitution, December 3, 1885.

Whites also acknowledged that victory would have been impossible without the black vote. See “Prohibition in Georgia,” New York Weekly Witness, December 3, 1885; Twenty-First Annual Report of the National Temperance Society (1886), 19. One man specifically noted the influence of black graduates of Atlanta University: “Progress at the South,” Atlanta Constitution, April 16, 1886.

72. “The Afterclap,” Augusta Chronicle, December 2, 1885; “Colored Men Want Recognition,” New York Times, March 26, 1887; “Was It a Mistake?” Atlanta Constitution, December 3, 1885.

73. “Atlanta’s Agitation,” Columbus Sunday Enquirer, November 22, 1885; Lewis L. Gould, “The Republican Search for a National Majority,” in The Gilded Age, revised and enlarged edition, ed. H. Wayne Morgan (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1970), 171–87; “Boston Letter,” Atlanta Journal, December 3, 1885; Olive Hall Shadgett, The Republican Party in Georgia: From Reconstruction through 1900 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1964), vii–viii, 1–89; HanesWalton, Black Republicans: The Politics of the Black and Tans (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1975), 47–61; Vincent P. DeSantis, Republicans Face the Southern Question—The New Departure Years, 1877–1897 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1959), 9–13; Augusta Chronicle, November 29, 1885; “Prohibition in Georgia,” New York Weekly Witness, December 3, 1885; “Prohibition and Crankyism,” New York Freeman, December 12, 1885.

74. “The Southern People,” The National Liberator, and Illustrated Weekly, Frances E. Willard Scrapbook Number 5, Frances E. Willard Memorial Library and Archives; “Miss Willard’s Eloquence,” The Voice, October 23, 1884; “Why Firm for St. John,” The Voice, November 6, 1884.

75. “Atlanta’s Agitation,” Columbus Sunday Enquirer, November 22, 1885; Augusta Chronicle, November 29, 1885; “Prohibition in the South,” Atlanta Constitution, December 31, 1885; “Prohibition in Georgia,” New York Weekly Witness, December 3, 1885; “Prohibition and Crankyism,” New York Freeman, December 12, 1885.

76. “Mr. Blaine Talks Again,” New York Times, August 26, 1886; “Angry with Blaine,” New York Times, August 28, 1886.

77. “Blaine for Prohibition,” Atlanta Constitution, August 13, 1886; “Blaine’s Fondest Hope,” Boston Daily Globe, August 11, 1886; “Republicanism in the South,” Atlanta Constitution, September 20, 1886; Cantrell, 89; “The Republican Danger,” Washington Post, November 26, 1887; “Prohibition Queries,” Southern Recorder, September 25, 1886.

These same issues appeared in the 1887 Texas and Tennessee state prohibition campaigns. See Cantrell, 87; Paul E. Isaac, Prohibition and Politics: Turbulent Decades in Tennessee, 1885–1920 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1965), 45–46.

In June of 1887 the New York Times correctly predicted that despite all the talk, the Republican Party would never officially endorse prohibition. See “The Temperance Issue,” New York Times, June 18, 1887.

78. Albert Griffin to John D. Rockefeller, Sr., May 4, 1887, August 22, 1888; “Anti-Saloon Republicanism” and “The Only Certain Route from Defeat to Victory,” reel 15, Office Correspondence, Papers of John D. Rockefeller, Sr., Rockefeller Family Archives, microfilm edition, RAC; Gould, 175–78, 187.

79. “Prohibition in Politics,” Macon Telegraph, November 12, 1885; “What Georgia Editors Say,” Atlanta Journal, December 4, 1885; “Very Bad Policy,” Atlanta Constitution, July 9, 1886; “Prohibition in the South,” Atlanta Constitution, December 31, 1885; “Prohibition and Crankyism,” New York Freeman, December 12, 1885; “Press Comments,” Atlanta Journal, December 1, 1885; “Prohibition in Georgia,” New York Weekly Witness, December 3, 1885; “High License and Prohibition,” Macon Telegraph, November 30, 1885; Augusta Chronicle, November 27, 1885.

80. “Prohibition in Atlanta,” New York Tribune, December 28, 1885; “Standing Firm,” Atlanta Journal, November 28, 1885; “The Inside of Atlanta,” Macon Telegraph, December 3, 1885; “The Atlanta Election,” Augusta Chronicle, December 3, 1885.

81. “Our Atlanta Letter,” Weekly Sentinel, October 3, 1885; “Inside of Atlanta,” Macon Telegraph, November 18, 1885; “Inside of Atlanta,” Macon Telegraph, November 27, 1885.