Notes to Chapter 7
Prohibition Revisited

1. Open Letters on Prohibition: A Controversy between Hon. Jefferson Davis and Bishop Charles B. Galloway (Nashville: Publishing House of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, 1893).

2. “The Liberal Club,” Atlanta Constitution, July 24, 1886; “The Liberal Club,” Atlanta Constitution, July 31, 1886; “Conservative Citizens,” Atlanta Constitution, August 15, 1886; “What Shall Be Done?” Atlanta Constitution, August 18, 1886; “The Correct List,” Atlanta Constitution, August 19, 1886; “The Conservative Citizens,” Atlanta Constitution, August 25, 1886; “The Elevation of Labor,” Southern Recorder, September 25, 1886.

3. “The M.A.B.’s,” Atlanta Constitution, November 27, 1887.

4. “The Right View,” Atlanta Constitution, October 29, 1887; “The Anti-Platform,” Atlanta Constitution, November 1, 1887; “Judge Anderson Takes an Outing,” Atlanta Constitution, September 7, 1887.

5. “Prohibition and the Exposition,” Atlanta Constitution, September 1, 1887; “It Will Be Held,” Atlanta Constitution, September 20, 1887; “Inside of Atlanta,” Macon Telegraph, October 21, 1887; “The Official Order,” Atlanta Constitution, October 28, 1887; “Wet or Dry,” Atlanta Constitution, October 22, 1887; “The Wets in the Wet,” Atlanta Constitution, November 8, 1887.

6. “An Anti Meeting,” Atlanta Constitution, October 25, 1887.

7. “Prohi and Anti,” Atlanta Constitution, November 6, 1887; “A Letter for Flipper,” Atlanta Constitution, November 16, 1887; “Flipper’s Return,” Atlanta Constitution, November 17, 1887; “Rev. J. S. Flipper,” Atlanta Constitution, November 25, 1887.

8. “In the Courthouse Basement,” Atlanta Constitution, November 16, 1887; “A Black Sheep,” Atlanta Constitution, November 4, 1887; “Third Ward Wets,” Atlanta Constitution, November 5, 1887; “An Anti Night,” Atlanta Constitution, November 9, 1887; “The Wets in the Wet,” Atlanta Constitution, November 8, 1887; “Thousands Massed,” Atlanta Constitution, November 17, 1887.

9. “A Black Sheep,” Atlanta Constitution, November 4, 1887.

10. “A Black Sheep,” Atlanta Constitution, November 4, 1887; “The First Ward,” Atlanta Constitution, November 3, 1887.

11. “The Wets in the Wet,” Atlanta Constitution, November 8, 1887; “The First Ward,” Atlanta Constitution, November 3, 1887.

12. “The First Ward,” Atlanta Constitution, November 3, 1887.

13. “In the Courthouse Basement,” Atlanta Constitution, November 16, 1887; “An Anti Night,” Atlanta Constitution, November 9, 1887; “The Wets in the Wet,” Atlanta Constitution, November 8, 1887.

14. “The Fifth Ward,” Atlanta Constitution, November 13, 1887.

15. “Third Ward Wets,” Atlanta Constitution, November 5, 1887; “A Black Sheep,” Atlanta Constitution, November 4, 1887; “The Wets in the Wet,” Atlanta Constitution, November 8, 1887; “An Anti Night,” Atlanta Constitution, November 9, 1887; “An Outdoor Meeting,” Atlanta Constitution, November 12, 1887; “Thousands Massed,” Atlanta Constitution, November 17, 1887; “Earnest East Pointers,” Atlanta Constitution, November 19, 1887; “E. P. Howell’s Speech,” Atlanta Constitution, November 20, 1887; “Prohibition and Its Evils,” Atlanta Constitution, November 12, 1887.

16. “The First Ward,” Atlanta Constitution, November 3, 1887; “In the Courthouse Basement,” Atlanta Constitution, November 16, 1887; “A Tremendous Crowd,” Atlanta Constitution, November 2, 1887; “An Anti Night,” Atlanta Constitution, November 9, 1887; “The First Ward,” Atlanta Constitution, November 3, 1887.

17. “An Outdoor Meeting,” Atlanta Constitution, November 12, 1887; “Thousands Massed,” Atlanta Constitution, November 17, 1887; “A Grand Gathering,” Atlanta Constitution, November 18, 1887; “Dripping Wet,” Atlanta Constitution, November 24, 1887.

18. “A Tremendous Crowd,” Atlanta Constitution, November 2, 1887; “Third Ward Wets,” Atlanta Constitution, November 5, 1887; “The Wets in the Wet,” Atlanta Constitution, November 8, 1887; “Against Prohibition,” Atlanta Constitution, November 8, 1887; “An Anti Night,” Atlanta Constitution, November 9, 1887; “Thousands Massed,” Atlanta Constitution, November 17, 1887; “A Grand Gathering,” Atlanta Constitution, November 18, 1887; “Stubborn Facts!” Atlanta Constitution, November 13, 1887.

19. “Speech of the Hon. John L. Hopkins before the Young Men’s Prohibition Club, October 27, 1887,” Atlanta Constitution, October 30, 1887; “What They Are Doing,” Atlanta Constitution, October 25, 1887; “A Tremendous Crowd,” Atlanta Constitution, November 2, 1887; “The Wet Meetings” and “The First Ward,” Atlanta Constitution, November 3, 1887; “A Black Sheep,” Atlanta Constitution, November 4, 1887; “Third Ward Wets,” Atlanta Constitution, November 5, 1887; “The Wets in the Wet,” Atlanta Constitution, November 8, 1887; “An Anti Night,” Atlanta Constitution, November 9, 1887; “An Outdoor Meeting,” Atlanta Constitution, November 12, 1887; “Thousands Massed,” Atlanta Constitution, November 17, 1887; “A Grand Gathering,” Atlanta Constitution, November 18, 1887; “Earnest East Pointers,” Atlanta Constitution, November 19, 1887; “Dripping Wet,” Atlanta Constitution, November 24, 1887; “The Campaign in Atlanta,” Wesleyan Christian Advocate, November 9, 1887.

20. “Wet or Dry,” Atlanta Constitution, October 22, 1887; “Sunday Services,” Atlanta Constitution, October, 24, 1887; “For the Campaign,” Atlanta Constitution, October 26, 1887; “The Women,” Atlanta Constitution, November 1, 1887; “Woman’s Work for Prohibition,” Atlanta Constitution, November 19, 1887; “Atlanta All Aglow,” Macon Telegraph, November 2, 1887.

21. Spelman Messenger 4 (December 1887): 4–5; “The Prohibitionists,” Atlanta Constitution, November 5, 1887; “On the Warpath,” Atlanta Constitution, November 22, 1887; “Insulting Women,” Atlanta Constitution, November 23, 1887.

22. Weekly Defiance, as quoted in Southern Recorder, November 4, 1887; Weekly Defiance, as quoted in Southern Recorder, November 11, 1887; “Jefferson Davis,” Atlanta Constitution, November 23, 1887.

23. “A Popular Vote,” Atlanta Constitution, September 21, 1887; “The Square Issue,” Atlanta Constitution, October 8, 1887; “In Every Ward,” Atlanta Constitution, November 2, 1887; “The Young Men’s Club,” Atlanta Constitution, November 20, 1887; “Still Fighting,” Atlanta Constitution, November 22, 1887; “Smith Speaks,” Atlanta Constitution, November 23, 1887; “The Grand Climax,” Atlanta Constitution, November 25, 1887.

During the hearings on the bill, prohibitionists claimed they had spoken to citizens and that they found no support for the bill and that the city council therefore did not represent the will of the people. If they did speak with citizens they must have only spoken with fellow prohibitionists.

24. The following is a sample of articles containing speeches that include prohibitionists defending themselves: “Prohibition Rally,” Atlanta Constitution, October 28, 1887; “In Every Ward,” Atlanta Constitution, November 2, 1887; “Dr. J. W. Lee,” Atlanta Constitution, November 24, 1887.

25. “Sunday Services,” Atlanta Constitution, October 24, 1887; “Speech of Mr. Carter before the Young Men’s Prohibition Club,” Atlanta Constitution, October 30, 1887; “The Warehouse,” Atlanta Constitution, November 8, 1887; “The Prohibitionists,” Atlanta Constitution, November 12, 1887; “The Warehouse,” Atlanta Constitution, November 15, 1887.

26. “The Prohibitionists,” Atlanta Constitution, November 12, 1887; “Ministers for Prohibition,” Atlanta Constitution, October 5, 1887; “A Glorious Meeting,” Atlanta Constitution, November 4, 1887; “The Warehouse,” Atlanta Constitution, November 15, 1887; “The Dry Side,” Atlanta Constitution, November 11, 1887; “Dr. J. W. Lee,” Atlanta Constitution, November 24, 1887.

27. “In Every Ward,” Atlanta Constitution, November 2, 1887; “The Meeting of the Drys,” Atlanta Constitution, November 9, 1887; “At the Warehouse,” Atlanta Constitution, November 19, 1887; “Dr. J. W. Lee,” Atlanta Constitution, November 24, 1887.

28. “Prohibition in Atlanta,” Columbus Enquirer-Sun, November 22, 1887; “He Is an Anti,” Atlanta Constitution, November 23, 1887; “A Day of Triumph,” Atlanta Constitution, November 26, 1887.

29. “Dripping Wet,” Atlanta Constitution, November 24, 1887.

30. “Jeff Davis vs. Prohibition,” Atlanta Constitution, July 30, 1887; Ivy, 98–99; quotes come from the Herald of United Churches and Weekly Defiance, as cited in “Jefferson Davis Denounced as a Man Who Should Be Despised,” Atlanta Constitution, November 23, 1887.

31. “The Atlanta Election,” Atlanta Constitution, December 12, 1887; Hamm, 114–16. This flyer continued to be used by anti-prohibitionists in other campaigns.

32. “Routed and Demoralized: The Antis Lines Are Broken” and “Seen from the Streets,” Atlanta Constitution, November 25, 1887; “The Lists Corrected,” Macon Telegraph, November 25, 1887; “In the Opera House,” “The Last,” and “15,000 People,” Atlanta Constitution, November 26, 1887; “The Atlanta Prohibition Campaign,” Washington Post, November 26, 1887; “The Prohibition Contest,” Columbus Enquirer-Sun, November 26, 1887.

33. Western Appeal (St. Paul & Minneapolis), December 3, 1887; “Atlanta Is Wet,” and “It Is Wet,” Atlanta Constitution, November 27, 1887; “Rum Win at Atlanta,” Savannah Morning News, November 27, 1887; Southern Recorder, December 2, 1887; “Done with Prohibition,” New York Tribune, November 27, 1887.

34. “It Is Wet,” Atlanta Constitution, November 27, 1887; “Local and Personal,” Southern Recorder, December 2, 1887; “A Talk with Judge Hillyer,” Atlanta Constitution, November 27, 1887; “The Wets Have Won,” Columbus Enquirer-Sun, November 27, 1887; “Done with Prohibition,” New York Tribune, November 27, 1887.

35. The only available statistics on black registration come from the chairman of the Young Men’s Prohibition Club, W. T. Turnbull. His numbers—3,285 blacks and 5,695 whites—yield a total of 8,980, which is 410 more than the total city registration reported by the county ordinary. “A Talk with Judge Hillyer,” Atlanta Constitution, November 27, 1887; “11,140: Fulton County’s Registration for the Prohibition Election,” Atlanta Constitution, November 16, 1887.

36. “It Is Wet,” Atlanta Constitution, November 27, 1887; “11,140: Fulton County’s Registration for the Prohibition Election,” Atlanta Constitution, November 16, 1887; “About Town,” Atlanta Constitution, November 28, 1887.

37. A member of Fulton’s grand jury did approach the leaders of both camps with instructions to gather evidence on illegal voting, with an eye toward prosecuting. See letter to the editor by J. Henly Smith in Atlanta Constitution, November 30, 1887.

38. “A Talk with Judge Hillyer,” Atlanta Constitution, November 27, 1887; “After the Battle,” Atlanta Constitution, November 28, 1887; “A Minister’s Views,” “Receiving the Returns,” and “The City Ministry,” Atlanta Constitution, November 29, 1887; “No Contest,” Atlanta Constitution, November 30, 1887; “The Final Decision,” Atlanta Constitution, December 1, 1887; “Defeat in Atlanta,” Christian Index, December 1, 1887; Southern Recorder, December 2, 1887; “The Atlanta Election,” Atlanta Constitution, December 12, 1887.

39. “A Talk with Judge Hillyer,” Atlanta Constitution, November, 27, 1887; “Whiskey Back in Atlanta,” Southern Christian Advocate, December 15, 1887; “The Colored Vote at Atlanta,” Savannah Morning News, November 30, 1887; “Atlanta Is Wet,” New York Times, November 27, 1887; “Echoes of the Election,” Atlanta Constitution, December 1, 1887.

40. “Whiskey Back in Atlanta,” Southern Christian Advocate, December 15, 1887; “The Colored Vote at Atlanta,” Savannah Morning News, November 30, 1887; Western Appeal (St. Paul/Minneapolis), December 3, 1887; Christian Recorder, December 1, 1887.

41. Not only was Atlanta still dry on Election Day, but state law forbade alcohol sales anywhere near polling stations on election days.

42. “He Is Dead,” Atlanta Constitution, December 1, 1887; “With Honors,” and “The Prohibitionists and the Colored People,” Atlanta Constitution, December 2, 1887.

43. “More Church Trials,” Atlanta Constitution, December 25, 1887.

44. See chapter 2, n62.

45. “They Were Wet,” Atlanta Constitution, December 9, 1887; “They Were Fired,” Atlanta Constitution, December 14, 1887; “More Church Trials,” Atlanta Constitution, December 25, 1887.

The idea of black pastors so strictly disciplining members for refusing to support prohibition was not unique to Atlanta. See “Baptists, Presbyterians, and Liquor,” Wesleyan Christian Advocate, November 18, 1885.

46. “Local and Personal,” Southern Recorder, December 2, 1887.

47. Atlanta’s Experience, folder 2, box 4, Hunnicutt Family Papers, Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Emory University.

48. DeKalb Chronicle, November 3, 1887; “Prohibition in Atlanta,” Western Kansas World, December 3, 1887, Chronicling America, http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015485/1887–12–03/ed-1/seq-6 (accessed April 27, 2011); Wichita Eagle, November 27, 1887, Chronicling America, http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85032490/1887–11–27/ed-1/seq-2 (accessed April 27, 2011).

49. Joe L. Coker, Liquor in the Land of the Lost Cause: Southern White Evangelicals and the Prohibition Movement (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2007).

50. Rochon, 200.