1. Atlanta History Bulletin 6 (January–April 1941): 17, 101–3; “The Liquor Trade of Atlanta,” Daily New Era, September 6, 1871; “Drinks for 1885,” Atlanta Constitution, January 3, 1885.
2. “Saloon Statistics,” Quarterly Journal of Inebriety 16 (1894): 272.
3. My license data are compiled from the annual tax ordinances of Atlanta that are recorded in the Minutes of the Atlanta City Council (MACC), held by the Atlanta History Center (AHC).
4. For a sample of this literature see D. B. Lady, “The Drinking Habit and Prohibition,” The Reformed Quarterly Review (1896): 468–80; “The Moral Side of the Question,” Atlanta Independent, January 12, 1907; George Kibbe Turner, “Beer and the City Liquor Problem,” McClure’s 33 (1909): 528–43; John Koren, “Some Aspects of the Liquor Problem,” National Municipal Review 3 (1914): 505–16.
5. In 1881 Nebraska’s state legislature required all towns with more than 10,000 people to charge $1,000 for a retail liquor license. Aside from Lincoln and Omaha, the only two other major cities with a $1,000 license were in Minnesota, Minneapolis and St. Paul. Within Georgia, Savannah charged $200, and Columbus charged $500. Beginning in 1885, Fulton County outside of Atlanta charged $2,500 for a retail liquor license, as an indirect way to close all saloons. Many Georgia counties had been using this approach for years.
6. “The City Council,” Atlanta Constitution, May 9, 1879, and June 8, 1882; MACC 5:1, 8:219, 10:582, 12:38, 14:613, 633, 18:312, 330, 663, AHC; “Council Minutes,” Daily New Era, June 14, 1868, “Liquor Licenses,” Atlanta Journal, June 17, 1891.
7. MACC 9:664, 15:670, 17:689, AHC; “Sam Jones on Saloons,” Oversized Bound Volume, Sam P. Jones Papers, Special Collections, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
8. Scomp, 642–60. For a listing of the various state laws in effect as of 1889 see The Cyclopaedia of Temperance and Prohibition (NY: Funk & Wagnalls, 1891), s.v. “Legislation—Georgia.”