Bold pages indicate illustrations.
Abbot, John (character in The Freedman), 68
Abolitionism, 91; connection between perfectionist theology, teetotalism and, 259n13
Absolute abstinence, 136
Abstinence: absolute, 136; African Methodist Episcopal Church commitment to, 35; of Carter, E. R., 211; of Gaines, Wesley J., 80, 211; Lincoln’s stories of, 269n57; socioeconomic functions of, 98–99; of Turner, Henry McNeal, 80, 211; voter support for, 156
Abstinence pledges: at Atlanta University, 108; Drew, John W., signing of, 159; enforcement of, at Atlanta Baptist Seminary, 114; Giles, Harriet R., signing of, 114–15; Packard, Sophia, signing of, 114–15
Abzug, Robert, 5
Adair, A. D., as prohibitionist, 163
Adair, George W., libel suit against Pledger, 176
Adams, Franklin P., poem by, 214
Ad hominem attacks, 182
Advice to Freedmen, 71
African Americans: assessment of state of, in 1888, 241; development of cosmology, 121; disfranchisement of, 242–43; pragmatic syncretism of spirituality of, 121–24; pragmatic worldview of, 133–34, 248; publications of, 155; reform nexus theology and spirituality and, 123–124; temperance conventions of, 9. See also Blacks
African cosmology, basic assumptions of, 121–23
African Exposition, endorsement of temperance in, 155
African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church: adoption of “General Rules of the United Societies of 1739” (Wesley), 134; under Allen, Richard, as leader, 35; centralized governance under, 134; commitment to abstinence of, 35; conferences of, 35–36, 80–81, 130, 131, 136, 218, 224; face-to-face grassroots work of, 247; focus of, 6; history of, in the South, 241–42; Morris Brown College of, 112; ordination process of, 135–136; origin of, 7, 34–36; purchase of Wilberforce University by, 36; temperance and, 32, 79–81, 120
African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church Review, Tanner, Benjamin, as editor of, 166
Africans: adaptations of trickster tales of, 185–86; pragmatic syncretism of spirituality of, 121–24
Alcohol: abuse as problem in Black Atlanta, 63–64; crime and consumption of, 168–69; racialized use of, 63; use of, in Black Atlanta, 5, 47–50, 51, 52, 57–64. See also Liquor
Alcohol and Hygiene: An Elementary Lesson Book for Schools (Colman), 106, 111–12
Alexander, Archibald, attacks on New England revivalist doctrines by, 124
Allen, Ethan, marriage of, 15
Allen, Richard, 149; as leader of African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, 35; as leader of walkout from St. George’s Church, 126; organization of Free African Society of Philadelphia by, 126
Allen Temple, 79, 81; Chapin, Sallie’s, speeches at, 164–65; leadership at, 236
Alvord, John W., 249; antebellum reform nexus credentials of, 60; appointment to executive committee of Lincoln Temperance Society, 74–75; as colporteur, 73; Lincoln Temperance Pledge and, 74; as superintendent of schools of the Freedmen’s Bureau, 60
American Baptist Home Mission Society (ABHMS): Christian republican language in reports of, 37; creation of denomination-specific groups and, 28; face-to-face grassroots work and, 247; leadership under, 36, 88; missionaries of, in Black Atlanta, 124; origin of, 7, 36–38, 65; temperance policy of, 32, 37–38, 108
American Bible Society, 28
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), 22, 28, 46
American Home Missionary Society, 28, 33; preaching of temperance, 41
American Missionary, 39
American Missionary Association (AMA): commitment to temperance, 32, 66, 108; constitution of, 41; creation of, 38; cultural uplift effort of, 66; doctrinal definition of evangelical, 262n34; dubbing of students as temperance propagandists, 109; face-to-face grassroots work of, 247; hostility toward intemperance, 40–41; influence of perfectionism on, 39–40; Kirk as president of, 22; missionary work of, 119, 124, 266n25; offering of elementary-level education to Black Atlanta, 107; origins of, 7, 38–41; policy of founding schools and churches in tandem, 78; regarding oppressed races, 91; shift of efforts to secondary education, 107; Smith, E. P., as field secretary of, 59; Strieby, Michael E., as corresponding secretary of, 66; use of Lincoln Temperance Pledge cards, 73, 74
American National Baptist Convention, 135
American Revolution (1775–1783), 33
American Society for the Promotion of Temperance. See American Temperance Society (ATS)
American Sunday School Union, 28
American temperance movement, origin of, 17, 18
American Temperance Society (ATS), 6; constitution of, 19, 31; grassroots nature of, 19; launch of Journal of Humanity and Herald of the American Temperance Society by, 19; origin of, 16, 28, 33
American Temperance Union (ATU): issued call for fifth national temperance convention, 42; Marsh, John, as leader of, 25–26; organization of, 19; publication of Temperance Tract for the Freedmen, 71–72
American Tract Society (ATrS): adoption of colporteur system, 34; classroom readers produced by, 69–70; context of revivalism and, 28; distribution of tracts by, 33; literature from, 82; origins of, 7, 16, 33–34; spread of temperance message and, 19, 32
American Tract Society (ATrS)-Boston Branch, 33–34; Alvord, John W., as colporteur for, 60; books sent to Atlanta by, 67–68; publication of “Educational Series” by, 67
American Tract Society (ATrS)-New York Branch, 33
American white supremacy, 124–25
Amistad Committee, creation of American Missionary Association and, 38
Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene (Walker), 111
Anderson, James A., as prohibitionist, 163–64, 169
Andover, Massachusetts, South Church in, 16
Andover Circle, 16, 33; discussion of temperance reform by, 19; money raised by, 34
Andover Seminary, 29, 158; Porter, Ebenezer, as professor of, 16
Andover South Parish Society for the Reformation of Morals, 16
Andrews, Sidney, 59
Anglo-African Magazine, 128
Annual Report of the Police Committee (1881), 256
Antebellum United States: evolution of black temperance discourse and activism, 124–25; reform nexus language in, 173; urban slave drinking patterns in, 266n24
Anti-prohibitionists: arguments of, 157; circulation of petition for local option referendum in 1887, 217; design of 1887 campaign, 218–19; goal of, 172; handbill of, 232; image problem of, 172; “Liberty” as motto of, 181, 183, 223; meetings held by, 173; organizing campaign of, 172–76, 216; rhetoric targeting black voters, 157, 176–81, 219–24; themes used by, 223
Anti-Saloon League (ASL), 10, 247
Anti-Saloon Republican National Committee (1887), 192
Appomattox Court House, Lee, Robert E., surrender of, at, 42
Armstrong, Lebbeus: on organization of Temperate Society of Moreau and Northumberland, 17–18; sermon of, in juxtaposing temperance movement and organized church, 17
Arthur, William, 15
Ashmun Institute, 95
Athens Blade, 145
Atlanta: Atlanta City Brewery in, 199; battle line in, 161–62; black population in, 47, 48; black temperance reformers in, 10–11; breaking up of party and color lines in, 189–93; citizens’ mass meeting in October 1886 in, 207–8; citizen-to-saloon ratio in, 253, 254, 255; cotton expositions in, 217; Decatur Street in, 243; as “dry” city from 1885 to 1887, 196; East Side Colored Women’s Christian Temperance Union in, 164; 1884 election reform in, 206; in 1880s, 45–46, 46; 1888 municipal election in, 193, 208, 241; election system in, 291n20, 295n3; establishment of prohibition in, by plebiscite, 3–4; image problem of anti-prohibitionists, 172; impact of prohibition in, 176–77; increased racial hostility in, 244; Independence Day celebrations in 1866 in, 62–63; in-migration and labor market in, 263n3; involvement of blacks in politics in, 162–63; involvement of women in prohibition campaign in, 164–65; jug trade in, 202–3; license fee in, 254–55; liquor industry in, 172, 178, 253–56; local censuses in 1867 and 1869, 263n3; missionary schools in, 10–11; municipal elections in 1886 in, 208; 1906 race riot in, 256; organization of white temperance movement in, 156–57; police brutality toward blacks in, 55–57; population growth of, 47; postbellum demographic revolution in, 47; purchase of alcohol at pharmacies in, 199, 202; race relations in dry, 204, 206–11; rebuilding of, during Reconstruction, 53; retail liquor sales in, 161; saloons in, 161, 171, 179, 180, 198, 254; Sherman’s burning of, 53; trade as economic raison d’être in, 286n40; voter registration in, 185; Women’s Christian Temperance Union project in, 160; zoning and policing practices in, 243. See also Black Atlanta
Atlanta As It Is (1871 booklet), 253
Atlanta Baptist Seminary (Morehouse College), 88, 105; Carter, E. R., as graduate of, 137; education at, 115; enforcement of abstinence pledges at, 114; formation of YWCA at, 110; lack of dorms at, 114
Atlanta Brewing and Ice Company, 200, 201
Atlanta City Brewery, 199; interracial workforce at, 201
Atlanta City Council, constant changes in liquor regulations of, 255–57
Atlanta Constitution: “Christmas Crimes” column in, 61–62; on disposition of Atlanta on eve of election, 181; local option vote and, 182; Pledger, William’s open letter to blacks published in, 176, 177; prediction on local option election, 160; prohibition and, 162, 201; on saloon industry in Atlanta, 161; “Was it a Mistake?” editorial in, 190
Atlanta Constitution Company, Howell, Evan P., as president of, 222
Atlanta Female Baptist Seminary, opening of, in basement of Friendship Baptist Church, 87–88
Atlanta Journal: as partisan, 182; support for prohibition, 162
Atlanta newspapers: reports on black drinking in, 60–61; spotlight on black decorum in, 61
Atlanta’s Experience (pamphlet), 237–38
Atlanta University, 88, 89–90; abstinence pledge of, 108; adoption of National Temperance Society and Publication House Temperance Lesson Book, 110–11; chapel at, 114; cultural mission of, 115; dorms at, 113–14; education at, 115; off-campus life at, 114; prohibition meeting held by, 164; season of special religious interest at, 262n36; shipments of National Temperance Society and Publication House literature to, 109; sponsorship of extracurricular temperance organizations, 110; Stearns, J. (John) N., visit to, 94
Augusta, Georgia, as “wet” town, 202
Augusta Chronicle, on beginning of prohibition in Atlanta, 199
Augusta Institute, relocation to Atlanta, 88
Ayer, Elizabeth, 87; arrival in Atlanta, 45–46; home visitations by, 82; missionary work among Ojibwe, 263n2
Ayer, Frederick, 46–47, 87, 249; on alcohol abuse, 57; arrival in Atlanta, 50; early life of, 45; founding of American Missionary Association school by, 68; founding of Ojibwe mission schools, 46; illness and death of, 47, 75; as missionary, 71, 263n2; organization of First Congregational Church by, 75; power of Lincoln’s image and, 73; receipts of free shipments of American Tract Society literature, 71; teaching of Sunday school, 73; textbooks used by, 68, 72; as vanguard of American Missionary Association cultural uplift effort, 66
Badger, Robert, local option vote and, 188–89
Badger, Roderick Dhu, 243, 249; as anti-prohibitionist, 173, 175; local option vote and, 188–89; as proponent of personal liberty argument, 181
Bailey, Charlie, 57
Baily, Joshua L., 96
Band of Hope, 109; organization of, 20; Spelman, Harvey Buel, establishment of, 113; Spelman Seminary efforts in forming, 105–6, 110; as temperance societies for children, 20
Band of Hope Catechism, 20, 75
Band of Hope Manuals, 75, 106
Baptist democracy, 134
Baptists: complaint on intemperance by Baptist Convention of Georgia, 137; editorial in Home Mission Monthly, 65; formation of missionary societies by women, 87; ordaining of men through ad hoc ministerial councils, 135
Baptist Young People’s Union, 242
Barbarism, The First Danger, 33
Barber, Karin, on Yoruba culture, 122
Barnes, A. S., & Co. reader series, 67, 71
Barnes, Albert, 25; temperance sermon of, 31
Barnes, Gilbert, 5
Barnum, Jennie, as missionary, 67
Barry, A., 101
Beecher, Lyman, 27, 249; as antebellum revivalist, 22; Dwight, Timothy, as mentor of, 22; publication of temperance sermons by, 18
Beer-only retailers, licenses for, 253
Beman, Amos G., as active in temperance societies, 127
Benevolence, theology of, 127
Benevolent Empire, 27–28; societies of, 29
Bently, Moses, 208; as anti-prohibitionist, 173, 183; black-white prohibitionist alliance and, 180–81; at citizens’ mass meeting, Oct. 1886, 207–8; conversion of, 226; fighting for African Americans on Citizen’s Ticket by, 242; as opportunistic prohibitionist, 197; racial uplift and, 179
Berea College, establishment of, 40
“Bertie Rand’s Temperance Pledge,” 70–71
“Best class” of white men, 157
Bethel African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, 62–63, 66, 145; Chapin, Sallie’s speeches at, 165; citywide rally for blacks at, 164; excommunication of members at, 81; leadership at, 236; Mead, Charles H., visits to, 100; prohibition meeting held by, 164
“Better class” of whites, 8, 120, 169, 247
Bible study in defining in temperance, 16
Biblical morality, 30
Big Bonanza saloon, sale of alcohol to whites at, 203
Black, James, 86, 87, 263n42
Black Atlanta: academic use of, as term, 7–8; alcohol abuse as problem in, 47–50, 51, 52, 55–64, 63–64; “better classes” in, 8, 120, 247; blacks in, 47, 49–50, 51, 52; convicts in, 53–55; educational opportunities in, 47; efforts to institutionalize temperance-based moral community, 119–53; housing shortage in, 48; intemperance as threat to, 132; internal stratification of, 242–43; lack of self-conscious entrepreneurial class in, 194; life in, 47; middle class in, 8, 115; national convention of Independent Order of Good Samaritans in, 11; northern missionaries and roots of temperance sentiment in, 64–84; population growth of, 80, 81; school-age children in, 82; smallpox epidemic in, 66; social reform efforts of lodges in, 139–51; temperance movement in, 4, 82–83, 129–37; urban cluster residential pattern in, 48–49. See also Atlanta
Black beast rhetoric, 204
Blackburn, Samuel, implication of local option vote, 188
Black clergy: breakup of solid support for prohibition, 218; dual heritage of critical community of, 129–34; moral and intellectual fitness of late nineteenth-century, 280n35
Black principled prohibitionists as active in city politics, 242
Blacks: anti-prohibitionists the second time and, 217–24; Black Atlanta and, 47; importance of race relations to, 170; interest in education, 72, 275n38; interest in joining police force, 210–11; involvement of, in politics in Atlanta, 162–63; police brutality toward, 56; priority of, on land ownership, 69; in Prohibition Party, 155; social reform in public schools of, 151; support for prohibition by, 193–94, 204, 206; types of prohibitionist voters, 196–97; use of alcohol by, 5, 47–50, 51, 52, 57–64. See also African Americans
Black voters: anti-prohibition rhetoric targeting, 157, 176–81, 219–24; prohibitionist rhetoric targeting, 166, 168–72, 227–29
Blaine, James G., 191
Blake, Henry, 129
Blake: Or, The Huts of America (Delany), 128–29
Blind pigs, 290n12
Blind tigers, 210; as crime, 211; obtaining alcohol from, 202
Block, Shelley, 5
Boston: American Tract Society in, 33–34, 60, 67–68; constitution of African Society in, 126
Bourbon Triumvirate, 95, 163
Bourgeois work ethic, 59
Brer Rabbit: ethical dexterity of, 238–39; tales of, 185
Brewery licenses, cost of, 253
Brinckerhoff, Isaac, 71–72
Brooks, Preston, caning of Sumner, Charles, by, 62
Brothers of Love and Charity, 149
Brown, John, 91
Brown, John M., 152; as bishop of Georgia Annual Conference, 80
Brown, Joseph, 163, 175, 283n6
Brown, Julius L., opposition to prohibition, 175, 284n23
Brown, Walter R., 217
Brown, William Wells, 58
Brown & Dwyer’s Saloon, 46
Browne, William Washington, spread of Good Templary by, 141
Bryant, Alonzo W., 249
Bryant, John Emory, 222, 224; addressing black voters by, 165; as product of antebellum reform nexus, 169; as prohibitionist, 163; on race relations, 169; speech of, 182–83
Buck, A. E., 224; addressing black voters, 165; as prohibitionist, 163
Bullock, Rufus, as anti-prohibitionist speaker for blacks, 175
Burned-over district, 141
Burnett, Alonzo W., 208; call for committee on temperance, 241; at citizens’ mass meeting, Oct. 1886, 207–8; conversion of, 226; non-accommodationist stance of, on race relations, 175; as opportunistic prohibitionist, 197; as speaker at anti-prohibitionist rallies, 173; Weekly Defiance of, 212
Call-and-response spirituals, 152
Calvinism, 24; Five Point, 123; as pro-revival, 24
Campbell, Jabez P.: Macon Telegraph attack on, 182; as prohibitionist, 166
Cantrell, Gregg, 5
Carey, Alice D., as principal of Morris Brown College, 146
Cargile, Mitchell, 224
Carlson, Douglas, 5
Carswell, Edward, as National Temperance Society and Publication House vice president, 100
Carter, E. R., 140, 147, 149, 228, 249; abstinence of, 211; as advisory board member, 224; at citizens’ mass meeting, Oct. 1886, 207–8; claim that blacks needed whites for securing retail liquor licenses, 178; 1885 campaign complaints and, 221; encouragement of black drys, 185–86; of Friendship Baptist church, 162; at Jones, Sam’s revival, 171; as outspoken temperance clergy, 137; as pastor of Friendship Baptist Church, 145, 237; personal attacks against, 176; as principled prohibitionist, 198; on prohibition, 168, 169–70, 187, 231; prohibition club led to polls by, 184; role of, in Pledger’s conviction, 176
Carter, Mrs. R., as vice president of Colored Women’s Christian Temperance Union, 213
Carter, Peter, 96, 99
Cary, Samuel F., 263n42
Caste discrimination, 38, 262n34
Chamberlin, E. P., as prohibitionist, 163
Chapin, Sallie, speeches of, in organizing black women, 164
Charleston, South Carolina Temperance Society, 17
Chase, Mary, 111
Chase, Thomas N., 142
Chattahoochie Brick Company, 163
Christian Recorder: call for absolute abstinence in, 136; on 1887 election, 236; on local option election, 189; as not having continuous run, 261n29; as official organ of the Right Worthy Grand Lodge of the World, 281n50; as stridently pro-temperance, 81; suggestions to expose drinking problem within clergy, 130
Christian republicanism, 130; combination of, with pro-revival theology, 32–33; framework for, 43; as grassroots political movement, 260n20; language of, 106; as social-political-religious worldview, 29–31; temperance as element of, 29–32
Christmon, Kenneth, 5
Church polity, temperance and, 134–37
Citizen’s Ticket, 242
Civic nationalism, 157
Civil War, North’s victory in, 64
Clark, Billy J., on organization of Temperate Society of Moreau and Northumberland and, 17–18
Clark, George V., 132; as anti-prohibitionist speaker for blacks, 175, 177; conversion experience of, 119; education of, 119; as member of First Congregational, 119; as pastor, 120; planting of Congregational church in Athens, Georgia, 119–20; as prohibitionist, 166; as saloon porter, 178; as success story, 120
Clark College: Class of 1889 at, 166; founding of, 49
Clarke County’s February 1885 prohibition campaign, 176
Clark University, 88, 89–90; Chapin, Sallie’s speeches as, 165; education at, 115; prohibition meeting held by, 164; prohibition of sale of intoxicating beverages within mile of campus and, 276n53; Thirkield, Wilbur P., as dean of Gammon School of Theology at, 108, 171
Classical republicanism, 125
Classroom temperance instruction, 110–13
Class warfare, framing prohibition in language of, 219
Clergy, central place of, in Atlanta’s prohibition movement, 229
Cleveland, Grover, visit of, to Piedmont Exposition, 217
Coca-Cola, invention of, by Jacob’s Pharmacy, 290n6
Cochran, A. M., 218; personal liberty and, 223; pride as Methodist, 222
Coker, Joe, 194, 239
Cold Water Templars, 10
Colgate, William, as treasurer of American Baptist Home Mission Society, 37
Colman, Julia, 111–12; books by, 111–12; as prohibition speaker, 113; as temperance activist, 92
Colored, 9
The Colored American (Beman), 127
Colored Men’s Protective Association, 149
Colored Methodist Episcopal Church, 102
Colored Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), organization of, for Atlanta, 213
Colored Young Men’s Prohibition Clubs, 222, 224
Colporteurs, 34; Alvord, John W., as, 60, 73
Colquitt, Alfred, 218, 249; attempt to fire Big Bethel’s Flipper, J. S., 218, 230; criticism of, for using religion at anti-prohibitionist meeting, 229; friendship of Dodge, William E. and, 163; as governor of Georgia, 145; as member of Bourbon Triumvirate, 95; National Temperance Society and Publication House literature and, 160; organization of temperance movement and, 157; prohibitionist address by, 231; questioning abstinence of, 211
Colquitt, Governor’s wife, Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and, 159
Colville, Fulton: on police behavior as an outrage, 220; as president of Young Men’s Anti-Prohibition Club, 219
Committee for West India Missions, creation of American Missionary Association and, 38
Committee of Twenty-Five, 161; pamphlet published by, 173
Community, relationship between individual and, 122–23
Compromise of 1877, 190
The Conflict: starting of, 211; as white temperance paper, 10, 102, 212
“The Conflict Is Past,” 196
Congregationalists, 24; dominance of, 27–28
Connecticut Society for the Suppression of Vice and Promotion of Good Morals, 27
The Connexion of Temperance with Republican Freedom (Barnes), 31
Conservative Citizens Club (CCC), 216
Consolidated American Baptist Convention, 136
Constitutional prohibition, referenda on, 283n3
Convict lease systems, treatment of convicts, 53–55
Creolization process, 121
Crime: alcohol consumption and, 168–69; Blind tigers as, 211; prohibition and, 203–4. See also Law enforcement
Critical community as first element of reform movement, 4
Cromwell, Oliver, 142
Crummell, Alexander, 108
Crystal Fount Lodge, No. 1, 146; membership of, 147
Cult of domesticity, Spelman Seminary’s embracement of, by founders, 107
Cummings, William, saloon ownership by, 178
Cuyler, Theodore L., 249; ending of opposition to Prohibition Party by, 190; endorsement of Prohibition Party by, 263n42; influence of temperance society and, 26; as National Temperance Society and Publication House leader, 91, 106, 156, 204; nomination of Baily, Joshua L., for board of managers, 96; prejudices and ignorances of, 204
Dade Coal Company, 57
Daniels, Granithan, 66; school operated by, 72
Dart, William M., 119
Daughters of Bethel, 149
Davis, Benjamin, 243
Davis, Jefferson: condemnation of prohibition movement by, 215–16, 217; endorsement of, 230; Pledger, William, capitalization on open letters of, 230–31
De facto racial segregation, spread of, 243–44
DeGives Opera House, 56, 160; election eve rally in, 231; operating at loss, during campaign meetings, 181
DeKalb Chronicle, 238
Delany, Martin R., 128–29
Democratic Party: collapse of, 163, 206; personal liberty plank of, 155, 247
Dennett, John, on Atlanta, 45
Discrimination, caste, 38, 262n34
Disinterested benevolence, doctrine of, 123–24
Distilleries, licenses for, 253
“Dixie Land for Temperance,” 153
Doctrines and Discipline of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 35, 134, 136
Dodge, William Earl, 22, 249; “The” Church and Temperance” (paper) of, 106; Colquitt, Alfred, and, 163; creation of county bearing name, 95; death of, 94; interest in black education, 95; as leader of National Temperance Society and Publication House, 43, 73, 94–96, 99, 145; as New York City businessman and philanthropist, 94–95; Price, Joseph C. and, 102; as prohibition speaker, 113; statue of, in Bryant Park, 97; as trustee of Ashmun Institute, 95
Dorsey, Allison, 7–8
Dougall, John, 42, 249; as abolitionist, 96; as founding publisher and editor of New York Weekly Witness, 90–93; as radical reformer, 23
Dougherty, Styles, excommunication of, for drinking, 76
Douglass, Frederick, 58; assertion on masters’ views of drunken slaves, 266n24
Dow, Neal, as temperance activist, 92
Dram drinking, 265n22
Drew, John W.: crusade of, 163; organization of Atlanta’s white temperance movement by, 156–57; signing of abstinence pledge and, 159; temperance meetings held by, 159
Dry years (1885–1887), 196–214; beginning of, 199–203; black prohibitionists in, 196–97; contradictions of prohibition and, 198–204; crime and, 203–4; principled black prohibitionists and, 211–14; race relations in Atlanta, 204, 206–11
Dual Grand Lodge, Thrower’s efforts to reorganize lodges into state, 145
DuBois, W. E. B., 88; on convict leasing, 54; on race relations, 243–44; religious influences of, 115; youthful observations of, 245
Due process, 199
Duncan, William: excommunication of, 76–77; suspension of, 76
Durham Coal Company, 57
Dwight, Timothy, 18, 27; as antebellum revivalist, 22
Easley, Smith W., Jr., 250; as advisory board member of prohibitionists’ campaign, 224; appointment of, to district deputy for organizing Good Samaritan lodges in Georgia, 146; call for committee on temperance, 241; fighting for African Americans on Citizen’s Ticket by, 242; as Good Samaritan leader, 211; Herald of United Churches by, 231; as opportunistic prohibitionist, 198; Southern Recorder and, 212
East Side Colored Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 164, 165
Eatonton Baptist Church (Eatonton, GA), 29
Ebenezer Baptist Association, 98, 130, 132
Ebenezer Baptist Church, 182
Eberhart, Gilbert S., 67, 71
Economy, prohibition and, 177
Edwards, Justin, 16, 26, 34; American Temperance Society and, 19, 28–29, 33
Edwards, Lena, 151
Emancipation, 42
Emigration, 33
English, James W., as prohibitionist, 163
Enquiry into the Effects of Spirituous Liquors (Rush), 31
Epworth League, 242
Essays on Intemperance (Barnes), 25
Ethic of reciprocity, 121–22
Evangelical abolitionists, 9–10, 259n13; concern over negating one’s free moral agency and, 260n15
Evangelical missionaries, racial attitudes of, 65
Evangelical missionary organizations: blurring of lines between Freedmen’s Bureau and, 73; as influential temperance organization, 6
Evangelical reform nexus, origins of temperance movement in, 16, 21–32
Evangelical temperance reformers, commitment to reforms, 20–21
Evangelical theology, individualism of, 259n13
Evans, C. A., 142
Excommunication, 76–78, 81, 270n62
Exodusters, migration to Kansas, 91
Fee, John G., establishment of Berea College by, 40
Felton, Latimer, 202
Felton, William H.: as anti-prohibitionist speaker for blacks, 174; inspirational speech by, 231
Fifth Baptist Church, 187
Fifth National Colored Convention, 128
Fifth Ward committee, 164
Finch, John B., as prohibition speaker, 113
Finch, William, 208, 243; competing for prohibition votes and, 184; election of, 162–63
Finney, Charles G., 250; claim to make temperance “appendage” of revivals, 23; founding of Oberlin College, 39; influence of, on Ayer, Frederick, 22–23; intemperance cause for stop of revival, 25; as revivalist, 22, 29, 46, 95; teachings of, 27; theology of benevolence of, 127
First Baptist Church, 142
First Congregational Church: Chapin, Sallie, speaking at, 165; Clark, George, joining of, 119–20; Duncan, William, excommunication from, 76–77; founding of, by Ayer, Frederick, 77; organization of, 15–16; temperance and, 75–79; troubles at, 237
First Ward colored club, prohibition vote and, 187
Fisk, Clinton B., 68, 69, 263n42
Fisk University, 93, 115
Five Point Calvinism, 123
Flipper, J. S.: Colquitt’s attempt to fire Big Bethel’s, 218, 230; praise for bold stand for prohibition, 237; replacement of Gaines, Wesley J., by, 218–19
“For Home and the Red, White, and Blue,” 195
Fourteenth Amendment, 199
Francis, Cyrus W., 78, 115; as missionary, 71; as pastor at First Congregational Church, 75–76; receipts of free shipments of American Tract Society literature, 71; as reverend at Storrs School, 119
Fraternal orders, need for charters for local lodges, 281n41
Fraternal temperance lodges, rise of, 19–20
Free African Society of Philadelphia, 126, 149
The Freedman, 68–69, 72
Freedman’s Journal, 68–69, 72
Freedman’s Spelling Book, 69–70
Freedmen: early temperance literature for, 67–72; pursuit of literacy following emancipation, 72; temperance societies in schools of, 72–75; use of alcohol by, 58
Freedmen’s aid societies, 8, 107; origin of, 32
Freedmen’s Bureau, 60; Alvord, John S., as superintendent of schools, in Georgia, 60; blurring of lines between evangelical missionary organizations and, 73; Eberhart, Gilbert S., as superintendent of schools, in Georgia, 67–68
Freemen, or Slaves (tract), 106
Free-Will Baptists, adoption of American Missionary Association, 38
Friendship Baptist Church, 89, 137; Carter, E. R. and, 237; effort to sabotage efforts, 183; Mead, Charles H., visits to, 100; opening of Atlanta Female Baptist Seminary in basement of, 87–88; organization of second Colored Women’s Christian Temperance Union for Atlanta by, 213; prohibition meeting held by, 164
Fulton County, Georgia: local option elections in, 9, 120; as “wet” county, 256
“Fusion” Citizen’s Ticket in 1886, 208
Gaines, Wesley J., 250; abstinence of, 80, 211; on advisory board of prohibitionists’ campaign, 224; as author of history of African Methodist Episcopal Church in the South, 241–42; as black prohibitionist, 139; as brother of Gaines, William, 79; at citizens’ mass meeting, Oct. 1886, 207–8; confidence of dry vote from blacks, 160–61; as Good Samaritans’ member, 147; as opportunistic prohibitionist, 198; as outspoken temperance clergy, 137; as pastor of Bethel African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, 145, 162; replacement of, by Flipper, J. S., 218–19; as representative to national Grand Lodge, 145; speech of, 182–83; vote buying and, 171
Gaines, William, 79–80; arrival in Atlanta, 79; ordaining Bethel AME’s pastor, 79–80; saloon ownership by, 178
Gainesville, Georgia, as “wet” town, 202
Gammon Theological Seminary, 105, 224
Gardner, Robert, 280n35
Garner, Bradford, excommunication of, 77–78
Garrison, William Lloyd, 91
Gatewood, Willard B., 144
General Convention of Congregational Churches of Vermont, 26
General Local Option Law (Georgia, 1885), 87, 158, 198
Genovese, Eugene, 57
Gentility, planters conception of, 58–59
Georgia: convict lease system in, 53–55; 1868 constitution of, 54; establishment of temperance society in, 29; organization of True Reformer fountains, 142; penal system of, 54; Reconstruction-era government in, 8, 53; Republican Central Committee in, 143; Scientific Temperance Instruction in, 275n43; wine producers in, 198
Georgia and Alabama Railroad, contracting for convicts, 54
Georgia Baptist, endorsement of temperance in, 155
Georgia Baptist Convention, 29; temperance and, 158
Georgia Congregational Conference (1880), 78
Georgia Press Association, endorsement of prohibition, 155
Georgia Prohibition Association, 10; organization of temperance movement and, 157
Giles, Harriet E.: opening of school for black girls, 87–88; signing of total abstinence and social purity pledges and, 114–15
Glenn, John, 242
Going, Jonathan, as leader of American Baptist Home Mission Society, 36
Goode, Captain, 57
Good Morals and Gentle Manners for Schools and Families (Gow), 111
Good Samaritans. See Independent Order of Good Samaritans and Daughters of Samaria
Good Templars’ Grand Lodge, 141–42, 145, 281n41; Thrower, James G., and, 142, 159; True Reformers reorganization of, into, 145
Goodwin, John B., 219; as anti-prohibitionist speaker for blacks, 175; assertion of anti-prohibitionists as temperance party, 222
Gordon, John B., 147; as member of Bourbon Triumvirate, 163
Gospel Aid Society, 149
Gospel Temperance, 99, 105
Gough, John B., 10; as temperance activist, 92
Gow, Alexander M., 111; books by, 111
Grady, Henry, 208, 250; “New South” speech of, 157; orchestration to have Cleveland, Grover, at Piedmont Exposition, 217; prejudices and ignorances of, 204; preserving purity of ballot box, 234; prohibition and, 162, 231; serving of liquor to guests, 227–28
Graham, George, election of, 163
Grandison, C. N., 228; prohibitionist address by, 231
Grand United Order of Odd Fellows, 61, 149, 150
Graves, Antoine, 101, 103; fighting for African Americans on Citizen’s Ticket by, 242; as member of committee on temperance, 241
Gray Street School, 242
Great Revival (Georgia), 29, 158
Greenwood, Janette Thomas, 8
Griffin, Georgia, as “wet” town, 202
Grimke, Thomas, 17
Gutman, Herbert, 72
Hagan & Co., 46
Half Way Covenant, 15
Hallock, William, 16; position in American Tract Society, 33
Hamilton, Alexander, 224; vote buying and, 170–71
Hammock, Major, 61
Hammond, John, 31
Hammond, W. A., as prohibitionist, 164
Hankerson, Joseph, 147
Hardeman-Covington state prohibition bill (1907), 244, 256
Harper, Charlie, transporting of “wet” voters by, 237
Harper, Frances E. W., as prohibition speaker, 113
Hawthorne, J. B., 169, 211, 250; aggressive stand of, 171; as eulogizer at Young Men’s Prohibition Club, 236; as prohibitionist, 164, 231
Hayden, Robert: exposure of prohibitionist chronic racism and, 180; involvement in anti-prohibitionist campaign, 179–80
Haygood, Atticus G., 157
The Helping Hand (Dart), 119
Hemphill, W. A., as prohibitionist, 163
Henry, R. J., 162
Herald of United Churches (Easley), 11, 211, 231
Herd, Denise, 5
Hewitt, Nathaniel, as traveling agent of American Temperance Society (ATS), 19
Higgins, Malvina: as missionary, 71; receipt of free shipments of American Tract Society literature by, 71
Higher-status blacks, 8
High license, 254, 255; impact on morals, 218
Hightower, Charnell, white member of Young Men’s Prohibition Club, 236
Hillyer, George: as president of Piedmont Exposition, 224; as prohibitionist, 163–64
Hillyer, Henry, as prohibitionist, 199
Hodge, Charles, attacks on New England revivalist doctrines by, 124
Holifield, E. Brooks, 124
Holiness movement, 25
Holmes, Nick, 162, 224; as member of Friendship Baptist Church, 237
Hot toddy, 265n22
Houston Street School, 151
Howard, David T., 224
Howard, Oliver O. (General), 60; as commissioner of Freedmen’s Bureau, 73–75; creation of Lincoln National Temperance Association and, 83
“Howard at Atlanta” (Whittier), 84
Howell, Clark: as anti-prohibitionist speaker for blacks, 175, 218; prohibition and, 162
Howell, Evan P.: as anti-prohibitionist, 218; as president of Atlanta Constitution Company, 222
Humphrey, Heman, temperance sermon of, 31
Hunt, Mary H., 112; temperance instruction and, 88, 89
Hunt, Thomas, 25
Hutchins, Dougherty, 237
Independent Order of Good Samaritans and Daughters of Samaria: arrival in Black Atlanta, 141; Black Atlanta’s enduring temperance order, 146–47; Easley, Smith W. Jr., as leader in, 211; establishment of, 20; Gaines, Wesley J., as member of, 211; lodge of, 10, 148; national convention of, 11; pledges of, 146–47; prohibition campaign and, 162
Independent Order of Good Templars (IOGT), 10, 94, 141; call for new reform party, 86; cooperation between Women’s Christian Temperance Union and, 160; establishment of, 20; inviting of Stewart, Eliza, to Atlanta, 159; prohibition campaign and, 162; schism destroying True Reformer fountains, 145; spread of, by Browne, William Washington, 141; support for national prohibition, 141
Individual, relationship between community and, 122–23
Inebriation, 57
Inman, Samuel, 171; addressing black voters, 165; as prohibitionist, 163
In-migration, 263n3
An Inquiry into the Effects of Spirituous Liquors on the Human Body and Mind (Rush), 17, 18
Intemperance, 25; American Missionary Association on, 40–41, 278n18; framing of arguments against, 30–31; slave ownership and, 128–29; as threat to Black Atlanta, 132; white evangelical clergy on, 278n17
Interracial cooperation, 189–90
Ivy, James, 5
Jackson, Andrew, 142
Jacob’s Pharmacy, sale of Coca-Cola by, 290n6
Jennings, William, 49–50
Jenningstown, 49, 50
Jewell, Joseph O., 115; of American Missionary Association missionaries and their cultural perspective, 277n58
Jim Crow laws, 56, 243
Johnson, Edward A., as prohibitionist, 166
Johnson, James Weldon, 112, 115
Jones, Absalom, organization of Free African Society of Philadelphia by, 126
Jones, Alexander S.: class argument of, 181; racism and, 179; as speaker at anti-prohibitionist rallies, 173–74
Jones, Charles O., 93; voting of “Liberty” ticket by, 218
Jones, Jerry M., 162; meeting hosted by, 164; as pastor of Macedonia Baptist Church, 164
Jones, Sam, 224, 250; addressing issue of police brutality among blacks, 228; organization of temperance movement and, 157; as prohibitionist evangelist, 256; revival of, 161; speech of, 211; as temperance speaker, 10; at Tillman’s revival, 209
Jones, W. L., pastor of Mount Zion Baptist Church, 133
Jones (local drunk), 63
Journal of Humanity and Herald of the American Temperance Society, launch of, 19
Jug trade, 202–3
Juvenile temperance societies, rise of, 19–20
Kansas, Exoduster migration to, 91
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), 67
Kennedy, S. C., as missionary, 102
Kieth, Perry, charge against, for selling liquor, 78
Kimball, H. I., addressing black voters, 165
Kimball House, 165, 173; Employees Committee at, 173; wagering on election results at, 182
Kimball House Boys, 184
Kimball House saloon, 200; sale of alcohol to whites at, 203
King, James, excommunication of, 77
Kinney, Lucy, as missionary, 67
Kinney, Rose: as missionary, 67; as teacher at Storrs School, 119
Kirk, Edward Norris: as revivalist, 22, 23, 26, 90; on temperance, 29
Knights of Jericho, 10
Knights of Labor, 207
Knights of Pythias, 150
Knights of Temperance, 10
Krout, John Allen, 5
Ku Klux Klan (KKK), 244; blacks fear of violence from, 56
Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church (Brooklyn, NY), 91; 1866 revival at, 26
Landrum, Walter, attack on prohibitionists, 220
Lane Theological Seminary, 22
Law enforcement: abuse from, 211; resistance to change, 209–10. See also Crime; Police
Lay, Sarah, organization of Band of Hope by, 109–10
Lectures on Revivals of Religion (Finney), 25
Lee, J. W., pastor of Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church, 229
Lee, Robert E., surrender at Appomattox Court House, 42, 44
Levine, Lawrence, 152
“Liberty,” as motto of anti-prohibitionists, 181, 183, 223
Liberty ticket, 218
Light, Ivan, 116
“The Light House,” 44
Lincoln, Abraham: appropriation of, for temperance cause, 72–73; flyer with recently freed black family and, 231; reference in speech to, 183; stories of abstinence of, 269n57
Lincoln, Heman, 37
Lincoln National Temperance Association, 74; creation of, by Howard, O. O., 83
Lincoln Temperance Pledge, 146, 231; cards for, 74
Lincoln Temperance Society: appointment of Alvord, John W. to executive committee of, 74–75
Lincoln University, 95
Liquor: buying of votes and, 170–71; licenses for wholesalers of, 253; obtaining during prohibition, 202–3; regulating Atlanta’s industry involving, 253–56. See also Alcohol
Livingstone College, 95
Lloyd Street Methodist Episcopal Church, 236
Local option election in Atlanta (1885), 3–4, 154–95; anti-prohibitionist campaign in, 172–81; Atlanta white temperance movement and, 158–60; climax of campaign, 181–88; election results, 187; implications of vote, 188–95; prohibitionist campaign in, 162–66, 168–72
Local option election in Atlanta (1887), 3–4, 215–40; anti-prohibition rhetoric targeting black voters, 219–24; blacks and anti-prohibitionists in, 217–24; cartoonist’s perspective on, 225; election of 1887, 233–38; final week of the campaign, 229–31; prohibitionists and blacks in, 224–29; results of, 235
Lodges, social reform efforts of, in Black Atlanta, 139–51
Long, Jefferson Franklin, 250; as anti-prohibitionist speaker, 174; prohibition and, 177–78; racial uplift and, 179
“Look Away, Look Away,” 154
Louisiana Baptist Convention, 98
Low license, 254
Lynchings: absence of, 244; Wells-Barnett’s, Ida challenge to Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) to oppose, 242
Mabry, Miles J., quart license of, 200–201
Macedonia Baptist Church: Jones, Jerry M., as pastor of, 164; prohibition meeting held by, 164
Macon, Georgia, as “wet” town, 202
Macon Telegraph, 176; anti-prohibitionist campaign and, 179–80; on enforcement of prohibition, 201; opposition to prohibition, 162, 193; as partisan, 182
Mahan, Asa, as president of Oberlin College, 39
Manual of the Vanguard of Freedom, 75
Marion and Stafford saloon, 179
Marsh, John, 43; as leader of American Temperance Union, 25–26, 41
Marty, Martin, 7
“Mary and the Drunkard’s Children,” 70
Mayor’s Court, 267n28
McCall, Lucy, 202–3
McDaniel, Henry, signing of temperance bill, 160
McHenry, Jackson, 224, 250; conversion of, 226; as prohibitionist leader, 167, 197, 203; rhetoric of, 166, 168–69; running for office by, 163
McMoran, Tim, 69
McPherson, James, 64–65
Mead, Charles H., 142; on African Methodist Episcopal Church ordination process, 135–36; as missionary, 102; as speaker in Black Atlanta, 100–101; travel of, for society, 100–101
Memphis, growth of, 47
Methodism, embracement of revivalist practices, 24
Methodist Freedmen’s Aid Society, 73; enforcement of temperance position for schools of, 108; founding of Clark College, 49; shift of efforts to secondary education, 107; Summer Hill School of, 75
Michigan Territory, 46
Middle class, 8, 115
Mims, Livingston, as employee of New York Life Insurance Atlanta office, 221
Miner, Alonzo A., 263n42
Misdemeanors, 267n28
Missed opportunities in race relations, 248
Missionary Baptist Convention of Georgia (1875), 98, 132, 133, 144
Missionary schools: in Atlanta, 10–11; controlled environments at, 113; temperance societies and students of, 108–10
Mitchell, Eliza, as missionary, 67
Mitchell, Eugene, 220
Mitchell, Micah, giving of speech for the “wets,” 237
Montreal Temperance Society, Dougall as founding member of, 91
Montreal Witness, founding of, 91
Moody, Dwight L., 22; revivals of, 88, 95
Moore, Giles, accusation of being a blind tiger, 210
Moore, John Hammond, 5
Moral agency, concern about negating one’s free, 260n15
Moral government of God theology, 24–25
Moral suasion, 9, 156; prohibitionist endorsement of, 168
Moral training, support for, among Northern black clergy, 276n52
Moran, P. J., as local anti-prohibitionist, 218
Morehouse, Henry L., 99, 250; as secretary of American Baptist Home Mission Society, 65, 88
Morehouse College. See Atlanta Baptist Seminary (Morehouse College)
Morgan, Charles H., 147
Morning Star Lodge, No. 4., membership of, 147
Morristown, New Jersey, revival in, 25
Mount Pleasant Baptist Church, prohibition meeting held by, 164
Mount Zion Baptist Church (Atlanta), 133; prohibition meeting held by, 164
Mumford, Kevin, 243
Mutual Aid Brotherhoods (MABs), 227; membership of, 216; platform of, 216
Mutual aid societies, temperance and, 147, 149
Nashville, growth of, 47
National Association of Evangelicals, 10
National Council of Congregational churches, adoption of American Missionary Association (AMA), 38
National Temperance Advocate: biblical argument for total abstinence and, 136; The Conflict quoted in, 102; editing of, 94; as published without interruption into the 1900s, 44; publishing of Colman, Julia, in, 112; student’s library access to, 112; subscriptions to, 85, 100, 105, 106
National Temperance Society and Publication House (NTS), 94–107; adoption of cutting-edge Scientific Temperance Instruction and, 85; “balance-wheel” of temperance movement and, 94–96; characterization of, 263n42; Christian republican framework of, 43; commitment to revivalism, 43; constitution of, 44; creation and role of Missionary Committee, 99, 100; Cuyler as president of, 156, 204; Dodge as president of, 73; Dougall as vice president of, 91; face-to-face grassroots work of, 247; “great work” of, among freed people, 99–102, 105–7; Howard as president of, 73; as last organization to form out of evangelical reform nexus, 41–44; literature from, 82, 160; organization of, 43; as passionate about mission, 106–7; postbellum work of, 6, 7; primary mission of, 102; sending of tracts to Ayer, Frederick, 72; spread of temperance by, 22, 32, 95–96; Stearns as secretary of, 190; support of Spelman Seminary and first temperance textbook, 88–89
Negrophilia, charges of, 187–88
Negro problem, true solution of, 191
Neo-religious school, views of temperance, 5–6
Nettleton, Asahel: Dwight, Timothy as mentor of, 22; as revivalist, 22, 29
New England revivalist doctrines, attacks on, 124
New England Temperance Society, creation of, 127
New England Tract Society, 33; organization of, 34; origin of, 16
New Hope Baptist Association, 130; on intemperance, 131, 132; Sunday School Convention of, 133
New Hope Presbyterian Church, prohibition meeting held by, 164
New Orleans, growth of, 47
“New South” ideology, rise of, 157
Newton, A. E., 75
New York Evangelist, 26
New York Good Templars, 42
New York Life Insurance Atlanta office, 221
New York Times, on possible effects of prohibition, 192
New York Weekly Witness, 85, 133, 136; distribution of, 23, 94, 113; Dougall, John, as founding publisher and editor of, 90–93; student’s library access to, 112
Nexus organizations, 28
Nokes, John, 69
No-license advocates, arguments of, 254
Noll, Mark, 30
Norcross, Virgil, prohibition vote and, 187
Nordhoff, Charles, writings of, after tour of South, 59–60
North Carolina: State Colored Normal School in, 101; statewide temperance referendum in, 155
Northern antebellum black temperance, 124–29
Northern evangelical culture, relative influence of, 194
Northern free blacks, immersion in antebellum reform nexus, 120
Northern Missionary schools, temperance and, 107–16
North Georgia Conference of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, 218, 224; intemperance of, 130; organization of temperance committee at first meeting of, 80–81
Oakland Cemetery, Independence Day celebrations in, 62–63
Oberlin College, 22, 39
Oberlin perfectionism, 39
Ojibwe Indians, 46; alcohol abuse among, 46; missionary work among, 39, 263n2; mission schools for, 46
On Temperance, 34
Opportunistic prohibitionists, 196–97; growing divide between principled prohibitionists and, 238
Order of the Eastern Star, 150
Order of the Golden Rod and Rising Generation, 62
Order of the Hickory Rod and Fallen Generation, 62
Our Union, publishing extensively of Colman, Julia, in, 112
Packard, Sophia, 113; as founder of Woman’s American Baptist Home Mission Society, 87; opening of school for black girls, 87–88; signing of total abstinence and social purity pledges and, 114–15
Palmer, Jim, interest in being on police force, 209–10
Parallel fraternal societies, temperance and, 149–51
Parker, James B.: as anti-prohibitionist speaker for blacks, 174; class argument of, 181; conversion to prohibition, 170–71, 226; interest in being on police force, 209–10; as opportunistic prohibitionist, 197; on prohibition, 177, 211; Southern Recorder and, 212; switch to dry side, 182; vote buying and, 170–71
Parker, John, 286n53
Payne, Carroll, condemnation of prohibitionists by, 222
Payne, Daniel A., 79, 135, 250; as African Methodist Episcopal Church Bishop, 79; organization of South Carolina Conference by, 79; as president of Wilberforce University, 79; temperance message of, 152
Payne, George, suspension of, 76
Peck, F. Jesse, 80, 136; as founder of Daughters of Bethel, 149; as Prince Hall Mason, 150
Peck, John M., as leader of American Baptist Home Mission Society, 36
People’s Advisor, 98
Perfectionism, 25; connection between teetotalism, abolitionism and, 259n13; influence of, on American Missionary Association, 39–40
Personal liberty: as argument used by anti-prohibitionists, 181, 223; as plank of Democrats, 155, 247
Pharmacies, Atlanta’s purchase of alcohol at, 199, 202
Phelps, Dodge, & Company, 43
Piedmont Exposition, 217, 224, 230
Pierce, Franklin, 67
Pioneer Fountain No. 1, 142
Pitts, Ella, as president of Colored Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 213
Planters, conception of gentility and, 58–59
Pledger, William, 250; as alumnus of Storrs School, 142; as anti-prohibitionist speaker for blacks, 174, 175, 177; attack on prohibitionists, 220–21; call for committee on temperance, 241; capitalization on Davis, Jefferson’s open letters, 230–31; class argument of, 181; as coeditor of Weekly Defiance, 162; endorsement of Young Men’s Prohibition Club, 213; as Grand Worthy Master of Georgia’s Grand Fountain, 143; as ignored speaker at public meeting, 208; interest in being on police force, 209–10; as leader in Republican Atlanta politics and temperance, 142–44; libel suit against, 176; open letter to blacks published in Atlanta Constitution, 176, 177; on prohibition, 211; public opinion and, 176; reading of Bible passages at temperance society meetings, 222–23; speeches at campaigns by, 218; on temperance, 222; women’s political involvement and, 221
Police: brutality toward blacks, 56; enforcement practices of, 220; interest of blacks in joining, 209–11; ongoing abuses of, 210–11. See also Law enforcement
Police commissioners, prejudice of, as race-based, 228
Porter, Ebenezer, 250; Andover Circle and, 33; origin of American Temperance Society (ATS) and, 33; as pastor of First Congregational Church (Washington, CT), 15–16; as professor at Andover Seminary, 16; temperance sermons of, 18, 31; weekly meetings of, 28
Postbellum, 8
Post-emancipation Black Atlanta, 8; temperance and nexus/missionary organizations of, 32–44
The Practicality of Suppressing Vice by Means of Societies Instituted for that Purpose (Beecher), 27
Pragmatic syncretism, 121–24, 133–34
Presbyterians, dominance of, 27–28
Price, Joseph C., 251; announcement of speech by, 104; Dodge, William E., and, 102; as missionary for the National Temperance Society, 102
The Primary Temperance Catechisms (Colman) textbook, 111, 112; Spelman, Harvey Buel, donation of, 105–6
Prince Hall Masons, 150
Principled prohibitionists, 197–98; black, 211–14; growing divide between opportunistic prohibitionists and, 238
Progressives, 172
Prohibition: arguments for, 154–55; beginning of real, 199–203; black support for, 193–94, 204, 206; contradictions of, 198–204; crime and, 203–4; delay of until July 1, 1886, 198; distinction between temperance and, 9; economy and, 177; establishment of, in Atlanta, 3–4; as political expression of temperance movement, 154; as talked about public policy issue, 155; Tennessee’s rejection of, 155, 215, 246; Texas’ rejection of, 155, 215, 246; women’s political involvement with, 221
“Prohibition Battle Cry” (Shacklock), 45
Prohibitionists: campaign of, 162–66; campaign strategies of, 224–25; Davis, Jefferson, condemnation of, 215–16, 217; failure to control public debate, 226–27; opportunistic, 196–97; principled, 197–98, 211–14; Republicans as, 155; rhetoric targeting black voters, 166, 168–72, 227–29; second time and, 224–29; Young Men’s Prohibition Club endorsement of, 216
Prohibition Party, 86–87, 94, 241; abolitionist heritage of, 155; blacks in, 155; in 1884 presidential election, 191; encouraging black support for, 192; founding of, 155; nomination of Black, James, to, 87; organization of, 44, 141; prohibitionists as, 155; woman’s suffrage and, 156
Pro-revival theology, 7; Christian republican ideology combination of, with, 32–33; explanation for temperance-as-prelude-to-revival phenomenon, 26; teachings of, 28–29
Proverbs 14:34, 19
Public drunkenness: charges of, by race, 204, 205; fighting and, 267n28
Public-private split, 7
Quart licenses, 200–201
Rabinowitz, Howard, 55, 210
Race relations: in dry Atlanta, 204, 206–11; effect of prohibition vote on, 191; evangelical prohibitionists and, 239; importance of, to blacks, 170; improvement in, and prohibition, 169; resistance to change, 208–10
Racial unity, 241
Racial uplift, as prohibition theme, 168
Raines, Thomas, 57
Randolph, J. W., 80
Reciprocity, ethic of, 121–22
Reconstruction, 8; emergence of prohibition and, 155
Recorder’s Court, 267n28
A Reformation of Morals Practicable and Indispensable (Beecher), 27
Reform clubs, organization of abstinence pledgers into, 159
Reformist revivalism, 21
Reform nexus theology, African American spirituality and, 123–24
Registration, comparison of 1885 and 1887, 233
Religion, rise of organized temperance and, 16–21
Republican Party: Bryant, John Emory, as activist in, 169; call for wet/dry reconciliation and, 189; collapse of, in Atlanta, 163, 206; election of Finch, William, and Graham, George, 162–63; internal weakness of Georgia’s, 190; plank on temperance in, 191, 192; split of state along party lines, 170; as unwilling to fully back temperance Prohibition movement, 86; weakness of Georgia’s, 213
Revivalism: as motive and method of antebellum reform, 31–32; reformist, 21; temperance and, 6, 24
Revivalists: Finney, Charles G., as, 22, 29, 46, 95; Moody, Dwight L., as, 88, 95; Nettleton, Asahel, as, 22, 29; Tillman, J. L., as, 209
Revivals: in Morristown, New Jersey, 25; temperance as postlude to, 21–23, 27–29
Reynoldstown, 50
Richardson, Benjamin, 111
Richardson, Eliza, 56
Richmond, growth of, 47
Right Worthy Grand Lodge of the World, 145, 282n50–51
Roach Street School, 242
Roberts, Samuel K., 126
Robinson, N. C., as officer of Kimball House Employees Committee, 173
Rochon, Thomas R., 4, 113
Rockefeller, John D., Sr., 88, 102
Rockefeller, Laura Spellman, 96
Rohrer, James, 5
Romantic racialism, 65, 67, 106
Rorabaugh, W. J., 153
Rucker, H. A., purchase of bakery by, 176
Rumbarger, John, 263n42
Rush, Benjamin, 17, 18, 31
Rutherford, L. A., as missionary, 101
Ryan, Jackson M., saloon ownership by, 178
St. George’s Methodist Episcopal Church, 35; walkout from, 126
St. James Lodge, 150
St. Philips African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, prohibition meeting held by, 164
Savannah Tribune, endorsement of temperance in, 155
Scarborough, Holcomb, 56
Scientific Temperance Instruction (STI), 11, 85; adoption of, by Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, 85–86; in America’s public schools, 116; Department of, headed by Hunt, Mary H., 88; in Georgia, 275n43; students enrollment in, 110; in Vermont, 275n43
Scott, B., 93
Scott, Willie, 56
Second Baptist Church (Atlanta), 142
Second Great Awakening, 16, 39
Selma, Rome, and Dalton Railroad, contracting for convicts, 54
Sessions, H. M., 224
Shacklock, C. L., 45
“We Shall Win,” 240
Sherman, William T., 50
Shermantown, 49, 49, 50, 79–80; housing in, 48
Sherwood, Adiel, 29, 158; as founder of temperance society in Georgia, 37
Shiloh African Methodist Episcopal Church (Atlanta), 85; founding of, 80
Shipherd, John J., 39
Six Sermons on the Nature, Occasions, Signs, Evils, and Remedy of Intemperance (Beecher), 18
Sixth National Convention of Colored People (1847), 127
Slater, John, establishment of Slater Fund, 95
Slater Fund, 95
Slaves: intemperance association with, 128–29; use of alcohol and, 58
Small, Sam, 251; addressing black voters, 165; as Atlanta journalist, 159; drinking by, 283n8; on prohibition, 169; speech by, 164; at Tillman’s revival, 209
Smith, E. E., 101
Smith, J. L., subscription to New York Weekly Witness and National Temperance Advocate, 85
Social Gospel movement, 65
Social purity pledges, 276n52
Social reform: in Black Atlanta’s lodges, 139–51; in black public schools, 151
Social sin, concept of, 66
Somers, Robert, 59
Sons of Temperance, 74, 94; call for new reform party, 86; establishment of, 20, 283n6
South Atlanta, demonstration in, on election day, 183
South Carolina Conference, Payne, Daniel A., organization of, 79
South Carolina Temperance Society,: Grinke, Thomas, as president of, 17
South Church in Andover, 16
Southern Good Templars, 10
The Southern Recorder, 11, 211, 212; endorsement of temperance in, 155; of Turner, Henry M., 192, 237
The Southern Temperance Magazine, 10
South-View Cemetery, 147
Spalding, R. D., 217
Spelman, Harvey Buel, 88, 96; donation of Primary Temperance Catechisms and Alcohol and Hygiene textbooks by, 105–6
Spelman, James J.: distribution of literature by, 102, 105; as missionary, 101
Spelman, Lucy, 88
Spelman Seminary, 50, 88, 93; adoption of first temperance textbook, 88; dorms at, 113–14; education at, 115; efforts in forming a Band of Hope, 105–6; embrace of cult of domesticity by founders, 107; establishment of Bands of Hope, 113; High School Class of 1888, 165; Mead, Charles H., visits to, 100; motto of, 113; prohibition meeting held by, 164
Spirituality of church doctrine, 221, 239
Spirituous liquors, selling of, by drink, 254
Springfield, Massachusetts, prohibition in, 177
Springfield Baptist Church (Augusta), 135
Stafford, Thomas: saloon ownership by, 178–79; work as porter, 178
Star of the South Lodge, 150
Staunton, Virginia, local option campaign in, 211
Stearns, Charles, 58
Stearns, John N., 251; discussion of intemperance among freed people at special meeting and, 99; editorials of, 106; endorsement of Prohibition Party by, 263n42; Independent Order of Good Templars hosting of, 142; as leader of National Temperance Society and Publication House, 43, 94, 96, 190; as organizer of Chicago convention, 86; prohibition and, 112, 199–200
Stephens, Robert, saloon ownership by, 178
Stevens, Lizzie, as president of Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 159
Stevenson, Lizzie: as missionary, 71; receipt of free shipments of American Tract Society literature by, 71
Stevenson, Robert, saloon ownership by, 178
Stewart, Dianne, 121
Stewart, Eliza “Mother,” 251; invitation to Atlanta, 159; organization of Atlanta’s white temperance movement by, 156–57; organization of Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) in Georgia, 159
Storrs, Henry M., 73
Storrs School: Mead, Charles H., visits to, 100; opening of, 73, 74, 107; pushing of Vanguard chapters by, 75; sponsorship of extracurricular temperance organizations, 110; Stearns, J. (John) N., visit to, 94; taking of Stewart, Eliza, to, 159; temperance meeting at, 82–83, 119; Young Woman’s Christian Temperance Union and, 110
Strieby, Michael E., 99, 251; as American Missionary Association Corresponding Secretary, 39, 66, 96, 98; speeches and writings of, 268n43
Summer Hill School, 49, 73
Sumner, Charles, 62; caning of, by Brooks, Preston, 62
Sunday School Advocate, publishing extensively of Colman, Julia, in, 112
Sunday School Convention of New Hope Baptist Association (1889), 133
Sunday school literature, temperance stories in, 28
Sweet Auburn, 242–43
Talented tenth principle, 107, 151
Tanner, Benjamin T.: as editor of African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church Review, 166; as editor of Christian Recorder, 36; as prohibitionist, 166
Tanyard Bottom, 50
Tappan, Lewis, as abolitionist, 38
Tate, James, 66; school operated by, 72
Taxes, rejection of state prohibition, 213
Teetotalism, 9, 36, 127; connection between abolitionism, perfectionist theology, and, 259n13
Temperance, 9; African Methodist Episcopal Church and, 32, 79–81, 120; American Missionary Association commitment to, 66; Bible study in defining, 16; in Black Atlanta, 4, 129–37; church polity and, 134–37; distinction between prohibition and, 9; as element of Christian republicanism, 29–32; evangelical reform nexus roots of, 15–44; fifth national convention, at Saratoga Springs, New York, 42–43; First Congregational Church and, 75–79; in freed people’s schools, 72–75; as long lasting reform movement, 4; meetings on, 21–22; methodological and personal connections between revivalism and, 24; mutual aid societies and, 147, 149; nexus/missionary organizations of post-emancipation Black Atlanta and, 32–44; Northern Missionary schools and, 107–16; parallel fraternal societies and, 149–51; preaching of first sermon, 15; prohibition as political expression of, 154; publications on, 18, 26, 67–72; religion and rise of organized, 16–21; revivalism and, 6, 21–23, 27–29; white Masons in defining, 282n62
The Temperance Advocate, 10
Temperance-as-prelude-to-revival phenomenon, 26
Temperance-based moral community, Black Atlanta’s efforts to institutionalize, 119–53
Temperance Lesson Book (Richardson), 110–11
Temperance lodges, 10
Temperance Mutual Benefit Association of Philadelphia, 149
Temperance newspapers, call for political party committed to national prohibition, 86
The Temperance Reformation Connected with the Revival of Religion and the Introduction of the Millennium (Kirk), 26
Temperance Tract for the Freedmen (publication), 71–72
Temperance Watchman, 157
Temperate Society of Moreau and Northumberland, organization of, 17–18
Templars, 141
Tennessee: statewide temperance referendum in, 155, 215, 246
Texas: vote on state prohibition in, 155, 215, 246
Third Baptist Church, 132–33
Third Ward Prohibition Club, 184
Thirkield, Wilbur P., 108, 251; as advisory board member, 224; assertions that race relations characterized 1887 defeat in Atlanta, 245–46; as dean of Clark University’s Gammon School of Theology, 171
Thompson, W. E., as officer of Kimball House Employees Committee, 173
Thornbery, Jerry J., 7
Thornton, John, 123
Thornwell, James Henley, attacks on New England revivalist doctrines by, 124
“Three-mile law,” temperance and, 158
Thrower, James G., 224, 251; appointment of, to superintendent of all True Reformer fountains, 142; efforts to reorganize lodges into a state Dual Grand Lodge, 145; establishment of Georgia’s first Good Templars’ lodge by, 145, 159; inviting of Stewart, Eliza to Atlanta, 159; organization of Atlanta’s white temperance movement by, 156–57; as prohibitionist, 164, 199–200; wife of, as officer of Women’s Christian Temperance Union, 159
Tillman, J. L., tent revival of, 209
Tillman, W. H., 93, 136, 287n53; attack on character of, 182; as pastor of Third Baptist, 132–33
Tillory, Julie, 47
Tin Can Alley, 243
Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church, 142, 159; Lee, J. W., as pastor of, 229
True Reformers: ethical standards of, 144; Independent Order of Good Templars schism destroying, 145; lodges of, 10, 145, 282n51; organization of, 141, 142
Turnbull, W. T., chairman of Young Men’s Prohibition Club, 235
Turner, Henry M., 251; abstinence of, 80, 211; address from, at building dedication, 147; as anti-prohibitionist speaker, 174; belief on prohibition and public drunkenness, 169; call for committee on temperance, 241; characterization of Conservative Citizens Club (CCC) members by, 216; as committed teetotaler, 80; as member of committee on temperance, 241; as member of Prohibition Party of Georgia, 241; opposition to making issue of black policemen, 228; as outspoken temperance clergy, 137; praise for McHenry, Jackson, 197; as preacher of temperance message, 152; as principled prohibitionist, 138, 198, 211–14; on prohibition, 169, 291n31; prophecy of, 246–47; race relations in Atlanta and, 209; Southern Recorder of, 192; speech of, 182–83; on temperance vote, 172; vented anger in pages of Southern Recorder, 237; vote buying and, 171
Tyler, Alice Felt, 5, 21
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 18
Underground Railroad, 96; Oberlin as stop on, 39
Union Missionary Society, creation of American Missionary Association (AMA) and, 38
United Kingdom Band of Hope Union, 20
United Order of True Reformers, 133, 141, 142, 144
Van Buren, J. M., 105
Vanguards of Freedom, 74
Vermont, Scientific Temperance Instruction in, 275n43
Vigilant law enforcement, educating citizens about need for, 156
The Vindicator (black weekly), 56
Virtue: African Americans assertion of, 127; concept of, 29–32, 125, 126–27, 143; whites’ denial of African Americans’, 126
Voter registration, temperance and, 185
Votes, buying of, and liquor, 170–71
Vote selling, culturally powerful attacks on, 170–71
Walker, Jerome, 111
Walworth, Reuben, 42
Ware, Edmund A.: as American Missionary Association missionary, 59, 73; as superintendent of schools for Georgia, 73
A Warning to Freedmen against Intoxicating Drinks (Brinckerhoff), 72
Warren, E. W., 142
Washington, George, farewell address of, 30
Washington Post, editorials on prohibition in, 191–92
Wassom, George, 101
Water Lily (publication), 105
Wayman, Alexander, 218; reappointment of Flipper, J. S. by, 218–19
The Way to Bless and Save our Country (Humphrey), 31
“We Are Going to the Polls, Boys,” 215
The Weekly Defiance (black newspaper): Burnett, Alonzo, and, 175, 212; “Manhood” editorial in, 172; Pledger, William, as coeditor of, 162
Weekly Sentinel (Augusta): support for prohibition, 193; Wright, Richard, as editor of, 166
Weld, Theodore, temperance sermon of, 29
Wellman, Charles P., recruitment of True Reformers, 282n51
Wells-Barnett, Ida, challenge to Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) to oppose lynching, 242
Wesley, John: American Missionary Association adoption of “General Rules of the United Societies of 1739,” 134; writings of, 35
Wesleyan Methodist Connection, adoption of American Missionary Association, 38
Western Evangelical Missionary Society, 39, 46; creation of American Missionary Association and, 38
West Point Railroad, 182
Wheat Street Baptist Church, 142; pastors of, 286n53
Whipper, William, 127
White Masons, definition of temperance by, 282n62
Whittier, John Greenleaf, 84; as abolitionist poet, 25
Wilberforce University, 112; African Methodist Episcopal Church purchase of, 36; Payne, Daniel A., as president of, 79
Willard, Frances, 10, 251; color-line speech of, 190; 1881 tour of the South, 190; organization of Atlanta’s white temperance movement by, 156–57; as president of Women’s Christian Temperance Union, 88–90; as prohibition speaker, 113; visit to Atlanta by, 160
Williams, Heather Andrea, 72
Wills, David, 134
Wimbish, C. C., 208, 224
Wine producers in Georgia, 198
Wine rooms, 201–2; critics calling for outlawing of, 202; as legal, 198; licenses for, 200; products sold in, 198
Winship, George, as prohibitionist, 163
Witchcraft, charges of, 122
Woman’s American Baptist Home Mission Society (WABHMS), 7, 50; educational efforts of, 108; enforcement of temperance position for schools of, 108; New England organization of, 87
Woman’s suffrage, Prohibition Party and, 156
Women: 1885 prohibition campaign and, 164–65, 184; 1887 political involvement with prohibition, 221; influence on husband and/or son to vote for prohibition, 286n52
Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU): adoption of Scientific Temperance Instruction (STI) by, 85–86; calling for “colored” temperance conventions, 9; cooperation between Good Templars and, 160; Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction and, 88; Department of Southern Work of, 159, 164; desire for general local option bill, 156; efforts of white women to work with black women, 238; focus of, 6, 7; Howard, David T’s wife as active in, 224; organization of, 88, 133, 157; project in Atlanta, 160; rise of, 83; South’s first colored, 10; Stevens, Lizzie as president of, 159; Wells-Barnett’s, Ida, challenge to, on lynching, 242; as white temperance lodge existence, 10; Willard, Frances E., as president of, 88–90
Women’s Crusade (1873–1874, Ohio), 88, 159
Wood, Joseph A., 251; as committed teetotaler, 80; election as worthy master of Pioneer Fountain No. 1, 142; as leader of third temperance society, 147; ordained as elder in 1866, 79; as outspoken temperance clergy, 137; as pastor of Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church, 62–63; as temperance society president, 81
Wood’s Chapel, 79; lending library of, 81
Woodward, C. Vann, thesis, 248
Working-class, anti-prohibitionists appeal to, 219–21
Working-class whites, 242
Working synthesis, 134
World’s Temperance Congress, Gaines, Wesley J., address of, 241–42
Wright, Richard R.: as editor of Augusta’s Weekly Sentinel, 166; on interracial cooperation, 189; at Jones, Sam’s revival, 171; “leveling” remark of, 189–90; as prohibitionist, 166
Yacovone, Donald, 5
Yeiser, J. G., 162; attack on character of, 182; campaign for prohibition, 193–94; as pastor of Allen Temple, 145; position of, 182; on vote buying, 171
Yellowstone Kit, 230
Young, Michael P., 5
Young Men’s Anti-Prohibition Club: Colville, Fulton, as president of, 219; organization of black chapters, 218
Young Men’s Prohibition Club, 161, 168, 226; endorsement of candidates in 1886 election, 212–13; endorsement of prohibitionists for state legislature, 216; Hawthorne, J. B., as eulogizer at, 236; Hightower, Charnell, as white member of, 236; organization of, 224; Pledger, William, endorsement of, 213; Turnbull, W. T., as chairman of, 235
Young People’s Christian Endeavor Society, 242
Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA), 110; formation of, at Atlanta Baptist Seminary, 110
Young Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 165; circulation of Youth’s Temperance Banner, 110
Youth’s Temperance Banner, 94; publishing extensively of Colman, Julia, in, 112; student’s library access to, 112
Zion Wesley Institute, establishment of, 95