1. Thomas R. Rochon, Culture Moves: Ideas, Activism, and Changing Values (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), 22–32.
2. Donald Yacovone, “The Transformation of the Black Temperance Movement, 1827–1854: An Interpretation,” Journal of the Early Republic 8 (Fall 1988): 281–97; Denise Herd, “Migration, Cultural Transformation and the Rise of Black Liver Cirrhosis Mortality,” British Journal of Addiction 80 (1985): 397–410; Herd, “The Paradox of Temperance: Blacks and the Alcohol Question in Nineteenth-Century America,” in Drinking: Behavior and Belief in Modern History, ed. Susanna Barrows and Robin Room, 354–75 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991); Kenneth Christmon, “Historical Overview of Alcohol in the African American Community,” Journal of Black Studies 25 (January 1995): 318–30; Shelley Block, “A Revolutionary Aim: The Rhetoric of Temperance in the Anglo-African Magazine,” American Periodicals 12 (2002): 9–24; John Hammond Moore, “The Negro and Prohibition in Atlanta, 1885–1887,” South Atlantic Quarterly 69 (1970): 38–57; Gregg Cantrell, “‘Dark Tactics’: Black Politics in the 1887 Texas Prohibition Campaign,” Journal of American Studies 25 (1991): 85–93; James D. Ivy, No Saloon in the Valley: The Southern Strategy of Texas Prohibitionists in the 1880s (Waco: Baylor University Press, 2003).
3. John Allen Krout, The Origins of Prohibition (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1925); Gilbert Barnes, The Antislavery Impulse, 1830–1844 (New York: D. Appleton-Century Company, 1933); Alice Felt Tyler, Freedom’s Ferment: Phases of American Social History from the Colonial Period to the Outbreak of the Civil War (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1944); Joseph R. Gusfield, Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1963); Norman H. Clark, Deliver Us from Evil: An Interpretation of American Prohibition (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1976); William J. Rorabaugh, The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); David Montgomery, “The Shuttle and the Cross: Weavers and Artisans in the Kensington Riots of 1844,” Journal of Social History 5 (1972): 411–46; Jack Blocker Jr. “Give to the Wind thy Fears”: The Women’s Temperance Crusade, 1873–1874 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985); Ruth Bordin, Woman and Temperance: The Quest for Power and Liberty, 1873–1900 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1990); Carol Mattingly, Well-Tempered Women: Nineteenth-Century Temperance Rhetoric (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1998); Holly Berkley Fletcher, Gender and the American Temperance Movement of the Nineteenth Century (New York: Routledge, 2007); Scott C. Martin, Devil of the Domestic Sphere: Temperance, Gender, and Middle-Class Ideology, 1800–1860 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2008).
4. James R. Rohrer, “The Origins of the Temperance Movement: A Reinterpretation,” Journal of American Studies 24 (August 1990): 228–35; Robert Abzug, Cosmos Crumbling: American Reform and the Religious Imagination (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Douglas W. Carlson, “‘Drinks He to His Own Undoing’: Temperance Ideology in the Deep South,” Journal of the Early Republic 18 (Winter 1998): 659–91; Michael P. Young, Bearing Witness against Sin: The Evangelical Birth of the American Social Movement (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006). See also Stephen Wills Murphy, “‘It Is a Sacred Duty to Abstain’: The Organizational, Biblical, Theological, and Practical Roots of the American Temperance Society, 1814–1830” (PhD diss., University of Virginia, 2008), and Steven Mintz, Moralists and Modernizers: America’s Pre–Civil War Reformers (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995).
5. Martin E. Marty, Righteous Empire: The Protestant Experience in America (New York: Dial Press, 1970).
6. Janette Thomas Greenwood, Bittersweet Legacy: The Black and White “Better Classes” in Charlotte, 1850–1910 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 5.