1. Proceedings of Consultation Convention of 350 Leading Colored Men of Georgia, held in Macon, Georgia, January 25th and 26th, 1888 (Augusta: Georgia Baptist Book and Job Print, 1888): 5–6, 17.
2. Several articles in the AME Church Review and Christian Recorder entertained the idea that the Prohibition Party was the best party for African Americans. See J. P. Sampson, “The Prohibition Party,” AME Church Review 4 (July 1887): 506–7; John M. Palmer, “An Apology for Party Prohibition,” AME Church Review 4 (October 1887): 136–53; “Rum, Politics and Human Morals,” Christian Recorder, May 8, 1890; “A Conference Temperance Report,” Christian Recorder, December 25, 1890.
3. In 1892 the city reinstituted a rule which had been abandoned in the 1870s that permitted only whites registered as Democrats to vote in the city’s primary elections. Since blacks consistently registered as Republicans, the nominee represented white voters, and black voters were limited to simply ratifying their selection in the general election (as usually happened), persuading whites to vote for one of their own (which never happened), or being a swing voting block when an independent Democrat ran for office (which occasionally happened). In the latter case they usually voted with the “establishment” Democratic candidate against the outsider, hence maintaining the political status quo. Bacote, 338–39.
4. Harvey K. Newman, “Decatur Street: Atlanta’s African American Paradise Lost,” Atlanta History 44 (Summer 2000): 5–13; “Atlanta and Her Decatur Street,” Augusta Herald, December 24, 1909; John Merrill Spencer, “‘Decatur Street’: A Natural Area” (Master’s thesis, Atlanta University, 1952), 23–29; Kevin J. Mumford, Interzones: Black/White Sex Districts in Chicago and New York in the Early Twentieth Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), 19–20.
5. Thomas M. Deaton, “Atlanta during the Progressive Era” (PhD diss., University of Georgia, 1969); Hunter, 45–48.
6. DuBois, Souls, 128.
7. “Progressive Thought,” AME Zion Quarterly Review 4 (January 1894): 185.
8. “An Open Letter to the Southern People,” reel 81, The Papers of W. E. B. DuBois, microfilm edition; Ivy, 48, 52; Isaac, 35; Wilbur P. Thirkield, “A Cathedral of Cooperation,” in The Human Way: Addresses on Race Problems at the Southern Sociological Congress, Atlanta, 1913, ed. James E. McCulloch (Nashville: Southern Sociological Congress, 1913), 135.
9. Richmond Dispatch, December 1, 1885.
10. “The Negro in the Test,” Southern Recorder, November 11, 1887.
11. Hanes Walton “Another Force for Disfranchisement: Blacks and the Prohibitionists in Tennessee,” Journal of Human Relations 18 (1970): 728–38; Denise Herd, “Prohibition, Racism and Class Politics in the Post-Reconstruction South,” Journal of Drug Issues 13 (1983) 77–94; Charles Crowe, “Racial Violence and Social Reform: Origins of the Atlanta Riot of 1906,” Journal of Negro History 53 (July 1968): 234–56.
12. “Same Sex Marriage Support Shows Pace of Social Change Accelerating,” New York Times, May 11, 2012.
13. C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, 2nd rev. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966), 32.