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Triggers of Election Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa: Chapter Nine: Documentation Database

Triggers of Election Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa
Chapter Nine: Documentation Database
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Notes

table of contents
  1. Title Page
  2. Copyright Page
  3. List of Tables
  4. Preface
  5. Chapter One: Introduction
    1. Research Context and Objectives
    2. Conflict Prevention and Election Observation
    3. African Elections: Zero-Sum Games and the Debate on Neopatrimonialism
    4. What Is Electoral Violence?
    5. Can We Prevent Electoral Violence by Reforming the Electoral System?
    6. Concluding Remarks and Lessons Learned
  6. Chapter Two: Demarcation of Constituency Boundaries
    1. Do Electoral Constituency Boundaries Matter?
    2. Challenges and Key Factors in Redistricting
    3. Boundary Delimitation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Principles and Standards
    4. Shortages of Transparency and Gerrymandering Allegations
    5. Institutional Hindrance and Passive Malapportionment
    6. Lack of Reliable Voter Data
    7. A General Trend: Passive Malapportionment in the Context of Rapid Urban Growth
    8. Malapportionment in Urban/Rural Constituencies Drawn According to Administrative Divisions
    9. Concluding Remarks and Lessons Learned
  7. Chapter Three: Electoral Management Bodies
    1. Core Challenges Facing EMBs
    2. Institutional Autonomy of Electoral Management Bodies
    3. Selection of EMB Managerial Positions
    4. Case Studies: EMB Independence at Stake
    5. Financial Dependence
    6. Concluding Remarks and Lessons Learned
  8. Chapter Four: Registration of Candidates and Voters
    1. Political Participation and Conflict Prevention
    2. Burdens to the Registration of Political Parties and Candidates
    3. Case Studies: Arbitrary Exclusion of Candidates
    4. Disputes Over Voter Registration
    5. Exclusion of Young People
    6. Computerisation of Voter Rolls
    7. Computerisation Challenges: Case Studies
    8. Politicisation of Voter Registration
    9. Case Study: Côte d’Ivoire
    10. Role of Traditional Authorities in Voter Identification
    11. Concluding Remarks and Lessons Learned
  9. Chapter Five: The Election Campaign
    1. Campaigning in Unlevel Playing Fields: A Conflict-Analysis Perspective
    2. Party Primaries: Survival of the Fittest
    3. Use of State Resources for Campaign Purposes
    4. Voter Education as a Campaign Strategy
    5. The Role of Religious Authorities in Election Campaigns
    6. Unbalanced Media Reporting
    7. Towards Peaceful Outcomes: Concluding Remarks and Lessons Learned
  10. Chapter Six: Polling and Tabulation
    1. Preventing Violent Disputes through the Free Expression of the Electorate’s Will
    2. Election Day
    3. Party Agents
    4. A Challenge to Peaceful Elections: Lack of Voter Education
    5. Obstacles to Observers-’ Accreditation and Participation in the Process
    6. Tabulation Flaws: A Conflict Trigger
    7. Case Studies: Disputes Over Tabulation
    8. Parallel Vote Tabulations
    9. Concluding Remarks and Lessons Learned
  11. Chapter Seven: Aftermath of Elections–Seeking Accountability
    1. Post-Election Violence
    2. Case Studies: Dealing with Election Violence
    3. Concluding Remarks and Lessons Learned
  12. Chapter Eight: Towards Peaceful Elections – Recommendations
    1. Introduction: Regional Efforts
    2. Mainstreaming Standards and Best Practices
    3. The Core of the Matter: Independent, Impartial, and Efficient EMBs
    4. EMBs’ Financial Autonomy
    5. EMBs and Dispute Resolution
    6. Candidate Registration: Mainstreaming Best Practices
    7. Voter Registration: Technological Challenges
    8. Use of State Resources for Campaigning: A Regional Dimension
    9. Tackling Illegal Party/Candidate Funding
    10. Regional Efforts To Mainstream Best Practices through the Peer-Review System
  13. Chapter Nine: Documentation Database
  14. Bibliography
  15. About the Author

Chapter Nine: Documentation Database

Table 9.1. African Union

Mission Structure

Document Type

Country

Election

Election Date/s

Observer Group

Statement

South
Africa

General

22 April 2009

Observer Group

Statement

Namibia

General

27–28 November 2009

Observer Group

Statement

Southern Sudan

Referendum

9 to 15 January 2011

Observer Group

Statement

Chad

Presidential

25 April 2011

Observer Group

Statement

Cape Verde

Presidential

7–21 August 2011

Observer Group

Statement

Zambia

General

22 September 2011

Table 9.2. Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa

Mission Structure

Document Type

Country

Election

Election Date/s

Observer Group

Report

South
Africa

General

12–14

April 2004

Observer Group

Report

Malawi

General

20 May 2004

Observer Group

Report

Botswana

General

30 October 2004

Observer Group

Report

Namibia

General

15–16 November 2004

Observer Group

Report

Mauritius

Parliamentary

3 July 2005

Observer Group

Report

Zanzibar, Tanzania

General

20–30 October 2005

Observer Group

Report

Tanzania

General

14 December 2005

Observer Group

Report

D.R. Congo

General

30 July–29 October 2006

Observer Group

Report

Mada-
gascar

Presidential

3 December 2006

Observer Group

Report

Lesotho

Parliamentary

17 February 2007

Observer Group

Report

Mada-
gascar

Parliamentary

23 September 2007

Observer Group

Report

Zimbabwe

General

29 March–

27 June 2008

Observer Group

Report

Zambia

Presidential

30 October 2008

Observer Group

Report

South
Africa

General

22 April 2009

Observer Group

Report

Malawi

General

19 May 2009

Expert Team

Report

Mauritius

Parliamentary

3 May 2010

Expert Team

Report

(pre-election)

Central
African
Republic

General

23 January 2011

Observer Group

Report

Central
African Republic

General

23 January 2011

Table 9.3. European Union

Mission Structure

Document Type

Country

Election

Election Date/s

Observer Group

Report

Zimbabwe

Presidential

24 June 2000

Observer Group

Report

Zambia

General

27 December 2001

Observer Group

Report

Congo Brazzaville

Presidential

10 March 2002

Observer Group

Report

Sierra Leone

General

14 May 2002

Delegation

(parliament)

Report

Madagascar

Parliamentary

15 December 2002

Observer Group

Report

Madagascar

Parliamentary

15 December 2002

Observer Group

Report

Kenya

General

27 December 2002

Observer Group

Report

Nigeria

General

12–19 April 2003

Observer Group

Report

Rwanda

Referendum

26 May 2003

Observer Group

Report

Mozambique

Local

19 November 2003

Observer Group

Report

Malawi

General

20 May 2004

Observer Group

Report

Mozambique

General

1–2 December 2004

Observer Group

Report

Ethiopia

Parliamentary

15 May 2005

Observer Group

Report

Guinea Bissau

presidential

12 June 2005

Observer Group

Report

Liberia

General

11 October 2005

Observer Group

Report

D.R. Congo

Referendum

18 December 2005

Observer Group

Report

Uganda

General

23 February 2006

Observer Group

Report

D.R. Congo

General

30 July–
29 October 2006

Observer Group

Report

Zambia

General

28 September 2006

Observer Group

Report

Mauritania

General

19 November 2006

Observer Group

Report

Nigeria

General

14–21 April 2007

Observer Group

Report

Sierra
Leone

General

11 August–
8 September 2007

Observer Group

Report

Togo

Parliamentary

14 October 2007

Observer Group

Report

Kenya

General

27 December 2007

Observer Group

Report

Angola

General

5 September 2008

Observer Group

Report

Rwanda

Parliamentary

15 to 18 September 2008

Observer Group

Report

Ghana

General

7 December 2008–3 January 2009

Expert Team

Report

South
Africa

General

22 April 2009

Observer Group

Report

Malawi

General

19 May 2009

Observer Group

Report

Guinea
Bissau

Presidential

28 June 2009

Expert Team

Report

Niger

Parliamentary

19 November 2009

Observer Group

Report

Togo

Presidential

4 March 2010

Observer Group

Report

Sudan

General

11–18 April 2010

Observer Group

Report

Ethiopia

Parliamentary

23 May 2010

Observer Group

Report

Guinea

Presidential

27 June–
7 November 2010

Observer Group

Report

Burundi

General

24 May–28 June 2010

Observer Group

Report

Tanzania

General

31 October 2010

Observer Group

Report

Côte d’Ivoire

Presidential

31 October–28 November 2010

Observer Group

Report

Southern Sudan

Referendum

9 January–
15 January 2011

Observer Group

Report

Niger

General

31 January–
12 March 2011

Observer Group

Report

Chad

Parliamentary

13 February 2011

Observer Group

Report

Uganda

General

18 February–10 March 2011

Observer Group

Report

Nigeria

General

9–16 April 2011

Observer Group

Report

D. R. Congo

General

28 November 2011

Table 9.4. International Republican Institute

Mission Structure

Document Type

Country

Election

Election Date/s

Observer Group

Report

Nigeria

General

12–19 April 2003

Expert Team

Report

Somaliland,

Somalia

Parliamentary

29 September 2005

Observer Group

Report

Liberia

General

11 October–8 November 2005

Observer Group

Report

Nigeria

General

14–21 April 2007

Observer Group

Report

Kenya

General

27 December 2007

Expert Team

Report

(pre-election)

D.R. Congo

General

28 November 2011

Table 9.5. National Democratic Institute

Mission Structure

Document Type

Country

Election

Election Date/s

Delegation

Report

Zimbabwe

Parliamentary

24–25 June 2000

Delegation

Report

Benin

Presidential

4 March 2001

Delegation

Report

Benin

Local

15 December 2002

Observer Group

(+ Carter
Center)

Report

(pre-election)

Nigeria

General

12–19 April 2003

Observer Group

Report

Nigeria

General

12–19 April 2003

Domestic Observer Groups

Report

Nigeria

General

12–19 April 2003

Delegation

Report

(pre-election)

Rwanda

Presidential

25 August 2003

Observer Group

(+ Carter
Center)

Report

Liberia

General

11 October–8 November 2005

Observer Group

Report

Zanzibar, Tanzania

General

20–30 October 2005

Delegation

Statement

(pre-election)

Madagascar

Presidential

3 December 2006

Delegation

Statement

(pre-election)

Lesotho

Parliamentary

17 February

2007

Observer Group

Report

Nigeria

General

14–21

April 2007

Delegation

Statement

(pre-election)

Sierra
Leone

Presidential

11 August–8 September 2007

Observer Group

Report

Sierra
Leone

Presidential

11 August–8 September 2007

Delegation

Statement

(pre-election)

Tanzania

General

31 October 2010

Observer Group

Report

Nigeria

General

9–16 April 2011

Delegation

Report

(pre-election)

Mauritania

General

16 October 2011

Table 9.6. Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie

Mission Structure

Document Type

Country

Election

Election Date/s

Observer Group

Report

Benin

Presidential

4 March–22 March 2001

Observer Group

Report

Comoros

Referendum

23 December 2001

Observer Group

Report

Congo Brazzaville

Presidential

10 March 2002

Observer Group

Report

(2nd round)

Comoros

Presidential

14 April 2002

Delegation

Report

Mali

Presidential

28 April–12 May 2002

Observer Group

Report

Burkina Faso

Parliamentary

5 May 2002

Observer Group

Report

(1st round)

Congo Brazzaville

Parliamentary

26 May 2002

Observer Group

Report

Cameroon

Parliamentary

Local

23–30 June 2002

Observer Group

Report

Mali

Parliamentary

14 July–28 July 2002

Observer Group

Report

Madagascar

Parliamentary

15 December 2002

Observer Group

Report

Djibouti

Parliamentary

10 January 2003

Observer Group

Report

Benin

Parliamentary

30 March 2003

Observer Group

Report

Rwanda

Referendum

26 May 2003

Observer Group

Report

Rwanda

Parliamentary

29 September

2 October 2003

Observer Group

Report

Comoros

Parliamentary

18 April–25 April 2004

Observer Group

Report

Cameroon

Presidential

11 October 2004

Observer Group

Report

Niger

General

11 November–4 December 2004

Delegation

Report

Burundi

Referendum

28 February 2005

Observer Group

Report

Central African Republic

General

13 March–8 May 2005

Expert Team

Report (exploratory)

Djibouti

Presidential

08 April 2005

Observer Group

Report

Djibouti

Presidential

08 April 2005

Expert team

Report (exploratory)

Togo

General

24 April 2005

Observer Group

Report

Burundi

Parliamentary

4 July 2005

Observer Group

Report

Burkina Faso

Presidential

13 November 2005

Delegation

Report

(1st Round)

Benin

Presidential

5 March–19 March 2006

Observer Group

Report

Comoros

Presidential

16 April–14 May 2006

Delegation

Report

Mauritania

Referendum

25 June 2006

Observer Group

Report

Mauritania

General

19 November–3 December 2006

Observer Group

Report

Madagascar

Presidential

3 December 2006

Delegation

Report

Comoros

Presidential

10–14 June 2007

Delegation

Report

Madagascar

Parliamentary

23 September 2007

Observer Group

Report

Togo

Parliamentary

14 October 2007

Delegation

Report

Rwanda

Parliamentary

15 to 18 September 2008

Delegation

Report

Congo Brazzaville

Presidential

12 July 2009

Observer Group

Report

Mauritania

Presidential

18 July 2009

Delegation

Report

Togo

Presidential

4 March 2010

Delegation

Report

Rwanda

Presidential

9 August 2010

Expert Team

Report

(exploratory)

Côte d’Ivoire

Presidential

31 October–28

November 2010

Delegation

Report

Côte d’Ivoire

Presidential

31 October 28–November 2010

Observer Group

Statement

Central African Republic

General

23 January 2011

Delegation

Report

Niger

General

31 January–12 March 2011

Delegation

Report

Benin

Presidential

13 March 2011

Table 9.7. Other Organisations

Organi-
sation

Mission Structure

Document Type

Country

Election

Election Date/s

NORDEM

Observer Group

Report

Zimbabwe

Presi-
dential

9–11 March 2002

National Election Watch

Observer Group

Report

(voter list)

Sierra Leone

General

14 May 2002

National Election Watch

Observer Group

Report

Sierra Leone

General

14 May 2002

Zimbabwe Election Support Network

Expert Team

Report

Lesotho

General

25 May 2002

NORDEM

Observer Group

Report

Zimbabwe

Parliamentary

31 March 2005

Zimbabwe Election Support Network

Observer Group

Statement

Zimbabwe

Parliamentary

31 March 2005

ZLHR

Observer Group

Statement

Zimbabwe

Parliamentary

31 March 2005

IFES-IRI-NDI

Expert Team

Statement

(Pre-election)

Togo

Presi-
dential

24 April 2005

NACEM

Observer Group

Report

(voter list)

Liberia

General

11 October 2005

ERIS

Observer Group

Report

Zanzibar,

Tanzania

General

20 October 2005

UNPO

Delegation

Report

Zanzibar,

Tanzania

General

20 October 2005

KHRC

Expert Team

Report

Kenya

Refer-
endum

21 November 2005

TEMCO

Observer Group

Report

Tanzania

General

14 December 2005

RENOSEC

Observer Group

Report

(voter list)

D. R. Congo

Refer-
endum

18–19 December 2005

SACSOC

Observer Group

Statement

South Africa

Local

1 March 2006

THE Anti-Voter Apathy Project

Observer Group

Report

Zambia

General

28 September 2006

CEEAC

Observer Group

Statement

D. R. Congo

Presi-
dential

29 October 2006

SEOM (SADC)

Observer Group

Statement

D. R. Congo

Presi-
dential

29 October 2006

RADDHO

Observer Group

Report

Senegal

Presi-
dential

25 February 2007

Domestic Election Observation Group

Observer Group

Statement

Nigeria

Gubernatorial

Parliamentary

14 April 2007

Domestic Election Observation Group

Observer Group

Statement

Nigeria

Parliamentary

21 April 2007

Pan-African Parliament

Observer Group

Statement

Zimba-bwe

General

27 June 2008

WCC-AACC

Observer Group

Report

Zimba-bwe

General

27 June 2008

United States of America Embassy

Observer Group

State-ment

Angola

Parliamentary

5 September 2008

IFES-IRI-NDI

Expert Team

Report

(pre-election)

Angola

Parliamentary

5 September 2008

Pan-African Parliament

Observer Group

Statement

Angola

Parliamentary

5 September 2008

Pan-African Parliament

Observer Group

Report

Swaziland

General

19 September 2008

ECF-SADC

Observer Group

Statement

Swaziland

General

19 September 2008

SEOM (SADC)

Observer Group

Statement

Swaziland

General

19 September 2008

THE Anti-Voter Apathy Project

Observer Group

Report

Zambia

General

31 October 2008

The African Alliance for Peace

Observer Group

Report

Kwazulu-
Natal

South
Africa

General

22 April 2009

ECF-SADC

Observer Group

Report

South
Africa

General

22 April 2009

Namibia
Institute for Democracy

Observer Group

Statement

Namibia

General

27–28
November 2009

NANGOF Trust-SADC-CNGO

Observer Group

Statement

Namibia

General

27–28
November 2009

Zimbabwe Election Support Network

Expert Team

Statement

Namibia

General

27–28
November 2009

Japanese Election
Observation Team

Observer Group

Report

Sudan

General

11–18 April 2010

SUDEMOP

Observer Group

Report

Sudan

General

11–18 April 2010

SUGDE-SUNDE

Observer Group

Statement

Sudan

General

11–18 April 2010

TEMCO

Observer Group

Statement

Zanzibar,

Tanzania

Refer-
endum

31 July 2010

East African Community

Observer Group

Statement

Tanzania

General

31 October 2010

ECF-SADC

Observer Group

Statement

Tanzania

General

31 October 2010

SEOM (SADC)

Observer Group

Report

Tanzania

General

31 October 2010

Japanese Election Observation Team

Observer Group

Statement

Southern Sudan

Refer-
endum

9–15
January

2011

SUGDE-SUNDE

Observer Group

Statement

Southern Sudan

Refer-
endum

9–15
January

2011

Observatoire National des Elections

Observer Group

Statement

(pre-election)

Central African Republic

National

23 January 2011

Observatoire National des Elections

Observer Group

Statement

Central African Republic

National

23 January 2011

Project 2011

Swift Count

Observer Group

Statement

Nigeria

General

9–16 April 2011

Société Civile Tchadienne

Observer Group

Statement

Chad

Presi-
dential

25 April 2011

CPLP

Observer Group

Statement

(1st round)

São Tomé e Príncipe

Presi-
dential

17 July 2011

CPLP

Observer Group

State-ment

(2nd round)

São Tomé e Príncipe

Presi-
dential

7 August 2011

ECOWAS

Observer Group

State-ment

(2nd round)

Cape Verde

Presi-
dential

21 August 2011

Civil Society Election Coalition

Observer Group

State-ment

Zambia

General

22 September 2011

Elections Coordinating Committee

Observer Group

State-ment

(voter list)

Liberia

General

11 October 2011

Elections Coordinating Committee

Observer Group

State-ment

Liberia

General

11 October 2011

CEEAC

Observer Group

State-ment

Gabon

Parliamentary

17 December 2011

Table 9.8. The Carter Center

Mission
Structure

Document Type

Country

Election

Election Date/s

Observer Group

Report

Zambia

General

27 December 2001

Expert Team

Report

Mali

Presidential

28 April–12 May 2002

Observer Group

Report

Sierra Leone

General

14 May 2002

Observer Group

Report

Kenya

General

27 December 2002

Observer Group

Report

Mozambique

Local

19 November 2003

Observer Group

Report

Mozambique

General

1–2
December 2004

Observer Group

Report

D. R. Congo

General

30 July–
29 October 2006

Observer Group

+COMESA, CEEAC, EISA, EUEOM, OIF, SADC/PF & AU

Statement

(2nd round)

D. R. Congo

General

30 July–
29 October 2006

Observer Group

Report

Ghana

General

7 December 2008–
3 January 2009

Observer Group

Report

Sudan

General

11–18 April 2010

Observer Group

Report

Guinea

Presidential

28 June–
7 November 2010

Observer Group

Report

(On Voters List)

Côte d’Ivoire

Presidential

Parliamentary

30 November 2010–11 December 2011

Observer Group

Report

Côte d’Ivoire

Presidential

Parlia-
mentary

30 November 2010–11 December 2011

Observer Group

Report

South Kordofan, Sudan

Parliamentary

Gubernatorial

2–4 May 2011

Observer Group

Report

South Sudan

Referendum

9–15 July 2011

Observer Group

Report

D.R. Congo

General

28 November 2011

Table 9.9. The Commonwealth

Mission Structure

Document Type

Country

Election

Election Date/s

Observer Group

Report

Zimbabwe

Parliamentary

24–25 June 2000

Observer Group

Report

Zanzibar (Tanzania)

General

29 October 2000

Observer Group

Report

The Gambia

Presidential

18 October 2001

Observer Group

Report

Zimbabwe

Presidential

9 to 11 March 2002

Observer Group

Report

Kenya

General

27 December 2002

Expert Team

Report

Swaziland

General

18 October 2003

Expert Team

Report

Cameroon

Presidential

11 October 2004

Expert Team

Report

Lesotho

Local

30 April 2005

Observer Group

Report

Zanzibar, Tanzania

General

30 October 2005

Observer Group

Report

Uganda

General

23 February 2006

Observer Group

Report

Seychelles

Presidential

28–30 July 2006

Observer Group

Report

Gambia

Presidential

22 September 2006

Observer Group

Report

Zambia

General

28 September 2006

Expert Team

Report

Lesotho

Parliamentary

17 February 2007

Expert Team

Report

Swaziland

General

19 September 2008

Observer Group

Statement

Malawi

General

21 May 2009

Observer Group

Report

Uganda

General

18 February 2011

Expert Team

Report

Cameroon

Presidential

9 October 2011

Expert Team

Report

The Gambia

Presidential

24 November 2011

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