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A Crusader’s Death and Life in Acre: Color Insert

A Crusader’s Death and Life in Acre
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Notes

table of contents
  1. List of Illustrations
  2. Preface
  3. Acknowledgments
  4. Abbreviations
  5. Note on Names, Places, and Currencies
  6. On the Text Editions
  7. Part I. The Account-Inventory of Eudes of Nevers
    1. 1. Introduction
      1. Material Outremer: Methods and Approaches
      2. The Texts: Form and Function
      3. The Chronology of the Rouleaux
    2. 2. Account-Inventory: Edition and Translation Rolls A–D
      1. Statement on Transcription and Translation
      2. Text Edition Account-Inventory of Eudes of Nevers
  8. Part II. Commentary
    1. 3. Crusading in the Mid-Thirteenth Century
    2. 4. French Acre: The Language and Landscapes of the Rouleaux
    3. 5. Outremer Subjects: A Crusader’s Retinue
    4. 6. Outremer Objects: A Documentary Archaeology of Crusader Possessions
    5. 7. The Threaded Heart: Converted Objects and Return Journeys
  9. Part III. Contemporary Sources
    1. 8. Crusade Poems of Rutebeuf
      1. Rutebeuf, Crusade Poet and Social Critic
      2. Poems
      3. The Lament for My Lord Geoffrey of Sergines (La complainte de monseigneur Joffroi de Sergines)
      4. The Complaint of Constantinople (La complainte de Coustantinoble)
      5. The Complaint of Outremer (La complainte doutremeir)
      6. The Lament for Count Eudes of Nevers (La complainte dou conte Hue de Nevers)
      7. The Poem of the Route to Tunis (Li diz de la voie de Tunes)
      8. The Disputation between the Crusader and the Noncrusader (La desputizons dou croisie et dou descroizie)
      9. The New Complaint of Outremer (La nouvele complainte doutremeir)
    2. 9. Two Wills from Acre, 1267–1272
      1. The Will of Sir Hugh de Neville (1267)
      2. The Will of Prince Edward I of England (1272)
  10. Part IV. Interpretations
    1. 10. The Landscapes of Acre
    2. 11. The Experience of Acre, ca. 1266
    3. 12. Textiles in Eudes of Nevers’s Posthumous Inventory: A Meeting of East and West
    4. 13. Of Gems and Drinking Cups
    5. 14. The Material Culture of Devotion and Vestiture: Eudes of Nevers at Prayer
    6. 15. The Crusading Households of John of Joinville and Eudes of Nevers
    7. 16. Shared Things: Inventories of the Islamic World
  11. Appendix: Genealogy of Eudes of Nevers
  12. Glossary
  13. Bibliography
  14. Index
  15. Color Insert

Figure 1. An open archival folder of five medieval parchment rolls arranged from the largest at the top to the smallest at the bottom.

Figure 1. Paris, AN, series J 821, no. 1, Rolls A–D in order of size. Photo: A. E. Lester.

Figure 2. A medieval parchment roll with a one-column list of items and their intended recipients.

Figure 2. Detail, Paris, AN, series J 821, no. 1, Roll C (verso/dorsal). Photo: AN.

Figure 3. An open archival folder of five medieval parchment rolls with a seal in a seal bag at the center.

Figure 3. Paris, AN, series J 821, no. 1, Rolls A–D as stored together. Photo: A. E. Lester.

Figure 4. A medieval parchment roll, rolled up, held lengthwise in a person’s hand.

Figure 4. Paris, AN, series J 821, no. 1, Roll A, held in the hand for scale. Photo: A. E. Lester.

Figure 5. A medieval parchment roll held in a person’s hand, looking through the open end on one side of the rolled-up document.

Figure 5. Paris, AN, series J 821, no. 1, Roll A, held in the hand. Photo: A. E. Lester.

Figure 6. A medieval parchment roll, opened and held up to the light by a hand to expose stiches at the top of the document.

Figure 6. Paris, AN, series J 821, no. 1, Roll A with stitching visible. Photo: A. E. Lester.

Figure 7. An unfurled parchment roll, written in medieval French handwriting.

Figure 7. Paris, AN, series J 821, no. 1, Roll B (recto) unrolled showing full text. Photo: AN.

Figure 8.1. The obverse of a silver coin with a crown in the middle and two rings of fleur-de-lis around the edge.
Figure 8.2. The reverse of a silver coin with a cross in the middle and two concentric rings of text around the edge.

Figures 8.1 and 8.2. France, gros tournois, silver coin equivalent to roughly 12 deniers tournois, or 1 sous tournois, reign of Louis IX, (1226–1270), issued after 1265. Linked visually with the coinage of the East. See below, figure 11, which also shows concentric circles of text. Princeton University Numismatic Collection, France 321, Laf. 198c. Obverse and reverse. Photo: A. E. Lester.

Figure 9.1. The obverse of a silver coin with letters inscribed around the edge.
Figure 9.2. The reverse of a silver coin inscribed around the edges and very worn.

Figures 9.1 and 9.2. Coin, France, denier tournois, silver penny of Tours, later reign of Louis IX, 1266–70. Princeton University Numismatic Collection, France 846, Laf. 201. Obverse and reverse. Photo: A. E. Lester.

Figure 10.1. The obverse of a silver coin featuring a crowned bust.
Figure 10.2. The reverse of a silver coin featuring a cross with two annulets.

Figures 10.1 and 10.2. Jerusalem, silver denier of Damietta, John of Brienne, 1210–25. Princeton University Numismatic Collection MPS.43.748.5. Obverse and reverse. Photo: A. E. Lester.

Figure 11.1. The obverse of a gold coin, called a dinar, minted in Alexandria. The inscription is in Arabic.
Figure 11.2. The reverse of a gold coin, called a dinar, minted in Alexandria. The inscription is in Arabic.

Figures 11.1 and 11.2. Alexandria, gold dinar. Princeton University Numismatic Collection, Fl Fatimid 9195, al-Mustansi 1085, ACFC 1685. Obverse and reverse. Photo: A. E. Lester.

Figure 12.1. The obverse of a gold coin with a center image and two pseudo-Arabic inscriptions encircling the coin’s center and edge.
Figure 12.2. The reverse of a gold coin with a center image and two pseudo-Arabic inscriptions encircling the coin’s center and edge.

Figures 12.1 and 12.2. Crusader Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem, imitation gold dinar, ca. 1148/59–1187. An imitation of Egyptian dinars in the name of Caliph Al-Amir. Princeton University Numismatic Collection. Obverse and reverse. Photo: A. E. Lester.

Figure 13.1. A round, beige-colored seal featuring a knight on horseback with a sword, encircled by letters and symbols around the seal’s edge.
Figure 13.2. A partial seal, with the bottom half of a knight on horseback and the rounded bottom edge of the seal.

Figures 13.1 and 13.2. Seals of Eudes of Nevers (Eudes de Bourgogne), Paris, AN, J 256, no. 56 (1255), and Dijon, AD CdO Ad 21. B 304—ps 428 (1265). Photo: AN. Plaster cast from seal mold, Louis Douët-d’Arcq 447: http://www.sigilla.org/empreinte/eudes-bourgogne-an-paris-j-256-ndeg-56-51974; and http://www.sigilla.org/empreinte/eudes-nevers-ad-21-b-304-ps-428-18917.

Figure 14. A round greyscale seal featuring a triangular shield with a cross emblazoned on the front.

Figure 14. Seal of Érard of Vallery, Paris, AN, J 208, no. 13 (1276). Photo: AN. Plaster cast from seal mold, Louis Douët-d’Arcq 3811: http://www.sigilla.org/sceau-type/erard-valery-sceau-47766.

Figure 15. An illuminated manuscript page with three horizontal sections; the first with two groups of men meeting at the center, the second with a company of knights armed with swords and crossbows besieging a tower, and the third with a decorated capital letter E followed by three lines of text.

Figure 15. Illumination of King Arthur and his retinue. Robert de Boron, Romans arthuriens, France (possibly St.-Omer or region of Thérouanne), ca. 1270–90. Paris, BnF, MS fr. 95, fol. 345v. Note the vair-lined outer capes or houppelandes, and the gloves and caps. Photo: Paris, BnF.

Figure 16. An illuminated manuscript page divided into quarters, depicting Old Testament scene with Joseph, Benjamin, and Jacob, with one scene in each quarter: the first depicts an aristocrat embracing a child and departing, the second a table prepared for a feast with guests sitting around, the third a baggage train pulled by camels, and the fourth a king sitting upon a throne, receiving a supplicant.

Figure 16. From Genesis 42–48, showing Joseph’s reception of his brothers with a feast and baggage train on the move. New York, Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M.638, fol. 6v. Old Testament miniatures, Paris, France, ca. 1244–54. The Morgan Library & Museum. Purchased by J. P. Morgan (1867–1943) in 1916. Shows a table lavishly set and multiple cases and trucks of baggage on the move. Photo: Morgan Library.

Figure 17. A thin-banded silver ring with a small sapphire in a hexagonal setting.

Figure 17. Ring with small sapphire, England, 14th century. Gilded silver, sapphire; diameter: 2.9 cm (1 1/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund 1950.383. Photo: CMA (CC0), https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1950.383.

Figure 18. A gold, donut-shaped brooch with six multicolored mounted gems and a small gold pendant.

Figure 18. Ring Brooch, German, ca. 1340–49, Middle Rhineland, Germany. Gold, spinels, and sapphires and rubies (2.2 x 0.5 cm). New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Cloisters Collection, 2006.257. Photo: The Cloisters 2006, https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/477239.

Figure 19.1. A long sleeved, high collared, three-quarter length robe made of gold-threaded cloth featuring a repeating motif of paired hunting birds.
Figure 19.2. A long sleeved, high collared, three-quarter length robe opened to reveal the interior beige silk lining.
Figure 19.3. A repeating pattern of paired hunting birds and star-shaped designs woven into a gold and dark blue colored fabric.

Figures 19.1, 19.2, and 19.3. Silk Robe made of “Tartar cloth of gold,” 13th century, Central Asia. Silk, woven; 142 cm. Aga Khan Museum, Toronto, ON, Canada. AKM816. © The Aga Khan Museum.

Figure 20. A strip of gold cloth with a repeating circular motif of two lions facing each other.

Figure 20. Cloth of gold with winged lions and griffins, ca. 1225–75, Central Asia. Silk and gold thread: lampas; 124 x 48.8 cm. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund 1989.50. Photo: CMA (CC0), https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1989.50.

Figure 21. An illuminated manuscript page, in blue, red, and gold, depicting a man on horseback cutting his cloak in half to give to a poorly clothed man at his feet.

Figure 21. Illumination of Saint Martin. From Images de la vie du Christ et des saints. France, ca. 1250–1300. Paris, BnF, MS NAF 16251, fol. 89r. St. Martin’s cloak is lined with vair and he is wearing a gold brooch and gloves sitting on a great horse. Photo: Paris, BnF.

Figure 22. An illuminated manuscript page with an image of a hunter blowing a horn and chasing a beaver, who is biting off his testicles.

Figure 22. A hunter and a beaver, from a bestiary. Unknown illuminator, possibly made in Thérouanne, northern France, ca. 1270. Tempera colors, gold leaf, ink on parchment; 7 ½ x 5 5/8 in. Los Angeles, J. Paul Getty Museum, MS Lugwig XV 3 83.MR.173, fol. 83r. Photo: The Getty, CC, https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/object/103SAY.

Figure 23. A piece of red coral mounted on a brass stand with tooth-shaped ornamental pieces, possibly sharks’ teeth, hanging from the upright branches.

Figure 23. Coral tree with serpent’s tongues hanging. Germany before 1562. Gold, silver-gilt, coral, fossilized shark teeth. Vienna, Treasury and Museum of the Teutonic Order, inv. no. K-037. Photo: Schatzkammer und Museum des Deutschen Ordens, Vienna.

Figure 24. An illuminated manuscript page with a group of armed knights gathered before a priest and gesturing to a strongbox placed on the back of a pack animal.

Figure 24. Illumination of Abraham and Melchisedek (Genesis 14:18–20). From Psautier dit de Saint Louis, France, ca. 1270–74. Paris, BnF, MS lat. 10525, fol. 106r. Shows a precious box or escrin like that purchased for transport of Eudes’s heart. Photo: Paris, BnF.

Figure 25. A red rectangular strongbox mounted with jewels and enamel heraldic emblems.

Figure 25. Coffret of the Blessed John of Montmirail or the Longpont Coffret, Limoges, ca. 1270 (or 1242?). Copper, engraved, stippled, and gilt champlevé enamel; 15 x 78.7 x 17.5 cm. Treasury of the Abbey of Longpont (Aisne), France. Photo: Thierry Lefébure, Ministère de la culture, Inventaire général, Département de l’Aisne, AGIR-Picardie.

Figure 26. A decorated manuscript page featuring text and an illustrated panel with two scenes; the top depicts a man approaching a large group of other men, the bottom depicts knights erecting striped tents outside a walled city.

Figure 26. Illumination of knights setting up tents outside of Camelot. Robert de Boron, Romans arthuriens, France (possibly St.-Omer or region of Thérouanne), ca. 1270–90. Paris, BnF, MS fr. 95, fol. 324v. Photo: Paris, BnF.

Figure 27.1. The side view of a wide-bowled gilt cup, footed, with a broad, cross-hatched decorative band encircling the lip.
Figure 27.2. A top-down view of a wide circular gilt cup, with ten decorated shields arranged in a circle around a flower-shaped center shield.

Figures 27.1 and 27.2. Silver-gilt drinking cup, possibly northern France, near Amiens/Coucy, ca. 1190–1219, profile and interior. Syria National Museum, Damascus (Inv. Nr. 29313/14). Photo: Courtesy of the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut.

Figure 28. A gold, bejeweled cross with two cross-bars, the top smaller than the bottom, and a small plaque with a cut-out cross placed at the intersection of the top crossbar.

Figure 28. Reliquary Cross, ca. 1180, Limoges France, possibly from the Abbey of Grandmont. Silver gilt, rock crystal, glass cabochons, wood core. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Cloisters Collection, 2002.18. Photo: The Cloisters, https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/474199.

Figure 29. A round container with a cone-shaped lid decorated with green, blue, and white patterns in enamel.

Figure 29. Pyx, ca. 1250. France, Limousin, Limoges. Gilded copper, champlevé enamel. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund 1952.328. Photo: CMA (CC0), https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1952.328.

Figure 30. An illuminated manuscript page with a frame around the text, fantastic creatures at the top margin above the frame, and a man and woman playing chess on the bottom edge of the frame.

Figure 30. Illumination bottom margin, Mon Seigneur Jehan de Lens playing chess with his friend. Psalter, Amiens, France, ca. 1280–90. Paris, BnF, MS lat. 10435, fol. 61r. Photo: Paris, BnF.

Figure 31. A manuscript page with two columns of poetry, featuring six decorated initials that introduce each consecutive stanza.

Figure 31. Rutebeuf, “La complainte dou conte Hue de Nevers,” Paris, BnF, MS fr. 1635, fol. 42r. France, possibly Champagne or Burgundy, ca. 1201–1300. Photo: Paris, BnF.

Figure 32. An illuminated manuscript page with a group of armed knights attacking a walled city with crossbows and other weapons; armed knights inside the city walls are defending the advances with swords and shields.

Figure 32. Illumination of the Siege of Acre from Rutebeuf, “Li complainte daccre” (“La nouvele complainte doutremeir”). Brussels, KBR, MS 9411–9426, fol. 34r. Photo: Brussels, KBR.

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Copyright © 2025 by Anne E. Lester and Laura K. Morreale, All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. Visit our website at cornellpress.cornell.edu.
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