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Mission Manifest: Index

Mission Manifest
Index

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Notes

table of contents
  1. Acknowledgments
  2. Note on Transliteration
  3. Introduction
  4. 1. The “Errand” to Iran
  5. 2. “Into the Commonwealth Stage”
  6. 3. “Spiritual Lend Lease”
  7. 4. “Something Other Than Ordinary Education”
  8. Map and photo gallery
  9. 5. “These Young Persian Friends of Mine”
  10. 6. The Persian “Boomerang”
  11. 7. “Build It for the Eye of God”
  12. Conclusion
  13. Notes
  14. Bibliography
  15. Index

Index

Page references in italics indicate illustrative materials.

  • Abhari, Mehdi, 61–62
  • Addams, Jane, 13–14, 15–16, 225
  • afterlife of the Presbyterian Mission: adaptation of Presbyterian Mission institutions in, 8; dawa in, 8, 204–9, 215–16; and the exodus of Americans from Iran, 213–18; Iranian Revolution in, 209–13; move to the Northern Tier in, 199–204; and the status-of-forces agreement of 1964, 197–99. see also closure of the Presbyterian Mission
  • aid workers, American, 6, 71–72, 74–75, 76, 79, 82
  • Ala, Hossein, 87, 142–44, 145, 146
  • Alam-e-Nesvan (Women’s World), 67–68, 111–12
  • Alborz College, Tehran: in the afterlife of the Presbyterian Mission, 204, 205–6; alumni of, 144–45, 205–6, 222–23; in America, 179–87, 195–96; in Christian associationalism, 141, 144–45, 147–52; in the errand to Iran, 25–26, 27; faculty of, 128; and the Pahlavi regime, 222–23
  • Alborz Foundation for Iranian Students, 7, 140, 141, 144–45, 147–52, 165–66, 181–82
  • Al-e Ahmad, Jalal, 207–8
  • Alvand School, Hamadan, 114–15
  • American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), 33–34, 67, 222
  • American Club, 73
  • Americanism, 7–8, 12, 15, 59–60, 62–63, 160, 225
  • “American School.” see Community School, Tehran
  • Amerie, Sultan Mahmoud, 154–55
  • Amini, Iraj, 58
  • Amini, Parvin, 99–100
  • Am-Iran Club, 155
  • Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, 50–51
  • anjoman (organization/assembly), 38, 139, 140, 141, 146, 153, 155–56
  • Anjoman-e Iran-Amrika. see Iran-America Society (IAS)
  • Anjoman-e Kelisa-ye Enjili Iran, 218–19
  • anti-Americanism, 207, 211
  • “Anti-Illiteracy Crusade Week,” 75
  • anti-Mosaddeq coup, 51–52, 73, 86, 205–6, 223–24
  • anti-Semitism, 208–9
  • apologetics, 191–95, 206–7
  • apostasy/apostates, 211–12. see also conversion/converts; Iranian Christians
  • Arab-Israeli Wars, 54–55
  • Armenian Apostolic Church, 23–24, 36
  • Armenian Evangelical Church of Tehran, 36, 37, 60. see also Evangelical Church of Iran
  • Armenians: in the afterlife of the Presbyterian Mission, 212–13, 219–20; in the errand to Iran, 23–24; and the old mission, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40–41, 57–58, 59–61
  • Arndt, Richard, 152–53
  • associationalism, binational: Alborz Foundation in, 140, 141, 144–45, 147–52; in cultural internationalism and world order, 140–46; diplomats in, 152–53, 155–56, 157–58, 159–61, 162–63; friendship evangelism in, 138; Howard Baskerville as symbol of, 158–65; Iran-America Society in, 140, 150, 152–58, 160; Iranian, 139, 140, 152–58; in worldmaking, 7. see also friends/friendship
  • Assyrian Evangelical Church, 37–38, 39, 60–61, 219–20. see also Evangelical Church of Iran
  • Assyrian Evangelical Knusha, 38
  • Assyrians: in the afterlife of the Presbyterian Mission, 212–13, 219–20; in the errand to Iran, 23–24; and the old mission, 33–34, 37–38, 39, 40, 55, 57–58, 60–61
  • authoritarianism, Pahlavi: and American Presbyterians, 221–22, 223–24; in associationalism, 153, 163–64; in developmentalism, 65–66; and the errand to Iran, 21–22, 27–28, 29–30; opposition of Ayatollah Khomeini to, 198–99; and women’s suffrage, 117. see also Pahlavi Dynasty and state
  • Avery, Bennett, 86
  • Azadegan, Akhtar, 113–14
  • Azarmi, Soqra, 115–16
  • Azerbaijan crisis of 1946, 49, 52, 178
  • Baghcheban, Samine, 148–49
  • Bahais, 30
  • Bahrampour, Tara, 197
  • Bamdad, Badr, 154
  • Baskerville, Howard, 135, 158–65
  • Bassett, Abigail, 1
  • Bassett, James, 1–2, 12–13, 33–34, 36
  • Bazargan, Mehdi, and Iranian government, 214–18
  • Behaeddin, Fatemeh, 78, 114–15
  • belonging, sense of, 42, 91, 93–94
  • Birjandi, Amir, 31–32, 75–76
  • Blair House, 24–25
  • Bowles, Luanna, 74–75
  • Boyce, Annie, 18–19, 67–70, 111–12, 144, 147–48, 165
  • Boyce, Arthur, 18–19, 67–70, 71–72, 128, 144, 145–46, 147–48, 164, 165
  • Braswell, George, 201–2
  • British Council, 145
  • Buchanan, Mary Routh, 155
  • Bucher, Carolyn, 79–80, 83–84, 127
  • Bucher, Robert, 79–80, 83–84, 87–88, 127
  • built environment in Tehran, Presbyterian: and developmentalism, 73; and the errand to Iran, 21–27; and the US occupation, 44–45, 46–47
  • Calvin, John, 13–14, 224–25
  • Central Compound, Tehran: and the afterlife of the Presbyterian Mission, 203–4, 219–20; changing address of, 220; and the Clinic of Hope, 82–83; and Community School, 95–96, 97–98; and the Del Be Del network, 21–22, 24; Mission Chapel in, 128; and the old mission, 37, 45–47, 58
  • Centre College, 182–83, 185–86
  • Chase, Leree, 70, 78–80, 82–83
  • Christian-Muslim relations, 7–8, 190–92, 196, 204–5
  • church and state, 10, 195, 224–26
  • churches: church-planting, 33–34, 36, 62, 188–89, 224–25; and the old mission, 62; Persian, 39, 58, 60–61, 189; in Tehran’s built environment, 23–24; unification of, 38–39. see also under name of church
  • church-mission relations, 5–6, 33–40, 52–57, 58–60, 61–63, 212, 213, 224–25
  • Church Mission Society, London, 1–2, 216–17, 222–23
  • citizenship, global, 6–7, 94, 104–8
  • civic associations. see associationalism, binational
  • civil rights/Civil Rights Movement, US, 179–80, 184, 186–87
  • Clinic of Hope and Social Service Center, 6, 77–90, 91
  • closure of the Presbyterian Mission: and the Alborz Foundation, 152; and the American colony in Tehran, 197–98, 201; and the Clinic of Hope, 77, 89–90; and the Del Be Del network, 225, 226–28; and the Evangelical Church, 213; and the evolution of the Persian church, 60–62; and international schools, 92–93, 101, 120–21, 122; and missionaries’ return to the US, 167; and mission properties and places, 218–20; in US-Iran relations, 5–6. see also afterlife of the Presbyterian Mission
  • coeducation, 107, 148–49
  • Commission on Ecumenical Mission and Relations (COEMAR), 12–13, 53–54, 56–57, 58, 89–90, 102–3, 168–69, 218–19
  • Cold War: church and state in, 225–26; and developmentalism, 72–73, 81–82, 85; and the errand to Iran, 15–16, 17–18, 21, 31; former missionaries in, 176–78; and memorializing Howard Baskerville, 158–60, 163–64; northern tier strategy in, 199–204; and the old mission, 5–6, 34–35, 47–52, 62–63; and Presbyterian missionaries, 223–24. see also communism/anticommunism
  • Cold War, Arab, 86–87
  • colonialism, 8, 34–36, 39–41, 61–62, 206–9, 223–24, 227. see also imperialism
  • colony, American: in the commonwealth stage, 2–3, 40–41, 46, 62–63; and dawa, 199, 204–9; and developmentalism, 73–74; exodus of American Presbyterian missionaries from, 213–18; in growth of Community School, 106–7; and the Iranian Revolution, 209–13; migration to North Tehran by, 199–204; post-1965 demographics of, 8, 200–201, 202; in the shah’s mamuriyat, 197; and the status-of-forces agreement of 1964, 197–98
  • colony, foreign, in Tehran, 97–98, 198, 203, 214–15, 227
  • Committee of Correspondence conference, 1963, 118–19
  • commonwealth stage: Cold War church in, 47–52; and decolonization, 52–57; Del Be Del network in, 34–35; end of, 57–62; Evangelical Church of Iran in, 35–40; WWII occupation in, 40–47
  • communism/anticommunism, 47–52, 62–63, 65–66, 129, 130, 150–51, 163–64, 176–78. see also Cold War; Soviet Union
  • communities/networks, transnational, 4–5, 108, 140–46. see also Del Be Del (heart-to-heart) network
  • Community Church, 46–47, 201–2, 203–4
  • Community School, Tehran: in the afterlife of the Presbyterian Mission, 93, 210, 211–12, 214–18; Empress Farah Pahlavi’s visit to, 103–4, 133; nationalization of, 92–93, 101–4, 107, 121–22, 217–18; school building, 129; as the United Nations in Iran, 98–104
  • Community Welfare Centers, Iranian, 88–90
  • conservatism, 53–54, 188, 192–93, 194, 201–2, 222, 223–24
  • consumerism, 82–83
  • conversion/converts: in the afterlife of the Presbyterian Mission, 207, 211–13, 219–20; in the errand to Iran, 20–21; of Muslims, in neo-evangelicalism, 191, 194–95; in the old mission, 35–37, 39–40; professional Iranian women as, 113–14
  • Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere (CARE), 81
  • covenant theology, 15–16, 138
  • Cumming, Isabel, 152–53, 157–58
  • Czechoslovakian refugees and students, 104–6
  • Damavand College, 121, 134, 203–4. see also Iran Bethel School
  • Daneshvar, Simin, 207
  • dawa (Islamic mission), 8, 197, 198–99, 204–9, 215–16
  • decolonization, 5–6, 52–57, 58–59, 192
  • Dehqani-Tafti, Hassan, 31–32, 211–12, 216–18
  • Del Be Del (heart-to-heart) network: in the afterlife of the Presbyterian Mission, 199–200, 209–13; in associationalism, 138, 139–40, 158–60, 165; Del Be Del newsletter, 17–18, 60–61; in developmentalism, 64–66, 81–82, 90–91; in the errand to Iran, 17–21, 23; history of, 4–5; and international schools, 93–94, 99–100, 105–6, 116–17; in the old mission, 34–35, 60–61, 62; and the Presbyterian Mission in the US, 167–68, 189–90, 193, 195–96; residuals of, 226–28; in US foreign relations, 225. see also friends/friendship
  • democracy, 138–39, 149–50, 160, 162–63
  • denominationalism, 1–2, 192–93, 222
  • developmentalism/new mission for development: church and state in, 225; Clinic of Hope in, 6, 77–90, 91; in the errand to Iran, 29–30, 31–32; literacy programs in, 6, 64–77, 79–80, 90–91; maternalism in, 65, 77–78, 82–83, 84–90, 91; social work in, 64–65, 77–91
  • diplomacy, Protestant, 1–2
  • “doctrine of the elect,” 27–28
  • Dodds, J. L., 44
  • domesticity/domestic skills, 110–12, 154
  • Doolittle, Jane, 6–7, 92, 108–21, 127, 136, 227–28
  • Dorn, Charles, 72–73
  • Doty, William, 159–60
  • Dowlatshahi, Mehrangiz, 118
  • dowreh (circle) culture, 139, 140, 153–56
  • Drake, Jimmie, 42–43
  • Eastern Persia Presbytery, 37–38
  • Ebtehaj, Abolhassan, 145–46
  • Ebtehaj-Samii, Nayereh, 31–32, 99–100, 103, 117–18
  • Education, Iranian Ministry of, 73, 96, 101–4, 111–12, 214–16, 217–18
  • Educational and Cultural Affairs, US Bureau of, 160
  • Education Division, US aid mission, 72–73
  • education/educational mission: in developmentalism, 64–77, 79–80, 84–85, 86–87, 90–91; English-language, at Community School, 92; in the errand to Iran, 25–27; evangelical, in Tehran, 6–7; and former missionaries in the US, 7–8, 168, 179–87; missionaries’ levels of, 18; racial segregation in US education, 179–80, 184–87; in social work, 84–85, 86–87. see also schools
  • Eisenhower, Dwight D., and administration, 160
  • Elder, John, 41–42, 47–50, 55–56, 68–69, 76, 127, 168–69, 188–94, 195
  • Elder, Ruth, 41–42, 79, 127
  • emotion, 17–21, 71–72, 139–40, 162–63. see also socio-affective community
  • enclaves, American, in North Tehran, 203–4
  • Engert, Cornelius Van, 26–27
  • English-language classes and education: in Alborz Foundation, 7, 147, 149–50, 151–52; in international schools, 92, 97, 101, 107; and the Iran-America Society, 157–58
  • errand to Iran: American definition of mission in, 12–17; built environment of Tehran in, 21–27; Del Be Del network in, 17–21, 23; developmentalism in, 29–30, 31–32; Iranian supporters of, 27–32
  • ethnocentrism, 83, 169, 194–95
  • ethnolinguistic groups, 35–39, 40, 55, 57–58, 60–61, 211–13
  • Evangelical Church of Iran: in the afterlife of the Presbyterian Mission, 209, 211–13, 219–20; in associationalism, 152; in developmentalism, 69–70; in the old mission, 5–6, 35, 38–40, 48, 52–62; preuniversity schools of, 114–15. see also Armenian Evangelical Church of Tehran; Assyrian Evangelical Church; Iranian Christians
  • Evangelical Church of Syria-Lebanon, 54–55
  • Evangelical Church of Tehran, 35–40, 60–61
  • exceptionalism, American, 10, 12, 15–16, 17, 28
  • exodus of American Presbyterian missionaries, 213–18
  • Farah Pahlavi Charitable Foundation, 86–87
  • Farah Maternity Hospital, 86–87
  • Farmanfarmaian, Farough, 103
  • Farmanfarmaian, Sattareh, 84–85, 86–90, 132
  • Federal Council of Churches, 46–47, 184
  • feminism, Iranian, 112–21
  • Fisher, Commodore and Franke, 95–99
  • food aid, 80–82
  • foreign aid programs, US, 65–66, 72–75, 76–77, 82, 106–7, 131, 157–58
  • former missionaries to Iran: in American neo-evangelicalism, 168–69, 188–95; in the Del Be Del network, 167–68, 189–90, 193, 195–96; in the national security state, 167–68, 169–79; in US higher education, 168, 179–87, 195–96
  • Frame, Margaret, 227–28
  • friends/friendship: and the Clinic of Hope, 80, 82–83, 84–85, 87; in cultural internationalism and world order, 140–46; defined, 139–40; as Del Be Del residual, 226–27; in the errand to Iran, 11–12, 27–32; friendship evangelism, 138, 139–40, 147–52, 165; international discourses of, 165–66; and the Iran-American Society, 152–55, 156–58; in the Presbyterian Mission network, 3, 4–5, 11–12; in the old mission, 42–43, 45–46; in remembrance of Howard Baskerville, 158–60, 161–65. see also associationalism, binational; Del Be Del (heart-to-heart) network
  • Fuller, Hazel, 118, 119–20
  • Fundamental Education Program, US, 74–75
  • fundamentalism/fundamentalists, 13–14, 188
  • Fung, Sherman, 127, 150–51
  • gender, 82–83, 111–12, 182, 186
  • General Council of the Assemblies of God, 201–2
  • “General Education in a Free Society,” 182–83
  • geopolitics, 1–2, 34–35, 54–55, 169–79, 225–26
  • Ghaffari, Amir Saham al-Din, 153–54, 156
  • Gharbzadegi (Westoxication), 207–8
  • “GI Jimmie Meets the Iran Mission,” 40–43
  • globalization/US global mission: in the afterlife of the Presbyterian Mission, 197, 206–8, 209; associationalism in, 138–39, 163–66; church and state in, 224, 226; in the errand to Iran, 10, 11, 12, 15–17; and international schools, 92, 94, 100–101, 104–8; in the old mission, 34–35, 40–41, 48–49, 62; and the Presbyterian Mission in the US, 167–68, 169–79, 186, 188, 189, 192, 194–95
  • Gohar School, Tehran, 114–15
  • governance structures of the Presbyterian Mission and institutions, 37–40, 55, 61, 96–97, 103–4
  • Graham, Billy, 192–93
  • Gray, Frances Mecca, 203–4
  • Great Commission, 5–6, 14–15, 33, 62, 168–69, 192
  • Groseclose, Elgin, 51–52
  • Groves, Walter, 128, 148, 165, 168, 179–83, 185–86, 187, 211
  • Guivechi, Kamyar, 107
  • Gurney, Frederic Taylor, 155
  • Hagopian, Carapet, 36, 38
  • Hakim, Mirza Jollynoos, 38
  • Hamadan station school, 95–96. see also Community School, Tehran
  • Hayden, Lyle, 71–72
  • Health, Iranian Ministry of, 89–90
  • heart Christianity, 19–20, 21, 194–95. see also Del Be Del (heart-to-heart) network
  • Henderson, Loy, 177
  • High Council of Women’s Organizations/Women’s Organization of Iran, 117
  • higher education, 25–27, 168, 179–87, 195–96. see also under institution name
  • home economics, 82–83, 111–12
  • Hope Family Welfare Center, 89–90. see also Clinic of Hope and Social Service Center
  • hospitals/Hospital Compound, Tehran, 21–22, 24–25, 44–45, 79, 97–98, 129, 223
  • Hovespian-Mehr, Haik, 219–20
  • Hulac, Charles, 148–52
  • humanitarianism, 110, 111–12, 159
  • Huskins, William, 89–90
  • Hutchison, Ralph Cooper, 128, 148, 168, 179–82, 183, 184–85, 186, 187
  • Ibrahimian, Merat, 38
  • idealism/idealists: of the American colony in Tehran, 224; Cuyler Young as, 169–70, 175–76, 179; in the errand to Iran, 12; Howard Baskerville as, 159–60, 162, 163; and international schools, 95–96, 97
  • ideology: of Community School, 104; of containment and integration, in US foreign policy, 199–200; of the Del Be Del network, 195–96; Khomeinism, 208–9; of mission, in the errand to Iran, 12–17; and religion, in the Cold War mission, 47–52, 62–63
  • Immanuel Church, 60–61
  • imperialism: anti-imperialism in American understanding of mission, 17, 224; and associationalism, 139–40, 147; and dawa, 204–9; in developmentalism, 65; in the errand to Iran, 10–11, 15, 16, 21; in neo-evangelicalism, 168–69, 194–95; and the old mission, 40–41, 51, 53–54. see also colonialism
  • industrial evangelism, 78–79, 82–83. see also developmentalism/new mission for development
  • Information Agency, US (USIA), 7, 160, 225
  • Information and Educational Exchange, US, 155–56
  • Information Service, US (USIS), 160, 161–63
  • institutionalism/institutionalists, Presbyterian, 33–34, 37, 48, 56–57, 223
  • integration of mission and church, 53–54, 56–57, 59–60, 89–90, 152, 224–25
  • intelligence community, US, 7–8, 146, 167–68, 169–79, 195
  • International Baccalaureate, 101
  • International Congress on World Evangelization, 192
  • International Development, US Agency for, 225
  • International Educational Exchange Programs, US, 160
  • International Foundation for Family Planning, 89–90
  • internationalism/international ethos, 62, 81–82, 94, 98–104, 105–6, 138–39, 140–46
  • interventions/interventionism, 10, 15, 156–57, 162, 195
  • “In Unity—For Mission,” 14–15
  • Iran-America Relations Society, 143–44, 145–46, 152–53, 155–57
  • Iran-America Relief Committee, 145–46
  • Iran-America Society (IAS), 7, 135, 140, 150, 152–58, 160, 165–66
  • Iran Bethel Alumnae Association, 117–21
  • Iran Bethel School, 6–7, 92, 93–94, 108–14, 115–21, 122
  • Iranian Cancer Institute, 116
  • Iranian Christians: in the afterlife of the Presbyterian Mission, 209, 211–13, 216–17, 218–20; in associationalism, 141; in church-mission relations, 224–25; and Community School, 97–98; in developmentalism, 78; in the errand to Iran, 23–24, 30, 31–32; in the old mission, 33–34, 39–40, 51–52, 56–62. see also Evangelical Church of Iran
  • Iranian Constitution of 1906, 30
  • Iran-Soviet Cultural Relations Society, 145
  • Iranzamin, 101, 211, 214–15, 217–18
  • Iraq/Iraqis, 54–55, 86–87, 104–5
  • Irvine, Richard and Mary Ann, 19, 55, 98–99, 101, 127, 227–28
  • Ishaq, Samuel, 60–61, 127
  • Islam: Islamic dawa, 8, 197, 198–99, 204–9, 215–16; and neo-evangelicalism, 168–69, 191–95; politicization of, 190–91, 211–12
  • Israel, 54–55, 104–5, 225–26
  • Javadieh, South Tehran, 88–89
  • Javadieh Community Welfare Center, 132
  • Jews, 30, 104–5, 208–9, 211–13
  • Johnson, R. Park, 54–55, 127
  • Jordan, Samuel Martin, 25–26, 27, 128, 164, 181–82
  • Josif, Harold, 159–60, 162
  • Kashani-Sabet, Firoozeh, 108, 159
  • Khachaturian, Nerses, 60–61
  • Khan, Mirza Malkum, 139
  • Khomeini, Ayatollah, 8, 198–99, 208–9, 211–13
  • Khubyar, Rabi Stephen, 38
  • knowledge-power, 7–8, 167–68, 179
  • Knusha, Assyrian, 37–38
  • Kurdistan, 49
  • Lafayette College, 182, 184–85
  • Laingen, Bruce, 157–58
  • Lalezar, Tehran, 109
  • Laubach, Frank/Laubach Literacy Method, 66–72
  • Lausanne Movement, 192–93
  • “Laymen’s Inquiry” of 1932, 13–14
  • League of Nations, 15–16
  • Lend-Lease Administration, 41–42
  • liberal arts education, 6–7, 18, 25–26, 92, 121, 168, 179–87, 195–96. see also higher education
  • literacy, 6, 64–77, 79–80, 90–91
  • Literacy Corps, 72–73, 75–77
  • Magagna, John, 103–4, 133, 211
  • mainline Protestants: in associationalism, 138; in defining the mission, 13–15; and the Islamic Republic, 227; in the old mission, 5–6, 53–55, 62–63; and Pahlavi Iran, 221–23; and the Presbyterian Mission in the US, 168–69, 179–80, 188, 191–94; in US foreign relations, 224–26. see also Presbyterian Church in the USA
  • mamuriyat (mission for Iran), 3, 27–32, 92–93, 122, 197, 198–99, 204–9, 221–22
  • Martyn, Henry, 191
  • Marzeki, Jonathan, 31–32, 61
  • maternalism/maternalist discourses, 65, 77–78, 82–83, 84–90
  • McDowell, Philip, 17–18, 25, 136
  • McDowell, Sarah (née Wright), 17–18, 19, 55, 79, 95–96, 136, 161, 170
  • McDowell House, 24–25
  • McNair, Thomas, 150–52
  • medical care and community: in developmentalism, 77–78, 79–82, 86; in the errand to Iran, 21–22, 24–25; at international schools, 97–98, 112, 115–16; in the old mission, 44–45
  • Meghdadpour, Eva, 99–100
  • Mehra, Torab, 154–55
  • Mehr School, Tehran, 114–15
  • Michaelian, Tateos, 60–61, 219–20
  • Middle Eastern Studies in the US, 178–79
  • Middle East Institute, 178–79
  • military, Iranian, 49–50, 76
  • military, US, 15–16, 40–47, 62–63, 106–7, 174–75, 176–77, 197–98, 203
  • Miller, William Green, 153
  • Miller, William McElwee: and the Alborz Foundation, 149, 150; A Christian’s Response to Islam, 194; and the Iranian Revolution, 211; as neo-evangelical in the US, 168–69, 188–95; in the old mission, 47–48, 49–50, 51, 55–56; photographs of, 127, 136
  • Millspaugh, Arthur, 16, 86, 145, 205
  • minorities, religious, 27–28, 30, 31, 104–5, 208–13, 219–20
  • missiology, 14–15, 53–54, 55–56, 188–89, 191, 224, 225–26
  • mission, defining, 2, 12–17
  • Mission Chapel, Central Compound, 24, 128
  • mission treaty of 1895, 1–2
  • Mississippi Freedom Summer, 186–87
  • modernity/modernization: in developmentalism, 64, 66–67, 72–73; in the errand to Iran, 13–14, 15, 21–23, 28, 31; former missionaries as modernists, 165, 169–70, 173–74, 179; of the Hospital Compound, 44–45; by Iranian shahs, 200–201, 222–23; in Presbyterian decolonization, 55; and religious liberal arts education, 183–84
  • morality/moral imperative, 17, 20–21, 47–48, 65, 93–94, 111–12, 162, 164–65
  • Morse, Marcia, 155
  • Mosaddeq, Mohammad, 50–51, 155–57, 179, 205, 207
  • Moscow Protocol of October 1941, 41
  • Muller, Thomas Edward, 105
  • Nakhosteen, Adl, 58
  • Nakhosteen, Ahmad, 38, 58
  • Nakhosteen family, 36–37
  • Nalle, David, 158
  • National Front, 50–51, 155–56
  • National Guidance, Islamic Republic’s Ministry of, 217–18
  • nationalism: Assyrian, literacy programs in growth of, 67; and binational associationalism, 156–57, 159, 164–65; in dawa, 205–6, 207; educational, and Community School, 96; and the errand to Iran, 21–22, 26–28; former missionaries’ views on, 179; and neo-evangelicalism, 190–91; and the old mission, 34–35, 43–44, 47–52, 57, 58, 60, 62–63
  • nationalization, Iranian: of education, 26–27, 92–93, 96, 101–4, 107, 108–9, 121–22, 174, 217–18; of foreign properties in the Iranian Revolution, 216–17; of the oil industry, 50–51, 155–57
  • national security, US, 7–8, 41, 47, 49, 52, 158, 167–68, 169–79
  • nation-building, Iranian, 11, 15, 168, 221
  • Near East Foundation (NEF), 66, 70–72
  • neo-evangelicalism, 7–8, 168–69, 188–95, 225–26
  • Nevius, John, 55
  • Nicogossian, Baron Nariman, 38
  • Nixon, Richard, 200–201
  • Non Commissioned Officers’ Club (NCO Club), 73
  • nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 66–67, 70–71, 81–82, 91, 138–39, 225
  • northern tier strategy, 199–204
  • North Tehran, 125, 199–204, 214
  • Nozad, Rajab Ali, 36–37
  • Nurbakhsh, 108–9. see also Iran Bethel School
  • Nurollah, Gertrude, 113
  • Nur (Light) School, 113
  • nursing education, 25
  • occupation of Iran, Allied, 2–3, 34–35, 40–47, 92–93, 140, 175–76, 223–24
  • Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 175–77
  • oil industry, Iranian, 50–51, 155–57, 200–201
  • old mission: American evangelicals defining, 12–17; and the Cold War, 5–6, 34–35, 47–52, 62–63; Del Be Del network in the, 34–35, 60–61, 62; and the end of the commonwealth stage, 57–62; Evangelical Church of Iran in, 5–6, 35, 38–40, 48, 52–62; Evangelical Church of Tehran in, 35–40; and the occupation of Iran, 34–35, 40–47; Presbyterian decolonization of, 5–6, 52–57, 58–59; reborn in neo-evangelical network, 168–69, 179–87
  • “Operation Relief,” 88–89
  • Orientalism, 21, 22, 167–68, 193–94
  • Orientalists, 143–44, 174–75, 176–77, 181
  • Pahlavi, Ashraf, 76, 117
  • Pahlavi, Farah, Empress, 86–87, 103–4, 121, 132, 133
  • Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza, Shah of Iran: and the Cold War, 50; and developmentalism, 6, 75–77, 86–87, 91; and international schools, 122; mamuriyat (mission for Iran) of, 27–32, 50; migration to North Tehran by, 202–3; and mission schools in Tehran, 92–93; on US-Iran relations, 3; White Revolution of, 4–5, 6, 30–32, 64, 65–66, 72–77, 91, 116–18; and women’s suffrage, 116–17
  • Pahlavi, Reza, Shah of Iran, 21–22, 26–27, 92–93
  • Pahlavi Dynasty and state: in the afterlife of the Presbyterian Mission, 197; and American missionaries, 221–24; in associationalism, 139, 142–44; and the errand to Iran, 21–22, 27–28; and literacy programs, 72, 75–77, 91; overthrow of, 204, 209; and the status-of-forces agreement of 1964, 198–99. see also authoritarianism, Pahlavi
  • Pakizegi, Zarin, 61–62
  • Parsa, Farrokhru, 76
  • Parvin School, Tabriz, 161
  • Passarelli, James and Kathryn, 157
  • paternalism, 20–21
  • patron-client relationships, 4, 39–40, 224–25
  • Payne, Grace Visher, 79
  • Pentecostal Assemblies of God, 201–2
  • Persian churches, 39, 58, 60–61, 189
  • Persian Gulf, 40, 41–42, 200–201
  • Persian Gulf Command, 41–42, 45, 47
  • Persianists, 175, 179
  • Persian literacy program, 67–70
  • Persian Young Men’s Association, 141
  • Persia Society, 143
  • Persophiles/Persophilia, American, 19–21, 142–43
  • philanthropy, 51–52, 65–66, 85, 86–87
  • Pirnazar, Houchang, 148–49
  • place: in the afterlife of the Presbyterian Mission, 8, 199–204; of Community School in Tehran, 93, 94–98, 100–101; conceptions of, and the errand to Iran, 10–11; in developmentalism, 66, 83–84; in the errand to Iran, 19, 20; familiarity of, for soldiers during the US occupation, 40–41, 45–47; and mission, in associationalism, 158–59; and mission, in education, 92, 93; Presbyterian built environment in Tehran, 21–27; in transnational history, 5
  • Point Four, 72, 73–74, 82, 106, 131
  • Pope, Arthur Upham, 143–44
  • poverty, 23, 78, 109–10
  • power: American and neo-evangelical, 189–90; and associationalism, 159–60; asymmetries of, in dawa, 207–8; and binational associationalism, 146; biopower, 77–78, 82; and the Del Be Del network’s mission, 221; and developmentalism, 65–66; in the errand to Iran, 20–21, 29–30; imbalances of, and associationalism, 139–40; missions in, 224; and the old mission, 34, 40–41, 55–56; the Presbyterian Mission, 2, 189
  • prayer room, Central Compound, 37, 58
  • Presbyterian Church in the USA (PCUSA): and the 1895 mission treaty, 1–2; Board of Foreign Missions, 1–2, 12–14, 44, 53–54, 80, 97–98, 142, 143; in church-mission relations, 33–34, 37–38, 39–40; educational network of, 25–26; in the errand to Iran, 12–13; as first Americans in Tehran, 1; and neo-evangelicalism, 188, 191; and Pahlavi Iran, 221–23; and US higher education, 168, 184, 185–86. see also United Presbyterian Church in the USA
  • Presbyterian Middle East in 1958, 126
  • Presbyterian Mission Hospital, 24–25, 79, 129, 223
  • propaganda, 145, 155–56, 160, 163–64, 177–78, 206–7, 208–9
  • proselytizing/proselytizers, 1–2, 15, 23–24, 36, 147, 224–25, 227
  • Provisional Revolutionary Government, Iranian, 214–15
  • Pryor, Robert, 203–4
  • public health. see medical care and community
  • Qajar, Naser al-Din, Shah of Iran, 28
  • Qajar Dynasty, 222
  • Raafat, Mohsen, 156–57
  • Rajai, Mohammad-Ali, 215–16
  • Ramazani, Nesta, 107
  • Rankin, Joan, 99–100, 118, 119–20
  • Red Lion and Sun Society, 85
  • reform/reformers: in associationalism, 139; in developmentalism, 6, 65–66, 75–76, 77, 78–79, 86–87, 91; in the errand to Iran, 13, 27–28, 30–31; and former missionaries, 188–89; international schools in, 122; and women’s suffrage, 117, 118–19. see also White Revolution, 1963
  • refugees, 61, 104–5
  • Research and Analysis (R&A) branch, Office of Strategic Services, 175–76
  • revivalism, 13, 33, 36, 91, 190–91, 223–24
  • Revolution, Iranian, 164–65, 199, 209–13, 220, 226–27
  • Revolutionary Council, 215–16
  • Revolutionary Guard, 215
  • revolutions, global, 227
  • Robertson, Merilie, 215
  • Roosevelt, Franklin D., 15–17, 41, 46, 146
  • Rowlee, Maud, 96
  • Saadi School, Kermanshah, 114–15
  • Sadeh, Qasha Polus, 57–58, 127
  • Sadiq, Isa, 143–44, 146
  • Sage College for women, 25–26
  • Sahakian, Hykon, 99–100
  • Saint John’s Armenian Evangelical Church, 57–58
  • Saint Paul’s Anglican Church, 217–18
  • Saint Peter’s Evangelical Church, 220
  • Saint Thaddeus and Bartholomew Church, 23–24
  • Saint Thomas Assyrian Evangelical Church, 57–58, 60–61
  • Saleh, Ali Pasha, 162
  • Saleh, Allahyar, 144–45
  • Saltanatabad, 203–4
  • Samii, Cyrus, 148–49
  • Samiian, Effat, 118–19
  • schisms, 23–24, 33, 53–54, 55
  • School for Missionary Children, 95. see also Community School, Tehran
  • schools: in the afterlife of the Presbyterian Mission, 214–17; in the careers of professional feminists, 112–16; in Christian associationalism, 144; curricula of, 26, 96–97, 100–101, 102, 107, 121; in dawa, 205–7, 208–9; in educating global citizens, 104–8; in the errand to Iran, 25–27, 28; international ethos of, 98–104, 105–6; and Pahlavi Iran, 222–23; and women’s suffrage, 116–21. see also education/educational mission; name of school
  • Schwarzkopf, Norman, Jr., 106–7
  • Schwarzkopf, Norman, Sr., 146
  • science, 168, 182–84
  • Scott, Clement, 74, 203–4
  • secularism: in the American global mission, 224; in developmentalism, 65, 70; in the errand to Iran, 13–14, 15–17, 22, 27–28; in international schools, 102; and the old mission, 40–41, 59–60, 62–63; and religious liberal arts education, 182–84; in the work of former missionaries, 173–74, 182–84
  • security, ontological, 34–36, 40–41, 42–43, 47–50, 52, 56, 62
  • segregation/desegregation, 179–80, 184–87, 199–204, 214–15
  • Seto, Paul and Selma, 164, 215, 227
  • sewing classes and circles, 78–80, 82–83
  • Shafaq, Sadeq Rezazadeh, 161–64
  • Shamoon, David and Harry, 105–6
  • Shia Muslims, 3, 83–84, 190–91, 198–99, 204–9
  • Shokouhi, Gholam Hossein, 215–16
  • Shuster, Morgan, 16
  • social evangelism, 79–80
  • social work, 6, 64–66, 77–91, 110–11, 112
  • socio-affective community: and associationalism, 163; the Del Be Del network as a, 4–5, 17–21; in developmentalism, 66, 71–72, 83–84; and the errand to Iran, 5, 11–12; in mission schools, 93–94; post-1965 segregation of the American colony from, 199–200. see also emotion
  • socioeconomics, 3, 29–31, 65–66, 77–79, 82–83, 197, 209
  • soldiers, US, 2–3, 40–47, 62–63. see also military, US
  • Southern Baptist Convention, 201–2
  • Southern Presbyterian Church, 48, 185–86
  • South Tehran, 23, 66, 77–80, 81–84, 86–87, 89–90
  • Soviet Union, 2–3, 27, 29–30, 145, 176–77, 178, 199–200. see also Cold War; communism/anticommunism; occupation of Iran, Allied
  • Speer, Robert Elliot, 142
  • Stalin, Joseph, 49, 220
  • State Department, US, 26–27, 46–47, 155–56, 157, 160, 177–79, 197–98. see also US embassy, Tehran
  • status-of-forces agreement of 1964, 34, 197–99
  • Steiner, Robert, Jr., 155, 157
  • Stewart, Tat and Pat, 127, 217–18
  • Students Following the Line of the Imam, 216–17
  • students/student body: of Community School, 104–8; Iranian, and the Alborz Foundation, 147–52
  • suffrage, sociality of, 116–21
  • Sullivan, William, 203–4
  • Taqizadeh, Hassan, 161–64
  • Tehran: associationalism in, 7; closure of Presbyterian Mission in, 4–5; as conduit for America’s global mission, 11; as the hub of the errand in Iran, 21–27; maps of, 123–25; as PCUSA’s mission hub, 1–2, 3–4; people-to-people exchanges in, 5; Presbyterian built environment in, 21–27. see also North Tehran; South Tehran
  • Tehran-American School, 106, 210–11
  • Tehran Declaration of 1943, 49
  • Tehran International School. see Iranzamin
  • Tehran School of Social Work, 84, 86–90, 91
  • tensions, intra-Christian, 23–24, 33, 53–54, 55, 224–25
  • “third culture kids,” 107–8
  • Thomas, Kenneth, 213, 226–27
  • Thomas, Margaret (“Peggy”), 215, 226–27
  • Truman, Harry, and administration, 73–74, 155–56
  • Turner, Hoyt, 73
  • ulama (Shia clerical class), 3, 190–91, 198–99, 204–7, 209. see also Shia Muslims
  • United Nations, 98–104
  • United Presbyterian Church in the USA (UPCUSA): in the afterlife of the Presbyterian Mission, 218, 219; in decolonization of the old mission, 5–6, 53–54, 55; and neo-evangelicalism, 191; and Pahlavi Iran, 221–22; and US higher education, 168, 184. see also Presbyterian Church in the USA
  • United Presbyterian Church of North America, 12–13, 53
  • Upton, Joseph, 176–77
  • US embassy, Tehran, 46–47, 73–74, 106, 155, 213–14, 216–17. see also State Department, US
  • US-Iran relations: Allied occupation of Iran in, 2–3; in American political culture, 227; in the commonwealth stage, 5–6, 35–36, 39–40, 46, 62; dawa in, 204–5; Del Be Del network in, 5, 225, 227–28; former missionaries in, 7–8, 169–79; mission and place in, 10–12, 197; and neo-evangelical conceptions of mission, 190–91; opening of the Presbyterian Mission in, 3–4; in Pahlavi Iran, 223–24; securitization of, and the move to North Tehran, 202; in the shah’s mamuriyat, 197–98; Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights, 51–52. see also associationalism, binational
  • Varamin Plain, 66, 70–72
  • veiling and unveiling, 117–18
  • Wailes, Edward, 161
  • Warne, William, 16–17, 73–74
  • welfare state, Iranian, 84–90, 91, 110
  • Westberg, John, 106–7
  • Western College, 182, 183–84, 186–87
  • “white love,” 20–21
  • White Revolution, 1963, 4–5, 6, 30–32, 64, 65–66, 72–77, 91, 116–18
  • Wilber, Donald, 146, 176–77
  • Wilson, Frederick, 55, 127
  • Wilson, Woodrow/Wilsonianism, 15–17, 225–26
  • Winkler, Gordon, 202
  • women and girls: in activism for suffrage, 116–21; in developmentalism, 76, 77–78, 80–81, 82–83, 84, 88–89; in the errand to Iran, 31–32; on the faculty of Community School, 99–100; and Iran Bethel School, 92; Iranian, in binational associationalism, 154; and professional feminism, 112–16; tradition of noble womanhood at Western College, 182; UNESCO conference on the status of, 119–20
  • Woodward, Frank, 55, 59–60, 127
  • World Council of Churches, 192–93
  • World Literacy Congress, 76
  • world order: and cultural internationalism, 140–46; in the errand to Iran, 15; in the old mission, 62–63
  • World Presbyterian Alliance, 56–57
  • worldview, neo-evangelical, 190
  • World War II: associationalism during, 145–46; church and state in, 225–26; and Community School, 97; in the errand to Iran, 15–16; former missionaries in intelligence community in, 174–77; and Iran Bethel School, 110; and the Iranian welfare state, 86; and literacy programs, 71; and the old mission, 5–6, 40–47, 62–63; and the return of former missionaries to the US, 7–8
  • Worldwide Evangelization Crusade (WEC), 193–94
  • Wright, Edwin Milton, 136, 167–68, 169–70, 171–72, 173–75
  • writers, anticolonial, 207–9
  • Wysham, William, 95–96, 205–6
  • Young, Cuyler, 137, 167–68, 169–73, 174–76, 177–79
  • Young, Herrick, 7–8, 128, 148, 168, 179–82, 183–84, 186–87
  • Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), 138, 141
  • Yusefzadeh, Habibullah, 58–59
  • Zakaryan, A. J., 59–60
  • Zirinsky, Michael, 27–28, 106–7
  • Zonis, Marvin, 29–30
  • Zoroastrians, 212–13
  • Zwemer, Samuel, 190

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