Archives

Centre College Special Collections. Grace Doherty Library. Danville, KY.

Dr. Walter Groves Oral History Interview with John LeDoux. April 22, 1983.

The Christian Tradition in the Liberal Arts College: Addresses delivered on the occasion of the inauguration of Walter Alexander Groves as the sixteenth president of Centre College of Kentucky, November 13–15, 1947.

College of William and Mary Special Collections. Earl Gregg Swem Library. Williamsburg, VA.

James Bill Papers.

John Westberg Papers.

Library of Congress (LOC). Washington, DC.

Ralph Cooper Hutchison Papers.

National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). College Park, MD.

Access to Archival Databases. https://aad.archives.gov/aad/.

Record Group 59. General Records of the Department of State.

Record Group 226. Office of Strategic Services (OSS).

Record Group 286. Records of the Agency for International Development (AID).

Record Group 306. Records of the United States Information Agency (USIA).

Richard Nixon Presidential Library. Yorba Linda, CA.

Pre-Presidential Papers.

University of Arkansas Libraries Special Collections. Fayetteville, AR.

Manuscript Collection 468. Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs Historical Collection.

Published Primary Sources

• Al-e Ahmad, Jalal. Occidentosis: A Plague from the West. Translated by R. Campbell. Berkeley, CA: Mizan Press, 1984.
• “A Letter from the Publisher.” Time 53, no. 24 (June 13, 1949): 12.
• Alexander, Yonah, and Allan Nanes, eds. The United States and Iran: A Documentary History. Frederick, MD: University Press of America, 1980.
• Algar, Hamid, ed. and trans. Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini. Berkeley, CA: Mizan, 1981.
• Altmeyer, Arthur. The Formative Years of Social Security. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1968.
• A Pocket Guide to Iran. Washington, DC: War and Navy Departments, 1943.
• Armajani, Yahya. “Sam Jordan and the Evangelical Ethic in Iran.” In Religious Ferment in Asia, edited by Robert Miller, 22–36. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1974.
• Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. Iran Country Reader. https://adst.org/oral-history/country-reader-series/.

Interview with Isabel Cumming.

Interview with L. Bruce Laingen.

Interview with David Nalle.

• Avery, John Scales. Memories of Beirut and Tehran. Self-published, 2010.
• Bahrampour, Tara. To See and See Again: A Life in Iran and America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
• Bamdad, Badr ol-Moluk. From Darkness into Light: Women’s Emancipation in Iran. Edited and translated by F. R. C. Bagley. Hicksville, NY: Exposition Press, 1977.
• Bassett, James. Persia: Eastern Mission. Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication and Sabbath-School Work, 1890.
• Belfrage, Sally. Freedom Summer. New York: Viking, 1965.
• Birjandi, Amir. The Education Corps Project in Iran: A Work Plan for Rural Development. Tehran: Iranian Ministry of Education, 1965.
• Bowles, Luanna. “The New Nationwide Program of Fundamental Education in Iran.” In Education for Better Living: The Role of the School in Community Improvement, 85–100. Washington, DC: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, 1957.
• Boyce, Annie Stocking. “Government Education for Girls in Persia.” Muslim World 10, no. 3 (1920): 290–92.
• Boyce. “Moslem Women in the Capital of Persia.” Muslim World 20, no. 3 (1930): 265–69.
• Boyce, Arthur. “Alborz College of Teheran and Dr. Samuel Martin Jordan.” 1954. Lafayette in Persia. https://sites.lafayette.edu/lafayetteinpersia/sample-page/.
• Boyce. “Alborz College of Teheran and Dr. Samuel Martin Jordan.” In Cultural Ties between Iran and the United States, edited by Ali Pasha Saleh, 155–234. Tehran: Her Imperial Majesty’s National Committee for the American Revolution Bicentennial, 1976.
• Braswell, George, Jr. To Ride a Magic Carpet. Nashville, TN: Broadman, 1977.
• “Community School to Be Public Park.” [Kayhan International] n.d.
• Community School Yearbooks. 1957–80.
• Conant, James. General Education in a Free Society: Report of the Harvard Committee. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1946.
• Creel, George. How We Advertised America: The First Telling of the Amazing Story of the Committee on Public Information That Carried the Gospel of Americanism to Every Corner of the Globe. New York: Harper, 1920.
• Cresson, Os, ed. It Made My Heart Thump: Rebecca’s Letters from Iran, 1951–1953. Iowa City: Morning Walk Press, 2019.
• Daneshvar, Simin. Savushun. Translated by M. R. Ghanoonparvar. Washington, DC: Mage, 2011.
• Daneshvar. Island of Bewilderment. Translated by Patricia Higgins and Pouneh Shabani-Jadidi. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2022.
• Dehqani-Tafti, Hassan. The Hard Awakening. New York: Seabury Press, 1981.
• Dehqani-Tafti. Design of My World. New York: Seabury Press, 1982.
• Digital National Security Archive. Iranian Revolution collection.
• Dooley, Delmer. The Near East Foundation Program of Rural Development in the Varamin Plains of Iran, 1946–1959. New York: Near East Foundation, 1959.
• Elder, John. “Family Life in Shi‘ah Islam.” Muslim World 18, no. 3 (1928): 250–55.
• Elder. “The Moral and Spiritual Situation in Iran.” Muslim World 38, no. 2 (1948): 100–112.
• Elder. Prophets, Idols, and Diggers: Scientific Proof of Bible History. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1960.
• Elder. History of the Iran Mission. Tehran: Literature Committee of the Church Council of Iran, [1960].
• Elder. Biblical Approach to the Muslim: Apologetics. Houston, TX: Leadership Instruction and Training International, 1974.
• Farmanfarmaian, Sattareh, with Dona Munker. Daughter of Persia: A Woman’s Journey from Her Father’s Harem through the Islamic Revolution. New York: Three Rivers, 1992.
• Fisher, Commodore. “Uniting Nations in Iran.” Journal of Education 131, no. 1 (1948): 18–19.
• Fisher. “The Shah’s White Revolution (First Installment).” Muslim World 54, no. 2 (1964): 98–103.
• Fisher. “The Shah’s White Revolution (Second Installment).” Muslim World 54, no. 3 (1964): 195–99.
• Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS). http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments.

FRUS 1939 IV.

FRUS 1941 III.

FRUS 1942 IV.

FRUS 1943 IV.

FRUS 1952–54 IX.

FRUS 1961–63 XVII.

FRUS 1969–76 XXVII.

• Foreign Service List. Washington, DC: US Department of State, October 1, 1951.
• Foundation for Iranian Studies, Oral History of Iran Collection. https://fis-iran.org/en/node/2776.

Richard Arndt. Interview with William Burr. May 9 and 27 and July 25, 1988.

Jane Doolittle. Interview with Behruz Nikzat. September 30, 1983.

Nayereh Ebtehaj-Samii. Interview with Shirin Samii. April 6, 1984.

• Frame, Margaret, ed. Passage to Persia: Writings of an American Doctor during Her Life in Iran, 1929–1957. United Kingdom: Summertime, 2014.
• Frye, Richard. Greater Iran: A 20th-Century Odyssey. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda, 2005.
• Furter, Pierre. Possibilities and Limitations of Functional Literacy: The Iranian Experiment. Paris: UNESCO, 1973.
• Gheissari, Ali, ed. The American College of Tehran: A Memorial Album, 1932. Self-published, 2020.
• Groves, Walter. “The Students of New Persia.” Muslim World 21, no. 4 (1931): 396–400.
• Groves. “Theology and Philosophy at Teheran University.” Muslim World 26, no. 1 (1936): 50–57.
• Groves. “Centre College: The Second Phase, 1830–1857.” Filson Club History Quarterly 24, no. 4 (1950): 311–34.
• Groves. “A School of the Prophets at Danville.” Filson Club History Quarterly 27, no. 3 (1953): 223–46.
• Harnack, Curtis. Persian Lions, Persian Lambs: An American’s Odyssey in Iran. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1965.
• Heisey, D. Ray. “Reflections on a Persian Jewel: Damavand College, Tehran.” Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia) 5, no. 1 (2011): 19–44.
• Hopper, William H., Jr. “A Program of Work for the Evangelical Church in Iran.” MA Thesis, Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary, 1959.
• Hutchison, Ralph Cooper. “Football: Symbol of College Unity.” Christian Century (April 16, 1952): 461–63.
• Iranian Oil Operating Companies. “Northern Tehran.” Map, August 1970. Compiled by General Survey Tehran and printed by National Cartographic Center.
• Irvine, John Richard. “Iranzamin, Tehran International School.” Encyclopedia Iranica. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iranzamin-tehran-international-school.
• Irvine. “Community and Iranzamin Schools, Tehran, Iran.” 2009.
• Johanyak, Debra. Behind the Veil: An American Woman’s Memoir of the 1979 Iran Hostage Crisis. Akron, OH: University of Akron Press, 2007.
• Johnson, R. Park. “A Critical and Explanatory Translation of Portions of the Anonymous Ta’rikh-i-Sistan.” PhD diss., Princeton University, 1941.
• Johnson. Middle East Pilgrimage. New York: Friendship Press, 1958.
• Jordan, Samuel Martin. “Constructive Revolutions in Iran.” Muslim World 25, no. 4 (1935): 347–53.
• Karanjia, R. K. The Mind of a Monarch. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1977.
• Kennedy, John F. Speech at Democratic National Convention. July 15, 1960. John F. Kennedy Library. https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/historic-speeches/acceptance-of-democratic-nomination-for-president.
• The Lafayette. Lafayette Newspaper Archive. https://ldr.lafayette.edu/collections/lafayette-newspaper-archive.
• Lilienthal, David. The Road to Change, 1955–1959. Vol. 4, The Journals of David E. Lilienthal. New York: Harper and Row, 1969.
• Luebke, Paul, ed. Identifying Problems Affecting Adult Literacy Training Programs in the CENTO Region. Tehran: CENTO Literacy Seminar, November 1963.
• Mathews, Basil. Roads to the City of God: A World Outlook from Jerusalem. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran, and Company, 1928.
• McClennen, Walter, ed. Remembering Clem: A Good American in Iran. Harwich, MA: Bogastow Books, 2017.
• McDowell, David, and Thomas M. Ricks, eds. Persia Is My Homeland. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda, 2023.
• McDowell, Sarah. “Early History of Community School.” n.d.
• Miller, William McElwee. “The Religious Situation in Iran.” Muslim World 41, no. 2 (1951): 79–87.
• Miller. “God’s Mighty Men: Samuel Zwemer and Robert E. Speer.” Presbyterian Journal 26, no. 5 (1967): 7–8.
• Miller. “Robert E. Speer: Recruiter with a World Plan.” World Vision Magazine 11, no. 8 (1967): 14–15, 29.
• Miller. Ten Muslims Meet Christ. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1969.
• Miller. A Christian’s Response to Islam. Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, 1976.
• Miller. My Persian Pilgrimage: An Autobiography. Pasadena, CA: William Carey, 1995.
• Miller. Interview with Robert Shuster. February 23, 1988. Billy Graham Center Archives, Wheaton College. Collection 387, Tape 1, CN387T1.
• Millspaugh, Arthur. The American Task in Persia. New York: Century, 1925.
• Millspaugh. Americans in Persia. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1946.
• Muller, Thomas Edward. The Dancer in Beirut. Victoria, Australia: Sid Harta Books, 2020.
• Myrdal, Gunnar. An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. New York: Harper, 1944.
• Nabavi, Negin, ed. and trans. Modern Iran: A History in Documents. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener, 2016.
• Najafi, Najmeh, with Helen Hinckley Jones. Reveille for a Persian Village. New York: Harper, 1958.
• National Security Archive. Electronic Briefing Book No. 435. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB435/.
• Newspapers.com and ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

Altoona Tribune (PA).

Boston Globe (MA).

Chicago Daily Tribune (IL).

Coos Bay Times (OR).

Corpus Christi Caller-Times (TX).

Courier-Journal (Louisville, KY).

Cumberland Sunday Times (MD).

Daily News (NY).

Fort Lauderdale News (FL).

Franklin Evening Star (IN).

Fremont Tribune (NE).

Intelligencer Journal (Lancaster, PA).

Iola Register (KS).

Journal Herald (Dayton, OH).

Lexington Herald (KY).

Los Angeles Times (CA).

Miami Herald (FL).

News-Herald (Franklin, PA).

New York Times (NY).

Oxford Press (OH).

Paris News (TX).

Philadelphia Inquirer (PA).

Philadelphia Tribune (PA).

St. Joseph News-Press/Gazette (MO).

The Age (Melbourne, Australia).

Times Leader (Wilkes-Barre, PA).

Washington Post (Washington, DC).

Waukesha Daily Freeman (WI).

• Pahlavi, Farah. An Enduring Love: My Life with the Shah, A Memoir. New York: Miramax, 2004.
• Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza. Mamuriyat bara-ye vatanam. Los Angeles: Pars, 1960.
• Pahlavi. Mission for My Country. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961.
• Pahlavi. The White Revolution. Tehran: Kayhan Press, 1967.
• Pakizegi, Zarin Behravesh. History of the Christians in Iran. Self-published, 1992.
• Pakzad, Mahmoud. Old Tehran. Tehran: Did Publications, 2003.
• Platt, Mary Schauffler. The Home with the Open Door: An Agency in Missionary Service. New York: Student Volunteer Movement, 1920.
• Point 4 Profiles. Washington, DC: Department of State Publication 4859, Economic Cooperation Series 38, March 1953.
• Prigmore, Charles. Social Work in Iran since the White Revolution. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1976.
• Ramazani, Nesta. The Dance of the Rose and the Nightingale. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2002.
• Reynolds, Frank. “The Presbyterians.” Presbyterian Historical Society, 1974. YouTube video, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wKNcpVh0dOc.
• Sahab Geographic and Drafting Institute. “Tehran.” Map, October 1958.
• Sahab Geographic and Drafting Institute. “New Complete Guide Map of Tehran.” Map no. 305, 1977.
• Saleh, Ali Pasha. Cultural Ties between Iran and the United States. Tehran: Her Imperial Majesty’s National Committee for the American Revolution Bicentennial, 1976.
• Schwarzkopf, Norman, with Peter Petre. It Doesn’t Take a Hero. New York: Bantam, 1992.
• Shafaq, Sadeq Rezazadeh. “Howard Baskerville, 1885–1909, Fiftieth Anniversary: The Story of an American Who Died in the Cause of Iranian Freedom and Independence.” Tehran: Kayhan Press, April 23, 1959. Record Group 306, Entry P46, box 113, folder: Tehran Howard Baskerville. National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD.
• Shafaq. “Howard Baskerville: The Story of an American Who Died in the Cause of Iranian Freedom and Independence.” In Cultural Ties between Iran and the United States, edited by Ali Pasha Saleh, 311–27. Tehran: Her Imperial Majesty’s National Committee for the American Revolution Bicentennial, 1976.
• Shafaq. “Howard Baskerville: The Story of an American Who Died in the Cause of Iranian Freedom and Independence.” Boston: Ty Aur Press, 2008.
• Shedd, William Ambrose. Historical Sketch of the Missions in Persia. Philadelphia: Woman’s Foreign Missionary Society of the Presbyterian Church, 1911.
• Sherrill, Lewis. The Rise of Christian Education. New York: MacMillan, 1944.
• Shuster, W. Morgan. The Strangling of Persia: Story of the European Diplomacy and Oriental Intrigue That Resulted in the Denationalization of Twelve Million Mohammedans: A Personal Narrative. New York: The Century Company, 1912.
• Snow, Edgar. “Our Southern Gateway to Russia.” Saturday Evening Post (December 5, 1942): 12–13, 109–10.
• Speer, Robert, and Russell Carter. Report on India and Persia. New York: PCUSA Board of Foreign Missions, 1922.
• Stettinius, Edward, Jr. Lend-Lease: Weapon for Victory. New York: Macmillan, 1944.
• Stewart, Tat. “Iran: On the Ground in Tehran during the Islamic Revolution.” Voice of the Martyrs Radio, May 15, 2021. https://www.iheart.com/podcast/263-vomradio-29945295/episode/iran-on-the-ground-in-tehran-82566693/.
• Stewart. No Stranger: To Iran, Its People, and Its Church. Self-published, 2023.
• Sullivan, William. Mission to Iran. New York: Norton, 1981.
• Upton, Joseph. The History of Modern Iran: An Interpretation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Center for Middle Eastern Studies, 1960.
• US House of Representatives. House Committee on Government Operations. United States Aid Operations in Iran. 85th Cong., 1st sess. January 28, 1957.
• Van Wagenen, Richard W., with T. Cuyler Young. The Iranian Case 1946. New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1952.
• Ward, Terence. Searching for Hassan: A Journey to the Heart of Iran. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2002.
• Warne, William. Mission for Peace: Point 4 in Iran. Bethesda, MD: Ibex Publishers, 1999.
• Warner, Michael, ed. American Sermons: The Pilgrims to Martin Luther King Jr. New York: Library of America, 1999.
• Waterfield, Robin. Christians in Persia: Assyrians, Armenians, Roman Catholics, and Protestants. London: Allen and Unwin, 1973.
• Wilber, Donald. Adventures in the Middle East: Excursions and Incursions. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 1986.
• Willkie, Wendell. One World. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1943.
• Wilson, J. Christy. The Christian Message to Islam. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1950.
• Wilson. Apostle to Islam: A Biography of Samuel M. Zwemer. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1952.
• Wilson, Woodrow. The Hope of the World. New York: Harper and Brothers, May 1920.
• Wright, Edwin. “Iran as a Gateway to Russia.” Foreign Affairs 20, no. 1 (1941): 367–71.
• Wright. “Conflicting Political Forces and Emerging Patterns.” Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 24, no. 4 (1952): 60–72.
• Wright. “Review of Mission for Peace, by William Warne.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 310 (1957): 222–23.
• Wright. “Review of Nationalism in Iran, by Richard Cottam.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 357 (1965): 193–94.
• Wright. Oral History Interview with Richard D. McKinzie. July 26, 1974. Harry S. Truman Library. https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/oral-histories/wright.
• Yoo, William. The Presbyterian Experience in the United States: A Sourcebook. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2017.
• Young, Herrick B. On This We Build in Latin America. New York: PCUSA/BFM, 1942.
• Young. “The Relation of the Christian College to National and International Life.” Christian Scholar 37 (1954): 264–69.
• Young, T. Cuyler. “The Problem of Westernization in Modern Iran.” Middle East Journal 2, no. 1 (1948): 47–59.
• Young. “The Race between Russia and Reform in Iran.” Foreign Affairs 28, no. 2 (1950): 278–89.
• Young. “The Social Support of Current Iranian Policy.” Middle East Journal 6, no. 2 (1952): 125–43.
• Young. “Iran in Continuing Crisis.” Foreign Affairs 40, no. 2 (1962): 275–92.

Secondary Sources

• Abdella, Jennifer, and Molly Sullivan. A Lasting Impact: The Near East Foundation Celebrates a Century of Service. New York: Near East Foundation, 2015.
• Abrahamian, Ervand. Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
• Abrahamian. The Coup: 1953, the CIA, and the Roots of Modern US-Iranian Relations. New York: New Press, 2013.
• Adib-Moghaddam, Arshin, ed. A Critical Introduction to Khomeini. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
• Afkhami, Gholam Reza. The Life and Times of the Shah. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009.
• Afshar, Iraj, and Touraj Daryaee. Scholars and Humanists: Iranian Studies in Henning and Taqizadeh Correspondence, 1937–1966. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda, 2009.
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• Baer, James. A Social History of Cuba’s Protestants: God and the Nation. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2019.
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• Becker, Adam. Revival and Awakening: American Evangelical Missionaries in Iran and the Origins of Assyrian Nationalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.
• Beeman, William. The “Great Satan” vs. the “Mad Mullahs”: How the United States and Iran Demonize Each Other. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
• Belmonte, Laura. Selling the American Way: US Propaganda and the Cold War. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.
• Benbow, Mark. Leading Them to the Promised Land: Woodrow Wilson, Covenant Theology, and the Mexican Revolution, 1913–1915. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2010.
• Bender, Margaret. Signs of Cherokee Culture: Sequoyah’s Syllabary in Eastern Cherokee Life. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
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• Bill, James, and John Alden Williams. Roman Catholics and Shi‘i Muslims: Prayer, Passion, and Politics. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
• Billups, James, ed. Faithful Angels: Portraits of International Social Work Notables. Washington, DC: National Association of Social Workers Press, 2002.
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• Bonnett, Alastair. The Idea of the West: Culture, Politics and History. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
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• Boroujerdi, Mehrzad. Iranian Intellectuals and the West: The Tormented Triumph of Nativism. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1996.
• Bowden, Mark. Guests of the Ayatollah: The First Battle in America’s War with Militant Islam. New York: Grove Press, 2006.
• Bozeman, Theodore Dwight. “The Puritans’ ‘Errand into the Wilderness’ Reconsidered.” New England Quarterly 59, no. 2 (1986): 231–51.
• Brandt, Deborah. Literacy in American Lives. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
• Brazinsky, Gregg. Nation Building in South Korea: Koreans, Americans, and the Making of a Democracy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.
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