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table of contents
Index
Page numbers in italics indicate figures.
- “About Property” law (Ukrainian SSR, 1991), 60–61
- “About the Development of Residential Construction in the USSR” decree (1957), 99
- accountability, official, 31, 38
- activism, anti-construction in Kyiv, 20–21, 22
- aesthetics: functionalist, of kitchens, 79, 81; of hygiene-related spaces, 96–97, 98, 111; of paper architecture, 22–23; in remont, 29–30, 33, 35–36, 47; and sleep-related furniture, 57, 60–67
- Afonia (1975), film, 96
- allocation: of housing, 50, 51–52, 104–5, 114–15; of spatial functions, 56, 66–67, 72–73, 120–21
- amenities: in post-Soviet sanitary blocks, 104–5; shared, 50
- apartment blocks, buildings, and series: bombing of, 131; individually designed, 84–85, 102–3, 105, 106; post-Soviet, 105–7; pre-1917, 12, 18–19, 38–40, 98–99, 138n87; sleeping space in, 53, 55, 56–57, 62–66; standardized, 12, 13, 18–19, 84, 152n58; state of emergency in, 38–44. See also communal apartments; khrushchevka apartments
- architectural discourse: in demand for remont, 43; dining rooms in, 148–49n4; and reality, 22–23, 24–25, 100–104
- Asquith, Lindsay, 15–16
- Attfield, Judy, 2
- avariinyi dom (building in precarious condition), 38–41
- babushatnik (grandma’s den), 26
- balconies, 20–21
- barracks, 71, 75, 144–45n4
- basements, 123–24
- bathhouses (bania), 119–20
- bathrooms: in architectural fantasies and reality, 100–104; combined and separate, 98–100; and post-Soviet architects, 104–7; post-Soviet remont of, 107–12; visibility of, 95–98. See also hygiene, spaces for; sanitary blocks
- bedrooms: in domestic practice, 14–15; meanings of, 8, 48; numbers and bureaucracy in designation of, 52–53, 55–57, 60; in private sleep, 68–71; replanning in isolation of, 71–73; rise of, 17, 60–67; as social space, 120–21, 125–26; as twentieth-century sleeping space, 49–50. See also sleeping spaces
- beds, 56, 57, 65, 66–67, 120–21
- behaviors: abnormal, in bathrooms, 96; antisocial, and communal spaces, 76; changes in, 7
- Benjamin, Walter, 27–28
- bidets, 105–7
- books on remodeling, 32
- boundaries: for eating spaces, 93–94; on room functions, 15–16; of social spaces, 118; of Soviet normalcy, 5–6
- Bourdieu, Pierre, 3
- Boym Svetlana, 27–28, 39, 81, 97
- Brezhnev, Leonid/Brezhnev-era (1964–1982), 55, 81
- Buchli, Victor, 57, 148–49n4
- building codes: and kitchens, 78, 84–86; and sanitary blocks, 99–100, 104, 108–10, 156n50; Sanitary Norms and Regulations (SNiP), 24, 53–54, 62, 78, 114–15
- Bulakh, Tatiana, 45–46
- Bulgakov, Mikhail: Heart of a Dog, 52–53
- Burda Moden magazine, 19, 24, 31–32
- bureaucracy, 33–34, 51–60. See also building codes; Gosstroi (State Committee of Construction); Sanitary Norms and Regulations (SNiP)
- byt (everyday life), 39, 57, 102
- capital reconstruction, 40–41, 143n61
- cast-in-place concrete construction, 105
- celebrations, 77, 80–82, 83, 119
- censorship and kitchen culture, 94, 119
- Certeau, Michel de, 8–9
- choice: aesthetic, for bathrooms, 96–97; aesthetic, for remont, 33; in post-Soviet style, 130; of products, in the rise of the bedroom, 66–67
- Cieraad, Irene, 88
- class, socioeconomic: in differences in domestic life, 12–13; kitchen remodels as indicator of, 88; mortgages as signifier of, 128; and remodeling in post-Soviet identity, 25–26
- Cohen, Lizabeth, 15–16
- collectivity in sleeping space, 69–71, 72–73
- Collier, Stephen, 13, 29–30
- comfort: in eating-related spaces, 74, 76, 81, 82, 89, 91, 92–93; in hygiene-related spaces, 96, 99, 100, 102–3, 108–10, 111–12; as remodeling goal, 41–42; in sleep-related spaces, 71, 72–73
- commodities/commodification: access to, in home improvement, 31–32, 35–36, 38, 43–44, 126–27; and hygiene-related spaces, 95–96; in remont, 27, 28–29, 44; and the rise of the bedroom, 66–67
- commonalities, 12–13
- commonalities of multiunit buildings, 33
- communal apartments: dilapidated state of, in demand for remont, 38–41; eating-related spaces in, 75–76, 149n5; in everyday history and scale, 10; sanitary blocks in, 95, 97, 98–99; sleeping spaces in, 49–51, 52–53; standardization of, 12, 13, 18–19; in Ukraine, 18
- compaction (uplotnenie), 50, 51–52, 75–76
- competitions, architectural, 24–25, 43, 56, 58–59, 103
- conditions of housing and living: absentee state in, 114; in kitchen culture, 80–81; post-Soviet, 1, 4, 7, 10, 26, 131; in remont, 29, 30, 38–42, 43, 45, 47; and residential mobility, 129; and sleeping spaces, 48, 50, 52–53, 61; and social spaces, 121–22
- conflicts, 3, 36–37, 44, 47, 76
- Constructivists/Constructivism, 13, 22–23, 49–50, 149n5
- consumer goods/consumerism: changes in patterns of, 6; demand for, in post-Soviet construction, 114–15; economic reforms in, 2–3; and post-Soviet bathroom remont, 111–12; in post-Soviet identity, 45–46, 127; in remont, 28–29, 38, 42–43, 45–46, 47, 111–12; in sleeping space, 57, 66–67; style in, 129–30
- continuities: in construction regulations, 114–15; in domestic practices, 16; in post-Soviet sanitary blocks, 105; of remont, 29–30, 44; spatial, in everyday life, 2, 6–7
- cooperatives, 34–35, 61, 85, 91, 99–100
- couches, 50–51, 56, 57, 65, 66–67, 90–93, 120–21
- courtyards, 18, 122–24
- Cromley, Elizabeth, 7, 15–16, 93
- culture: consumerist, in the rise of the bedroom, 66–67; kitchens in, 17, 79, 81, 119; mortgages in, 128; in post-Soviet identity, 4, 25; remodeling in, 1, 16–17, 29, 30, 47; revolutionary change in, 11; stairwells in, 123–24; visual, sanitary blocks in, 95–98
- damage, structural, 116–17
- Deleuze, Gilles, 11
- demand: consumer, in post-Soviet construction, 114–15; current, for remodeling, 128; for kitchen technology, 79–80; for labor, 28–29, 30, 34–38, 105–7; perestroika in, 2–3; in remont, 30, 38–44, 47; Soviet realities in roots of, 16–17
- dining rooms, 52–53, 75–79, 87, 89–90, 119, 148–49n4. See also eating spaces
- distribution of housing, 6–7, 51–53, 55, 75–76
- diversity of homes, 11–12, 18
- documentation of replanning, post-Soviet, 115–17
- “Domashnii kaleidoscop” (Rabonitsa magazine), 31–32
- Dom v kotorom ia zhivu (The house I live in, 1957), 79–80
- “Dom v kotorom my zhivem” (Rabonitsa magazine), 31–32
- doors: for bedrooms and private sleeping spaces, 64–65, 66, 68, 69, 72; in creating social spaces, 117–18, 124, 125; in regulation Soviet kitchens, 85–86; in replanning sanitary blocks, 109–11
- Dostoevsky, Fedor: Crime and Punishment, 49–50
- drywall, 36, 61–62. See also materials, construction; partitions/partition walls
- eating spaces: as favorite spaces in everyday life, 93–94; late-Soviet food spaces, 79–83; post-Soviet kitchens, 83–93; as social spaces, 17, 74–75, 79–83, 118–19; tables, 74, 75–79, 81–82, 83, 89–93; transformation of, 17. See also dining rooms; food; kitchens; practices: domestic
- economy: centralized, socialist, 4; collapse of, in supply, 34–35, 36–37; economic crisis, 2–3, 36–37, 129; economic reform and liberalization, 2–3, 83–84, 85; informal, 66–67, 115; post-1991 downshift in, and remont, 44–45; Soviet, in product distribution, 62, 81–82
- Egmond, Florike, 9–10
- elderly persons, social spaces for, 123
- elites: housing of, in demand for remont, 41–43; sanitary blocks for, 96, 102–3
- entertainment, 55–56, 57, 72–73, 89, 91–92, 121–22. See also socializing, spaces for
- “eternal remont,” 45–46
- evroremont (Euro-remodeling), 1, 5, 37, 130, 140n13
- expatriates, Western, 43–44, 105–7
- Fehérváry, Krisztina, 5, 47, 88, 95, 111–12
- films, 19, 42–43, 79–80, 96. See also under film title
- fixtures, 78–79, 80, 97–98, 105–7
- floor area: of eating spaces, 41–42, 79, 80–81, 82–83, 84–85, 91–92, 94; in popular sources on remont, 31–34; liberalization of state control over, 114–15; of sanitary blocks, 99–100, 104–7, 108–10, 111–12; of sleeping spaces, 48–49, 51–60, 65; standardization of, 18–19
- food, 17, 74–75, 76–77, 79–94. See also dining rooms; eating spaces; kitchens
- Foot, John, 9–10
- frugality, Soviet, 55, 78, 99, 108–9
- functionality: of eating spaces, 76–78, 79–80, 81, 82–83, 84–85, 87, 90–91, 92–94; and hygienic spaces, 104; k = n − 1 formula in, 148–49n4; and remont, 40–41, 47; of sleeping spaces and furniture, 17, 48–49, 50–51, 52–53, 55–60, 66–68, 72–73; of social spaces, 57, 113, 118, 119–21, 124, 126; of Soviet rooms and furniture, 13–16
- furniture: convertible, 57, 60, 65, 66–67, 120–21; for eating-related spaces, 74, 75–79, 81–82, 83, 85, 89–93, 119, 120; in post-Soviet kitchen remodeling, 90–93; for sleep-related spaces, 55–57, 58–60, 65, 66–67; standards for, 12, 13, 15, 78, 90
- Fürst, Juliane, 5–6
- gatherings, social, 79–82, 91–92, 119, 120–22, 124–25
- gender, 22
- generations, familial: in need for multiple sanitary blocks, 102–3; sleeping space for, 52, 63, 65, 66, 68–69, 72–73, 146–47n50; social space for, 123
- gentrification, 61
- geographies, 18–22
- Gerasimova, Ekaterina, 29
- German Democratic Republic, 114
- glasnost, 2
- Goffman, Erving, 4
- Golubev, Alexey, 122–24
- Gorbachev, Mikhail, 2–3
- Gosstroi (State Committee of Construction), 40, 43, 53, 56, 84–85, 103, 116–17
- GOST (Soviet technical standards), 62, 90
- Great Britain, postwar, 118
- Guattari, Felix, 11
- habitus (social dispositions), 3, 29, 30, 44, 45, 47
- hallways, 18, 90–91, 120, 123, 124
- Harris, Steven, 41
- hierarchies, 95, 129
- history, everyday, 9–12
- Home Academy Volume I, 32
- homelessness, 29, 124
- Housing Code of the Russian Federative SSR, 52
- Housing Maintenance Offices (ZhEK), 31, 35, 115–16
- housing stock, 6–7, 12, 18, 88, 115–16, 148n3
- Houzz domestic design portal, 119
- Hungary, 88
- hygiene, spaces for: in architectural fantasies and reality, 100–104; combined and separate, 98–104, 107, 110–11, 154n17; late-Soviet, in images, 96–97; in post-Soviet architecture, 104–7; post-Soviet remont of, 107–12; as social spaces, 119–20. See also bathrooms; sanitary blocks
- hysteresis (discrepancy in social dispositions), 3
- Idei vashego doma post-Soviet media outlet, 24, 33, 64, 65, 91
- identity, post-Soviet, 1, 3, 4–5, 25–27, 47, 126–27, 129–31
- Iiul’skii dozhd’ (July rain, 1966), 79–80
- Ilič, Melanie, 136–37n64
- imports, 4, 37, 43, 66–67, 85, 97–98. See also evroremont (Euro-remodeling)
- improved plan apartments, 41–42, 82–83, 84, 91
- income, 36–37, 49–50, 61, 67–68
- inequality, economic, 66–67, 68
- infrastructure, 12–13, 29–30, 105, 122–24, 127
- interior design/designers, 1, 5, 19, 31–34, 43–44, 85. See also services, remodeling and construction
- Invisible Revolution, 11
- Irony of Fate, The (Ironiia sud’by, 1975), 42–43, 96
- Jordan, Jennifer, 82
- Kabakov, Ilia and Emilia: The Toilet, 97
- Khrushchev, Nikita, 3, 4, 55, 113
- khrushchevka apartments: demand for remont of, 41–43; eating-related spaces in, 41–42, 76–77; replanning of, 62–66, 126; Russian invasion of Ukraine in destruction of, 131–32; size of, 41–42, 55–56, 82–83; sleeping spaces in, 50–51, 55–57, 62–66; social spaces in, 126
- Kitchen Debate, 1959, 78–79
- kitchens: in late-Soviet homes, 79–83; in politics, 17, 79, 81, 94, 119; post-Soviet, 83–94; size of, 41–42, 79, 91–92, 94; as social spaces, 82, 119; space from, for sanitary blocks, 102; as utilitarian workspace, 76; washing machines in, 108–9. See also eating spaces; food
- k = n − 1 formula, 51–53, 55–56, 60–61, 75–76, 148–49n4
- Knauf Gips, 36, 62
- Krasivye kvartiry (Beautiful apartments) magazine, 33
- Kvartirnyi vopros (Apartment question), 19, 24
- Kyiv, Ukraine, 18, 20, 22, 37
- labor: domestic, and kitchens, 76–77, 149n14; ethnic stereotyping of, 129; gendered, 23–24; in the rise of the bedroom, 62; supply and demand in availability of, 28–29, 30, 34–38, 105–7
- layout, spatial: of eating spaces, 74–75, 76–77, 78, 84–85, 86–89; of hygienic spaces, 100–101; in media on remodeling, 33–34; remont in, 47; of sleeping space, 48–49, 55–57, 59, 62, 67–73; of social space, 115, 120–21; standardization of, 12–15. See also evroremont (Euro-remodeling); replanning (pereplanirovka)
- Lefebvre, Henri: Rhythmanalysis, 72
- Leinarte, Dalia, 136–37n64
- Lenin, Vladimir, 51–53
- liberalization, economic, 2–3, 85
- living conditions. See conditions of housing and living
- living rooms/spaces: and eating spaces, 74, 80–81, 87, 88–92, 93–94; floor space for, in demand for remont, 41–42; post-Soviet emergence of, 125–26; and sleeping space, 55–56, 64–65, 66, 69, 70–71; as social space, 118, 120, 121–22
- Lviv, Ukraine, 12, 18, 20, 21
- magazines, 19, 31–32, 33. See also under magazine title
- maintenance, 29, 30, 33–34, 40, 95, 98–99
- Mason, Peter, 9–10
- mass housing: in the Baltic Soviet republics, 19; eating-related spaces in, 76–77; as modern, 16; remont as habitus in, 29; sleeping spaces in, 50–51, 55, 57; social findings in, 126–27; social spaces in, 121–23; standardization in, 13–14. See also khrushchevka apartments
- materiality, 8–9, 66–67
- materials, construction: in popular sources, 31–32; in post-Soviet style and evroremont, 130; in the rise of the bedroom, 61–62; supply and demand in remont, 35–36, 38, 43–44
- media: food-related spaces in, 93; hygiene-related spaces in, 96–98; remont in, 31–34; replanning in, 64; as sources, 23–24
- memorabilia, 81
- Merzhanov, Boris, 57, 100–102, 120
- mobility: of labor, 30, 35–37; residential, 63, 129–30; social, 42
- Moch, Leslie Page: Broad Is My Native Land, 35
- models, spatial, 25–26, 83–84
- Modernism, 12, 76–78, 79–80, 89, 113, 118, 122–23
- modernization: architectural competitions in, 56, 58–59; in post-Soviet discourses of normalcy, 5–6; in post-Soviet kitchen remodeling, 89; and remont, 31, 41; replanning for social space as, 126; and social spaces, 113, 114
- Moldovans, 129
- mortgage markets, 128
- Moscow, 20, 22, 27–28, 94, 124
- Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears (Moskva slezam ne verit, 1981) film, 42–43, 96
- Moscow Scientific-Research and Project Institute of Typology and Experimental Design (MNIITEP), 43–44
- Moskoff, William, 40
- multi/mono-functionality: of eating spaces, 78, 82–83, 84–85, 90–91, 92–94; of furniture in Soviet architecture, 13–15; k = n − 1 formula in, 148–49n4; of sleeping spaces and furniture, 8, 48–49, 50–51, 52–53, 55–57, 58–60, 65, 66, 67–68; of social spaces, 56, 58, 60, 118, 119–21. See also functionality
- Narkomfin apartment building, 149n5
- Nasha Rasha (Our Russia) television show, 129
- neoliberalism, 29–30
- New byt apartment buildings, 102
- noise of remodeling, 46–47
- normalcy, post-Soviet, 5–6, 26
- norms: in acceptable sound levels, 46–47; in apartment size, 51, 53, 55, 104–5; in communal bathrooms, 96; formal changes to, in remont, 34–35; GOST, 62, 90; in kitchen design, 78, 84–85; and sanitary blocks, 79–80, 99–100, 104–5; SNiP, 24, 53–54, 62, 78, 114–15; social, in the rise of the bedroom, 67
- nostalgia, 5–6
- nouveau riche, 43–44, 61, 98
- numbers. See floor area
- Ob individualnoi trudovoi deiatel’nosti (About individual labor activity) law, 34–35
- objects, material, 5, 66–67, 129–30
- 1-447 apartment series, 62, 87
- open apartment plans, 33, 63–64, 67, 86–89, 118, 125–26
- Operatsiia Y i drugie prikliucheniia Shurika (Operation Y and Shurik’s other adventures, 1965), 60
- organization, spatial. See layout, spatial
- ownership/homeowners, 10, 20, 22, 46–47, 105, 115–17, 129, 136n51. See also privatization
- P-44 apartment housing series, 33, 104–5
- panel apartments, 33, 57, 100, 102, 116–17
- panels, prefabricated, 12, 84–85
- Papernyi, Vladimir: Kul’tura Dva, 52–53
- parking, 122–23
- partitions/partition walls: in combining sanitary blocks, 110–11; demand for, 38–39; in domestic practices, 15–16; in kitchen remodeling, 86–87, 88–89; in popular sources on remont, 32–33, 38; and sleeping spaces, 48–49, 61–62; and social spaces, 115, 116–17, 125–26. See also drywall
- Patico, Jennifer, 25–26
- People’s Commissariat of Healthcare, 51
- pereplanirovka (replanning). See replanning (pereplanirovka)
- perestroika, 2–3, 5–6, 9, 72, 83–84, 97–98, 126–27
- politics: in everyday history, 9–12; of housing, in sleeping space, 48–49; kitchens in, 17, 79, 81, 94, 119; of perestroika, 2; post-Soviet, 5; in remont, 29–30; social spaces in, 117
- popular culture, 26, 42–43
- practices: domestic, 8–9, 13, 15–16, 44–47; food-related, 17, 74–75, 76–77, 79–94; social, 30, 44–47, 123 (See also socializing, spaces for); spatial, 8–9, 30, 88, 118, 135n43 (See also eating spaces; hygiene, spaces for; sleeping spaces; socializing, spaces for)
- prefabricated housing: combined and separate sanitary blocks in, 154n17; eating spaces in, 78, 82–83, 84–85, 94; hygiene spaces in, 99, 100, 102, 104–5, 106–8, 110–11, 112
- “Prevention and Elimination of Noise” (1969 Soviet law on sanitary norms), 46–47
- privacy/private spaces: and eating spaces, 87, 90; hygienic, 97–98; in remodeling, 16, 28–29; semiprivate, 117–18, 122–25; sleeping space, 17, 48, 65–66, 67–73; social, 117–18, 119, 120, 122–25, 127
- private property, 29, 60–61, 124, 136n51
- privatization: of housing, 20, 22, 29, 34, 60–61, 114, 115–16, 118; of labor, in remont, 34–38. See also ownership/homeowners
- Rabotnitsa magazine, 23–24, 31–32, 33, 72, 80–81, 84, 88
- real estate market, 105–7, 115–16, 128–29
- refrigerators, 78–79, 91, 151n55
- refugees, 36–37
- regulations: construction, 23, 24, 84–86, 114–15; for furniture, 90; GOST, 62, 90; Sanitary Norms and Regulations (SNiP), 24, 53–54, 62, 78, 114–15; Soviet housing, 51, 102–3. See also standards/standardization
- remont: comedic representations of, 30, 140n13; definition and evolution of, 27–30; demand for, 30, 38–44, 47; as domestic and social practice, 44–47; in popular sources, 31–34; post-Soviet, of bathrooms, 107–12; supply and experience of labor in, 34–38
- replanning (pereplanirovka): and combined sanitary blocks, 109–11; defined, 62; demand for construction and design services for, 43–44; in domestic remodeling, 1; and food-related spaces, 74–75, 83–84, 88–90; in popular media, 33–34; and sleeping spaces, 48, 62–66, 67–68, 70–71; and social space, 125–26; state absence in, 115–17; urban legends of, 116. See also layout, spatial
- representational spaces, 68, 95–96, 111–12
- Residential Maintenance Offices (ZhEK). See Housing Maintenance Offices (ZhEK)
- resistance: everyday, 8, 9–10, 25; popular, to urban housing projects, 20–21, 22
- respectability, 36–37, 111–12, 129–30
- restrooms, public, 97–98
- revenue houses, 49–50
- ritual: domestic, 15–16; hygienic, 119–20; remodeling as, 128
- routines: collapse of the USSR in changes to, 8–9; domestic, 15–16, 67–73. See also byt
- Rudolf, Nicole, 11
- Russian Federation, 5, 20, 22, 40–41, 129
- Saint Petersburg, 12, 49–50
- sanitary blocks: in architectural fantasies and reality, 100–104; combined and separate, 95, 98–105, 107, 110–11, 154n17; and post-Soviet architects, 104–7; post-Soviet remont of, 107–12; visibility of, 95–98. See also hygiene, spaces for
- Sanitary Norms and Regulations (SNiP), 24, 53–54, 62, 78, 114–15
- scale of change, everyday, 9–12
- semiprivate spaces. See privacy/private spaces
- services, remodeling and construction, 1, 16–17, 28–29, 34–37, 43–44, 130. See also interior design/designers
- shabashniki (private construction workers), 34–37. See also labor
- shame, 69, 147n66
- Sherbakov, Vladimir, 36
- Shevchenko, Olga, 129
- shortages: consumer and industrial, 2–3, 28–29, 83–84, 85, 129–30; housing, 24, 40, 50. See also supply/supply chains
- Siegelbaum, Lewis H.: Broad Is My Native Land, 35
- single-family home construction, GDR, 114
- sleeping spaces: in the twentieth century, 48–51; in apartment transformations, 8; in Khrushchev-era apartments, 41; post- Soviet changes in, 67–73; in post-Soviet kitchen remodeling, 90–91; privacy in, 17; rise of bedrooms, 60–67; as social spaces, 119; transformation of, 17; in urban realities, 48. See also practices: domestic
- socialism: and housing infrastructure, 29–30; in narratives of the collapse of the USSR, 9–10; nostalgia for, 5–6; and sleeping space, 66–67, 69–71, 72–73
- socializing, spaces for: courtyards as, 122–23; eating-related spaces as, 17, 74–75, 79–83, 118–19; in everyday history and scale, 10–11; in functional interiors, 113; hallways in, 18, 120, 123, 124; in the home, 117–22, 125–26; multifunctionality of, 56, 57, 60, 118, 119–21; in post-Soviet kitchen remodeling, 90–91; post-Soviet replanning in, 125–26; semi- private spaces as, 122–25; sleeping spaces as, 8, 57, 66, 68; in Soviet identity, 126–27; and state absence, 114–17; in tracking shifts in social life, 18. See also entertainment; practices: domestic
- soft corners, 90–91
- sounds/sonic impact of remont, 46–47
- sources, 19, 23–25, 30, 31–34
- sovok, 4
- stairwells, 123–24, 125
- standards/standardization: of apartment blocks and series, 12, 13–14, 18–19, 84, 152n58; of everyday life, 25; of furniture, 12, 13, 15, 78, 90; GOST (Soviet technical standards), 62, 90; of hygiene-related spaces, 97–98, 99–100, 111–12; in remont, 28–29, 30, 31, 35, 37–38, 40–41, 45; Sanitary Norms and Regulations (SNiP), 24, 53–54, 62, 78, 114–15; Soviet, 12–15, 52–53, 62, 90; Western and European, 1, 5, 37–38, 105–7. See also regulations
- State Committee of Construction. See Gosstroi (State Committee of Construction)
- state control, absence of, 114–17
- status, socioeconomic, 1, 66–67, 98, 111–12, 129
- Stea, David, 67
- Stepanishev, V., 151n55
- stereotyping, ethnic, 129
- Stieber, Nancy, 10–11
- stucco, dry, 61–62. See also drywall
- style: in post-Soviet identity, 129–31; Western, 37
- supply/supply chains: and eating spaces, 83–84, 85; economic reform in, 2–3; in remont, 28–29, 30, 34–38, 40; and sleeping spaces, 50, 57; in style, 129–30
- tables, 74, 75–79, 81–82, 83, 89–90, 91–93, 119, 120
- Tajiks, 129
- Tbilisi, 20
- Technical Inventory, Bureau of (BTI), 12, 115–16
- technology, 36, 78–80
- television, 19, 33–34, 42–43, 81, 107, 121–22, 129
- Thaw, The (Khrushchev), 3
- Time of the Great Housewarming, The, 57
- Tlostanova, Madina, 3
- toilets/toilet rooms, 95–100, 102–4, 109–11. See also hygiene, spaces for; sanitary blocks
- trade/trade policy, 2–3, 38
- “transition” principle, 45–46
- trends: kitchen culture as, 17, 81; kitchen furniture as, 90; labor migration in, 35–36; in popular sources, 33–34, 95; remodeling as, 1; in sanitary blocks, 95, 105–7
- Trifonov, Yuri: “Exchange,” 50–51, 57
- “Tsena remonta” (Rabonitsa magazine), 31
- walk-through rooms: in daily personal rhythms, 68, 69, 72–73; in domestic practices, 16; multifunctionality of, 56, 57, 67–68; in post-Soviet kitchen remodeling, 90–91; and the rise of the bedroom, 62, 63, 65–66; as social space, 120, 121
- walls. See partitions/partition walls
- washing machines, 107–11
- water heaters, 99
- Westernness/the West, 4–5, 29, 35–36, 37, 97–98, 105–7, 111–12
- Window to Paris (Okno v Parizh), 4
- women: and the domestic sphere, 23–24, 28–29, 31; kitchen technology and liberation of, 79; Soviet, in Rabonitsa magazine, 31; Soviet rhetoric on liberation of, 107–8
- workspace: kitchens as, 76; and private sleeping space, 69
- Wright, Gwendolyn, 12–13