Index
Page numbers in italics refer to photographs.
Ad Hoc Coalition, 92
Ad Hoc Committee of Concerned Negro Autoworkers, 106
AFL-CIO, 50, 51, 52, 54, 197, 222
African Americans. See Blacks
AFSCME, 197
Alexander, Gabriel, 213
Alinsky, Saul, 93
Algiers Motel Incident, 83
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 44, 131 145, 195, 227–28
American Federation of Teachers, 111
Anderson, Reed, 79
Anti-Communism, 14, 15, 123, 173, 189, 214. See also Communism and Communist party
Anti-poverty programs. See War on Poverty
Anti-STRESS activism, 90, 92, 93, 94, 94, 98, 99, 146, 149–50
Anti-STRESS suit (1972), 145–46
Armstrong, John W., 74
Ashlock, Erwin, 114
Atlanta, 123, 149, 205, 219, 263n. 104
Austin, Richard, 79–81, 83, 194, 195, 198
Auto industry: and absenteeism, 68; biracial shop-floor dissent in, 182–84, 186, 188–91, 193; black employment in, 12, 18–20, 49–50, 58–70, 103–27, 140–44, 162, 235n. 27; black stewards and managers in, 162, 168; blacks’ attitudes toward white autoworkers, 112–13, 115, 117, 167, 169, 182–84; and civil rights movement, 22–24, 48, 49, 51, 52, 56–58, 67, 123, 124; closing of plants in, 207, 215, 218; and economic problems of 1973–1980, 211–16; female employees in, 69, 106–7, 109–10, 113, 168–69, 175, 200; firings in, 1, 109–10, 114, 179, 190, 200, 212–14; foremen abuses in, 60, 62–65, 66, 68–70, 104, 106, 124–25, 142, 185; foremen-autoworkers relationship, 60–62; grievance procedure in, 64–65, 67, 68, 105, 107, 111, 200, 212–13; inspections of workplace, 174, 175, 189–90; labor-relations personnel in, 62; lawsuit against Chrysler and UAW by workers, 212–14; layoffs in, 207–8, 215, 216, 218; in postwar period generally, 6–7; racial discrimination in, 18–19, 22–24, 49–50, 62–63, 66–67, 105–6, 111–14, 118, 124, 140–44, 167, 168, 185, 224–25, 228; rebellion against foremen in, 68–69; and RUMs, 109–24, 159–74, 176, 179–82, 185, 188, 213, 221, 257–58n.106, 269n.147; safety hazards, injuries, and deaths in, 59–60, 63–65, 67, 103, 106–7, 113, 140–41, 167, 170, 174–75, 181, 188, 189–90, 199–200; sales and earnings in, 174; security force in, no; shop-floor violence in, 69, 70, 104, 106, 108, 114, 118–19, 140, 182, 200; speed-up and forced overtime in, 59, 64, 67, 109, 117, 174, 184–85, 188, 200, 255n.34; wages and employee benefits in, 65–66, 103, 108, 125, 214–15; white conservatives in, 116–18; and white revolutionary groups, 114–16, 256n.73; white workers’ dissatisfaction with, 63–64, 67–68; white workers hired by, 18–19; wildcat strikes and work stoppages in, 19, 109–10, 113–14, 118, 140, 141, 159, 170, 180, 183, 185–91, 186, 199–203, 212–13, 257n.94; and workman’s compensation, 159, 175, 176–80, 184, 192, 226–28, 267–68n.112. See also United Automobile Workers (UAW)
Bailey, Deborah, 79
Bailey, F. Lee, 130
Baker, General, 109, 110, 112, 114, 161, 165, 170, 172
Baker, Josephine, 16
Baltimore, Joseph, 175
Bar Association (Detroit), 154
Barbour, Al, 54
Barone, Margaret, 260n.29
Barrow, Tom, 273n.73
Barrow, Mattie, 41
Barry, Marion, 276n.6
Battle, Robert III, 49, 50, 54, 56, 66, 106
Bauman, John, 264n. 128
Beck, Mary V., 42, 56, 80, 81, 101
BEDC. See Black Economic Development Conference (BEDC)
Behan, Thomas, 150
Bernard, Diane, 171
Bethune, Marcus Clyde, 147–49, 152, 263n.104
Biracial groups, 68, 73–75, 93, 108, 180–81, 222. See also specific groups, such as United National Caucus (UNC)
Bivens, Lena, 74
Black churches, 20, 84–85, 235n.27
Black Consciousness, 132
Black Consciousness Library, 172
Black Economic Development Conference (BEDC), 88–90, 89, 97, 110
Black Guardians of Michigan, 94
Black manhood, 168, 170–72, 170n.70
Black Messiah (Cleage), 85
Black middle class: and black nationalism/radicalism, 44–45, 83, 84; and mayoral candidates, 79–81, 83, 193–94, 196–99; in 1980s-1990s, 5, 6, 217–20; and War on Poverty, 32–36; and white liberals, 5, 6, 33, 35–37, 44–46, 50, 233n.6. See also Blacks
Black nationalism/radicalism: and black theology, 84–85, 88–90; and Johnson murder trial, 141–42; and Johnson murders, 126; and middle class blacks, 44–45, 83, 84; and New Bethel Two trial, 132; rhetoric of RUMs, 168–69; and RUMs in auto plants, 108–24, 126, 141–42, 159–74, 176, 179–82, 185, 188, 213, 221, 251n.69, 257–58n.106, 269n.147; and schools, 85–88; and sexism, 168–69, 171–72; and United National Caucus (UNC), 181–82; and white conservatives, 97–98, 116–18, 155; and white liberalism, 45, 72–73, 81, 82–83, 86–88, 90, 101, 156–58; and white revolutionaries, 90, 93–95, 115–18; and urban rebellion, 47; and women’s involvement in, 90, 91, 171–73. See also specific groups, such as League of Revolutionary Black Workers
Black Panthers, 90, 98, 155, 171, 252n.111
Black Polish Conference, 73, 107
“Black Rage” defense, 261n.36
Black Shop Stewards Committee, 113
Black Star Bookstores, 172
Black Star Press, 83
Black Star Printing, 172
Black Star Productions, 83, 172
Black Student United Front (BSUF), 87–88, 108, 110
Black Voice, 203
Blacks: attitudes of, toward whites, 112–13, 115, 117, 130, 148–49, 167, 169, 182–84; class divisions among, 20; and Communist party, 31; and crime, 40, 41–42; dissatisfaction of, with Cavanagh administration, 35–36, 44, 45; as elected officials and political candidates, 31, 35, 72, 79–81, 83, 130, 154, 193–99, 203, 211, 219–20, 233n.6, 276n.6; employment opportunities for generally, 37; health statistics on, 16; housing for, 15–18, 20, 24–25, 34; income of, 28, 34, 48, 103, 125, 207; and Johnson murders, 126–27, 156, 157; and judicial system, 155–57, 193; and jury selection, 80, 132, 134–35, 136, 150, 153, 156, 260n.29; and labor activism, 109–14; liberalism of, in 1980s–1990s, 219–21; lynching of, 10, 71, 139, 140, 234n.7; northern migration of, 10–11, 12, 16, 18, 19–20; as police, 22, 38, 94, 204; police brutality against, 21–22, 38–41, 46–47. 75–79, 82, 83, 91–94, 97, 134, 148–50, 154–56, 161, 195–96, 204, 211, 272n.67; population of, in Detroit, 16, 31, 38, 206, 209; population of, in U.S., 12; poverty of, 33, 34, 45; reparation for injustice to, 128, 158, 178; as small business owners, 16; statistics on, 12, 16, 37, 38; as teachers, 85–86, 217; in UAW, 15, 16, 24, 36–37, 49–50, 58, 118, 122, 162, 173; in UAW leadership positions, 15, 16, 24, 49–50, 55, 66, 105, 109, 111–12, 119, 121, 162, 168, 221–22, 257–58n.106; unemployment of, 37, 53, 56, 105, 182, 208, 218; violence against, 10, 11, 15–17, 46–47, 56–57, 71, 75–79, 82, 83, 88, 91–94, 97, 226, 234n.7; violence by, 1–2, 46, 106, 126, 148–49, 182, 234n.7; and War on Poverty, 32–36; at Wayne State University, 82, 84, 109, 147; and welfare program, 37, 203, 207; whites’ attitudes toward, 22, 38–43, 46–47, 72., 79–81, 104, 112–14, 148, 167. See also Auto industry; Education; Integration; Johnson, James, Jr.; Race riots/rebellion; Racial discrimination; Segregation; Young, Coleman Alexander; and headings beginning with Black
Block clubs, 73
Bluestone, Irving, 55, 56, 119, 120, 160, 201
Bonds, Bill, 203
Borman, Paul M., 74
Bowen, William, 140
Boyd, Herb, 221
Boyd, John Percy, 147–49, 152, 262n.93, 263n.104
Boyd, Melba, 150
Boyd, Virgil E., 74
Boyle, Kevin, 234n.9
Brady, Allan J., 238n.81
Brawner v. United States, 261n.36
Breakfast program, 90, 252n.111
Brezell, Mr. and Mrs. George, 39
Britton, D., 69
Bromwell, Herbert, 195
Brooks, Charlie, 161
Brooks, Harvey, 188
Brooks, T., 60
Brooks, Thomas, 221
Brooks, Willie, 106
Brown, David, 72
Brown, Hayward, 147–58, 153, 211
Brown, Matthew, 67
Brown, Nadine, 90
Brown, Wallace H., 57
Brown v. the Board of Education, 21, 25, 36
Browne, Ernest, 273n.73
Browner, T., 63
Bruce, E., 121
BSUF. See Black Student United Front (BSUF)
Building Service Employees International union, 111
Bukowczyk, John, 234n.9
Burke, Rufus, 172
CADRUM, 110
Cahalan, William, 145, 150, 152–53
Cannon, Rev. Leroy, 148
CAP, 32
Carey, Ed, 74
Carmichael, Stokely, 72, 85, 98, 170
Carrol, Amy, 253n.113
Carron, Rev. Malcolm, 74
Carter, Jimmy, 215
Carter v. General Motors, 176, 261n.36, 267–68n.112
Caruso, Pat, 121
Casper, Jack, 55
Castro, Fidel, 109
Catholic Workers Movement, 92
Cavanagh, Jerome: and Austin’s defeat for mayor, 81; black and progressive white supporters of, 30–31, 50, 54; blacks’ dissatisfaction with, 35–36, 44, 45; and civil rights movement, 30–31, 56–57, 157–58, 195; and employment opportunities, 105; and Kerner Commission, 157–58; and mayoral election of 1961, 30–31, 50, 54; and Mayor’s Development Team, 73; and NAACP, 45; photograph of, 30; and Police Department, 37–44, 77; and race rebellion of 1967, 46, 72–73; recall campaign against, 42, 56; and reparation for injustice, 158; and UAW, 42, 49, 55–57; and War on Poverty, 32–36, 55, 242n.86; white conservatives’ criticisms of, 41–42, 56
CCR. See Commission on Community Relations (CCR)
Central High School, 88
Challenge, 115
Chiciuk, E., 65
Children. See Education
Children’s breakfast program, 90, 252n.111
Childress, Herbert, 82
Christianity. See Churches
Christiniois, Tina, 260n.29
Chrysler Corporation: black management in auto plants, 162, 168; closing of Jefferson Avenue plant by, 207, 218; financial problems of, 215; firings by, 68–69, no, 212–13; foremen abuses in, 60, 62–63, 65, 66, 68–70; and foremen-to-workers ratio, 61–62; grievances filed against, 64–65, 107; hiring of blacks by, 58–59, 105; James Johnson murders of employees of, 1–2, 126–28, 156, 159, 177, 179, 227; James Johnson’s employment by, 103–4, 113, 124–26, 140–44; James Johnson’s suspension by, 125–26, 142, 177; James Johnson’s workman’s compensation case against, 159, 176–80, 184, 192, 226–28; labor-relations personnel in, 62; lawsuit against, by workers, 212–14; layoffs by, 216, 218; and New Detroit Committee, 73; racial discrimination by, 62–63, 105, 140–44, 176, 224–25, 228; Reuther and labor agreement with, 65; and RUMs, 109–19, 170; safety hazards, injuries, and deaths in auto plants, 59–60, 64–65, 67, 69–70, 106–7, 113, 140–44, 174–75, 118, 189–90, 245n.52; shop-floor violence in auto plants, 106, 118–19; speed-up and forced overtime in, 59, 174, 188; and UAW contract (1964), 65–66; and UAW contract (1973), 211, 212; and UAW contracts from 1979–1982, 214–15; and United National Caucus (UNC) offshoot groups, 108; and wages and benefits for employees, 65–66, 214–15; wildcat strikes and walkouts against, 109–10, 113–14, 118, 170, 185–91, 186, 199–203, 212–13; workforce statistics of, 218; and Young administration, 208. See also Auto industry
Chrysler Loan Guarantee Act, 215
Churches, 20, 33, 84–85, 88–90, 235n.27
Cisler, Walker L., 74
Citizen Complaint Bureau (CCB), 25, 43
Citizen Injury Board, 92
Citizens Development Authority, 56
Civil Rights Commission, 39, 44
Civil rights movement: and auto industry/UAW, 22–24, 48, 49, 51 52, 56–58, 67, 123, 124, 166; and black dissatisfaction with Cavanagh administration, 35–36, 45; and Black Economic Development Conference (BEDC), 88–90; Cavanagh’s support of, 30–31, 56–57, 157–58, 195; and education, 20–21; and housing, 20; King’s leadership in, 7, 8, 57, 58; Kresge Department Store demonstration, 23; March on Washington (1963), 56; murder of Medger Evers, 56–57; in 1940s, 20, 22; in 1950s, 20–27; and police brutality, 21–22, 75–78; restaurant sit-ins, 21, 25; white conservatives’ opposition to, 57; white involvement in, 25, 26–27; Woodward Avenue march in Detroit, 57, 58. See also NAACP; Student activism
Cleage, Rev. Albert, 84–85, 90
Cleveland, Clyde, 21
Clore, Dorothy, 150
Clore, John, 150
Cobo, Albert, 14, 17, 18, 24, 25, 29
Cobo II incident, 97
Cockrel, Kenneth: and anti-STRESS activism, 150; and anti-STRESS suit (1972), 145, 146; on black politics, 158; and Hayward Brown assault and murder trials, 150–55, 158; as City Council member, 211; contempt charge against, 130–32; and Nathaniel Johnson assault trial, 145; and Johnson murder trial, 135–44, 176; and League of Revolutionary Black Workers, 112, 119, 129, 144, 172–73; Marxist politics of, 129, 144, 211; as mayoral candidate, 193–94; and New Bethel trials, 129–35, 156–57; photograph of, 131; UAW surveillance of, 119; white conservatives on, 154–55; and Young administration, 211
Cockrel, Sheila Murphy, 92, 221–22
Cole, Nat King, 16
Collins, Dallas, 82
Colombo, Robert, 136, 140, 143, 159, 260–61n.30
Commission on Community Relations (CCR): and Cavanagh, 30–31; and crime, 40; and housing, 17, 36; and income of whites versus nonwhites, 34; and New Bethel incident, 76–77, 94; and New Bethel trials, 135–36; and police, 43, 82, 149, 197, 243n.89; and schools, 88; and STRESS program, 82, 94
Communism and Communist party, 13–15, 19, 31, 82, 92–93, 98, 115, 119–23, 183, 189, 214, 249n.24
Community Action Program (CAP), 32
Concerned Eldon Avenue Employees, 167
Concerned Members for Better Unionism, 68
Concerned Officers for Equal Justice, 38
Conley, John J., 177, 178, 180
Conservative whites. See White conservatives
Cooley High School, 78–79, 85, 86, 97
Cooper, Melvin, 126
CORE, 44
Corsetti, Leonard, 150
Coughlin, Father Charles, 236n.31
Court cases. See Trials
Cowans, James Lee, 63
Crime, 40, 41–42, 80, 81–82, 154, 197–98, 199. See also Murders; Trials
Crockett, George, Jr., 22–23, 45? 76, 77? 150, 154–57, 222, 249n.24
Cuba, 109
Cunningham, Gene, 115
Cunningham, Father William, 73
Curtis Aircraft, 19
Darden, Joseph, 234n.9
Darrow, Clarence, 7
Davis, David, 99
Day, William M., 74
Deaths and injuries: in auto plants, 59–60, 63, 64–65, 67, 103, 106–7, 113, 140–41, 170, 174–75, 188, 199–200; citizen/suspect deaths caused by police, 82, 91–92, 93, 145, 148, 149, 150–52, 155, 204, 211, 263n.104, 272n.67; Johnson murders of Chrysler employees, 1–2, 126, 128, 156, 159, 177, 179, 227; lynchings, 10, 71, 139, 140, 234n.7; murders, 1–2, 7, 56–57, 114, 126, 128, 156, 159, 177, 179, 198; of police, 76, 129, 133, 148–49, 152, 156
DeMascio, Robert E., 135
Democratic Caucus, 108
Democratic party, 50, 195, 196, 197, 220
Dennis, Sam J., 77
Desegregation. See Integration; Segregation
Despot, Steve, 203
Detroit: blacks’ migration to, 10–11, 12, 16, 19–20; economic problems of, in 1970s–1980s, 206–9, 211–18; Great Depression in, 13, 47, 207; overview of complex political and racial alliances in, 2–4, 7; racial and ethnic population of, 12–13, 16, 28, 31, 38, 206, 209, 236n.29; scholarship on history of, 234n.9; significance of, 6–8; suburbanization in, 26, 207, 209; white flight from, 4–7, 18, 26, 199, 206–7, 209, 218–19. See also Auto industry; Blacks; Civil rights movement; Police Department (DPD); Racial discrimination; United Automobile Workers (UAW); Mayoral election headings; and specific mayors
Detroit Police Department (DPD). See Police Department (DPD)
DeVito, Paul, 200
Dillard, Angela, 251n.77
Dinges, Amy, 95
Discrimination. See Racial discrimination; Segregation
Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement (DRUM), 103, 109–14
Dooley, Robert, 148–49, 152, 156
Dore, H., 63
Dorosh, Walter, 120
Douglas, Grover, 163
DPD. See Police Department (DPD)
DPOA. See Police Officers Association (DPOA)
Drachler, Norman, 86
DRUM, 103, 109–14, 116–22, 124, 130, 160–66, 168, 170, 179, 185, 221
Duberry, Dorothy, 171
Dulin, Joe, 90
Durham v. United States, 261n.36
Duval, Harry, 99
Economic Opportunity Act (EOA) (1964), 32
Edsall, Thomas and Mary, 233n.4
Education: and black nationalism/radicalism, 85–88; Black Plan for, 86–87; black student protests in schools, 86, 87–88; black teachers, staff, and administrators in, 85–86, 217; boycott of schools by students, 97; decentralization plan for, by School Board, 86, 87, 95, 96–97; and “Declaration of Black Teachers,” 85–86; integration of schools, 20–21, 25, 34, 36, 87, 95, 96–97, 100, 101; and mandated busing, 95; and NAACP, 20–21; overcrowding in Detroit schools, 18; and Parents and Students for Community Control (PASCC), 86–88, 95; police brutality in schools, 78–79; preschool education, 32, 33; recall of liberal members of School Board, 97, 101; segregation of schools, 18, 20–21, 36, 45, 241n.48; and War on Poverty, 32; and white conservatives, 95–97, 96; white teachers and school administrators, 241n.48; whites’ harassment of and violence against black students, 35, 78–79, 83, 88, 95, 97
Edwards, George, 14, 25, 38, 39, 40
Edwards, James, 113, 119, 265n.41
Edwards, Nelson “Jack,” 54, 55, 121
Eichrecht, W., 59
Elections. See Mayoral election headings
ELRUM, no, 113–14, 117, 119, 122, 124, 126, 141, 166–70, 179, 185, 265n.41
Emotional disturbance. See Mental illness
Employment: of blacks versus whites, 37; and Cavanagh administration, 105; racial discrimination in generally, 21, 37. See also Auto industry; Unemployment
Employment Service, U.S., 19
Engels, Friedrich, 189
England, C., 60
Engle, Tilden, 182
Engleberg, Morton, 34
EOA (1964), 32
Equal Opportunity Commission, 56
Evans, Robert, 214
FAA, 61
Fair Employment Practices Act, 21
Fair Employment Practices Commission, 22, 62
Fair Housing Ordinance, 203
Fanon, Frantz, 82
Faulkner, Thomasyne, 35
Federation for Self-determination, 75
Fennicks, Horrace, 82
Finally Got the News, 83, 251n.69
Fisher, Max M., 74
Fitzgerald, Clemens H., 139–41, 176, 177, 227, 261n.46
Focus Hope, 73
Foley, Thomas, 148
Ford, Pauline, 42
Ford Motor Company, 58, 61, 126, 215, 216, 258n.106. See also Auto industry
Foremen abuses in auto industry, 60, 62–66, 68–70, 104, 106, 124–25, 142, 185
Foremen’s Association of America (FAA), 61
Forge, Rushie, 106
Forrer, Gorden, 176–77, 226, 227
Foster, Henry, 10, 139, 234n.7
Franklin, Rev. C. L., 58 Fraser, Douglas: and DRUM, 121; and Sims, Taylor, and Holsey, 180; and Miriani mayoral campaign, 54; and RUMs, 121, 268n.141; and United National Caucus (UNC), 183; and War on Poverty, 56; and wildcat strikes, 187, 189–90, 201; and Workers’ Action Movement (WAM), 203
Fraser, Father Jerome, 73
Freeman, Lorenzo, 74
French, Elma N., 42
Friedlander, Peter, 236n.29
Fuller, Clarence, 129, 132–35, 133
Galligan, Owen, 133
Galligan, William, 136
Gallo, H., 60
Gender issues. See Sexism
General Motors, 19, 63, 119, 123, 126–27, 208, 215, 216, 218. See also Auto industry
Georgakas, Dan, 184, 185, 229, 234n.9 Gerbe, William, 122
Gerhold, George, 41
Geschwender, James, 82, 172, 234n.9
Gilbert, Shawn, 253n.113
Gilbert, William, 175, 255n.34
Giles, Robert, 67
Gilman, Leonard, 152
Glaberman, Martin, 208, 233n.7
Gleicher, Morris, 209
GMRUM, 123
Goldfield, Michael, 233n.7, 234n.8
Gordin, Burton, 44
Gordon, Lou, 152
Gordy, Berry, 7
Goscincki, H., 60
Gossett, William T., 74
Grant, E., 60
Grant, Jewel Denice, 204, 272n.67
Grant, Richard, 98
Gray, Mr. and Mrs. James, 39
Great Society. See Johnson, Lyndon B.; Liberalism; War on Poverty; and specific Great Society programs
Green, Andrew, 260n.29
Greenstone, Arthur, 102
Gregory, Steven, 237n.69
Gribbs, Roman: and crime control, 80; election of, as mayor, 81, 97, 101, 194, 195, 198; as mayoral candidate, 80; photograph of, 100; and STRESS unit of Police Department (DPD), 81–82, 99–100, 145, 147
Griffith, Betty, 163, 164, 165
Gruenburg, Roy N., 145
Guevara, Che, 82
Haefner, Richard, 155
Hall, Kirkwood, 129
Halpern, Martin, 233n.7
Halpern, Sheldon, 132
Hamlin, Delos, 74
Hamlin, Mike: and Black Student United Front, 110; as Inner City Voice staffer, 87, 110; and League of Revolutionary Black Workers, 112, 119, 163, 172–73; as migrant from Mississippi, 82; and Parents and Students for Community Control (PASCC), 87; and RUMs, 114, 116; on wildcat strike, 114
Hampton, Lionel, 16
Harrington, Norvel, 74
Harris, James, 99
Harrison, Robert, 133
Hartigan, John, 234n.9
Hatcher, Johnny, 69
Haugabook, Thelma, 260n.29
Hayden, Tom, 122
Henderson, Henry, 99
Henderson, James, 82
Henry, Milton, 132
Hersey, John, 251n.66
Hicks, Ken, 82
Hirsch, Arnold, 233n.5
Hitler, Adolph, 94
Hoffman, Harold, 48
Holsey, Fred, 113, 179–80, 265n.41
Hoover, J. Edgar, 195
Horton, Clarence, 125–26, 141, 142
Hoult, Thomas F., 34
House Un-American Committee (HUAC), 249n.24
Housing: for blacks, 15–18, 24–25, 34, 35; “Detroit Plan” for, 17; Fair Housing Ordinance, 203; integration of, 7, 18, 34; in Lafayette Park, 237n.56; and NAACP, 20; open housing law, 195; rents charged to blacks, 36; and Schoolcraft Gardens Cooperative Association, 24–25; segregation and racial discrimination in, 17–21, 34–36, 203; and suburbanization, 26; urban renewal and displacement of blacks from homes, 17–18, 237n.56; and Young administration, 203, 205
HUAC. See House Un-American Committee (HUAC)
Hudson, Eleanor “Edna,” 9–10, 137–38
Hudson Motors, 19
Hughes, Arthur, 119
Human Resource Development program, 242n.86
Hunt, C., 60
Hunter, Horace, 28
Iacocca, Lee, 215
Income, 28, 34, 48, 103, 125, 207, 218
Ingram, Carl, 148
Injuries. See Deaths and injuries
Inner City Voice, 83, 84, 86–88, 90, 101, 108–10, 112, 119, 122, 126, 132, 141, 156
Insanity defense, 137, 144, 227–28, 261n.36
Integration: of housing, 7, 18, 34; of Police Department (DPD), 204–5; of restaurants, 21; of schools, 20–21, 25, 34, 36, 87, 95–97, 100, 101; and UAW, 23, 221; in workplace, 19; and Young administration, 203, 204–5
Interdenomination Ministerial Alliance, 31
International Socialists (IS), 92–93, 115, 182
International Society of Skilled Trades, 68
IS. See International Socialists (IS)
Jackson, John, 69
Jacobs, Jim, 93
Jacoby, Tamar, 233n.4
James, C. L. R., 7
Jasper, Ronnie, 125
Jefferies, Millie, 56
Jefferys, Steve, 61, 62, 173, 215, 234n.9, 245n.52, 257n.94
Jenkins, James, 99
Jenkins, S., 69
Jesse, J., 59
Jewish Labor Committee, 55
Jobs. See Employment
Joe Louis Arena, 205
Johnson, Arthur, 20, 21, 74, 209
Johnson, Christopher, 234n.9
Johnson, James, Jr.: arraignment of, for murder, 3; birth of, 9; blacks’ response to, 126–27; and car accident, 124; in Chicago, 28–29; childhood of, 10, 125, 137–39; emotional problems of, 10, 11, 125, 137–40, 142, 176–77, 224–28; employment history of, 11, 28–29, 48, 71, 235n.16; employment of, in auto industry, 103–4, 113, 124–26, 140–44; income of, 28, 48, 103, 125; insanity defense for, 137, 144, 227–28; institutionalization and psychiatric treatment of, 159, 192, 224–28, 270n.4; and lynching of cousin, 10, 71, 139, 140, 234n.7; migration of, to Detroit, 10–11; murder trial of, 128, 135–44, 156, 157, 159, 172, 176, 227, 260–61nn.29–30; murders of Chrysler employees by, 1–2, 126, 128, 156, 159, 177, 179, 227; photograph of, 3; radicals’ response to shootings by, 126–27; release of, from Department of Mental Health, 226–27; suspension of, from Chrysler plant, 125–26, 142, 177; violence by, against coworker in restaurant, 28; violence by, in psychiatric institution, 225; workman’s compensation case of, 159, 176–80, 184, 192, 226–28; workplace mistreatment of, 124–26, 142, 177
Johnson, Kenneth, 38
Johnson, Lyndon B., 32, 33, 46, 47, 50, 55–57
Johnson, Nancy, 28
Johnson, Raymond, 163, 164, 165
Jones, Hugh, 125, 126, 136, 142
Jones, Willie, 79
Josaitis, Eleanor, 73
Joseph, Leonard, 43
Jury selection, 80, 132, 134–36, 150, 153, 156, 260n.29
Kalber, A. J., 154
Keeran, Roger, 19
Keith, Damon, 74
Kelley, Robin D.G., 238n.71
Kelsey-Hayes Wheel Company, 61
Kennedy, Moira, 209
Kiertaniz, S., 69
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 7, 8, 57, 58, 114
Kojowski, Christine, 98
Kolops, Michael, 238n.81
Kornhauser, Arthur, 237n.61
Koslowski, Perry, 273n.73
Kowalski, Joseph, 126, 136, 142
Kramer, Marian, 90, 91, no, 171
Kranson, Andy, 64
Kresge Department Store, 23
Krupkinski, Ed, 63
Labor Defense Coalition, 146, 172
Labor Department, U.S., 22, 57
Labor movement: decline of, by 1980, 5, 6, 193, 211–16, 221, 233–34 nn.7–8; dissent in, after 1985, 222; dissidents’ impact on, 221–22; and foremen in auto industry, 61; and New Deal, 13, 15, 19; and racial equality, 19; and World War II, 13. See also Strikes; and specific unions, such as United Automobile Workers (UAW)
Labor Notes, 222
Lacey, James E., 152
Lacroix, L., 63
Lantz, Regis, 182
Laster, Clarence, Jr., 152
Law enforcement. See Police Department (DPD)
Lazorshak, Mr., 68
League of Revolutionary Black Workers: and auto industry, 114–16, 119, 160, 163–64, 176, 217; and Black Economic Development Conference (BEDC), 88; and Cockrel, 112, 119, 129, 144, 172–73; and code of conduct, 173; executive board members of, 112; factional fight within, 172–73, 182; formation of, 87, 112; and Johnson murder trial, 141; legacy of, 221, 222; purpose of, 112; and UNC conference on racism (1971), 183; women in, 171–72
Lemay, W., 69
Lenin, V. I., 82
Levin, Carl, 154
Lewis, Earl, 238n.71
Lewis, H., 62
Liberalism: and alienation of black poor, 44–45; black liberalism in 1980s–1990s, 219–21; and black middle class, 5, 6, 35–37, 44, 50, 193, 233n.6; and black nationalism/radicalism, 45, 72–73, 81, 82–83, 86–88, 90, 101, 156–57, 158; blacks’ favorable view of white liberals, 155–57, 193; and court cases from 1969–1973 generally, 129, 192–93; disenchantment with, 4, 5–6, 233n.4; and Johnson murders, 127, 159; and NAACP, 45; New Deal liberalism, 13, 14, 15, 19; in 1960s, 29; and Police Department reform, 40–41, 42, 101; and Ravitz election as judge, 154; and reparation for injustice to blacks, 128, 158, 178; and school integration, 20–21, 25, 34, 36, 87, 95, 96–97, 100; and trials of black defendants, 157–58; and War on Poverty, 32–36, 42, 157–58, 208; white conservative challenge to, 72, 95–101; and white revolutionaries, 90, 92–95, 157, 158; and Young administration, 198–99, 205, 273n.73. See also Cavanagh, Jerome
Lichtenstein, Nelson, 61, 233n.7, 234n.9
Lockett, Joyce, 260n.29
Lockett, Ron, 82
Lockwood, Emil, 74
Locust, Ruth, 260n.29
Loria, Donald, 176
Louis, Joe, 7
Lynchings, 10, 71, 139, 140, 234n.7
Mack Safety Watchdog, 181, 200
Mack Safety Watchdog (group), 108
Mackenzie, L. L., 140
Magdar, Olga, 56
Maher, Joseph E., 129–31, 260n.18
Manceau, Ed “Frenchy,” 66
Manning, Clarence, Jr., 82, 145, 155, 211
Manning Thomas, June, 17, 207, 209, 218, 219
Mao Tse-Tung, 82
Marbury, Clint, 172
March, Edward, 260n.29
March, Ron, no, 118, 160–61, 163, 165, 168
March on Washington (1963), 56
Marks, Richard V., 40, 76, 136, 243n.89
Marrizio, Supervisor, 65
Marshall, Bill, 203
Marshall (DPD officer), 92
Martin, Eugene, 57
Martin, Ronald, 99
Mason, Hodges, 16
Matusow, Alan, 233n.4
Matthew, Tom, 185
May, Nemiah, 260n.29
Mayer, Albert J., 34
Mayoral election of 1945, 14
Mayoral election of 1949, 14
Mayoral election of 1961, 29, 30–31, 50–54, 195
Mayoral election of 1965, 31–32
Mayoral election of 1969, 79–81, 83, 101, 195, 198
Mayoral election of 1973, 193–94, 196–99
Mayoral election of 1977, 273n.73
Mayoral election of 1981, 273n.73
Mayoral election of 1985, 273n.73
Mayoral election of 1989, 273n.73
Mayors. See specific mayors
Mayor’s Development Team (MDT), 73, 101
Mazey, Emil, 54, 109, 121, 123, 183, 202
McCall, Cheryl, 102
McCary, Mary, 260n.29
McCough, Cyril, Jr., 260n.29
McElvenny, Ralph T., 74
McFall, Benjamin, 58
McGraw, Bill, 209
McJenner, Tony, 188
McKeehan, Karl, 134
McKenzie High School, 86
McKinnon, Frank, 167, 181, 269n.163
McQuillen v. United States, 226–27, 261n.36
MCRC. See Michigan Civil Rights Commission (MCRC)
Melasic, Mike, 63
Mental illness: of Carter, 267–68n.112; insanity defense, 137, 144, 227–28, 261n.36; of James Johnson, 10, 11, 125, 137–40, 142, 176–77, 224–28; James Johnson’s institutionalization and psychiatric treatment, 159, 192, 224–28, 270n.4; McQuillen decision on, 226–27; schizoid personality, 139–40, 224, 261n.44; schizophrenia, 139–40, 176, 224, 261nn.43–44; workman’s compensation for, 267–68n.112
Merrell, Allen, 74
Merrelli, George, 54, 57, 120–22, 165–66, 183–84, 189, 213
Mexican farm workers, 57
Michigan Chronicle, 19, 53, 90, 93, 124, 126, 137, 143, 144, 167–68
Michigan Civil Rights Commission (MCRC), 36, 44, 67, 91–92, 107, 167, 174, 195
Michigan Conference of NAACP Branches, 44
Michigan State Board of Education, 93
Michigan Supreme Court, 226
Middle class blacks. See Black middle class
Migration of blacks to North, 10–11, 12, 16, 18, 19–20
Millender, Rob, 199
Mims, William E., 67
Minus, S., 68
Miral, Jeffery, 234n.9
Miriani, Louis, 29, 30, 31, 50–54
Mississippi, 9–10, 12, 123, 125, 137–38, 144, 185, 228, 234nn.7–8
Model Cities/Model Neighborhood Project, 32, 205
Moody, Kim, 234n.8
Moore, Howard, 82
Moore, Leigins S., 40
Moore, Wallace, 126
Morgan, E. J., 201
Morgan, Ted, 64
Morris, Ken, 54, 121, 183, 203
Mothers Alert Detroit (MAD), 95–96
Motor City Labor League, 179
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 33, 34–35
Murders, 1–2, 7, 56–57, 114, 126, 128, 156, 159, 177, 179, 198
Murphy, Hugh, 57
Murray, Charles, 233n.4
Muslims. See Nation of Islam
NAACP: and anti-STRESS suit (1972), 145; and auto industry, 62–63, 67; and black police, 38; and Cavanagh administration, 45; and education, 20–21, 88; financial supporters of, 96; and Ford, 235n.27; and housing, 20; and Johnson murder trial, 227–28; and New Detroit Committee, 73; and police brutality, 22, 38–40, 93; and Police Department, 22, 38–40, 43, 93; and school integration, 101; and student activism, 88; and UAW, 23, 166; and voter registration, 31, 36; and War on Poverty, 33–34, 44; and white liberals, 45; and Coleman Young, 195
National Committee for Democratic Action (NCFDA), 63–64, 68
National Committee of Negro Churchmen, 84
National Labor Relations Act, 180, 213
National Labor Relations Board, 61
National Negro Labor Council (NNLC), 195, 210–11
National Urban League, 45, 57. See also Urban League (Detroit)
NCFDA. See National Committee for Democratic Action (NCFDA)
Neighborhood Community Action Centers, 32
NEMA, 95
New Bethel incident, 75–77, 92, 94, 129, 134
New Bethel trials, 129–35, 154, 155–57, 260n.13, 260n.18
New Detroit Committee, 73–75, 74, 81, 88, 101
New Directions, 222
Newkirk, A., 164
Nichols, John F.: on crime, 197–98; and manhunt for Brown, Bethune, and Boyd, 149, 150; as mayoral candidate, 196–99, 207; photograph of, 100; and STRESS unit of Police Department (DPD), 94, 99, 145, 149, 150; and wildcat strike, 202
Norris, Harold, 18
North East Mothers Alert (NEMA), 95
Northeastern Senior High School, 88
Northern Grassroots Conference, 45
Northern High Revolt of 1969, 88
Northern High School, 88
Northern migration of blacks, 10–11, 12, 16, 18, 19–20
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 175, 189–90
Odell, Bernard, 16
Office for Economic Opportunity (OEO), 33, 34, 55, 56
Ogden, James B., 74
O’Hair, John, 146
O’Hara, Michael, 130
Oliphant, Robert, 150
Oliver, William H., 56
Orb, Mrs., 100
Owiesny, Bernard, 104, 124, 125
Packard Motors, 19
Panthers. See Black Panthers
Parents and Students for Community Control (PASCC), 86–88, 95
Parker, Gregory, 264n.124
Parsell, Carl, 206
Parsons, G. F., 155
Patrick, William, 31
Pearson, O., 60
People against Racism (PAR), 92
Perez, Devon Anne, 256n.66
Peterson, Officer, 92
Philson, R., 69
Pingel, John S., 74
Piwoski, E., 63
Police brutality, 21–22, 38–41, 46–47, 75–79, 82, 83, 91–94, 97, 134, 148–50, 154–56, 161, 195–96, 204, 211, 272n.67
Police Department (DPD): anti-STRESS activism, 90, 92, 93, 94, 94, 98, 99, 146, 149–50; and Black Panthers, 90; blacks in, 22, 38, 94, 204; and Brown, Bethune, and Boyd manhunts and trials, 147–53; brutality against blacks by, 21–22, 38–41, 46–47, 75–79, 82, 83, 91–94, 97, 134, 148–50, 154–56, 195–96, 204, 211, 272n.67; and Cavanagh administration, 37–44, 77; and Citizen Complaint Bureau (CCB), 25, 43; citizen complaints against, 40–41, 43–44; citizen/suspect deaths caused by police, 82, 91–92, 93, 145, 148, 150–52, 155, 204, 211, 272n.67; and Cobo Hall riot involving Poor People’s Movement, 77–78, 92; and Cobo II incident, 97; demonstration against, 39; and drug trade, 211; female employees in, 204; Gribbs on, 80, 81–82; integration of, 204–5; mini-stations for, 204; and NAACP, 22, 38–40, 43; and New Bethel incident involving Republic of New Africa (RNA), 75–77, 92, 94, 129, 134; in 1940s, 21–22; in 1950s, 21–22, 29–30; police deaths and injuries, 76, 129, 133, 148–49, 152, 156; pro-STRESS rally for, 98; and race riot/rebellion of 1967, 46–47; racism of and racial discrimination within, 22, 38–41, 43, 46–47, 79, 148; recruitment for, 243n.89; and Red Squad, 98, 253n.139; and Rochester Street Massacre, 99–100, 147, 150, 211; and school violence, 78–79; and shop-floor violence and wildcat strikes, 106, 200–203; STRESS unit in, 81–82, 90–94, 98–100, 145–52, 196, 198, 204, 211; tensions between blacks and, in 1950s, 21–22, 29–30; and UAW elections, 162–63, 166; white conservatives’ defense of, 41–42, 98–99, 100; white police officers in, 22, 37–38, 205–6, 238n.82; work backgrounds of police, 21–22, 238n.81; and Young, 195–96, 197, 204–6
Police Officers Association (DPOA), 76, 77, 146, 155, 205
Polish Detroiters, 73, 107, 161–62, 169
Popwitz, Theodore J., 206
Porter, William, 66
Potter, Curtis, 74
Potts, Rev. Robert, 74
Poverty, 33, 34, 45. See also War on Poverty
Powell (Powers,), Obera, 10, 235n.12
Pride, Willie F., 184
Prince, Gene, 200
Przybylo, Jacob, 119
Psychiatric disturbance. See Mental illness
Public assistance, 37, 203, 207
Public housing. See Housing
Pullen, S. K., 155
Race relations. See Blacks; Civil rights movement; Housing; Integration; Racial discrimination; Segregation; Whites
Race riots/rebellions: in Detroit in 1943, 7, 15, 16, 28, 234n.7; in Detroit in 1967, 1, 29, 46–47, 71–72, 83; in Newark, 47; number of, in 1967, 47; in Watts, 47
Racial discrimination: in auto industry, 18–19, 22–24, 49–50, 62–63, 66–67, 105–6, 111–14, 118, 124, 140–44, 167, 168, 185, 224–25, 228; in Democratic Party, 196; in employment generally, 21, 37, 241n.48; in housing, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 34, 35, 36; and James Johnson murder trial defense strategy, 137–44; James Johnson’s perception of, 224–27; in jury selection, 80, 132, 134–35, 156; in mental health institutions, 226, 227; in military, 194; in 1950s, 7, 11–12, 16–27; in 1960s, 35–37; in Police Department (DPD), 38, 39; police officers’ view of, 38; andrebellion of 1967, 47; in restaurants, 21; and reverse racism, 206; in school district hiring practices, 241n.48; in UAW, 66, 111, 118, 124, 161, 167; UNC conference on racism (1972), 183; in urban North generally, 8; violence against blacks by whites, 10, 11, 15–17, 46–47, 56–57, 71, 75–79, 82, 83, 91–94, 97, 234n.7; white opposition to, 24–25; white support for, in 1950s–1960s, 25–26, 41–42; and whites’ racist attitudes toward blacks, 22, 38–43, 46–47, 72, 79–81, 104, 112–14, 148, 167. See also Blacks; Segregation; White conservatives
Racism. See Racial discrimination; Segregation; White conservatives
Radicals. See Black nationalism/radicalism; Communism and Communist party; RUMS; Socialism and Socialist party; Student activism; White revolutionaries; and specific radicals
Ragland, Patricia, 148
Rahrig, A., 41
Rand, Don, 119
Randolph, A. Philip (Freedom House), 50
Ravitz, Justin, 134–41, 143, 153–54, 157, 158, 194
Ravitz, Mel, 25, 56, 196–97, 199, 208
Reed, Rebecca, 238n.82
Reed, William H., 69 Religion. See Churches
Rembert, Ruth, 43
Reparation for blacks, 128, 157–58, 178
Republic of New Africa (RNA), 75–77, 98, 132
Reuther, Walter: and Ad Hoc Committee of Concerned Negro Autoworkers, 106; autoworkers’ criticisms of, 108, 114; and black worker demands, 66, 114; and Chrysler labor agreement, 65; and civil rights movement, 57, 124; and election improprieties within UAW, 164–65; election of, as UAW president, 15, 123; and New Detroit Committee, 73; photograph of, 58; praise for, 108, 175; and RUMs, 114, 120–21, 160; and Sheffield, 54–55; and Trade Union Leadership Conference (TULC), 66; on Wayne State University radicalism, 121; and white conservatives’ support for Wallace presidential campaign, 118
Revolution, 115
Revolutionaries. See Black nationalism/radicalism; Communism and Communist party; RUMs; Socialism and Socialist party; Student activism; White revolutionaries; and specific radicals
Revolutionary Communist party, 92–93, 115
Revolutionary Union Movements (RUMs), 109–24, 159–74 176, 179–82, 185, 188, 213, 221, 257–58n.106, 269n.147
Rhodes, Ellsworth J., 142
Rich, Wilbur, 205
Riddle, Dave, 93
Rieder, Jonathan, 233n.4
Rinke, William, 63
RNA. See Republic of New Africa (RNA)
Roberts, Charles, 163
Robinson, Roger, 184
Roche, Alex, 52
Roche, James M., 74
Rochester Street Massacre, 99–100, 147, 150, 211
Romney, George, 46
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 13
Rosenow, Robert, 147, 150, 151–52
Roumell, Thomas, 97
RUMs (Revolutionary Union Movements), 109–24, 159–74, 176, 179–82, 185, 188, 213, 221, 257–58n.106, 269n.147
Ryan, William, 74
Sabota, Tim, 253n.113
Sadler, Rosetta, 155
Safety hazards in auto plants, 59–60, 63–65, 67, 103, 106–7, 113, 140–41, 167, 170, 174–75, 181, 188, 189–90, 199–200
Sain, Albert, 99
St. Martin de Porres High School, 90
Saunders, Donald, 82
Saunders, Elizabeth, 234n.8
Saunders, Hubbard Turner, 9
Saunders, Virginia Mills, 234n.8
Scales, Hunter Ledbetter, 10, 234n.8
Schizoid personality, 139–40, 224, 261n.44
Schizophrenia, 139–40, 176, 224, 261nn.43–44
Schlacht, Ethel, 57
School Board. See Education
Schoolcraft Gardens Cooperative Association, 24–25
Schools. See Education
Scott, John, 114
Scott, Rachel, 175
Segregation: in Detroit in 1997, 218–19; in housing, 17–21, 34–36, 203; and race riots, 47; of restaurants, 21; of schools, 18, 20–21, 36, 45, 241n.48; in U.S. metro areas, 218–19; white support for, in 1950s, 25–26; in workplace, 19; Young on negative impact of, 45. See also Integration; Racial discrimination
Sexism, 168–69, 171–72. See also Women
Sexton, Brendan, 55
Shaw, Joyce Peterson, 18, 235n.27
Sheffield, Horace, 49–55, 53, 66
Shelton, Jerry, 164
Shiemke, Dennis, 92
Shifting Gears, 108
Shop-floor violence, 69, 70, 104, 106, 108, 114, 118–19, 140, 182, 200
Short, Aubrey, 97
Shottenfels, Mary Sue, 209
Shrine of the Black Madonna, 84–85
Sims, Jordan, 109, 113, 117, 166–68, 179–81, 184–85, 269n.163
Singleton, Harold, 82
Sleeper, Jim, 276n.6
Small, Irwin, 55
Smith, Cassandra, 171
Smith, Leo, 43
Smith, Leroy, 43
Smith, Suzanne, 234n.9
Smith Act trials, 249n.24
Soble, Richard, 150
Socialism and Socialist party, 14, 15, 92–93, 115, 182, 183
Socialist Workers party, 92–93, 98, 115
Sons of Malcolm X, 147
Soules, Michael, 207
South End, 83–84, 86, 90, 97, 98, 101–2, 110, 121–22, 254n.149
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 78, 93
Spearman, Ted, Jr., 150
Spreen, Johannes, 76
State of Emergency Committee (SEC), 93, 94, 98, 99
Stein, Charles, 59
Stein, Judith, 233n.7
Stepp, Marc, 49, 56, 66, 215–16
Stewart, Barbara, 140
Stolberg, Mary, 234n.9
STRESS unit in Police Department, 81–82, 90–94, 98–100, 145–52, 196, 198, 204, 211
Strike Back, 108
Strikes, 19, 109–10, 113–14, 118, 140, 141, 159, 170, 180, 185–90, 186, 199–203, 212–13, 257n.94
Student activism, 86–88, 110, 115–16, 121–22
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 88
Suburbanization, 26, 207, 209, 239n.102
Sugar, Maurice, 25
Sugrue, Thomas, 16, 26, 233n.5, 234n.9
Sundermeyer, Herbert W., 238n.81
Susylo, B., 60
Sweeney, John, 222
Sweet, Ossian, 7
Tabock, Madeline, 260n.29
Taft, Geoffrey, 150
Taft-Hartley Act, 61
Tannian, Phillip, 204
TAP. See Total Action against Poverty (TAP)
Tappes, Shelton, 15, 16, 49, 120, 121, 257–58n.106
Taylor, John, 116, 117, 168–70, 179–80
Taylor, Maggie Foster, 10, 71, 139
TDU, 222
Teamsters, 115
Teamsters for a Democratic Union (TDU), 222
Thomas, Don, 103
Thomas, June Manning, 234n.9
Thomas, R. J., 15
Thompson, Gary, 107, 113, 114, 140, 170, 174
Thompson, H., 60
Thompson, Helen, 113
Tiger Stadium, 205
Tindal, Robert, 34, 36, 73, 74
Total Action against Poverty (TAP), 32–34, 56, 57, 101, 242n.86
Townsend, Lynne, 73
Trade Union Leadership Conference (TULC): award to Reuther by, 57; and black representation in UAW, 51–52; and Cavanagh, 31, 50–51, 54; formation of, 24, 49; and foremen abuses, 66; membership in, 24, 63; purpose and goals of, 49–50, 70, 244n.15; and racial equality, 49–51, 57, 66–67, 105, and Reuther, 66; and RUMs, 111, 112, 117, 120, 257–58n.106; and shop-floor violence, 69, 106; UAW’s relationship with, 52–55, 57, 64, 66–67; and UAW’s support of Miriani, 52–54; and voter registration, 31; and War on Poverty/Great Society programs, 56, 65
Trials: and blacks’ confidence in judicial system, 155–57, 193; Hayward Brown assault and murder trials, 150–55, 156, 157, 158; Cockrel contempt proceedings, 130–32; and insanity defense, 137, 144, 227–28, 261n.36; Johnson murder trial, 128, 135–44, 156, 157, 159, 172, 227, 260–61nn.29–30; and jury selection, 80, 132, 134–35, 136, 150, 153, 156, 260n.29; lawsuit against Chrysler and UAW by workers, 212–14; Nathaniel Johnson assault trial, 145, 155; New Bethel trials, 129–35, 136 154, 155–57, 260n.13, 260n.18; white conservatives and acquittals of black defendants, 127, 135, 153–55; and white liberals’ pursuit of racial equality through courts, 157–58, 192–93
Tripp, Luke, 82, 110, 112, 172
Trotter, Joe, 238n.70
Truaell, Mrs., 35
TULC. See Trade Union Leadership Conference (TULC)
Tyson, Donna, 43
Tyson, Eugene, 43
UAW. See United Automobile Workers (UAW)
UHURU, 109
UNC. See United National Caucus (UNC)
Unemployment, 37, 53, 56, 105, 182, 208, 216, 218
Unions. See Labor movement; and specific unions
United Automobile Workers (UAW): and anti-Communism, 14, 15, 123, 173, 189, 214; and biracial shop-floor dissent, 182–84, 186, 188–91; black leadership in, 15, 16, 24, 49–50, 55, 66, 105, 109, 111–12, 119, 121, 162, 168, 221–22, 257–58n.106; black membership of, 36–37, 58, 118, 122, 162, 173; blacks on International Executive Board (IEB) of, 15, 50, 55, 105, 121; and Cavanagh administration, 42, 49, 55–57; and civil rights movement, 22–24, 48, 49, 51, 52, 56–58, 67, 123, 124, 166; and Concerned Members for Better Unionism, 68; concessionary bargaining strategy of, from 1979–1983, 214–15, 222; Credentials Committee of, 164–65; decline of, by 1980, 211–16; dissent in, after 1985, 222; and economic problems of 1973–1980, 211–16; and election controversy, 164–65; elections within, 160–68, 170, 181; factional fighting in, from 1946–1947, 14, 15–16; founding of and recognition for, 7, 194; and hazardous conditions and foremen abuses in auto industry, 64–65, 67, 69–70, 105–7, 174, 175, 189–90; and improvements in working conditions, wages and benefits, 64–66, 108; and integration, 23, 221; and International Society of Skilled Trades, 68; and job-training programs, 105; and Lyndon Johnson administration, 55–57; and James Johnson murder trial, 159–60; and James Johnson murders of Chrysler employees, 179; and James Johnson workman’s compensation ruling, 178–79, 184; lawsuit against, by workers, 212–14; and mayoral election of 1961, 50–54; and mayoral election of 1973, 199; membership statistics of, 216; and National Committee for Democratic Action (NCFDA), 63–64, 68; and New Deal, 13, 15; and New Detroit Committee, 73; police and union elections, 161, 162–63, 166; in postwar period generally, 6–7; racial discrimination in, 66, 111, 118, 124, 161, 167; and RUMs, 110–24, 159–74, 176, 179–82, 213, 221, 257–58n.106; and shop-floor violence, 69; and Wallace’s presidency, 116; and War on Poverty, 33, 55–58, 123; white workers’ dissatisfaction with, 63–64, 67–68, 70; and wildcat strikes, 186–91, 199–203. See also Auto industry; Trade Union Leadership Conference (TULC); United National Caucus (UNC)
United Community Services, 32, 37
United Foremen and Supervisors (UFS), 61
United Justice Cause (UJC), 108, 175, 183
United Justice Train, 118, 181, 182, 184
United Klans of America, 97
United National Caucus (UNC): and anti-STRESS suit, 145; and black radicalism, 181–82; and Chrysler contract (1973), 211; and Chrysler contracts from 1979–1982, 214–15; conference on racism (1971) sponsored by, 183; formation of, 108; and Fraser, 183; growth and strength of, 160, 181–84, 199–202; offshoot groups of, 108, 113, 166; and RUMs’ decline, 160, 181; UAW’s relationship with, 108–9, 117–18, 183–84, 202; and white revolutionaries, 182; and wildcat strikes, 186, 188, 199–202
U.S. Steelworkers, 111
UPRUM, 110
Urban League (Detroit), 33–34, 44, 45–46, 235n.27. See also National Urban League
Urban renewal, 17–18, 205, 237n.56
Utter, Lloyd, 174
Vaughan, Jackie III, 154
Vaughn, Sarah, 16
Vincent, Aaron, 99
Violence. See Lynchings; Murders; Police brutality; Race riots; Shop-floor violence
Volkner, Don, 66
Voting and voter registration, 31, 36, 158, 198. See also Mayoral election headings
Wadsworth, Rev. James, 43
Wagner Act, 61
Walker, Charlie, 253n.130
Walker, Officer, 263n.104
Wallace, Beulah, 175
Wallace, George C., 7, 80, 97, 116, 117, 119
Wallace, Henry, 195
Wallace, Mary, 260n.29
Wallace, Mrs. Jessie, 38
WAM. See Workers’ Action Movement (WAM)
War on Poverty, 32–36, 42, 43, 55–56, 123, 157–58, 208, 242n.86
Washington, Jean, 74
Washington, Robert, 63
Washington, D.C., 123, 221, 276n.6
Wasser, E., 65
Watson, Edna Ewell, 171, 172, 221
Watson, John: and DRUM, 165–66; as Inner City Voice staffer, 84, 101, 110; and League of Revolutionary Black Workers, 112, 172–73; as South End editor, 84, 98, 101–2, 254n.149; and UAW election controversy, 165–66; and West Central Organization (WCO), 93
Wayne State University (WSU): blacks at, 82, 84, 109, 147; faculty at, 38; Public Safety officers of, and Hayward Brown’s arrest, 150, 152; and radicalism, 82–84, 101–2, 117, 119; and South End, 83–84, 86, 90, 97, 98, 101–2, no, 121–22, 254n.149
WCO. See West Central Organization (WCO)
Webster, R., 60
Weisswasser, 138, 140, 141, 144
West Central Organization (WCO), 90, 93
White conservatives: and acquittals of black defendants, 127, 135, 153–55; and anti-STRESS suit (1972), 145–46; in auto industry, 116–18; and black nationalism/radicalism, 97–98, 116–18, 155; and Hayward Brown trial, 154–55; and Cavanagh administration, 41–42; and civil rights movement, 57; and Johnson murders, 127; and Johnson workman’s compensation ruling, 177–78; and mayoral election of 1973, 193, 196, 198 (???); and New Bethel Two trial, 135; racist attitudes of, 22, 38–43, 46–47, 72, 79–81, 104, 112–14, 148, 167; and RUMs, 116–18; and schools, 95–97; and white revolutionaries, 98, 116–18; and Young administration, 199, 203, 205–7. see also Racial discrimination; Segregation; White flight; Whites
White flight, 4–7, 18, 26, 199, 206–7, 209, 218–19
White revolutionaries: anti-STRESS activism by, 90, 93, 94; in auto plants, 114–16, 124, 256n.73; cooperation between black radicals and, 90, 93–95, 115–18; and liberalism, 90, 92–95, 157, 158; organizations of, 92–93, 115; and student activism, 86–88, 110, 115–16, 121–22; and United National Caucus (UNC), 182; and white conservatives, 98, 116–18
Whites: in auto industry, 18–19, 63–64, 67–68; black attitudes toward, 112–13, 115, 117, 130, 148–49, 167, 169, 182–84; in civil rights movement, 25, 26–27; and Cobo Hall riot, 78, 92; cooperation between black middle class and white liberals, 5, 6, 33, 35–37, 44–46, 50, 233n.6; employment opportunities for generally, 37; income of, 34, 207; opposition of, to racial discrimination, 24–27; and Police Department reform, 40–41, 78; as police officers, 22, 37–38, 205–6, 238n.82; population of, in Detroit, 206, 209; and rebellion of 1967, 72; and Schoolcraft Gardens Cooperative Association, 24–25; and suburbanization, 26, 207, 209; as teachers and school administrators, 241n.48; violence against, 1–2, 46, 106, 126, 182, 234n.7; violence against blacks by, 10, 11, 15–17, 46–47, 56–57, 71, 75–79, 82, 83, 88, 91–94, 97, 226, 234n.7. See also Liberalism; Racial discrimination; Segregation; and headings beginning with White
Whitney (foreman), 66
Wildcat strikes, 19, 109–10, 113–14, 118, 140, 141, 159, 170, 180, 185–91, 186, 199–203, 212–13, 257n.94
Williams, Rev. Charles, 40
Williams, Jesse, 260n.29
Williams, Mamie, 106, 113, 140
Williams, Nathaniel, 175
Wilson, Harvey, 35
Wilson, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert, 35
Wilson, Ronald W., 238n.81
Winfield, Owen, 263n.104
Wolfe, G., 69
Wolverine Bar Association, 31, 130
Women: in auto industry, 69, 106–7, 109–10, 113, 168–69, 175, 200; black males’ attitude toward black women, 170–73; and black nationalism/radicalism, 90, 91, 171–73; in Police Department (DPD), 204; sexism against, 168–69, 171–72
Wonder, Stevie, 7
Wood, Jack, 74
Woodcock, Leonard, 54, 102, 109, 175, 179–80, 183
Woods, Malcolm, 200
Woodward, Sharon, 260n.29
Wooten, Chuck, no, 112, 165, 172
Workers’ Action Movement (WAM), 200–203
Workers Power, 115
Workman’s compensation, 159, 175, 176–80, 184, 192, 226–28, 267–68n.112
Wsp, Mrs., 100
WSU. See Wayne State University (WSU)
Young, Coleman Alexander: and abortion law, 203; black support for, during mayoral terms, 209–11; and corporate incentive packages, 208; and crime control, 197–98; and economic problems of Detroit, 206–9; and Great Society agenda, 203–4, 205; and housing, 203, 205; and integration, 203, 204–5; as labor organizer in 1930s, 194; and mayoral election of 1973, 193–94, 196–99; and mayoral elections of 1977–1989, 273n.73; and NAACP, 195; photograph of, 210; and Police Department, 195–96, 197, 204–6; political career of, in 1950s–1960s, 195; and racial equality, 203–5, 210–11; radicalism of, in 1950s, 195; radicals’ influence on, 221; and Ravitz election as judge, 154; and reverse racism, 206; as state senator, 154, 195–96, 203; support for Henry Wallace by, 195; and urban renewal projects, 205; and welfare assistance, 203; white conservatives’ hostility toward, 199, 203, 205–7; and white flight, 206–7, 209; and white liberals, 198–99, 273n.73; in World War II, 194
Young, Whitney, 45
Young, William, 106
Zappa, Joe, 203
Zwerdling, Abe, 86