1. A. J. Baime, The Arsenal of Democracy: FDR, Detroit, and an Epic Quest to Arm an America at War (Boston, Mass., 2014); this book, 55.

2. Robert Caro, Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson III (New York, 2009), 955.

3. For a comprehensive history of the connections between the War on Poverty and the War on Crime, see Elizabeth Kai Hinton, From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America (Cambridge, Mass., 2016) and Julilly Kohler Haussman’s book, forthcoming from Princeton University Press, that addresses these intersections as well. For more on the relationship between crime, the War on Crime, and the political origins of mass incarceration, see Heather Ann Thompson, “Why Mass Incarceration Matters: Rethinking Crisis, Decline, and Transformation in Postwar America,” Journal of American History (December, 2010).

4. For more on how the War on Crime impacted Detroit, see Heather Ann Thompson, “Unmaking the Motor City in the Age of Mass Incarceration,” Journal of Law and Society (December, 2014).

5. For more on African Americans and the origins of America’s War on Crime, see Donna Murch, “Who’s to Blame for Mass Incarceration?,” Boston Review, 16 October 2015; Elizabeth Hinton, Julilly Kohler-Hausmann, and Vesla M. Weaver, “Did Blacks Really Endorse the 1994 Crime Bill?” New York Times, 13 April 2016; and Nathan Connolly, “A Black Power Method,” Public Books, 15 June 2016.

6. See 81–81 of this book.

7. As noted in Heather Ann Thompson, “Rethinking the Politics of White Flight in the Postwar City: Detroit, 1945–1980,” Journal of Urban History (January, 1999): 179, i8i.

8. As noted ibid., 181.

9. As quoted ibid., 176.

10. Ken Kelly, “Employment Is Up, Murder Is Down—and Mayor Coleman Young Has Detroit on the Rebound,” People Magazine 8, no. 14 (October 3, 1977).

11. Hinton, From the War on Poverty, 201–2.

12. “The War on Drugs: Arrests Burdening Local Criminal Justice Systems,” Report to the Chairman, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate, United States General Accounting Office, April 1991, www.gao.gov/assets/220/214095.pdf.

13. Ibid.

14. Ann Carson and William Sabol, “Prisoners in 2011,” U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, December 2012.

15. Amy L. Soloman, Gillian L. Thomson, and Sinead Keegan, “Prisoner Reentry in Michigan,” Urban Institute, Justice Policy Center, October 2004, 411172_Prisoner_Reentry_MI.pdf.

16. “Prison Expansion in Michigan: A Brief History,” Citizens Alliance On Prisons & Pub. Spending (Mar. 5, 2013), 5, http://www.capps-mi.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/5.-Prison-expansion-in-Michigan-history.pdf.

17. “Growth in Michigan’s Corrections System: Historical and Comparative Perspectives,” Report 350, June 2008, Citizens Research Council of Michigan, http://www.crcmich.org/PUBLICAT/20O0s/2008/rpt350.pdf.

18. “The 5 Worst Cities for Urban Youth,” ABC News, Scoop/Daily, 14 November 2009, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Politics/worst-cities-urban-youth/story?id=9083935&page=2#.UZpFBcrHb58.

19. “Michigan’s Statewide Juvenile Arrest Analysis Report,” vol. 1, Report, Michigan Department of Human Services Child Welfare Funding and Juvenile Programs and the Michigan Committee on Juvenile Justice, March 2012, 2012JuvenileArrestAnalysisReportVol1.pdf.

20. Thompson, “Unmaking the Motor City.”

21. As noted in Thompson, “Rethinking the Politics,” 163.

22. Kane Farabaugh, “Detroit Population Drops Dramatically in Latest Census,” Voice of America, 22 March 2011, http://www.voanews.com/content/detroit-population-drops-dramatically-in-latest-census-118535489/163525.html.

23. Ibid.

24. Lori Higgins, “Michigan Spending on Prisons Far Outpaces Schools,” Detroit Free Press, 7 July 2016.

25. “Federal Student Aid Guidelines,” Office of the U.S. Department of Education, https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/eligibility/criminal-convictions.

26. “Collateral Costs: Incarceration’s Effect on Economic Mobility,” The Pew Charitable Trusts, 2010, Washington, D.C., http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/legacy/uploadedfiles/pcs_assets/2010/collateralcosts1pdf.pdf.

27. Allie Gross, “Thousands of Michigan Kids Suffer Because of Mass Incarceration,” Detroit Metro Times, 26 April 2016.

28. “Justice Reinvestment in Michigan: Analyses of Crime, Community Corrections and Sentencing Policies,” Council of State Governments Justice Center (New York: Council of State Governments Justice Center, 2009). Pugh quoted in “Study Shows Ex-offenders Have Greatly Reduced Employment Rates,” Prison Legal News, 20 May 2013.

29. For information on Michigan’s relationship to private companies in the state, see http://www.michigan.gov/msi/0,4642,7-174-59000_59003-271940--,00.html. For a history of Michigan Prison Industries, see http://www.michigan.gov/msi/0,4642,7-174-23878-65447--,00.html.

30. As quoted in “Motor City’s Woes Extend beyond Auto Industry,” AP wire, NBCNews.com, 20 December 2008, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/28327490/ns/business-stocks_and_economy/t/motor-citys-woes-extend-beyond-auto-industry/#.UanCP5xN8pk.

31. “Detroit Area Economic Summary,” 29 June 2016, Bureau of Labor Statistics, http://www.bls.gov/regions/midwest/summary/blssummary_detroit.pdf.

32. “Probation Supervision,” Michigan Department of Corrections, http://www.michigan.gov/corrections/0,4551,7-119-1435_11634-4999--,00.html.

33. “Criminal Statutes and Voting in Michigan,” 2004, http://richa.dod.net/crime/crimstatusvote.htm.

34. “Prison based Gerrymandering in Michigan,” Prison Policy Initiative, 15 January 2013, MI-prisongerrymandering.pdf.

35. Ibid.

36. Ibid.