Notes to Chapter 6 / Itinerant Lecturers in a Fracturing Nation, 1850–1861

1. Josephine S. Griffing, “The Western Field,” Liberator, April 12, 1861.

2. Holley, A Life for Liberty, 62, 94; Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Twentieth Annual Report, Presented to the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, by Its Board of Managers (1852; reprint, Westport, CT: Negro Universities Press, 1970), 59, 60.

3. Johnson, The Liberty Party, 1840–1848, 251; Watson, “The Anatomy of a Crusade”; “The Berwick Affair, Again,” Galesburg Free Democrat, April 24, 1856.

4. Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Nineteenth Annual Report, Presented to the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, by Its Board of Managers (1851; reprint, Westport, CT: Negro Universities Press, 1970), 59.

5. Sterling, Ahead of Her Time, 14, 27, 32, 110, 220, 242, 386; Johnson, The Liberty Party, 297, 298.

6. Abby Kelly Foster to Betsy M. Cowles, 28 January 1846, Cowles Papers; B.[etsy] B. Hudson to Betsy Cowles, 27 February 1846, Cowles Papers; Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Fourteenth Annual Report, 53; Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Fifteenth Annual Report, Presented to the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, by Its Board of Managers (1847; reprint, Westport, CT: Negro Universities Press, 1970), 60.

7. Sterling, Ahead of Her Time, 261.

8. Holley, A Life for Liberty, 94; Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Twentieth Annual Report, 60.

9. Holley, A Life for Liberty, 8, 45, 51, 59–60, 62, 65.

10. Sallie Holley, “Anti-Slavery at the West,” Liberator, September 30, 1853.

11. Lerner, The Grimké Sisters from South Carolina, 143–44.

12. Holley, “Anti-Slavery at the West.”

13. Helen M. Cowles to Miss A. Y. Hawkins, 3 March 1846, Fletcher Papers.

14. William Lloyd Garrison to Helen Garrison, 15 October 1853, in Garrison and Ruchames, The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison, vol. 4, 269–70.

15. Captain Franklin Ellis, History of Columbia County, New York (Philadelphia: Everts and Ensign, 1878), 346–47.

16. Kooker, “The Anti-Slavery Movement in Michigan,” 173, 175; J. R. Lawler, February 16, 1837; Lillian Drake Avery, ed. An Account of Oakland County (Dayton, Ohio: National Historical Association, Inc., 1925), 62. Similar events ensued in 1839. See Kooker, “The Anti-Slavery Movement in Michigan,” 285.

17. Stanton, Anthony, and Gordon, The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, vol. 1, 341, n. 4.

18. Michigan Anti-Slavery Society Daybook, vol. 4.

19. R. Glazier Jr., “Chapter II. From My Note Book,” Liberator, March 14, 1856.

20. Dillon, The Abolitionists, 205.

21. “Border Ruffianism in Monmouth: A Colored Speaker Mobbed.” Galesburg Free Democrat, March 13, 1856.

22. Ibid., “Eggs vs. Argument,” Galesburg Free Democrat, March 13, 1856; Portrait and Biographical Album of Warren County, Illinois (Chicago: Chapman Brothers, 1886), 763.

23. “Border Ruffianism in Monmouth: A Colored Speaker Mobbed.”

24. Ibid.

25. Still, The Underground Railroad, 755–56, 758, 761, 764.

26. Shirley J. Yee, Black Women Abolitionists: A Study in Activism, 1828–1860 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1992), 117.

27. Rhodes, Mary Ann Shadd Cary, 131, 221.

28. Olive Gilbert and Frances W. Titus, Narrative of Sojourner Truth, The American Negro: His History and Literature (1878; reprint, New York: Arno Press, 1968), ii-iii, 136.

29. Augusta Rohrbach, “Profits of Protest: The Market Strategies of Sojourner Truth and Louisa May Alcott,” in Prophets of Protest, 251–52.

30. William Hayward, “Pro-Slavery in Indiana,” Liberator, October 15, 1858.

31. Gwendolyn J. Crenshaw and Indiana Historical Bureau, “Bury Me in a Free Land,” 39.

32. Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol, 139–40.

33. Ibid., 142; Gilbert and Titus, Narrative of Sojourner Truth, 132–36.

34. T. R. Davis, “Lectures By Miss Watkins,” Liberator, February 24, 1860.

35. The concept of uplifting the race was common in speeches and writings by middle-class African Americans from the antebellum period and throughout the remainder of the century. Emma Jones Lapsansky, “The World the Agitators Made: The Counterculture of Agitation in Urban Philadelphia,” in The Abolitionist Sisterhood, 98.

36. Frances Ellen Watkins Harper to Jane E. Hitchcock Jones, 21 September 1860, Green Plain, Ohio, in Ripley, Black Abolitionist Papers, vol. 5, 81–82.

37. Marius R. Robinson, “Extract of a Letter from Marius R. Robinson,” Liberator, February 24, 1860.

38. Michigan Anti-Slavery Society Daybook, vol. 1; Gamble, “Garrisonian Abolitionists in the West,” 64.

39. Stebbins, Upward Steps of Seventy Years.

40. Dillon, The Abolitionists, 214; Annual Reports of the American Anti-Slavery Society, by the Executive Committee, for the Years Ending May 1, 1857 and May 1, 1858 (New York: American Anti-Slavery Society, 1859), 187–88; Annual Report Presented to the American Anti-Slavery Society, by the Executive Committee, at the Annual Meeting, Held in New York, May 7, 1856. With an Appendix (New York: American Anti-Slavery Society, 1856), 52–53.

41. Anti-Slavery Bugle, October 23, 1858; Sterling, Ahead of Her Time, 310–11, 328.

42. H. Ford Douglas, Speech Delivered at the Town Hall, Salem, Ohio, 23 September 1860; Anti-Slavery Bugle, October 6, 1860, in Ripley, Black Abolitionist Papers, vol. 5, 88–91.

43. This differs from Nye’s and Richards’s findings. Richards, “Gentlemen of Property and Standing,” 159; Nye, Fettered Freedom, 175.

44. Quist, Restless Visionaries, 364, 422.

45. Jacob Walton and Catherine A. F. Stebbins, “Michigan Anti-Slavery Convention,” National Anti-Slavery Standard, February 16, 1861; C. A. F. S., “Pro-Slavery Mob at Ann Arbor,” Liberator, March 1, 1861; Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol, 144.

46. Stebbins, Upward Steps of Seventy Years, 147–149; Nancy A. Hewitt, Women’s Activism and Social Change: Rochester, New York, 1822–1872 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1984), 192.

47. Walton and Stebbins, “Michigan Anti-Slavery Convention.”

48. Stebbins, Upward Steps of Seventy Years, 115.

49. Walton and Stebbins, “Michigan Anti-Slavery Convention.”

50. Parker Pillsbury, “Pro-slavery Mob at Ann Arbor,” Liberator, February 8, 1861.

51. C. A. F. S., “Pro-Slavery Mob at Ann Arbor.”

52. Pillsbury, “Pro-slavery Mob at Ann Arbor”; Richards, “Gentlemen of Property and Standing,” 3.

53. C. A. F. S., “Pro-Slavery Mob at Ann Arbor.”

54. Ibid.

55. Walton and Stebbins, “Michigan Anti-Slavery Convention.”

56. C. A. F. S., “Pro-Slavery Mob at Ann Arbor.”

57. Hewitt, Women’s Activism and Social Change, 131.

58. Walton and Stebbins, “Michigan Anti-Slavery Convention.”

59. Curtis, Free Speech, 209.

60. Walton and Stebbins, “Michigan Anti-Slavery Convention”; C. A. F. S., “Pro-Slavery Mob at Ann Arbor.”

61. Parker Pillsbury, “Convention at Livonia,” Liberator, February 15, 1861.

62. C. A. F. S., “Pro-Slavery Mob at Ann Arbor.” She dated this letter February 8, 1861.

63. Ibid.

64. Josephine S. Griffing, “Letter from Mrs. J. S. Griffing,” Liberator, February 15, 1861; Pillsbury, “Convention at Livonia,” February 15, 1861.

65. Griffing, “Letter from Mrs. J. S. Griffing.”

66. Griffing, “The Western Field.”

67. Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol, 179.

68. Gilbert and Titus, Narrative of Sojourner Truth, 140.

69. Josephine S. Griffing, “Treason in Disguise,” Liberator, June 21, 1861.

70. Josephine S. Griffing, “Shameful Persecution,” Liberator, June 28, 1861.

71. Griffing, “Treason in Disguise.”

72. Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol, 181.

73. Griffing, “Treason in Disguise.”

74. Griffing, “Shameful Persecution.”

75. Ibid.

76. National Anti-Slavery Standard, February 16, 1843.