Notes to Chapter 5 / “An Odd Place for Navigation”: Itinerant Lecturers and Freedom of Speech, 1830–1849
1. John O. Wattles, Free Labor Advocate and Anti-Slavery Chronicle, October 15, 1842.
2. Pasley, “The Tyranny of Printers,” 8–9, 173.
3. Hamm, God’s Government Begun, 4, 7–8, 221, 223.
4. See also John O. Wattles, “Letter from John O. Wattles,” National Anti-Slavery Standard, October 6, 1842. For similar pleas for eastern attention, “Letter from Dr. Brooke, of Ohio,” Liberator, March 24, 1843; Erasmus D. Hudson, “From Sherman, St. Joseph’s County, Michigan.”
5. Rugh, Our Common Country, 21; Davis, Frontier Illinois, 17, 170; Nation, At Home in the Hoosier Hills, 2; Gilje, Rioting in America, 80–81.
6. Lucretia Mott to Nathaniel and Elisa Barney, 30 and 31 October, 1847, in Mott, Selected Letters, 156–58; Hallowell, James and Lucretia Mott: Life and Letters, 292; Lucretia Mott to Edward N. Hallowell, 1 February 1870, in Mott, Selected Letters, 432.
7. Ronald G. Walters, American Reformers, 1815–1860, American Century Series (New York: Hill and Wang, 1978), 32–33.
8. Donald M. Scott, “Print and the Public Lecture System, 1840–1860,” in Printing and Society in Early America, ed. William L. Joyce, et al. (Worcester: American Antiquarian Society, 1983), 281.
9. Walters, American Reformers, 23–24, 37.
10. Ryan, “Civil Society as Democratic Practice,” 237; Lewis Perry, Boats against the Current: American Culture between Revolution and Modernity, 1820–1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 177–79.
11. Walters, American Reformers, 6; Newman, The Transformation of American Abolitionism, 157.
12. Walters, American Reformers, 81.
13. Vernon L. Volpe, “Theodore Dwight Weld’s Antislavery Mission in Ohio,” Ohio History 100 (1991).
14. Records of the Young Men’s Antislavery Society, Recognized Sept. 14th, 1851, Oberlin, Ohio, Fletcher Papers; M. M. Clark to Prof. H[enry] Cowles, 9 January 1837, Fletcher Papers; National Anti-Slavery Standard, October 22, 1840; James O. Bond, Chickamauga and the Underground Railroad: A Tale of Two Grandfathers (Baltimore: Gateway Press, 1993), 58–62; Malvin, North into Freedom, 66–67.
15. Volpe, “Theodore Dwight Weld’s Antislavery Mission in Ohio”; Dillon, “Elizabeth Chandler and the Spread of Anti-Slavery Sentiment to Michigan,” 481, 483, 490–91; Kooker, “The Anti-Slavery Movement in Michigan,” 93; Davis, Black Americans in Cleveland, 12; Barnes and Dumond, eds., Letters of Theodore Dwight Weld, Angelina Grimké Weld, and Sarah Grimké, vol. 1, 260–61. For the “agency system” outside of the Old Northwest see Newman, The Transformation of American Abolitionism, 163, 152–53.
16. O. E. Morse, “Sketch of the Life and Work of Augustus Wattles,” Collections of the Kansas State Historical Society 17 (1928): 292–93; Clayton Sumner Ellsworth, “Oberlin and the Anti-Slavery Movement up to the Civil War” (PhD diss., Cornell University, 1930), 36.
17. Albert Hale to Asa Turner, 26 January 1838, Manuscript Collection, Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield, Illinois.
18. Hamm et al., “Moral Choices: Two Indiana Quaker Communities and the Abolitionist Movement,” 119–20.
19. John L. Myers, “American Antislavery Society Agents and the Free Negro, 1833–1838,” Journal of Negro History 52, no. 3 (1967): 211; Morse, “Sketch of the Life and Work of Augustus Wattles,” 292–93.
20. Newman, The Transformation of American Abolitionism, 8, 11, 104.
21. Gilje, Rioting in America, 81; Feldberg, The Turbulent Era, 44.
22. Curtis, Free Speech, 4–5; Nye, Fettered Freedom, 88–90; Lawrence Thomas Lesick, The Lane Rebels: Evangelicalism and Antislavery in Antebellum America, Studies in Evangelicalism No. 2 (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1980).
23. Curtis, Free Speech, 12–13.
24. Ibid., 144, 231, 4, 250–51; Portnoy, Their Right to Speak, 186; Zaeske, Signatures of Citizenship, 3.
25. Curtis, Free Speech, 250–51.
26. Lidsky and Wright, Freedom of the Press, 5.
27. Barnes and Dumond, eds., Letters of Theodore Dwight Weld, Angelina Grimké Weld, and Sarah Grimké, vol. 1, 205–7, 237–39, 260–61.
28. Charles Robert Donaldson, “The Antislavery Career of Marius Robinson, 1834–1861” (master’s thesis, The Ohio State University, 1970), 27, 32–33, 48, 95; Arthur D. Lersch, “Marius Racine Robinson: The Life and Beliefs of a Radical Abolitionist” (master’s thesis, Kent State University, 1988), 59.
29. Marius R. Robinson to Emily Robinson, 25 January 1837, Robinson Papers.
30. Hale to Turner.
31. E. Anthony Rotundo, American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modern Era (New York: BasicBooks, 1993).
32. “Proceedings of the Liberty Convention, Knox County, ILL,” Peoria Register, June 13, 1842.
33. Western Citizen, August 8, 1844.
34. Ibid.
35. Richards, “Gentlemen of Property and Standing,” 3.
36. Joan E. Cashin, “Black Families in the Old Northwest,” Journal of the Early Republic 15, no. 3 (1995): 472.
37. Linda K. Kerber, “Separate Spheres, Female Worlds, Woman’s Place.”
38. Marius R. Robinson, “Free Discussion,” June 15, 1837, Robinson Papers.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. Charles Galbreath, “Anti-Slavery Movement in Columbiana County,” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 30, no. 4 (1921): 366.
42. Ibid., 367.
43. Robinson, “Free Discussion.”
44. Ibid.
45. Donaldson, “The Antislavery Career of Marius Robinson, 1834–1861,” 43.
46. Marius R. Robinson to Emily Robinson, 29 January 1837, Robinson Papers; Galbreath, “Anti-Slavery Movement in Columbiana County,” 368–69.
47. Robinson, “Free Discussion.”
48. Donaldson, “The Antislavery Career of Marius Robinson, 1834–1861,” 46.
49. Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Eighteenth Annual Report, Presented to the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, by Its Board of Managers (1850; reprint, Westport, CT: Negro Universities Press, 1970), 69.
50. Donaldson, “The Antislavery Career of Marius Robinson, 1834–1861,” 27, 32–33, 48, 95; Lersch, “Marius Racine Robinson: The Life and Beliefs of a Radical Abolitionist,” 59; Michigan Anti-Slavery Society Daybook, vol. 4.
51. See also Hudson, “Letter from Richmond, Wayne County, Indiana,”
52. E. D. Hudson, “From Mt. Pleasant, Ohio,” National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 23, 1841.
53. National Anti-Slavery Standard, May 27, 1841.
54. Burleigh and Hudson found similar issues in Columbus, Ohio, later in 1841: E. D. Hudson, “Letter from Richmond, Wayne County, Indiana,” National Anti-Slavery Standard, October 21, 1841.
55. G. B. Stebbins, “Our Cause in Ohio,” Liberator, July 25, 1845.
56. Harris, The History of Negro Servitude in Illinois, 151.
57. Spencer Diaries, 13 April 1844.
58. Ibid., 13 December 1843.
59. Ibid., 25, 27, 30 May 1846.
60. Ripley, Black Abolitionist Papers, vol. 3, 224; The Protectionist, October 1, 1841.
61. Garrison and Ruchames, The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison, vol. 4, xxv–xxvi.
62. Hudson, “Letter from Richmond, Wayne County, Indiana.” See also Charles V. Dyer to Mr. Gillet, 22 May 1847, Correspondence, Treasurer, Oberlin College Archives, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio; Gwendolyn J. Crenshaw and Indiana Historical Bureau, “Bury Me in a Free Land”: The Abolitionist Movement in Indiana, 1816–1865: The Catalog (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau, 1986), 38; Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Eighteenth Annual Report; Charles Grandison Finney, The Original Memoirs of Charles Grandison Finney (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1989), 284–85; “Abolition Convention of the Northwest,” Philanthropist, July 16, 1846; “The Celebration of the Passage of the Ordinance of 1787,” National Era, July 26, 1849; A Stranger, “University of Michigan,” New York Evangelist, September 10, 1846; Garrison and Merrill, The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison, vol. 3, 519.
63. Hudson, “From Delaware, Ohio”; Kooker, “The Anti-Slavery Movement in Michigan,” 285–86.
64. E. D. Hudson, “Letter from Oberlin, Ohio,” National Anti-Slavery Standard, December 23, 1841. See also Thomas E. Thomas and Alfred A. Thomas, Correspondence of Thomas Ebenezer Thomas, Mainly Relating to the Anti-Slavery Conflict in Ohio, Especially in the Presbyterian Church (Dayton, Ohio: 1909), 27; Galbreath, “Anti-Slavery Movement in Columbiana County,” 366.
65. Hudson, “From Mt. Pleasant, Ohio”; Hudson, “Letter from Oberlin, Ohio.”
66. Hudson, “Letter from Richmond, Wayne County, Indiana”; Hudson, “From Sherman, St. Joseph’s County, Michigan”; Hudson, “From Delaware, Ohio”; Hudson, “Letter from Oberlin, Ohio.”
67. National Anti-Slavery Standard, February 4, 1841.
68. National Anti-Slavery Standard, February 4, 1841; The Protectionist, February 16, 1841; Thomas, Correspondence, 27–28, 73.
69. National Anti-Slavery Standard, July 8, 1841; Thomas, Correspondence, 29–30.
70. Hallowell, ed. James and Lucretia Mott: Life and Letters, 292.
71. Hudson, “Letter from Richmond, Wayne County, Indiana.”
72. See also “Society of Friends in Indiana,” National Anti-Slavery Standard, March 23, 1843; National Anti-Slavery Standard, December 30, 1841.
73. Arnold Buffum, The Protectionist, August 7, 1841.
74. Holloway, “Abolition Lecturers—Disgraceful Conduct &C,” Richmond Palladium, October 9, 1841; National Anti-Slavery Standard, November 11, 1841; “Abolition-Palladium,” Richmond Palladium, March 6, 1841.
75. Holloway, “Abolition Lecturers—Disgraceful Conduct &C”; Buffum, The Protectionist, August 7, 1841, 237.
76. National Anti-Slavery Standard, November 11, 1841. See also Catherine Stebbins in 1861: C. A. F. S., “Pro-Slavery Mob at Ann Arbor,” Liberator, March 1, 1861.
77. National Anti-Slavery Standard, November 11, 1841.
78. National Anti-Slavery Standard, December 30, 1841; The Protectionist, November 16, 1841.
79. Hudson, “From Sherman, St. Joseph’s County, Michigan.”
80. Rebecca Lewis Fussell in Graceanna Lewis, “Anti-Slavery Reminiscences: The Mobbing of Frederick Douglass in 1843,” Friends’ Intelligencer, June 20, 1896, 398; Edwin Fussell to Rebecca Fussell, 14 April 1843, Lewis–Fussell Papers, Friends Historical Library, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania (hereafter cited as Lewis–Fussell Papers); Agnes Longstreth Taylor, The Longstreth Family Records, Revised and Enlarged by Agnes Longstreth Taylor (Philadelphia: Press of Ferris & Leach, 1909), 112–13.
81. Hudson, “From Sherman, St. Joseph’s County, Michigan.”
82. Sydney H. Gay, Liberator, October 20, 1843; James Monroe, Free Labor Advocate, October 29, 1843; Ripley, Black Abolitionist Papers, vol. 3, 318–19; Raimund Erhard Goerler, “Family, Self, and Anti-Slavery: Sydney Howard Gay and the Abolitionist Commitment” (PhD diss., Case Western University, 1975).
83. Gay, Liberator, October 20, 1843; Monroe, Free Labor Advocate, October 29, 1843; Edwin Fussell, National Anti-Slavery Standard, November 2, 1843.
84. Sydney H. Gay, Liberator, October 20, 1843; Monroe, Free Labor Advocate, October 29, 1843.
85. Edwin Fussell, National Anti-Slavery Standard, November 2, 1843; Sydney H. Gay, Liberator, October 20, 1843.
86. Charles L. Remond to Isaac and Amy Post, 27 September 1843 in Ripley, Black Abolitionist Papers, vol. 3, 318–19, 417.
87. Remond to Post, 417.
88. “John A. Collins and Co,” Free Labor Advocate and Anti-Slavery Chronicle, July 4, 1843; Ripley, Black Abolitionist Papers, vol. 3, 422.
89. Gamble, “Garrisonian Abolitionists in the West,” 57; Kraditor, Means and Ends in American Abolitionism.
90. Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Twelfth Annual Report, Presented to the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, by Its Board of Managers (1844; reprint, Westport, CT: Negro Universities Press, 1970), 33.
91. “Address of the Board of Managers of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, to the Abolitionists of the Western and Middle States,” National Anti-Slavery Standard, June 22, 1843; Ibid., 33, 34.
92. John A. Collins, born 1810 in Vermont, was the general agent for the Massachusetts Society. Ripley, Black Abolitionist Papers, vol. 3, 88, 314, 422; Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Eleventh Annual Report, Presented to the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, by Its Board of Managers (1843; reprint, Westport, CT: Negro Universities Press, 1970), 45, 56.
93. Fussell in Lewis, “Anti-Slavery Reminiscences,” 399; Edwin Fussell to Rebecca Fussell, 17 June 1843, Lewis–Fussell Papers; Edwin Fussell to Rebecca Fussell, 14 April 1843; Taylor, The Longstreth Family Records, 112–13.
94. Maria Weston Chapman, “One Hundred Conventions,” Liberator, August 25, 1843; Maria Weston Chapman, “The One Hundred Conventions,” Liberator, September 22, 1843; Sydney Howard Gay, “The Conventions. Letter from Sydney Howard Gay,” Liberator, August 17, 1843; Sydney Howard Gay, “The Conventions. Letter from Sydney Howard Gay,” Liberator, August 13, 1843; William A. White, Liberator, July 20, 1843; Maria Weston Chapman, “One Hundred Conventions,” Liberator, July 14, 1843.
95. Abraham Brooke, National Anti-Slavery Standard, August 10, 1843; Edwin Fussell, “Progress in Indiana,” National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 7, 1843; John A. Collins, “Grand Anti-Slavery Movement: To the Abolitionists of New-York, Ohio, Indiana, and Pennsylvania,” in “Address of the Board of Managers of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, to the Abolitionists of the Western and Middle States,” National Anti-Slavery Standard, June 22, 1843.
96. Fussell, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 7, 1843.
97. Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Twelfth Annual Report, 35.
98. Sydney Howard Gay, National Anti-Slavery Standard, March 7, 1844.
99. Thornbrough, The Negro in Indiana, 64.
100. William A. White, Liberator, September 6, 1843; William A. White, “Letter from Ohio,” National Anti-Slavery Standard, August 31, 1843.
101. White, National Anti-Slavery Standard, August 31, 1843; Sydney Howard Gay, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 19, 1843; Ripley, Black Abolitionist Papers, vol. 3, 422–23; Thomas A. Hendrickson, “Sheltering a Famous Fugitive Slave, Part I,” Black History News and Notes (2001): 4; William Still, The Underground Railroad, The American Negro, His History and Literature (1842; reprint, New York: Arno Press, 1968), 111, 303, 748–750.
102. Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Twelfth Annual Report, 35.
103. White, Liberator, September 6, 1843.
104. Campbell Gibson, “Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990,” (Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1998), Table 7.
105. Bradburn, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 18, 1843. The three men mobbed earlier were James G. Birney, John Rankin, and Thomas Morris.
106. Thornbrough, The Negro in Indiana, 130; Ferguson, “In Pursuit of Full Enjoyment of Liberty and Happiness,” 124.
107. Free Labor Advocate and Anti-Slavery Chronicle, September 8, 1843; Graceanna Lewis, “Anti-Slavery Reminiscences;” Bradburn, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 18, 1843; John L. Forkner and Byron H. Dyson, Historical Sketches and Reminiscences of Madison County, Indiana: A Detailed History of the Early Events of the Pioneer Settlement of the County, and Many Happenings of Recent Years, as Well as a Complete History of Each Township, to Which Is Added Numerous Incidents of a Pleasant Nature, in the Way of Reminiscences and Laughable Occurences (Anderson, IN: J. L. Forkner, 1897), 750.
108. White, Liberator, October 13, 1843.
109. Ibid.
110. Bradburn, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 18, 1843.
111. Ibid.
112. White, Liberator, October 13, 1843.
113. Lewis, “Anti-Slavery Reminiscences.”
114. Bradburn, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 18, 1843.
115. White, Liberator, October 13, 1843.
116. Bradburn, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 18, 1843; Solomon Fussell, to “Nephue,” 1 November 1843, Manuscript Collection, Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis, Indiana.
117. Bradburn, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 18, 1843; White, Liberator, October 13, 1843.
118. Bradburn, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 18, 1843.
119. White, Liberator, October 13, 1843. For a similar action by women in Knoxville, Illinois, in 1839, see Owen W. Muelder, The Underground Railroad in Western Illinois (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2008), 22.
120. Bradburn, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 18, 1843.
121. White, Liberator, October 13, 1843.
122. Bradburn, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 18, 1843. See also Gay, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 19, 1843.
123. White, Liberator, October 13, 1843
124. Bradburn, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 18, 1843.
125. White, Liberator, October 13, 1843; David Heighway, “Micajah C. White: A Forgotten Victim of the Assault on Frederick Douglass,” Preserving Indiana (2001): 5; Coffin, Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, 229.
126. White, Liberator, October 13, 1843; Lewis, “Anti-Slavery Reminiscences”; Bradburn, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 18, 1843.
127. Bradburn, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 18, 1843; James H. Cook, “Fighting with Breath, Not Blows: Frederick Douglass and Antislavery Violence,” in Antislavery Violence: Sectional, Racial, and Cultural Conflict in Antebellum America, ed. John R. McKivigan and Stanley Harrold (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1999), 132.
128. Fussell in Lewis, “Anti-Slavery Reminiscences.”
129. White, Liberator, September 6, 1843.
130. Jeffrey, The Great Silent Army of Abolitionism, 50–51.
131. White, Liberator, October 13, 1843.
132. Bradburn, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 18, 1843.
133. Lewis, “Anti-Slavery Reminiscences”; Forkner and Dyson, Historical Sketches and Reminiscences of Madison County, Indiana, 751.
134. White, Liberator, October 13, 1843; Bradburn, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 18, 1843.
135. F., “Mobs in Madison County,” Free Labor Advocate and Anti-Slavery Chronicle, November 1, 1843.
136. White, Liberator, October 13, 1843; Bradburn, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 18, 1843.
137. Hendrickson, “Sheltering a Famous Fugitive Slave, Part I,” 3–4.
138. Fussell in Lewis, “Anti-Slavery Reminiscences.”
139. Friends’ Intelligencer, June 20, 1896.
140. Indiana Courier, quoted in “The Mob,” Free Labor Advocate and Anti-Slavery Chronicle, October 13, 1843; “Mob at Pendleton,” Free Labor Advocate and Anti-Slavery Chronicle, October 6, 1843.
141. Bradburn, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 18, 1843; White, Liberator, October 13, 1843.
142. Fussell in Lewis, “Anti-Slavery Reminiscences,” 398–99.
143. Bradburn, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 18, 1843.
144. Gilje, Rioting in America, 80–81.
145. Bradburn, September 18, 1843; Fussell in Lewis, “Anti-Slavery Reminiscences,” 399; Solomon Fussell to “Nephue,” 1 November 1843.
146. Bradburn, September 18, 1843.
147. Fussell in Lewis, “Anti-Slavery Reminiscences,” 399.
148. Bradburn, September 18, 1843; William A. White, Liberator, October 13, 1843; Edwin Fussell, National Anti-Slavery Standard, November 2, 1843; Sarah Galbreath to Cousin, July 3, 1838, Thomas Papers.
149. F., “Mobs in Madison County,” Free Labor Advocate and Anti-Slavery Chronicle, November 1, 1843.
150. Richards, “Gentlemen of Property and Standing,” 5, 16, 77, 158–59.
151. Edwin Fussell, November 2, 1843.
152. F., November 1, 1843; To His Excellency Samuel Bigger Governor of the State of Indiana, Secretary of State Early Petitions, Indiana State Archives, Indianapolis, Indiana. F.’s account claimed the fine was twenty dollars, but the pardon petition text is a more reliable source.
153. “The Andertown Mob,” Liberator, December 15, 1843. For McAllister’s terms of service in the 1840s and 1850s, see Dorothy Riker and Gayle Thornbrough, Indiana Election Returns, 1816–1851, Indiana Historical Collections (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau, 1960), 275, 282, 358
154. Edwin Fussell, November 2, 1843.
155. Ibid.
156. To His Excellency Samuel Bigger Governor of the State of Indiana.
157. Ibid.; Edwin Fussell, National Anti-Slavery Standard, February 15, 1844; Edwin Fussell, November 2, 1843.
158. Edwin Fussell, February 15, 1844; Edwin Fussell, November 2, 1843.
159. Edwin Fussell, November 2, 1843.
160. F., November 1, 1843.
161. Fussell, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 7, 1843; Edwin Fussell to Rebecca Lewis Fussell, 17 June 1843, Lewis–Fussell Papers; “Notice,” Free Labor Advocate and Anti-Slavery Chronicle, January 1, 1844; Hamm, God’s Government Begun, 91; V[alentine]. Nicholson, Free Labor Advocate and Anti-Slavery Chronicle, December 29, 1843; Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Twelfth Annual Report, 34; Martha Hampton to John Mott, 18 December 1843, John Mott Papers, Manuscript Collection, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Frederic May Holland, Frederick Douglass: The Colored Orator, ed. Carlos Martyn, American Reformers (New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1895), 89, 90.
162. Solomon Fussell to “Nephue,” 1 November 1843; Hamm, God’s Government Begun, 99; Edwin Fussell, Edwin Coats, and John Thomas, “Chester County Conventions,” National Anti-Slavery Standard, March 28, 1844; Edwin Fussell, “Extract from a Letter from Edwin Fussell,” National Anti-Slavery Standard, October 3, 1844.
163. Edwin Fussell, “Extract from a Letter from Edwin Fussell;” Edwin Fussell, November 2, 1843. [Italics in original.]
164. “Triumph of Mob Law—A Governor Intimidated,” Liberator, November 17, 1843.
165. Edwin Fussell, October 3, 1844. Anderson remained resistant to racial progressivism even into the next century. A case in point was the fact that his race prevented the famed African American leader Booker T. Washington from obtaining a hotel room in town in 1900. Madison, “Race, Law,” 49.
166. Edwin Fussell, 18 March 1844.
167. Edwin Fussell to Rebecca Fussell, 15 May, 1848, Lewis–Fussell Papers. [Italics in original.]
168. Ibid.
169. Ibid.
170. Kersey Grave, Free Labor Advocate, October 4, 1843.
171. Ibid.; Lerner, The Grimké Sisters from South Carolina, 91, 130.
172. “A Mob in Richmond,” Free Labor Advocate and Anti-Slavery Chronicle, October 6, 1843; Grave, Free Labor Advocate, October 4, 1843.
173. Wayne County Record, quoted in Free Labor Advocate and Anti-Slavery Chronicle, October 6, 1843.
174. Ibid.
175. “A Mob in Richmond,” Free Labor Advocate and Anti-Slavery Chronicle, October 6, 1843.
176. P. Q. R., “To John B. Still, Esq,” Free Labor Advocate and Anti-Slavery Chronicle, October 13, 1843.
177. Ibid.; Free Labor Advocate and Anti-Slavery Chronicle, October 6, 1843. For the “colorometer,” see also Free Labor Advocate, February 4, 1843; June 30, 1848.
178. “The Mob,” Free Labor Advocate and Anti-Slavery Chronicle, October 13, 1843; Benjamin Stanton, “The Palladium—The Record,” Free Labor Advocate and Anti-Slavery Chronicle, November 8, 1843; Richmond Palladium, September 2, 1843; October 7, 1843.
179. Stanton, Free Labor Advocate and Anti-Slavery Chronicle, November 8, 1843; Richmond Palladium, October 28, 1843. Leonard Richards echoed this point in his 1970 study. Richards, “Gentlemen of Property and Standing,” 5, 132.
180. Gay, Liberator, October 20, 1843; Monroe, Free Labor Advocate, October 29, 1843.
181. Free Labor Advocate and Anti-Slavery Chronicle, September 8, 1843.
182. Remond to Post, 417, 423; Fussell, National Anti-Slavery Standard, November 2, 1843.
183. Free Labor Advocate and Anti-Slavery Chronicle, September 8, 1843.
184. Gay, Liberator, October 20, 1843.
185. Fussell, National Anti-Slavery Standard, November 2, 1843; Gay, Liberator, October 20, 1843; Ibid. See also Free Labor Advocate and Anti-Slavery Chronicle, September 8, 1843; Fussell, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 7, 1843.
186. Monroe, Free Labor Advocate, October 29, 1843; Fussell, National Anti-Slavery Standard, November 2, 1843.
187. Gay, Liberator, October 20, 1843; Monroe, Free Labor Advocate, October 29, 1843.
188. Monroe, Free Labor Advocate, October 29, 1843; Fussell, National Anti-Slavery Standard, November 2, 1843.
189. McCarthy and Stauffer, Prophets of Protest; Stauffer, The Black Hearts of Men, 1; Goodman, Of One Blood, xvi, 45.
190. Gay, Liberator, October 20, 1843.
191. Sydney Howard Gay to James Monroe, 5 September [1844?], Monroe Papers; Frederick Douglass to James Monroe, 17 April, 1880, Monroe Papers.
192. Benjamin Stanton, “Editor’s Excursion,” Free Labor Advocate and Anti-Slavery Chronicle, February 23, 1842; Gay, “The Conventions,” Liberator, August 17, 1843; White, National Anti-Slavery Standard, August 31, 1843; Coates,” National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 28, 1843; White, Liberator, September 6, 1843; White, National Anti-Slavery Standard, August 31, 1843; Gay, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 19, 1843; Perry, Boats against the Current, 178; Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Twelfth Annual Report, 35–36.
193. Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Twelfth Annual Report, 35.
194. The Protectionist, October 1, 1841; E. Q. [Edmund Quincy?], “The Hundred Conventions,” Liberator, September 29, 1843; Sidney Howard Gay, “The Conventions,” Liberator, August 17, 1843; Bradburn, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 18, 1843.
195. E. D. Hudson, “Letter from Oberlin, Ohio.”
196. Hudson, “To The Editor,” September 16, 1841; E. D. Hudson, “From Mt. Pleasant, Ohio,” National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 23, 1841; Hudson, “Letter from Richmond, Wayne County, Indiana.”
197. Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Twelfth Annual Report, 35–36. See also Gay, “The Conventions,” Liberator, August 13, 1843; Gay, “The Conventions. Letter from Sydney Howard Gay,” Liberator, August 17, 1843; Gay, Liberator, October 20, 1843.
198. G. B. Stebbins, “Our Cause in Ohio,” Liberator, July 25, 1845; Abby K.[elly] F.[oster], 8 November 1846; Giles Badger Stebbins, Upward Steps of Seventy Years. Autobiographic, Biographic, Historic (New York: United States Book Company, 1890), 89. Local activists also at times crossed partisan lines as they accompanied the itinerants and spoke along with them. Gay, “The Conventions,” Liberator, August 17, 1843; White, National Anti-Slavery Standard, August 31, 1843; Coates, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 28, 1843; Fussell, National Anti-Slavery Standard, November 2, 1843.
199. Gay, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 19, 1843. For other accounts of Old Northwest hospitality, see E. D. Hudson, “Letter from Richmond, Wayne County, Indiana”; James Monroe, Free Labor Advocate, October 29, 1843; Gay, Liberator, October 20, 1843; Coffin, Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, 228.
200. Gay, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 19, 1843; Thomas D. Hamm, The Anti-Slavery Movement in Henry County, Indiana: A Study of the Local Abolitionists (Henry County Historical Society Inc., 1975), 2.
201. Remond to Post, 416, 417, 420; Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Twelfth Annual Report, 35–36.
202. Charles Lenox Remond to Susan B. Anthony, 26 November 1857, in Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Ann D. Gordon, The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1997), 359.
203. DeBlasio, “‘The Greatest Woman in the Reserve,’” 231.
204. Gay, Liberator, October 20, 1843; Remond to Post, 416–17, 419–20.
205. Donaldson, “The Antislavery Career of Marius Robinson, 1834–1861,” 37.
206. Maria Weston Chapman, “The One Hundred Conventions,” Liberator, September 22, 1843; Liberator, August 25, 1843; O[restes] K. Hawley to James Monroe, August 1843, Monroe Papers; Gay, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 19, 1843.
207. James Monroe, Free Labor Advocate, October 29, 1843.
208. Gay, Liberator, October 20, 1843.
209. Fussell, National Anti-Slavery Standard, November 2, 1843.
210. Gay, Liberator, October 20, 1843.
211. “The Anti-Slavery Convention on the 15th and 16th,” Liberator, September 22, 1843; “Mr. Monroe’s Lectures,” Liberator, October 13, 1843.
212. Samuel Crothers quoted in Thomas, Correspondence, 37–38. See also New Lisbon Advocate quoted in “Frederick Douglass,” Liberator, November 17, 1843.
213. “Humanity,” Liberator, October 13, 1843. See also Monroe, Free Labor Advocate, October 29, 1843; A. J. Gordon, “Testimonials of Respect to C. Lenox Remond,” Liberator, November 10, 1843.
214. Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Twelfth Annual Report, 35.
215. Gay, “The Conventions,” Liberator, August 17, 1843; Bradburn, National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 18, 1843; White, Liberator, September 6, 1843.
216. White, National Anti-Slavery Standard, August 31, 1843.
217. Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Twelfth Annual Report, 36, 37–38.