Page numbers in italics refer to figures and tables.

Aaron, Henry, 270n79

Abendana, Rafael, 186–88

abolition of slavery, 6, 137, 150–51, 154, 178, 180

Adler, Cyrus, 27–29, 33

Africa, 7–8, 139, 141; Dutch colonies in, 48; West Coast, 64, 72. See also enslaved Africans; Eurafrican Jews

Albert, Anne Oravetz, 21

Algerian Jewish merchants, 220n29

Allen, William, 100

almirantazgo tax, 51, 230n30

Alsace, 158, 164–66

Álvares Nogueira, Balthasar, 55–58, 232n52

American exceptionalism, 1–2, 23, 31, 40

American Jew, 1585–1990 (Marcus), 33

American Jewish Archives, 29, 32–33

American Jewish Committee, 30

American Jewish Historical Society (AJHS), 23–28, 30–32, 40–41

American Jewish history, 8; goals of, 20; nationalistic metanarrative, 2, 7, 22–36, 39–41; periodization of, 28, 32–34, 226n42. See also United States

American Jewish Woman, 1654–1980 (Marcus), 226n42

American Revolution, 114, 129, 149, 157, 159, 161, 173, 175–76. See also United States

Amherst, Jeffery, 105, 107

Amsterdam: Ashkenazim, 168–69; autonomy, 165, 167–68; economic equality, 161; as haven from Inquisition, 61; Jamaica and, 141; Jewish community, 87–90, 157, 239n15, 244n115; National Guard, 162; political rights, 163–64;

Portuguese Jewish merchants, 3, 14, 45–46, 47, 60–61, 65, 67, 233n1; Sephardic merchants, 62–65, 75–77; sugar trade, 62–64, 66, 74–77, 82

Amsterdam Exchange Bank, 235n38

Ancona, 157

Anglicans. See Church of England

Angola, 48, 69, 94

Anti-Defamation League (ADL), 11, 219n27

Antinomians, 123

antisemitism, 11–12, 29–30, 117, 198. See also prejudice

Antônio Vaz, 92–93

Antwerp, 63, 67–68

Arari, Judith, 89

archival documents, 12, 20

Armenta family, 222n58

Armitage, David, 37

Ascher, Saul, 173–74

Ashkenazim, 32, 101, 105–6, 143, 164, 168–69

Asser, Mozes, 161, 164

assimilation, 29, 165–66. See also integration

Atlantic Diasporas (2009), 9, 12, 37–38

Atlantic history, 7, 24, 37–38, 227n71

Atlantic Jewish history, 1–7; emergence of field, 24–25, 36–37; entanglement and, 1–7, 21, 39–41, 63–64, 80, 115, 135–37, 171, 180–81; overview of, 13–21; principles of, 8–13, 40; revisionism of, 13; temporal parameters, 1, 7, 11, 217n13

Atlantic Jewish studies, 11

Atlantic Jewry, use of term, 9

Atlantic system, second, 75

autonomy, Jewish, 164–69, 176

Baer, Yitzhak, 20

Bahia, 67, 81, 89, 92, 95

Bailyn, Bernard, 227n71

Baptists, 123

Baraffael, Isacho, 162

Barbados: enslaved population, 178–79; free people of color, 139; Jewish community, 70–74, 177, 236n49, 236n53; political rights, 180; Sephardic moment in, 71–74; sexual liaisons in, 6, 177–96; sugar trade, 3, 62–66, 71–74, 76–77

Barkley, Gilbert, 109

Barlaeus, Caspar, 84

Baron, Salo Wittmayer, 31, 196

Bartlett, John Russell, 255n29

Batavian Republic, 156, 159, 161, 168, 262n2

Bayonne, 141, 147, 157

Bédard, Pierre-Stanislas, 132

Belaronda, Godefrois de, 57

Belasco, Moses, 177–78, 187, 189–90

Belin de la Garde, Guillaume, 55, 57, 232n49

Belisario, Isaac Mendes, 147

Belmonte, Manuel, 46–47, 47, 60–61

Beni, Jacobus Alexander, 54–58

Ben-Ur, Aviva, 6, 40

Berlin, 157, 165

Berman, Lila Corwin, 21

Bernardini, Paolo, 9

Berr, Berr Isaac, 164

Besalaar, Balthasar, 54, 56

Beth El-Emeth (congregation), 198

Bet Israel (congregation), 88–89

Bible, 162; Christian, 117; Hebrew, 197–98, 207–8, 210

Black people: rights of, 174–75; use of term, ix. See also enslaved Africans; Eurafrican Jews; Jews of color

Bondi, Jonah, 273n22

Bonomi, Patricia, 123

Bordeaux, 64, 147, 157, 161, 164, 172

borderland history, 40

Bouquet, Henry, 106–9

Braganza dynasty (Portugal), 46

Brandon, Abraham Rodrigues, 191–92

Brandon, Isaac Lopez, 191–92, 194–95

Brandon, Sarah, 191–92

Brazil: Catholics in, 84, 91; Dutch rule, 48, 65, 68–70, 74–75, 78–98, 235n40, 242n78, 244n115; Inquisition, 13; Jewish community, 22–23, 90–97, 236n49, 242n78, 244n115; Portuguese rule, 50, 63–64, 66; religious freedom, 69; Sephardic population, 66–71, 74; sugar trade, 3, 62–71; trade goods, 57–58; trade with Spain, 50. See also Pernambuco

British maritime empire, 3–6; Board of Trade, 99–100, 103, 107, 111, 113, 137, 144; Catholic Emancipation, 134; commerce and colonial expansion, 4, 99–115; expulsion of Jews, 119; free people of color, 139–40; Parliament, 121–22, 153; political rights, 5, 102, 116–35, 253n24, 254n27; political thought, 118–23, 133; Privy Council, 121, 153; Royal Exchange, 102; subjecthood, 102, 122–23; supply contracts for North American troops, 102–15, 247n22, 251n70; toleration in, 28, 31, 106, 123; trade, 3, 62, 72–75, 238n74, 252n4; Western Design, 73, 237nn60–61. See also American Revolution; Barbados; Jamaica; Lower Canada

Bromet, Herman, 156, 162

Broughton, Lord Chancellor, 128

Buenos Aires, 49–50, 52, 63

Bulliet, Richard, 220n39

Cádiz, 44, 51, 54–57, 232n52

Calado, Manoel, 78

Calvinists, 143

Canada: voting rights, 253n24, 254n27. See also Lower Canada; Upper Canada

Canary Islands, 74

Cañete, Francisco, 55

Caplan, Marc, 219n27

Caribbean region, 123; Jewish communities, 6, 8, 11, 22–27, 33–35, 37, 64; sugar trade, 62–77; transimperial trade networks, 43–44. See also Barbados; Curaçao; Jamaica; Saint-Domingue; Suriname

Carr, Matthew, 221n41

Carrera de Indias, 50

Cartagena de Indias, 13, 50, 53, 63

Casa de David (congregation), 91, 96, 242n85

Castile, 26, 46, 53, 76

Castro Tartas, Isaac de, 91–92, 242n85

Catholic Church, 119, 264n40. See also Inquisition

Catholics, 3; in Brazil, 84, 91; disenfranchisement in Rhode Island, 255n29; political rights, 5, 117–18, 126–28, 132, 134

Cayenne, 70–71, 76

Central American Jewry, 27

Cesarani, David, 37

Charles I of England, 119, 121

Charles II of England, 121

Charles II of Spain, 46, 60

Charleston, 158, 202–3

Chile, 48, 52

Christians, 4; of Iberian Jewish origin, 7 (see also conversion to Christianity; New Christians). See also Catholics; Church of England; Protestants; specific denominations

Church of England, 81, 123, 128, 143, 180, 193

Cisalpine Republic, 170, 265n54

Cispadane Republic, 262n13

citizenship, 19, 32, 36, 142, 164, 170–71, 177. See also political rights

Civil Rights Edict (1813), 151

Clark, Samuel, 124

class: as category of analysis, 179; sexual behavior and, 179, 182–95

Cohen Henriques, Abraham, 88, 241n58

Cohen Henriques, David, 94

Cohen Henriques, Isaac, 241n58, 242n74

Cohen Henriques, Jacob, 79–81, 88–90, 93–98, 241n51

Cohen Henriques, Moisés, 78–81, 88–90 93–98, 239n15, 241n58

Cohen Peixoto, Joshua, 79–81, 83–84, 86–88, 97–98

Cohen Peixoto, Moisés, 79–81, 83–88, 90–98, 241n51, 243n86

Colebrooke, George, 104, 108

Colebrooke, James, 104, 108, 247n22

Cologna, Abram Vita, 265n54

Colombia, 13

Colonial American Jew, 1492–1776 (Marcus), 32–35

colonial era, 1, 25–26, 44

colorism, 140

Columbian quadricentennial, 25–26

commerce. See trade

commonality, 138, 154

congregations, 203; in Amsterdam, 87–89, 169; in Barbados, 178, 182–89, 185, 189, 192; in Brazil, 91–93, 96, 242n85; in Charleston, 202–3; Jewish press and, 207–8; in New York, 100, 202; in Philadelphia, 159, 193, 198, 271n5; in Syracuse, New York, 207; in United States, 203. See also synagogues

Connecticut, 111, 123, 163

Constitution Act (1791), 116, 127, 129–30, 132

contraband, 45, 49–61, 68

conversion to Christianity, 3, 221n41; forced, 7, 13–21, 26, 36, 43, 62; material considerations, 3; office-holding and, 118; political rights and, 118; Protestant approaches to, 120; religious pluralism and, 43. See also New Christians

conversion to Judaism, 91

conversos, 17–20, 28; adoption of rabbinic Judaism, 142; in Jamaica, 141; merchants in sugar trade, 62–63; migration from Portugal, 67, 75–76; pragmatism, 79; use of term, 233n3

Cordell, Ryan, 202, 273n24

Costa, Vicente da, 87

“Court Jew,” 101–2, 114–15

Craig, James Henry, 131–32, 256n38

Croghan, George, 106, 111–13

Cromwell, Oliver, 73–74, 119, 237n60, 237nn60–61

crypto-Hinduism, 222n60

crypto-Islam, 222n60

crypto-Jews, 20, 62; use of term, 233n3. See also New Christians

cultural pluralism, 31

Curaçao: France and, 175; free people of color, 140, 258n20; free port settlement, 234n16; Jewish autonomy, 169; Jewish community, 34, 70, 158, 169, 171; legal rights, 171; militia service, 148; trade, 48, 56, 58–59, 66, 75

da Costa family, 75

Danzig, 64

Declaration of Independence (US), 163

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (France), 133, 158–59, 168, 170–71

de la Faya family, 87–88

DeLancey, Oliver, 104

Delaware Indians, 106, 112

Delgado, Moses, 152–53

de Mezquita family, 75

democratic republicanism, 132

denization, 3, 74–75, 77, 122, 142, 144, 149, 149, 237n61

de Pinto family, 75

Devaux, Jean-Baptiste Urbain, 175

Dias de Brito, Fernando, 58, 232n52

diasporas, 9, 154; Jewish press and, 199, 203, 205, 211; Portuguese Jewish, 60; “trading diaspora” model, 79

Diasporas within a Diaspora (Israel), 37

disabilities, legal, 8, 19, 30, 40, 142, 144–45

disenfranchisement, 4–5; in Jamaica, 142–46; in Rhode Island, 128–29, 254n29. See also office-holding; political rights; voting rights

Dixon, John M., 2, 7, 177

Dohm, Christian Wilhelm von, 161, 165

Drescher, Seymour, 75

Drummond, Adam, 109, 114

Dubin, Lois, 217n15, 262n10

Dury, John, 120

Dutch maritime empire, 28, 31, 34–35, 47–48, 238n74; freedom of conscience, 92; free port settlements, 234n16; Jewish political rights, 121; merchants in Barbados, 71; Portuguese Jewish merchants and, 42, 45–61; wars, 46, 56. See also Batavian Republic; Brazil; Curaçao; Suriname; West India Company

Dyer, William, 121

East India Company (British), 104

East India Company (Dutch), 89

Eckstein, Laura Newman, 6

economic equality, 160–61. See also poverty

economic pragmatism, 43–49

Eddy, Samuel, 255n29

Edict of Tolerance, 161

education, Jewish, 87–89

Edward I of England, 119

Eighty Years’ War, 63, 68, 76, 87, 89

Elizer, Isaac, 128

Elkin, Benjamin, 190, 270n73

Elliott, J. H., 44

Emmanuel, Isaac, 34

Emmanuel, Suzanne, 34

Emmer, Pieter, 75

empiricism, 27

endenization papers, 74

English colonies. See British maritime empire

Enlightenment, 27, 29, 102, 160, 173

enslaved Africans, 18, 97; sexual exploitation of, 177–96; uprisings by, 133, 139, 148; use of term, ix. See also manumission; slavery

entanglement, 1–7, 21, 39–41, 63–64, 80, 115, 135–37, 171, 180–81

equality. See political rights

ethnic groups, 1, 7, 17–18, 31, 118, 179

Eurafrican Jews, 181, 188–89, 192–95, 270n79; use of term, ix

exile, 14, 62, 92, 166, 221n41

Faber, Eli, 36, 38–39

Faro, 57

Feingold, Henry, 31

Feitler, Bruno, 15

Felix Libertate Society, 162, 168–69

Ferdinand II of Spain, 26

fetishization, 149–50

Fiering, Norman, 9

fines. See pardons and fines

Fischel, Arnold, 22–26, 29–30, 34, 36

Flanders, 68

Fludyer, Samuel, 108–9

Formiggini, Moisè, 160, 262n13

Fort Pitt, 106, 111

Fort Stanwix, Treaty of, 112–13

Fortune, Alexander, 195

France. See French maritime empire; French Revolution

Frankfurt, 157

Franklin, Benjamin, 113

Franklin, William, 112–13

Franks, Aaron, 102–4

Franks, Abigaill Levy, 100

Franks, Abraham, 102

Franks, David, 100–115, 246n19, 251n70, 251n75

Franks, Isaac, 102–3

Franks, Jacob, 100–101, 103

Franks, Jacob (John), 113

Franks, Moses, 100–104, 108–9, 111, 113–15, 247n22

Franks, Naphtali, 103, 113

Franks family, 4

Freedom Train (exhibit), 30

free people of color: in Barbados, 191, 195–96; in Jamaica, 5, 136–55; political rights, 194–95; as slave owners, 140–41, 150, 258n29; use of term, ix. See also manumission

free trade, 48, 51

French maritime empire: economic equality, 160–61; invasion of Dutch Republic, 262n2; Jewish autonomy, 164–66; Jewish community, 7, 164; in North America, 103; political rights, 133; settlers in British North America, 110–11; slavery, 174–75; sugar trade, 62, 66, 76–77; trade ordinances, 73. See also Haitian Revolution; Saint-Domingue

French Revolution, 130, 151, 156, 159, 165–67, 171–75

Frey, Junius, 173

Friedländer, David, 170–71

Friedman, Lee, 30–31

Fuentes, Marisa, 186

Furtado, Abraham, 172–73

Fürth, 157

Gage, Thomas, 109–10

Gállego, Julián, 221n45

Galloway, Joseph, 112

Gamarra, Don Esteban de, 49, 55

genealogies, 16–19, 90, 222n58

General Company for the Commerce of Brazil, 58

George I of England, 102

George II of England, 102, 247n22

George III of England, 108, 251n70

George IV of England, 153

Georgia, 133, 163

Gerber, Jane, 17, 64

Gerbner, Katharine, 182

ghettos, 85, 119, 159, 166, 262n13

Glanz, Rudolf, 198, 271n6

global history, 37–39

Glorious Revolution (1688), 122

Goan Inquisition, 222n60

Godard, Jacques, 262n12

Gold Coast, 48, 139

Golding, John, 259n56

Goodman, Abram, 31

Goren, Arthur, 198

Gower, Lord, 113

Graizbord, David L., 13–14, 79, 228n3

Grand Ohio Company, 113

Gratz, Barnard, 106

Gratz, Rebecca, 198

Greene, Jack P., 44

Grégoire, Abbé, 174

Grenville, George, 109, 113

Grinstein, Hyman, 30

Gross, Charles, 25–27

Guadeloupe, 76

Guinea, 50, 93

Guinea Coast, 69

Gutstein, Morris, 30

Habsburg Crown (in Spain), 44–47

Habsburg Empire, 68

Haitian Revolution, 137, 140, 147, 149, 151

Halifax, Earl of, 100

Hamburg, 3, 46, 55, 58, 62–64, 67–68, 157, 231n43

Hamilton, James, 105

Handlin, Oscar, 31

Harrington, James, 120

Hart, Aaron, 127, 255n36

Hart, Ezekiel, 4–5, 116–18, 124–26, 129, 131–32, 134–35, 251n2, 255n36, 256n38

Hart, Moses, 131, 255n36

Hart, Samuel, 118

Hart, Samuel, Bécancour, 134

Hassidic Jews, 165

Hays, Moses Michael, 169–70, 264n52

hazanim, 198, 269n59, 271nn4–5, 275n57

Hebrew Bible, 197–98, 207–8, 210

Hebrew Nation, 67, 76, 122

Hebrew Spelling-Book (1838), 198

Hebrew Union College, 29

Hebrew Vestry Bill (Barbados), 192–95

Henriques family, 75

Henry, Jacob, 124, 133–34

Henry I of England, 252n4

Herzog, Tamar, 19

Heuman, Gad, 150–51

Heyn, Piet, 89

Hilfman, Pinkus, 27

historicism, 10

historiography, 9; categorization in, 21; early American Jewish, 23–24

History of the Jews in America (Wiernik), 29–30

Hourwitz, Isaac, 171–72

Huguenots, 141, 143

Hurwitz, Isaac and Edith, 151

hybrid societies, 7

Hyman, Levy, 125–26, 134, 152

Iberian Peninsula, 7, 15, 19, 26, 28, 221n51

Iberian Union, 46, 50

Illinois Country, 109–10

immigration: to Amsterdam, 67, 72, 76, 87; to Barbados, 74, 76; to Brazil, 69–70, 84; to North America, 6, 13, 25, 29, 32, 103, 105–6, 198

Immigration Act (US), 29

India, 2, 131, 141

Indiana Company, 112–13

Indians: alliance with French, 103; attacks by, 99–100, 103, 114; trade with British, 106–7, 109–10, 115; use of term, ix. See also Native Americans

Indigenous Americans, 18, 81, 97; use of term, ix

Inglis, John, 109

Ingram, Kevin, 16–17

Inquisition, 13–19, 28, 43, 45, 59, 61, 76, 79, 85–92, 96–98, 222n60, 239n15, 241n58

integration, 6, 19, 38–39, 43, 80, 87, 142, 176, 189, 196. See also assimilation

intersectionality, 21, 40, 134–35, 179

Iroquois Indians, 106

Isabella I, Queen of Spain, 26

Israel, Jonathan, 37, 63, 68, 241n58

Italy, 159–60, 165

Jacobins, 172–73, 175

Jamaica: economy, 145–46; free people of color, 136–38, 141, 143–55; Jewish community, 136–38, 141–55, 158; militia service, 148–49; political rights, 5, 124–27, 133–34, 136–38, 143–46, 150–54, 259n56; revolutionaries and, 175; Sephardic merchants in, 71; sugar trade, 62–63, 66, 71, 74, 77; urban enclaves, 146–48

Jefferson, Thomas, 124, 163

Jewish Emancipation, 8; autonomy and, 176; in Europe, 161–62; in Jamaica, 150–51; in North America, 32, 126–28. See also disabilities, legal; disenfranchisement; political rights

Jewish History (journal), 37

Jewish history, goals of, 20

Jewishness: American Jewish history and, 29–31; clothing and, 145, 252n7; as difference, 119–22, 166; ethnic, 118; as indestructible and indivisible, 18, 20; military service and, 79–80, 97–98. See also religious identities

Jewish press, 197–211

Jewish self-rule, 5, 120; autonomy, 164–69, 176

Jewish studies, 10–11

Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West (2001), 9, 12

Jews in the Caribbean (2014), 38

Jews of color, 5, 136–38, 141–42, 154

John Lackland of England, 252n4

Johnson, Jessica Marie, 181, 188

Johnson, William, 100, 106, 110–12

Johnson-Reed Act (1924), 29

Jones-Rogers, Stephanie, 181

Joseph II of Austria, 173

Juan José de Austria, 46

Judah, Rachel, 198

Judaizers, 14–15, 17, 27, 67, 85, 96, 141, 222n60

Kagan, Richard L., 9

Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim (congregation), 202–3

Kaplan, Yosef, 3, 220n30

Katz, David, 122

Kayserling, Meyer, 26, 28

Kenesseth Shalom (congregation), 207

Kenny, James, 106

Kingston (Jamaica), 125–26, 133, 146–48, 203

kin networks, 64, 67, 247n26; trade and, 59, 105, 247n26

Kiron, Arthur, 199, 205, 217n13

Klooster, Wim, 5, 40, 53–54, 63

Kohler, Max J., 25, 27–28, 33

Korn, Bertram, 199

land speculation, 111–12, 115

Lateran Council, Fourth, 119, 252nn6–7

Latin American Jewish history, 8. See also Brazil

Law of God (Leeser), 209–10

leaders, Jewish: in Barbados, 178–84, 188–96; citizenship rights and, 164–70, 176; lay leaders, 166, 180, 183–84; in London, 146; military service and, 80–81, 98; Portuguese, in Dutch Atlantic, 42–43, 60–61, 71, 73, 77; on voting rights, 152–53; in Western Hemisphere, 25, 29, 197–98, 203. See also rabbis

Leeser, Isaac, 6, 197–211, 271nn4–5, 272n19, 274n46, 275nn53–54

legal equality, 8, 169–71, 175–76. See also political rights

Leone, Juda, 166

Leopold, Peter, 262n11

Lesser Antilles, 72

Levi de Barrios, Daniel, 244n123

Levine, Nathaniel, 202–3

Levinger, Lee, 30

Levy, Levy Andrew, 106–7

Ligon, Richard, 71

Lindo, Alexandre, 147

Lisbon, 62, 64, 76, 82

Livesay, Daniel, 143

livornine, 85

Livorno, 59, 82, 85, 141, 157, 166, 262nn10–11

Lodeño, Antonio Rodriguez, 54–56

London, 64, 74–75, 141, 157, 237n61

Long, Edward, 147, 149

Lopes de Azevedo, Francisco, 57

Lopes Suasso, Antonio, 55, 60

Lopez, Aaron, 128

Lorraine, 158, 164–65

Louis XVI of France, 161

Louverture, Toussaint, 175

Low Countries, 7, 60. See also specific countries

Lower Canada: L’affaire Hart, 116–18, 129–35; Legislative Assembly, 4, 116–18, 134; local identities and politics, 129–35; minority rights, 123–29; political economy, 118

Luso-Brazilians, 48, 82–84, 90, 95

Machorro, Elias, 91, 186

Mackay, Alexander, Jr., 127, 254n26

Maderia, 64, 66

Magen Abraham (congregation), 93

Maleo, Ignacio, 52

Mantua, 157, 170

manumission, 137, 139–41, 180, 191. See also free people of color

Marcus, Jacob Rader, 29, 32–35, 226n42

Maria Theresa, 103

Marischal, Johannes, 92

Maroons, 145, 148–49

Martínez, María Elena, 19

Martinique, 63, 76

martyrs, 80, 96–97

Maryland, 111, 123, 133

Massachusetts Bay Colony, 121, 123, 133

Massiah, Benjamin, 270n79

Massiah, Isaac, 178–79, 182, 184–85, 189

Massiah family, 183–87

Maurits, Johan, 69–70

Maury, Abbé, 162

Menasseh ben Israel, 73, 242n85

Mendelsohn, Adam, 199, 205

Mendelssohn, Moses, 165, 198

Mendes de Brito, Diego, 55–56, 58, 231n44

mercantilism, 75, 120

messianism, 4, 80, 91, 98, 242n85

Metz, 157, 166

Mexico, 19, 27

Mexico City, 13

Meza, Jacob J. de, 188–89

Michell, Salomone, 166–67

Middle Passage, 94

Mikveh Israel (congregation), 159, 193, 198, 271n5

military service: equality in, 161–62; in Jamaica, 148–49; Jewish soldiers in WIC, 4, 78–98

Miranda, E. R., 189

Mirvis, Stanley, 5

Mirzoeff, Nicholas, 144

miscegenation, 145, 149

Mississippi Company, 114

mixed ancestry, 14, 136–37, 148–49, 154–55, 189, 195, 259n56

mobility, 7, 9–10

Modena, 157

modernity, ix, 8, 29, 32

Moïse, Thomas Jefferson, 197

morals, 10–12, 97, 149, 165, 173–74, 182, 190, 208

Moravians, 141, 143

Mordecai, Jacob, 198

Morgan, Edmund, 35

Morgan, Philip D., 9

Moriscos, 15–16, 43

Morocco, 7–8, 51, 88–89, 220n29

Moutoukias, Zacharias, 49–50, 52–53

“mulattos,” 140, 149. See also free people of color; manumission

Muslim Iberia, 15, 26

Muslims, 13, 15–16

Napoleon, 174, 262n13, 265n54

Nassy, David, 160, 174–75

Nathan, M. N., 203

National Assembly (France), 158–59, 172

National Assembly (Netherlands), 163–64

Nation of Islam publications, 11, 219n23

Native Americans, 106; use of term, ix. See also Indians

Naturalization Act (1740), 5, 122, 128, 142, 146, 153

Navarro, Moisés, 91, 93

Navigation Act (French), 76

navíos de registro (registry ships), 44–45, 49–61

Nesbitt, Arnold, 104, 108–9, 114

Netanyahu, Benzion, 13

Netherlands: political rights, 170. See also Dutch maritime empire

Neveh Salom (congregation), 87

Neve Salom (congregation), 169

New Amsterdam, 48; Jewish settlement in, 22–23, 34, 36

Newcastle, Duke of (Thomas Pelham), 104, 108, 247n22

New Christians, 13–21; in Amsterdam, 3, 60; categorization of, 223n63; in Dutch Brazil, 91; in Livorno, 85; merchants, 3, 43, 45–46, 60, 62–77; Portuguese, 222n60, 230n30, 233n3; in Spanish commercial networks, 43, 45–46; sugar trade, 62–77

New England, 123

New Hampshire, 123, 133, 163

New Haven, 123

New Jersey, 133, 163

Newman, Brooke, 149

New Netherland, 48

Newport, Rhode Island, 29–30, 158

newspapers, 202, 273n24. See also Jewish press

Newton, Melanie, 191, 194

New York: American Revolution and, 158; Jewish community, 158, 207, 251n75; Jewish press, 204; land speculation, 111; manumission, 140; political rights, 133, 163; religious diversity, 123

Nidhe Israel (congregation), 178, 182–89, 185, 189, 192

Nieuhof, Johan, 96

North American colonies: commerce and British colonial expansion, 4, 99–115. See also American Revolution; British maritime empire; Lower Canada; United States

North Carolina, 124, 133–34, 163

Nova Zeelandia, 70

Nunes, Isaac, 91

Nunes da Costa, Duarte, 46

Nunes da Costa, Jeronimo, 46, 51, 55, 57–58, 60–61, 231n43

Oath of Abjuration, 116–18, 254n27

The Occident (periodical), 6, 197–211; agents, 209; finances, 274n39, 275n57; prospectuses, 272n19; subscription publishing, 201–11, 206, 274n39; wrappers, 199–200, 203–4, 207, 209–11, 274n38

oceanic history, 37

office-holding, 116–19, 122, 124, 127–29, 144, 156, 163, 170, 180

Ohio Company of Virginia, 114

Ohio River Valley, 99, 103, 105–7, 111

Okhovat, Oren, 3

Old Christians, 14, 16, 45

Olinda, 81–83

Olivares, Count-Duke of, 45, 230n30

Oporto, 64, 76

Oppenheimer, Josef, 163

Oranjestad, 66

Orejón, Francisco de, 54–56, 58

orthodox religiosity, 61

Ouellet, Fernand, 130

Pantaleón, Juan de, 53

Papineau, Louis-Joseph, 132, 134

Paraíba, 84, 91–92

Paramaribo, 147

pardons and fines, 51–53, 60

Paris, 172

Parti Canadien, 132, 134, 256n38

Parti Québecois, 135

Patriot revolt, 167, 167–68

patronage, 46, 131, 141–42, 154, 195, 258n29

Peace of Münster, 58

Peixoto, Ester, 87

Pelham, Henry, 104

Pelham, Thomas. See Newcastle, Duke of

Pennsylvania, 103, 111, 133, 158, 159

Pentateuch, 209–10

Pereira family, 75

Pereyra, Abraam, 55

Pernambuco: Dutch invasion and occupation of, 64, 68, 78, 81–84, 89, 91, 239n15; Jewish community, 92–96; persecution of New Christians, 67

Peru, 13, 48

Philadelphia, 99–100, 103, 106–7, 158, 197–98, 251n75

Philip III of Spain, 15

Philip IV of Spain, 16, 43–49, 58

Phillips, Jonas, 170

Pinto, Isaac de, 165

Pitock, Toni, 4

Pitt, Thomas, 113

Plantagenet kings, 252n4

Plantation Act. See Naturalization Act (1740)

Plumsted, William, 104–8, 111

political economy, 63, 118, 120–29, 182

political rights: in Barbados, 180, 191, 194–95; in Jamaica, 5, 124–27, 133–34, 136–38, 143–46, 150–54, 259n56; in Livorno, 262nn10–11; in Lower Canada, 116–35; revolutions and, 158–76; in United States, 32. See also citizenship; office-holding; voting rights

political thought, British, 118–23, 133

Pontiac, 112

Pontiac’s War, 107, 111

“Port Jew,” 9, 12, 37, 63, 199, 217n15

Port Royal, 66, 144

Portugal: colonization of Brazil, 50, 63–64, 66; markets in, 51; war of independence, 57–58

Portuguese Jewish merchants: in Caribbean region, 64–65; as culturally European, 42–43, 58–59; diaspora of, 60; Spanish imperial navíos de registro trade, 42–45, 49–61; sugar trade, 62–77

Portuguese Jews: in early Spanish Empire, 3; hegemony among Atlantic Jewries, 8, 13; in Jamaica, 136, 141–42; as New Christians, 60–61; in Portugal, 13–19; use of term, ix, 228n3

Portuguese Nation, 3, 62–64, 66–67, 76–77; defined, 233n1

Portuguese New Christians, 222n60, 230n30, 233n3

postcolonial studies, 10–11

poverty, 168–69, 182–84

Pownall, John, 113

Pownall, Thomas, 113

pragmatism: commercial, 79–80; toleration, 43–49, 59–61, 229n6

Prague, 103, 157

prejudice, 79, 94, 97, 165, 174, 193. See also antisemitism

prestige (within Jewish community), 4, 80, 87, 96, 98, 201

Princess Street Synagogue, 125

privileges, 8, 19; personal privileges bills in Jamaica, 136–37, 145–46, 151, 155

Proclamation Line, 111–12

Promised City (Rischin), 35–36

Protestants, 3, 43, 45, 51, 58–59, 79, 81, 92, 97, 103, 118, 120, 122–24, 129, 134, 161, 254n26

Publications (AJHS), 30

public office. See office-holding

publishing, religious, 204–5, 208. See also Jewish press

Pulido Serrano, Juan Ignacio, 15

Puritan colonies, 123

Quakers, 123, 141, 143, 205

Québec Act (1774), 127, 129–30

Québec City, 116–17

rabbinical culture, 5, 142

rabbinical law, 162, 182

rabbis, 6, 22, 30, 91–92, 198–99, 203, 265n54; in Brazil, 69–70; informal, 81, 91–92, 96, 98; on military service, 162. See also leaders, Jewish

Rabin, Shari, 199

racial hierarchies, 137, 179, 191, 261n94

Rauschenbach, Sina, ix, 9, 11

Recife, 81–82, 92–96

Reconquista, 15, 26

Rehiné, Zalma, 198, 272n19

Reilly, Matthew, 179, 195

religious identities, 15, 40, 61, 66. See also Jewishness

religious pluralism, 43

religious tolerance. See tolerance

Remer, Rosalind, 204–5, 208

Revolutionary War, 114, 161. See also American Revolution

revolutions, 5–6, 156–76; autonomy, 164–69, 176; economic equality, 160–61; Jewish involvement in, 158, 171–76; legal equality, 169–71, 175–76; military equality, 161–62; political equality, 162–64. See also American Revolution; French Revolution; Haitian Revolution

Rhode Island, 121, 123, 128–29, 163, 254n29; Newport, 29–30, 158

Rider, Sidney S., 254n29

Rigaud, André, 175

Río de la Plata, 49–51

Rischin, Moses, 35–36

Rocheford, Lord, 113

Rodrigues da Sousa, Simão and Luis, 57

Rodrigues Isidro, Jacob, 55, 231n43

Rodrigues Isidro, Manuel, 55

Rodrigues Isidro family, 58

Roitman, Jessica, 66

Rome, 157, 159–60, 162, 166

Roth, Cecil, 20

Rothschild, Mayer Amschel, 163

Rowland, Robert, 14

Saint-Domingue, 133, 140, 147, 149, 175

Saint Eustatius, 66, 75, 158

Saint Thomas, 204

Salmagundis, 194

Salvador, Francis, 162–63

Salvador da Bahia, 68

Samuel, Edgar, 17

Sanches Morao, Abraham, 146, 259n56

Sanlúcar, 54

Santa Teresa de Ávila, 18

São Tomé, 64, 66

Saraiva, Antonio, 13

Sarna, Jonathan, 199

Sasportas, Isaac Yeshurun, 133, 149, 175

Savannah, 158

Schorsch, Jonathan, ix, 9, 11, 261n94

Schreuder, Yda, 3

Schwartz, Joseph, 198

Schwartz, Stuart, 43

secret Judaism, 3, 7, 13–15, 67, 87, 233n3

sedition, 148–49

Seixas, Gershom Mendes, 198

Seixas, Isaac, 198

Sephardic Atlantic (2018), 9, 12, 37

Sephardim: merchants in Atlantic sugar trade, 62–77; in North America, 32; use of term, ix

Serra, Abraham, 87

Seven Years’ War, 99–107, 113, 149

Seville, 51, 54, 232n52

sexual liaisons: of lower-class Jewish men, 177–89, 195–96; of wealthy Jewish men, 189–95

sex workers, 178, 182, 185–88

Sharpe, Sam, 154

Shearith Israel (congregation), 100, 202

Sheftall, Mordecai, 162–63

Shilstone, Eustace M., 236n49

Silva e Sampaio, Dom Pedro da, 92

silver trade, 49–50

Simmonds, M. B., 203–4

Simon, Joseph, 106

Singerman, Robert, 198

Six Nations, 112

slavery and slave trade, 8; in Barbados, 6, 71–72; civil liberties and, 145; development of, 35; Dutch West India Company, 48, 69–70, 93–94, 95, 97; free people of color as slave owners, 140–41, 150, 258n29; French Revolution and, 174–75; in Jamaica, 138–39, 257n9; Jews as slave owners, 150, 180, 193; New Christian merchants, 64; transatlantic slave trade, 46, 229n14; use of terms, ix; violence of, 94. See also abolition of slavery; enslaved Africans; manumission; Maroons

smuggling. See contraband

Snyder, Holly, 4–5, 38–39, 143, 152

social justice, 11

social mobility, 145, 190

Sola, Abraham de, 203

soldiers. See military service

Sorkin, David, 162, 217n15

South American Jewry, 22–27, 33–35. See also Brazil

South Carolina, 133, 158, 162–63

Souza, Abraham Henriques de, 136

Souza, Rebecca, 136–37, 155

Souza, Sarah, 136

Spain: Jewish expulsion from (1492), 15, 26; Jews in, 13–19; markets in, 51. See also Inquisition

Spanish maritime empire, 22–23; financial crisis (1640s), 58; immigration restrictions, 13; navíos de registro (registry ships), 44–45, 49–61; as polycentric monarchy, 44; Portuguese New Christian bankers as royal financiers, 45–47; wars, 53, 58

Spinoza, Rachel, 89

stereotyping, 149–50, 154

Straus, Oscar, 27–28

Stuyvesant, Peter, 32

Suasso family, 75

subscription publishing, 201–11

suffrage. See voting rights

sugar trade, 3, 62–77, 82, 139

Sulzberger, Mayer, 273n22

Suriname: Ashkenazim in, 143; Dutch colonization of, 48; English colonization of, 70–71; Eurafrican Jews, 181, 188–89; free people of color in, 140; Jewish community, 27–28, 35, 39–40, 158; Jewish slaveowners in, 150; political rights, 171; Sephardic merchants in, 71; Society of, 174; sugar trade, 76

Sur Israel (congregation), 92–93, 96