INDEX

• Abt, John, 130
• Acheson, Dean, 125, 142, 146, 211–212n102
• Adamic, Louis, 38
• Adams, John Quincy, 143
• Afghanistan, 185, 188, 215n72
• Africa, 116, 139, 141, 147, 149, 153, 174–77; North, 126; South Africa, 167, 175. See also Algeria; Rhodesia
• Algeria, 175–76
• Alsop, Stewart, 138
• American Committee of Cultural Freedom (ACCF), 128
• American Workers Party (AWP), 21, 24
• Angola, 166
• Argentina, 87
• Aristotle, 12, 42, 64
• Aron, Raymond, 100
• Asia, 107, 116, 139, 149, 174, 176
• Atkins, John, 80
• Ayer, A. J., 120

• Bay of Pigs, 147–49, 169
• Bell, Daniel, 128, 203n83
• Bentham, Jeremy, 58
• Berle, Adolf, 19–20, 57
• Berlin, 116, 120–23; Berlin Airlift, 105; Berlin Wall, 107, 149
• Bernstein, Eduard, 90
• Biden, Joe, 229n134
• Blanqui, Louis, 169
• Blum, Leon, 30
• Bohlen, Charles “Chip,” 98, 128, 134
• Bolivia, 29, 154
• Bolshevik Revolution, 25, 84, 111, 157
• Bolsheviks, 17, 25, 29, 34, 37, 38, 69, 84, 107, 137
• Boumédiène, Houari, 176, 228n80
• bourgeoisie, 18, 20, 25–26, 29, 34, 57, 122
• Bozell, Brent, 151, 155
• Brazil, 154
• Breit, Harvey, 114
• Britain, 48, 72, 79–80, 83, 92, 97, 126, 139, 175, 220n15
• Brookhiser, Richard, 8
• Browder, Earl, 30, 31–32, 134, 198n101
• Bruno, Giordano, 72
• Buchanan, Pat, 7, 77, 178
• Buckley, William F., 4–5, 136, 140, 178
• Bukharin, Nikolai, 51
• Bullitt, William C., 211–212n102
• bureaucracy, 7, 51, 51–52, 58, 64, 76, 78, 110–111; in government, 76, 189; power of, 64, 76–77, 144
• Burke, Edmund, 5, 8, 154–55, 160, 163, 176
• Burnham, Claude, 10
• Burnham, David, 13–14
• Burnham, James, writings of: “Abstraction Kills the West,” 139; “The Balance Sheet,” 178; “The Bands Are Playing,” 27; “A Belated Dialectician,” 40; book reviews, 19–20, 23–24, 26, 30, 39–40, 84–85, 141–42, 167; “Browder Defends Imperialism,” 31–32; “On the Character of the War and the Perspective of the Fourth Internationalists,” 41; The Coming Defeat of Communism, 82, 104–16, 118, 122, 162, 186; Congress and the American Tradition, 143–46, 162; Containment or Liberation, 82, 116, 122–23, 125–28, 162; The Deep State, 76; “Disinformation Bureaus,” 140–41; “The Dulles Record: An Appraisal,” 146; “Editor Meets Senator,” 128; “From Formula to Reality,” 34, 203n62; “From Ho, With Love,” 169; “Intellectuals in Retreat,” 38, 39; Introduction to Philosophical Analysis (with Wheelwright), 14, 19; “Is Democracy Possible?,” 59; “It's All Your Fault,” 179–80; “Joys and Sorrows of Empire,” 170; “Lenin's Heir,” 83–85; The Machiavellians, 1, 2–3, 6, 61–70, 74, 76, 77, 80, 86–87, 130, 143, 146, 162, 174, 177, 189–90; The Managerial Revolution, 1–6, 8, 47, 48, 51, 52–61, 71, 74, 76–77, 79–80, 85–86, 89, 114, 116, 130, 143, 146, 162, 178, 187, 189; “Max Eastman as Scientist,” 35; “Max Eastman's Straw Man,” 31; “Politics and Morality,” 183; “The Politics of Desperation,” 43; “Psychological Warfare or Else,” 119–20; “The Question of Organic Unity,” 25; Reflection on the French Revolution, 159; “Reflections on Defeat,” 180–81; “The Resonance Differential,” 184; “Rhetoric and Peace,” 121; “SALT-Verifiability=0,” 184–85; “Science and Style,” 43; “The Sixth Turn of the Communist Screw,” 82, 85; “Stalin and the Junkers,” 83, 85; The Struggle for the World (Burnham), 3, 6, 82, 86–93, 95–104, 116, 122, 123, 162, 188; Suicide of the West, 5, 6, 154–64, 187; “THEIR Government,” 23, 24; “Thirteen Propositions” (with Wheelwright), 19, 20; “Through a Glass, Darkly,” 12; “War and the Workers,” 28–29; “A War Distorted,” 171; The War We Are In, 181; The Web of Subversion, 129–34, 150; “What Is the Purpose of the United Nations?,” 101; “What to Do About the UN,” 152; “Why the South Must Prevail,” 173; “Words of East and West,” 141
• Burnham, Mary Mae Gillis, 10
• Burnham, Phillip, 83
• Bush, George H. W., 78

• Calhoun, John C., 143–44
• Cannon, James, 22, 24, 41–42
• capitalism, 20, 22–24, 26, 28, 31, 42, 50, 53, 55, 57–58, 63, 81, 112–13, 130; vs. communism, 17, 22, 122, 127, 168; demise of, 49–51; failings of, 19, 32, 48, 90, 98, 100; and imperialism, 28, 32; laissez-faire, 73, 134, 160, 172; and managerialism, 49, 53, 142, 203n83; vs. Marxism, 30, 41; vs. socialism, 37, 44–45, 48, 52, 81
• Carter, James “Jimmy,” 183, 185
• Carter, John Vincent, 133
• Castro, Fidel, 147–48, 169
• Catholic Church, 4, 10, 12, 62, 111–12, 118, 155
• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 4, 8, 76, 110, 114, 117–19, 128, 136, 200n46
• Chamberlain, John, 38
• Chamberlain, Neville, 32
• Chambers, Whittaker, 131
• Chaplin, Charlie, 120
• Chiang Kai-shek, 131
• China, 47, 119, 177, 190, 228n96; communism in, 105, 119, 123–26, 132–34, 141, 149–50, 166, 168, 174, 178, 181; and the United States, 87, 132, 177–78, 180, 182; and the Soviet Union, 83, 150, 178
• Christianity, 11, 21, 22, 66, 90, 155, 159
• Churchill, Winston, 133
• civil rights, 37, 151, 154–55, 172–73
• class struggle/warfare, 26, 28–29, 31–32, 43, 66, 89–90, 122, 137
• Clausewitz, Carl von, 122
• Clay, Henry, 143
• Clinton, William “Bill,” 78
• Cold War, 3, 82, 84, 93–94, 96, 100, 105, 108–9, 111–15, 121, 123–24, 130, 137, 140, 141, 149, 168, 173, 178, 181, 187, 215n72; American failures, 105–6, 116, 151–52; American successes, 4, 105, 127; understanding of, 183–84
• communism, 3–5, 17, 22, 34–35, 47, 59, 76–77, 84–85, 88, 90, 101–2, 109, 113–14, 116, 121–22, 128, 132, 134, 137, 141, 147, 150, 152, 162, 168, 215n70, 219n88; in Africa, 116, 139; vs. capitalism, 17, 22, 122, 127, 168; in China/Asia, 102, 105, 116, 119, 123, 125, 126, 132–33, 134, 139, 141, 150, 166, 168, 174, 178, 180; defeat of, 95, 110–11, 113; in Europe, 22, 83, 101, 107, 116, 126, 133, 138, 166, 168, 213–214n12; fighting, 3, 91–92, 94, 112, 115, 117, 121, 123, 127, 139, 146, 153, 161, 176; latent, 130, 132; vs. Nazism, 52, 57, 137; negotiation with, 87, 140, 178, 186; opposition to, 19, 73, 85, 99, 101, 118, 136, 162, 173; possible responses to, 91–92; power as objective of, 87–88; promotion of, 130, 131, 134, 210n23; Soviet, 4, 19, 97, 123–24, 150, 166, 168, 178; spread of, 83, 107, 161, 183, 185; as threat, 3, 5, 102, 117, 146, 154, 161–62, 168; in the United States, 25, 88–89, 97, 128, 130–33, 150, 210n23; and US policies, 93, 108, 132; use of terror by, 88, 102, 137. See also Soviet Union
• Communist League of America (CLA), 24
• Communist Party, 4, 20, 25, 83, 89, 122, 134, 138, 198n101; British, 138; French, 138; Greek, 209n7; Italian, 138; in the United States (CPUSA), 21, 31, 102
• Congo, 148, 181
• Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF), 4, 120, 128, 148
• conservatism, 3, 77, 79, 82, 144, 155–56, 172, 189, 191. See also neoconservatism; paleoconservatism
• containment, 5, 6, 7, 100, 107, 114–15, 122–23, 125, 126, 128, 138, 143, 146, 166, 214n19
• Costello, Frank, 8
• Counts, George S., 38
• Croce, Benedetto, 74, 120
• Cuba, 147–48, 149, 161–62, 169–70, 181, 223n88
• Czechoslovakia, 112, 139, 213–214n12

• Dante Alighieri, 14, 62
• D’Arcy, Martin, 12–13, 45
• Davies, John Paton, 98, 134
• de Gaulle, Charles, 100, 149
• decolonization, 155, 174–77
• deep state, 76, 189
• Dellingshausen, Ewert Freiherr von, 113–14
• Dennis, Lawrence, 202n59
• Department of All-German Affairs (West Germany), 114
• détente, 5, 182–83
• Dewey, John, 37–38, 120, 198n99
• dialectic, 2, 35, 36, 39, 42–45, 122. See also materialism, dialectical
• Dickinson, John, 143
• Diggins, John P., 114
• Djilas, Milovan, 76–77
• Dodd, Martha, 15, 196n50, 210n23, 219n88
• Dodd, William, 196n50
• Dole, Bob, 78
• Dos Passos, John, 187
• Drucker, Peter, 57, 58
• Du Bois, W. E. B., 120
• Dulles, Allen, 128
• Dulles, John Foster, 115–16, 146, 211–212n102

• Eastern Europe, 53, 111, 113, 124, 137, 140, 162; communism in, 116, 126, 138, 168; liberation of, 85–86, 93, 115, 123–25, 127–28, 138, 188; Soviet Union in, 83, 147, 157, 182, 188
• Eastman, Max, 30, 35–36, 38, 42, 136, 187
• Egypt, 138–39, 154, 157, 175, 220n15
• Einstein, Albert, 22, 72, 120, 160
• Eisenhower, Dwight D., 134, 139, 146, 149, 165, 167, 172
• Eisenstein, Sergei, 84
• ELAM, 83, 209n7
• Eliot, T. S., 20, 40
• elite(s): 7, 32, 66, 73, 77, 79, 82, 111, 113, 190; bureaucratic, 2, 7, 34, 51, 62, 81, 146; globalist, 78, 189; managerial, 50, 77–78, 82, 146; power of, 8, 50, 63–64, 68, 70, 191; ruling, 1, 2, 7, 67
• Engels, Friedrich, 40, 51; The Communist Manifesto, 78
• England. See Britain
• Enlightenment, 12, 154, 160
• Esthonia, 126
• Ethiopia, 28, 29, 175
• Eurasia, 83–84, 91, 94, 107, 139
• Europe, 3, 22–23, 25–26, 29, 83, 92, 94, 107, 146; Central, 47, 57, 107, 116, 140; Western, 47, 64, 100, 107, 123–24, 127, 168, 171. See also Eastern Europe
• Evans, Medgar, 129

• Fairbanks, John K., 133
• Fanon, Frantz, 174–75
• Farrell, James, 38
• fascism, 29, 38, 41, 47, 55, 69, 70, 184
• Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 10–13
• Ford, Gerald, 182–83
• Ford Hunger March, 21
• foreign aid, 153–54, 188
• Foreign Economic Association, 131
• Foreign Service, 76, 110
• Fourier, Charles, 35
• Fox, Ralph, 23
• France, 48, 91, 97, 101, 126, 139, 181, 197n66
• Francis, Samuel, 6, 7, 77–78, 79, 146
• Franco, Francisco, 162, 167
• Free Germany Committee, 83
• French Revolution, 34, 67, 109, 143, 154, 176

• Gaddis, John Lewis, 98, 178
• Galbraith, John Kenneth, 57, 142, 221n32
• Gates, Albert, 57
• Germany, 26, 31, 51, 53, 55, 58, 61, 72, 79–80, 88, 101, 114, 157, 181, 196n50, 197n66; East, 83, 88, 114, 118; under the Nazis, 32, 51, 53, 57, 79, 118, 178; rearmament of, 29, 108–9; West, 88, 97, 114, 140; in World War II, 80, 83, 99, 149. See also Berlin; Hitler, Adolf
• Ghana, 157, 176, 228n81
• Gibbons, Edward, 145
• globalism, 170, 189, 190
• Glotzer, Albert, 57
• Goldwater, Barry, 1, 5, 150–52
• Gorbachev, Mikhail, 185, 215n70
• Gramsci, Antonio, 78
• Great Depression, 14, 16, 21, 23–24, 39, 55
• Greece, 83, 86, 97, 105, 108, 166, 170, 181
• Gregg, Richard B., 26
• Gromyko, Andrei, 102, 213n139

• Hackes, Louis, 38
• Haiti, 6
• Haldane, J. B. S., 40
• Hansen, Joseph, 57
• Harriman, Averell, 211–212n102
• Harrison, Charles Yale, 38
• Hayek, Fredrich, 57, 58–59, 204n93
• Hegel, G. W. F., 44, 113
• Hegelianism, 31, 40, 113, 150
• Helsinki Accords, 182
• Herberg, Will, 187
• Hickenlooper, Bourke, 128
• Hiss, Alger, 130–31, 132, 150
• Hitchens, Christopher, 7, 93
• Hitler, Adolf, 24, 26, 32, 52, 57, 70, 80, 83, 87, 118, 120, 137, 167, 178, 196n50, 197n66, 209n14; confronting, 87, 108, 167; and German expansion, 26, 178, 197n66; and Russia, 33, 41; vs. Stalin, 38, 70, 80, 118, 137
• Ho Chi Minh, 126, 169
• Hobbes, Thomas, 58
• holism, 25, 28, 150, 178
• Honecker, Erich, 215n70
• Hook, Sydney, 16–17, 19, 21, 22, 24, 34, 36–37, 42, 120, 187; Burnham's disagreements with, 38–39, 41, 45; writings of, 30–31, 36, 40, 70, 73–74
• Hoopes, Townsend, 116
• Hoover, Herbert, 162
• Hopkins, Harry, 131
• House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 131, 162
• Howe, Irving, 163
• Hungary, 138, 139, 146, 161, 181
• Hussein, Saddam, 7, 188
• Huxley, Aldous, 22

• India, 107, 123, 139, 149, 173–74
• Indochina, 123, 126, 170, 180, 183
• Indonesia, 157, 181
• Inhofe, James, 229n134
• Institute of Pacific Relations, 134
• Iran, 8, 78, 119, 213n139, 220n15, 229n134
• Iraq, 8, 220n15
• isolationism, 3, 6, 31, 92, 94–96, 100, 154, 170, 190
• Israel, 139
• Italy, 26, 28–29, 31, 138

• Jackson, Henry “Scoop,” 152–53
• Japan, 3, 29, 31, 47, 53, 55, 61, 80, 83, 92, 141, 149, 157, 177, 180–81
• Jefferson, Thomas, 37, 87
• John Birch Society, 133, 162
• Johnson, Lyndon B., 161, 167
• Josephson, Matthew, 27
• Junkers, 83

• Kagan, Robert, 6, 7, 187–88
• Kamenev, Lev, 125
• Kampmark, Binoy, 93
• Kant, Immanuel, 58
• Kazakhstan, 160
• Kelly, Daniel, 7, 13, 96, 140, 173, 209n7
• Kendall, Willmoore, 136
• Kennan, George, 98, 107, 115, 124, 138, 142–43, 166, 167–68; writings of, 98, 110, 124–25, 127–28, 142, 168, 211–212n201, 221n32
• Kennedy, John F., 10, 147–50, 161
• Kent, Sherman, 128
• Khrushchev, Nikita, 137–38, 141, 149–50, 161, 178
• Kirk, Russel, 136, 159–60
• Kissinger, Henry, 141–42, 163–64, 179
• Koestler, Arthur, 40, 121, 200n46
• Korea, 123–24, 126, 181; North, 115; South, 115, 153, 177, 180–81
• Korean War, 114–15, 128, 170, 177, 180
• Kotelawala, John, 174
• Kravchenko, Victor, 85
• Kristol, Irving, 6, 128, 133–34, 187
• Kristol, William “Bill,” 6, 7, 187–88
• Kronstadters, 37
• Krutch, Joseph, 22

• Laos, 148, 181
• Latin America, 32, 116, 160, 166, 174, 176, 181
• Lattimore, Owen, 131, 134
• League of Nations, 27, 29–30, 32, 101
• Lenin, Vladimir I., 8, 17, 27–29, 34, 39, 48, 51, 88, 117, 125, 137, 168–69, 198n82; Burnham's admiration for, 23–24, 27, 111; death of, 24–25, 37, 118; writings of, 30, 47, 118
• Leninism, 8, 47, 113, 117, 149, 168, 173
• Lewis, C. I., 44
• liberalism, 48, 64, 69, 137, 141–42, 145, 154, 155–56, 158–59, 160, 162, 170, 175, 189
• Liberia, 175
• libertarianism, social, 134
• Lightner, Marcia, 204n1
• Lincoln, Abraham, 72
• Lind, Michael, 8
• Lindberg, Anne, 202n59
• Lippman, Walter, 106, 165, 167–68
• Litvinov, Maxim, 30
• Lofgren, Mike, 76
• Luce, Henry, 97
• Lundberg, Ferdinand, 38
• Luxemburg, Rosa, 17, 28
• Lyons, Eugene, 38

• Macdonald, Dwight, 40, 56, 128, 209n7
• Machiavelli, Nicolo, 8, 61, 72, 87, 154, 163; Discourses, 62, 70, 119; The Prince, 61, 72
• Machiavellianism, 167, 179
• Mackinder, Halford, 53, 139
• Malaya, 166
• Malraux, Andre, 100–101
• managerial class, 2, 19, 49, 50, 54, 58, 78, 81, 142, 188–89
• managerial revolution, 142, 145, 203n83
• managerialism, 44, 49, 50–51, 53–54, 58–59, 76
• Manheim, Karl, 204n93
• Mao Zedong, 123, 150, 178
• Mapplethorpe, Robert, 77
• Marshall, George, 99
• Marshall Plan, 100, 105, 167, 170, 213–214n12
• Marx, Karl, 2, 8, 14, 17, 27, 30, 31, 33, 36, 48–51, 66, 78, 79, 173
• Marxism, 2, 8, 13–14, 47, 54, 73, 113, 117, 122, 149, 150, 152, 168, 170, 186; and the 1917 revolution, 84; Burnham and, 14–32; vs. capitalism, 30; and Christianity, 21; and class struggle, 31; Das Kapital, 33; as Freudian psychology, 30; goals of, 33; influence of, 78; jargon of, 40; neo-, 58; as philosophy, 35, 40; revolutionary, 15; and the Russian question, 33; scientific nature of, 36; in the Soviet Union, 33; theory of surplus value, 20; theory of the state, 25; Trotsky and, 2, 18; and violence, 21. See also dialectic
• Marxists, 2, 16, 17, 26, 27, 30, 40, 43, 57, 117, 125; Burnham's criticism of, 48–49, 113, 128, 137; on class struggle, 31, 38, 62; intellectuals, 22, 25, 30, 55, 58, 78, 90; philosophy of, 14, 18, 33, 35–36, 39–40, 44, 73, 84, 150; on the Soviet Union, 33, 35, 40
• materialism: dialectical, 39–40, 44, 158; historical, 18
• Mazzini, Giuseppe, 66
• McCarthy, Joseph, 3, 4–5, 128–29, 134, 143, 155, 162, 218n84, 219n88
• McCarthy, Mary, 128
• McCarthyism, 4, 129
• Means, Gardiner, 19–20, 57
• Mencken, H. L., 22
• Mensheviks, 24
• Meyer, Frank, 155, 187
• Michels, Robert, 3, 63, 67–68, 73
• Middle East, 6, 123, 126, 138–40, 147, 161–62, 188
• Mihailović, Draža, 87, 132
• Mills, C. Wright, 1, 76, 203n83
• Morgenthau, Hans, 166–67, 168
• Morocco, 175
• Mosca, Gaetano, 3, 63–65, 73
• Mossadegh, Muhammad, 119
• Muslims, 124, 141, 218n61
• Mussolini, Benito, 26
• Muste, A. J., 21, 196n39
• Mỹ Lai massacre, 171
• myths, 20, 66, 68, 89

• Nagy, Imre, 138
• Nash, George, 82
• Nasser, Gamal, 138–39
• national conservatives (NatCons), 189
• National Council of the Arts, Sciences and Professions, 120
• National Endowment for the Arts, 77
• National Greek Republic League, 209n7
• National Labor Relations Board, 131
• National Review (NR), 1, 3, 4–5, 134, 136–37, 140, 168, 178–79, 184, 187; Burnham's colleagues at, 15–52, 155, 160, 172; National Review Bulletin, 143
• National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68), 115
• Nazis and Nazism, 22, 27, 32, 41, 47, 51–55, 57, 59, 72, 79, 83, 86, 118, 125, 137, 168, 178
• Nazi-Soviet Pact, 2, 41, 52, 197n66
• neoconservatism, 6, 7, 8, 93, 187–88, 191, 211n73
• neo-isolationism, 6, 154. See also isolationism
• neo-Marxism, 58. See also Marxism
• New Deal, 15, 19, 47, 51, 53, 55, 58, 102, 152
• New York University (NYU), 13–14, 16, 21, 117
• Niebuhr, Reinhold, 74, 183
• Niemeyer, Gerhart, 163
• Nietzsche, Friedrich, 84
• Niles, David, 131
• Nitze, Paul, 115
• Nixon, Richard, 102, 144, 147, 177, 178; and China, 178, 180, 182; and the Cold War, 183; and the National Review, 179–80; National Review's disagreements with, 178–79; and the USSR, 180, 182
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 123, 126, 142, 183
• nuclear weapons, 89, 95–96, 99–100, 115, 120, 128, 132, 141, 142–43, 147, 149, 151–52, 155, 160–61, 167–68, 171, 179, 181, 185, 211–212n102; MIRV, 183. See also arms race

• Oakeshott, Michael, 160
• Obama, Barack, 229n134
• October Revolution, 37
• Office of Policy Coordination (OPC), 98, 117–18
• Office of Production Management, 51
• Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 82, 131
• Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 141
• optimism, 67, 73, 74, 104, 112
• Orwell, George, 1, 37, 40, 79, 200n46; 1984, 3, 80–81, 99; and Burnham, 79–80; “As I Please,” 79, 80; reviews of Burnham's books, 80, 99; “Second Thoughts of James Burnham,” 99
• Oswald, Lee Harvey, 150
• Owen, Robert, 35
• Oxford University, 12–13, 142

• pacifism, 26, 58, 66–67, 99, 109, 121, 161, 167–69; and capitalism, 28; condemnation of, 67, 91; humanitarian, 66; opposition to, 26–27, 29
• Paine, Tom, 99
• Pakistan, 220n15
• paleoconservatism, 6, 7, 8, 77, 146, 187–88, 191
• Palestine, 177
• Paraguay, 29
• Pareto, Vilfredo, 3, 63, 68–69, 73
• Partisan Review, 4, 39, 41, 45, 82, 128, 129, 200n46
• peace, 67, 69, 152; Berlin conference, 120–21; concept of, 106, 121, 126, 150, 161, 168, 170; desire for, 31; global zone of, 181; movements, 28, 67, 169
• Peace Leagues, 26, 27
• Perlo, Victor, 130
• Peron, Juan, 87
• pessimism, 7, 13, 74, 77, 181; of Burnham, 59, 67, 73, 95, 143, 146, 152, 156, 161, 174, 181, 189
• Philippines, 3, 92, 166
• philosophy, 73, 204–205n7; of Burnham, 80; and the capitalist class, 112; of communism, 122; economic, 5, 59; end of, 31; Enlightenment, 12, 154, 160; Marxist, 14, 18, 33, 35, 36, 39–40, 44, 73, 84, 150; metaphysical, 31; political, 35, 45, 73, 183–84; of power, 72, 187; pragmatist, 42; scientific, 31, 36; of Trotsky, 44; utopian, 68
• Poland, 106, 125, 126; anticommunist protests, 137–38; anticommunists in, 215n71; Nazi invasion of, 41; Soviet occupation of, 2, 45–46, 87, 123
• Popper, Karl, 1, 36, 39, 57, 59
• Portugal, 182, 184
• power: as abstract concept, 73; balance of, 144; of the bureaucracy, 7, 51, 64, 76, 144; Burnham's ideas on, 190; in capitalism, 49–50; and the Cold War, 178; against communism, 3, 92, 93, 108, 115, 162; communist, 87–88, 122, 152, 180; of Congress, 143, 145; corrupting influence of, 151; cultural, 77; in democracy, 59, 67–68, 186; demonstration of, 140; desire for, 65, 72, 73; economic, 55; of the elites, 2–3, 7, 8; of empire, 92; of government, 62, 70, 190; hard, 110, 113, 191; human need for, 6; importance of, 165, 177; independent, 76; for its own sake, 81; of liberals, 145; Machiavelli's philosophy of, 72; machinery of, 78; maintaining, 63, 88; in Marxism, 73; military, 76, 96; monopoly of, 87, 122; nature of, 61, 74, 77; necessity for, 17, 167, 178; nuclear, 96; obsession with, 99; of the people, 66–67; philosophy of, 187; political, 17, 45, 51; of the presidency, 143; relations of, 63; relationship to freedom, 151; social, 55; under socialism, 66; soft, 110, 113, 119, 191; of the sovereign, 143; Soviet, 82–83, 115; of the state, 71, 151; state as a tool of, 79; struggle for, 3, 17, 50, 60, 61, 71, 73, 78–79, 166, 191; of the United States, 85–86, 148, 150–51, 170, 180, 188; use of, 7; use of to restrain power, 70, 80, 140, 190; vacuum, 160; in Vietnam, 179; violence and, 66; of the Western world, 164; wielders of, 62, 80; worshippers of, 80
• power theorists, 63, 70–71, 78–79, 149, 164, 191
• praxis, 117
• Pressman, Lee, 130
• Princeton University, 11–13, 98
• proletariat, 2, 17, 18, 29, 31, 49, 113, 122, 161
• propaganda: anticommunist, 92, 114, 118; and the Cold War, 109–10; communist, 85, 89, 130, 161, 169; Managerial Revolution as, 56; nationalist, 66; political cartoons, 118; psychological, 147; Soviet, 83, 98, 118, 120, 147; variation in, 118. See also warfare, psychological

• Rahv, Philip, 38, 41, 128
• Ramaswamy, Vivek, 188
• Reagan, Ronald, 1, 5–6, 77, 102–3, 184–87, 229n134, 230n139
• religious Right, 77, 190
• Reston, James, 114
• revolution, 15, 18, 21, 23, 25, 27–28, 37, 57, 122, 169, 198n101; Bolshevik, 17, 25, 33, 37, 84, 111, 157; Hungarian, 138, 146; international, 26, 28, 37, 41; in Russia, 18, 22, 24, 142, 198n82; social/socialist, 2, 36, 48, 49, 66
• Rhodesia, 175–77
• Rizzi, Bruno, 55–56, 57
• Robeson, Paul, 120
• Rockefeller, Nelson, 5, 152
• Rodman, Selden, 37
• Roosevelt, Franklin D. (FDR), 15, 19–20, 23–24, 31, 32, 58, 62–63, 68, 97, 131, 144, 161
• Roosevelt, Kermit, 119
• Roper, Hugh-Trevor, 120
• Rorty, James, 38
• Rosenberg, Ethel and Julius, 150
• Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 67, 173
• Rumania, 126
• Russell, Bertrand, 22, 44, 120, 160
• Russia, 18, 22, 33, 37, 44, 49, 39, 72, 126, 181, 188. See also Soviet Union

• Saint-Simon, Henri de, 35
• Santayana, George, 13
• Schachtman, Max, 24, 25, 38–39, 42
• Schlamm, Willi, 136, 140
• Schlesinger, Arthur Jr., 1, 120, 125, 128, 145, 148, 223n88; writings of, 99, 100, 127, 133
• Scientific and Cultural Conference for World Peace, 120
• skid row, 159, 163
• Smith, Ian, 175
• socialism, 17, 18, 22, 25, 28–30, 32, 35, 40, 45, 51, 55, 57, 63, 66, 73, 90, 122, 196n39, 197n71; vs. capitalism, 37, 44–45, 48, 52, 81; in Europe, 16, 23, 25, 41; in the Soviet Union, 18, 25, 33–34, 36, 57
• Socialist Unity Party, 88
• Socialist Workers Party (SWP), 34, 41, 44
• Sorel, Georges, 3, 63, 65–67
• Southeast Asia, 80, 166–169. See also Vietnam
• Soviet Union, 2, 5, 6, 30, 33, 34, 40, 47, 51, 53, 54, 61, 73–74, 83, 87, 93, 97, 100, 110–11, 113, 116, 119, 127, 134, 136, 141, 149, 151, 163, 167, 178, 182, 186, 228n96; in Afghanistan, 185, 215n72; in Africa, 153; bureaucracy in, 51–52, 55; censorship in, 84–85; and China, 83, 150, 178; communism in, 4, 19, 97, 123–24, 150, 166, 168, 178; desire for world conquest, 91–92, 97, 106, 115, 152, 183; in Eastern Europe, 83, 147, 182, 188; Empire, 84, 85, 89, 90. 92, 96–97, 107, 110, 114, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 138; and Europe, 27, 33, 41, 79, 80, 83, 116, 197n66; expansion of, 3, 84, 86, 107, 125, 146, 188; in Poland, 2, 41, 45–46, 87, 123, 106, 137–138; rift satellite nations, 108, 110–112, 115, 123–24; socialism in, 25, 33–34, 36, 57; as threat, 3–5, 98, 105, 151, 162; U2 spy plane in, 148–149; U.S. relations with, 3, 85, 97, 128, 180, 182; weakness of, 107–108, 114, 137. See also Cold War; communism; Russia
• Spengler, Oswald, 94, 154, 176
• Sri Lanka, 174
• Stalin, Joseph, 2, 4, 25–26, 27, 30, 33, 37–39, 47, 52, 70, 80, 82, 84, 85, 88, 105, 118, 137, 146, 182; vs. Trotsky, 2, 24–25, 34, 37–39, 83–84. See also Soviet Union
• Stalinism, 24, 25, 30, 31, 53, 55, 79
• Steinhoff, William, 79
• Stern, Alfred K., 219n88
• Stolberg, Benjamin, 38
• Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT), 184–185
• Strategic Arms Reduction Treaties (START), 229n134
• Strauss, Leo, 204–205n7
• Suez Canal, 138–139
• Sweezy, Paul, 57
• Symposium (journal), 14, 16, 18, 19, 20–21