1. Eric Foner, A Short History of Reconstruction, 205, 101–2; William Gillette, The Right to Vote: Politics and the Passage of the Fifteenth Amendment, Johns Hopkins University. Studies in Historical and Political Science, Ser. 83, No. 1 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1965), 25–27; Leslie H. Fishel Jr., “Northern Prejudice and Negro Suffrage, 1865-1870,” Journal of Negro History 39, no. 1 (1954): 15; Proceedings of the Illinois State Convention of Colored Men, 1866, 246, 248, 249, 252–53, 254.
2. Paul Finkelman, “The Promise of Equality and the Limits of Law: From the Civil War to World War II,” in The History of Michigan Law, 198.
3. Ibid., 199; Madison, “Race, Law,” 49.