Notes to Chapter 1 / Activist Taproots: Place, Reform, and the Quest for Unity

1. Erasmus Hudson, “From Sherman, St. Joseph’s County, Michigan,” National Anti-Slavery Standard, November 25, 1841.

2. One source of such ideas was Lyman Beecher’s A Plea for the West. While his chief agenda with that book was to shore up the evangelical Protestants’ foothold on the new states of the Old Northwest [over the Catholics], Beecher’s ideas of the region’s importance nonetheless had a larger impact. Lyman Beecher, A Plea for the West (Cincinnati: Truman and Smith, 1835), 11–12; Bryan Le Beau, “1990 MAASA Presidential Address: ‘Saving the West from the Pope’: Anti-Catholic Propaganda and the Settlement of the Mississippi River Valley,” American Studies 31, no. 1 (1991): 106–7.

3. Sidney Howard Gay, National Anti-Slavery Standard, March 7, 1844.

4. Josiah H. Blackmore II, “Not from Zeus’s Head Full-Blown: The Story of Civil Procedure in Ohio,” in The History of Ohio Law, ed. Michael Les Benedict and John F. Winkler (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2004), 445.

5. Mary Van Vleck Garman, “‘Altered Tone of Expression’: The Anti-Slavery Rhetoric of Illinois Women, 1837–1847” (PhD diss., Northwestern University, 1989), 63, 67; Matthew Mason, Slavery and Politics in the Early American Republic (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 151; Stephen Middleton, The Black Laws in the Old Northwest: A Documentary History, Contributions in Afro-American and African Studies (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993), 346.

6. Finkenbine, “A Beacon of Liberty on the Great Lakes,” 84.

7. Maria W. Stewart, Maria W. Stewart, America’s First Black Political Writer, Essays and Speeches, ed. Marilyn Richardson (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987); David Walker, Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World, ed. Sean Wilentz (1829; reprint, New York: Hill and Wang, 1995); National Convention of Colored Citizens, Minutes of the National Convention of Colored Citizens: Held at Buffalo, on the 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th of August 1843 (New York: Piercy and Reed, 1843).

8. A wealth of historical scholarship lays out African American pioneers’ essential role in the birth of the organized antislavery movement. Timothy Patrick McCarthy and John Stauffer, “Introduction,” in Prophets of Protest: Reconsidering the History of American Abolitionism, ed. Timothy Patrick McCarthy and John Stauffer (New York: New Press, 2006), xviii; Benjamin Quarles, Black Abolitionists (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969); Richard S. Newman, The Transformation of American Abolitionism: Fighting Slavery in the Early Republic (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 86; James Oliver Horton and Lois E. Horton, In Hope of Liberty: Culture, Community, and Protest among Northern Free Blacks, 1700–1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); Herbert Aptheker, Abolitionism: A Revolutionary Movement, Social Movements Past and Present (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1989); Paul Goodman, Of One Blood: Abolitionism and the Origins of Racial Equality (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).

9. Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Fourteenth Annual Report Presented to the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, by Its Board of Managers (1846; reprint, Westport, CT: Negro Universities Press, 1970), 55; Aileen S. Kraditor, Means and Ends in American Abolitionism: Garrison and His Critics on Strategy and Tactics, 1834–1850 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1969), 17–18.

10. Ronald G. Walters, “The Boundaries of Abolitionism,” in Antislavery Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Abolitionists, ed. Louis Perry and Michael Fellman (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979), 13–14; Blanche Glassman Hersh, “‘Am I Not a Woman and a Sister?’ Abolitionist Beginnings of Nineteenth Century Feminism,” in Antislavery Reconsidered, 272, 274; Blanche Glassman Hersh, The Slavery of Sex: Feminist-Abolitionists in America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), 10, 26.

11. Julie Roy Jeffrey, The Great Silent Army of Abolitionism: Ordinary Women in the Antislavery Movement (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 135; Vernon L. Volpe, Forlorn Hope of Freedom: The Liberty Party in the Old Northwest, 1838–1848 (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1990), viii.

12. Volpe, Forlorn Hope of Freedom, 138.

13. Timothy Patrick McCarthy and John Stauffer have observed this for the political/immediatist division. McCarthy and Stauffer, “Introduction,” xix, xx.

14. James Brewer Stewart, Holy Warriors: The Abolitionists and American Slavery (New York: Hill and Wang, 1976), 103–4, 110.

15. Examples of this in the Old Northwest include Western Citizen, June 20, 1844; August 8, 1844; April 6, 1843; January 25, 1844; Reinhard O. Johnson, The Liberty Party, 1840–1848: Antislavery Third-Party Politics in the United States, Antislavery, Abolition, and the Atlantic World (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2009), 252, 254; C. Peter Ripley, ed. The Black Abolitionist Papers: The United States, 1859–1865, vol. 5 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,1985), 214.

16. Volpe, Forlorn Hope of Freedom, 81–82.

17. Michael F. Holt, Political Parties and American Political Development: From the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1992), 30, 27–28; Jeffrey L. Pasley, “The Tyranny of Printers”: Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2001), 10; Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815–1846 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 388.

18. Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln, (New York: Norton, 2005), 513.

19. Holt, Political Parties and American Political Development, 57–58, 87; Merton Lynn Dillon, The Abolitionists: The Growth of a Dissenting Minority, Minorities in American History (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1975), 24–25.

20. Sellers, The Market Revolution, 388; John Ashworth, ‘Agrarians’ and ‘Aristocrats’: Party Political Ideology in the United States, 1837–1846 (New Jersey: Humanities Press Inc., 1983), 222.

21. William Lee Miller, Arguing About Slavery: The Great Battle in the United States Congress, (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1996); Richards, “Gentlemen of Property and Standing.”

22. Quist, Restless Visionaries, 11.

23. Johnson, The Liberty Party, 1840–1848, 192.

24. Donald Richard Deskins, Hanes Walton, and Sherman C. Puckett, Presidential Elections, 1789–2008: County, State, and National Mapping of Election Data (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2010), 90–91, 159, 164, 178; Tony L. Hill, “Illinois,” in Encyclopedia of U.S. Campaigns, Elections, and Electoral Behavior, ed. Kenneth F. Warren (Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2008), 312; Justin Corfield, “Indiana,” in Encyclopedia of U.S. Campaigns, 322; Corfield, “Ohio,” in Encyclopedia of U.S. Campaigns, 470–71; Corfield, “Michigan,” in Encyclopedia of U.S. Campaigns, 407–8.

25. Johnson, The Liberty Party, 1840–1848, 214.

26. Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy, 919.

27. Ibid., 919, 636.

28. Holt, Political Parties, 244; Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy, 791.

29. Stewart, Abolitionist Politics and the Coming of the Civil War, 27.

30. Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 194; Frederick J. Blue, No Taint of Compromise: Crusaders in Antislavery Politics (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005), 101, 103, 111.

31. Thomas G. Mitchell, Anti-Slavery Politics in Antebellum and Civil War America (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2007), 79, 106.

32. Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men, 10, 14, 16, 56.

33. Mitchell, Anti-Slavery Politics in Antebellum and Civil War America, 79, 106.

34. Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men, 309–10.

35. Newman, The Transformation of American Abolitionism, 8–9.

36. Volpe, Forlorn Hope of Freedom, 5, 12, 13, 70; Quist, Restless Visionaries, 435, 438, 442.

37. James Brewer Stewart notes that these included the Western Reserve and Forelands of Ohio, Indiana’s eastern “Burnt District,” and “Lower Michigan’s southeastern and central counties.” Stewart, Abolitionist Politics and the Coming of the Civil War, 214.

38. Hicksites adhered to an offshoot branch of the Society of Friends. Under the leadership of Elias Hicks, they split off from what were then called the Orthodox Friends over both theological and lifestyle differences. Gerda Lerner, The Grimké Sisters from South Carolina: Pioneers for Women’s Rights and Abolition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 91, 130, 47.

39. Thomas D. Hamm, God’s Government Begun: The Society for Universal Inquiry and Reform, 1842–1846, Religion in North America Series (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995), 50–51, 30.

40. “Mr. Clay and the Abolitionists,” Peoria Register, November 4, 1842; Jacob P. Dunn, “The Visit of Henry Clay to Richmond, Ind.,” Jacob P. Dunn Papers, Manuscript Collection, Indiana State Library, Indianapolis, Indiana.

41. Edwin Fussell, “Progress in Indiana,” National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 7, 1843; “Thirteen Other Anti-Slavery Conventions,” Free Labor Advocate and Anti-Slavery Chronicle, September 8, 1843; Dunn, “The Visit of Henry Clay to Richmond, Ind.,” 5.

42. Dunn, “The Visit of Henry Clay to Richmond, Ind.,” 1, 5; Thomas D. Hamm, David Dittmer, Chedna Fruchter, Ann Giordano, Janice Mathews, and Ellen Swain, “Moral Choices: Two Indiana Quaker Communities and the Abolitionist Movement,” Indiana Magazine of History 87 (June 1991), 146–47; Anna Davis Hallowell, ed. James and Lucretia Mott: Life and Letters (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1884), 292; Lucretia Mott to Nathaniel and Elisa Barney, 30 and 31 October, 1847, in Selected Letters of Lucretia Coffin Mott, ed. Lucretia Mott et al., Women in American History (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002), 156–58.

43. Arnold Buffum, The Protectionist, October 1, 1841; Hallowell, ed. James and Lucretia Mott: Life and Letters, 292; William Lloyd Garrison, “To the Liberator. Richfield, Ohio, 25 August, 1847,” in The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison, ed. Walter McIntosh Merrill (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971), 518–21; William Lloyd Garrison and Louis Ruchames, The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison, vol. 4 (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971), xxv-xxvi.

44. C. Peter Ripley, ed. The Black Abolitionist Papers: The United States, 1830–1846, vol. 3 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), 423; Nelson, Indiana Quakers Confront the Civil War, 4–5.

45. Western Citizen, November 2, 1843.

46. Matthew Spinka, “Organization of the General Association and After, 1844–1865,” in A History of Illinois Congregational and Christian Churches, ed. Matthew Spinka (Chicago: The Congregational and Christian Conference of Illinois, 1944), 94.

47. George Bradburn, “Letter from George Bradburn,” National Anti-Slavery Standard, September 18, 1843; Sarah Galbreath to Cousin, 3 July, 1838, Nathan M. Thomas papers, Manuscript Collection, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (hereafter cited as Thomas Papers).

48. William Sullivan to Thomas Chandler, 24 December 1839, Elizabeth M. Chandler Papers, Manuscript Collection, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Kooker, “The Anti-Slavery Movement in Michigan,” 148, 199–200, 283; Merton Lynn Dillon, “Elizabeth Chandler and the Spread of Anti-Slavery Sentiment to Michigan,” Michigan History 39, no. 4 (1955): 494; Charles N. Lindquist, The Antislavery-Underground Railroad Movement in Lenawee County, Michigan, 1830–1860 (Adrian, MI: Lenawee County Historical Society, 1999), x.

49. Quist, Restless Visionaries, 435, 438, 442.

50. Johnson, The Liberty Party, 224.

51. Free Labor Advocate, January 8, 1842.

52. Free Labor Advocate, February 16, 1842, Records of the Henry County Female Anti-Slavery Society, County Manuscripts Collection, Indiana State Library, Indianapolis, Indiana (hereafter cited as Records of the Henry County Female Anti-Slavery Society); Minute Book of Neel’s [Neils’] Creek Anti-Slavery Society, Indiana State Library Manuscript Collection, Indianapolis, Indiana; Lydia S. Lewis, Western Citizen, April 6, 1843; The Protectionist, December 4, 1841, 363; George Washington Julian, The Rank of Charles Osborn as an Anti-Slavery Pioneer, Indiana Historical Society. Publications. Vol. 2, No. 6 (Indianapolis: The Bowen-Merrill Company, 1891), 256; Charles Osborn, Journal of That Faithful Servant of Christ, Charles Osborn, Containing an Account of Many of His Travels and Labors in the Work of the Ministry, and His Trials and Exercises in the Service of the Lord, and in Defense of the Truth, as It Is in Jesus (Cincinnati: Achilles Pugh, 1854), xiii; Beth A. Salerno, Sister Societies: Women’s Antislavery Organizations in Antebellum America (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2005), 18; Nuermberger, The Free Produce Movement, 19, 48, 56; Deer Creek Monthly Meeting of Anti-Slavery Women Friends, Society of Friends Collection, Manuscript Collection, Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis, Indiana. For more on the free produce movement, see Weiner, “Racial Radicals.”

53. Free Labor Advocate, March 18, 1843, Thomas Bender et al., The Antislavery Debate: Capitalism and Abolitionism as a Problem in Historical Interpretation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992).

54. Lawrence B. Glickman, “‘Buy for the Sake of the Slave’: Abolitionism and the Origins of American Consumer Activism,” American Quarterly 56, no. 4: 908.

55. Dillon, The Abolitionists, 127; Kooker, “The Anti-Slavery Movement in Michigan,” 318; Michigan Anti-Slavery Society Daybook, vol. 4, Harriet deGarmo Fuller Collection, Clements Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

56. Johnson, The Liberty Party, 1840–1848, 7, 11, 18, 22, 51, 294.

57. Salerno, Sister Societies, 147.

58. Ibid., 22, 23; Kooker, “The Anti-Slavery Movement in Michigan,” 97; Dillon, “Elizabeth Chandler and the Spread of Anti-Slavery Sentiment to Michigan,” 484–85, 488.

59. George Evans to Friends, November 21, 1839, George Evans Letters, Manuscript Collection, Indiana State Library, Indianapolis, Indiana; Kooker, “The Anti-Slavery Movement in Michigan,” 97; Dillon, “Elizabeth Chandler and the Spread of Anti-Slavery Sentiment to Michigan,” 488, 489, 482.

60. Kooker, “The Anti-Slavery Movement in Michigan,” 97. Beth Salerno omits this society from her history of female antislavery societies. She claims the first female society in the Old Northwest was the Economy Society of Indiana since she places Ohio in the East. Salerno, Sister Societies, 9, 21–22, 120, 143, 175; Dillon, “Elizabeth Chandler and the Spread of Anti-Slavery Sentiment to Michigan,” 487.

61. Kraditor, Means and Ends in American Abolitionism,1834–1850, 5.

62. Kooker, “The Anti-Slavery Movement in Michigan,” 97.

63. Salerno, Sister Societies, 3.

64. Kooker, “The Anti-Slavery Movement in Michigan,” 137, 167, 318; Dillon, “Elizabeth Chandler and the Spread of Anti-Slavery Sentiment to Michigan,” 492; Michigan State Anti-Slavery Society, Proceedings of the Second Anniversary of the Michigan State Anti-Slavery Society, Held at Ann Arbor, June 7, 1838 (Detroit: Harsha and Bates, Printers, 1838), 6.

65. Johnson, The Liberty Party, 1840–1848, 177; Ohio Anti-Slavery Society, Report of the Second Anniversary of the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society Held in Mount Pleasant, Jefferson County, Ohio, on the Twenty-Seventh of April, 1837 (Cincinnati: The [Ohio] Anti-Slavery Society, 1837), 12, 13.

66. Ohio Anti-Slavery Society, Report of the Second Anniversary, 12, 13.

67. In Ohio: December 1835: Oberlin Female and Young Ladies Societies; 1835: Middlebury; March 1836: Canton; 1836: Elyria; Geneva; Madison; Portage; St. Albans; Wayne; Abbeyville; Elyria Juvenile; before 1837: Cadiz; July 1837: Bloomingburg; February 1838: Cincinnati and Unionville. Marius R. Robinson to Emily Robinson, 7 February 1837, Marius R. Robinson Papers, Manuscript Collection, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, Ohio (hereafter cited as Robinson Papers); Ardath Hagaman, “Women of the Old Northwest in the Antislavery Movement” (Unpublished paper, University of Michigan Department of History Student Papers, Manuscript Collection, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1941), 15–16.

68. Osborn, Journal of That Faithful Servant of Christ, Charles Osborn; Levi Coffin, Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, the Reputed President of the Underground Railroad (1876; reprint, New York: Arno Press, 1968).

69. Johnson, The Liberty Party, 1840–1848, 214.

70. Illinois Anti-Slavery Convention, Proceedings of the Illinois Anti-Slavery Convention: Held at Upper Alton on the Twenty-Sixth, Twenty-Seventh, and Twenty-Eighth October 1837 (Alton: Parks and Breath, 1838), 6.

71. Norman Dwight Harris, The History of Negro Servitude in Illinois and of the Slavery Agitation in That State, 1719–1864 (1904; reprint: Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, 1968), 125, 129.

72. Hagaman, “Women of the Old Northwest in the Antislavery Movement”, 7.

73. Genius of Universal Emancipation, February 26, 1839.

74. Ibid., June 28, 1839.

75. The Economy (Wayne Co.) Anti-Slavery Society, “The Economy (Wayne Co.) Anti-Slavery Society, Auxiliary to the Indiana State Anti-Slavery Society. Organized First Month 27th 1840. Minute Book,” Manuscript Collection, Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis, Indiana.

76. National Anti-Slavery Standard, June 17, 1841.

77. The Protectionist, March 1, 1841; Theodore C. Smith, Liberty and Free Soil Parties in the Northwest (New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1897), 51.

78. The Protectionist, December 4, 1841.

79. Genius of Universal Emancipation, June 28, 1839; Western Citizen, October 26, 1843; May 2, 1844. For example, in 1842 the Ohio American Society elected women as officers (two of the four vice presidents, but none of the higher level officers). National Anti-Slavery Standard, February 16, 1843.

80. Ohio Anti-Slavery Society, Report of the Second Anniversary of the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society, 7–8, 9, 11.

81. Western Citizen, July 26, 1842; August 26, 1842; January 6, 1843; February 9, 1843; March 16, 1843; April 20, 1843; July 6, 13, 20, 27, 1843; September 14, 1843; March 21, 1844; The Liberty Tree, vol. 3, no. 9 (July 1, 1846), 135–36.

82. The Jerseyville Female Anti-Slavery Society organized on April 20, 1843, followed by similar organizations women founded in Peoria and Princeton in July 1843. Galesburg organized a Female Society on September 1, 1843, and lastly, Elk Grove organized in May of 1845. Western Citizen, May 16, 1844; January 30, 1845; October 23, 1845. Salerno also documented a Bureau County Female Society, founded in 1842 or 1843. Salerno, Sister Societies, 175.

83. Examples of this tendency are found in Horton and Horton, In Hope of Liberty; Ronald G. Walters, The Antislavery Appeal: American Abolitionism after 1830 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976); Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men; Kraditor, Means and Ends in American Abolitionism. More recent integrated studies of reform are Goodman, Of One Blood, and John Stauffer, The Black Hearts of Men: The Radical Abolitionists and the Transformation of Race (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002).

84. A case in point is Frederick Douglass: David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass’ Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 26.

85. John O. Wattles, “Letter from John O. Wattles,” National Anti-Slavery Standard, October 6, 1842. Walters gives some acknowledgement of this fluidity as he notes that this was true of “Ohio and several other states.” Walters, “The Boundaries of Abolitionism,” 14–15.

86. Douglas A. Gamble, “Garrisonian Abolitionists in the West: Some Suggestions for Study,” Civil War History 23, no. 1 (1977): 60.

87. Johnson, The Liberty Party, 166, 389, n. 12.

88. Ripley, Black Abolitionist Papers, vol. 3, 422; Hamm, God’s Government Begun, 40–42, 44.

89. A. Brooke, National Anti-Slavery Standard, October 8, 1840; National Anti-Slavery Standard, October 1, 1840.

90. National Anti-Slavery Standard, July 7, 1842.

91. Walters, “The Boundaries of Abolitionism,” 15; Hermann R. Muelder, Fighters for Freedom: The History of Anti-Slavery Activities of Men and Women Associated with Knox College (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959), 158–59; Blue, No Taint of Compromise, 97.

92. Johnson, The Liberty Party, 1840–1848, 214.

93. Smith, Liberty and Free Soil Parties in the Northwest, 30, 43–44; Proceedings of the Indiana Convention Assembled to Organize a State Anti-Slavery Society, Held in Milton, Wayne Co., September 12, 1838 (Cincinnati: Samuel A. Alley, Printer, 1838).

94. John W. Lyda, The Negro in the History of Indiana (Terre Haute, Indiana, 1953), 48.

95. In Indiana: Economy Female Anti-Slavery Society (before November 1840); Salem Female Anti-Slavery Society (after January 1, 1841); Henry County Female Anti-Slavery Society (April 1841); Newport (February 1842). See The Protectionist, January 16, 1841; The Economy Anti Slavery Society, Minute Book; Records of the Henry County Female Anti-Slavery Society.

96. John O. Wattles, “Letter from John O. Wattles;” Benjamin Stanton, “Report of the Executive Committee to the Fourth Anniversary of the Indiana State Anti-Slavery Society,” Free Labor Advocate and Anti-Slavery Chronicle, September 17, 1842; Johnson, The Liberty Party, 214.

97. National Anti-Slavery Standard, June 30, 1842.

98. Gamble, “Garrisonian Abolitionists in the West,” 53–56. National Anti-Slavery Standard, February 16, 1843.

99. Dr. Brooke, National Anti-Slavery Standard, October 6, 1842.

100. National Anti-Slavery Standard, December 1, 1842; Letters of Theodore Dwight Weld, Angelina Grimké Weld, and Sarah Grimké, 1822–1844, ed. Gilbert Hobbs Barnes and Dwight L. Dumond, vol. 1 (1934; reprint, Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith,1965), 286.

101. Johnson, The Liberty Party, 1840–1848, 294, 296.

102. Gamble, “Garrisonian Abolitionists in the West,” 62.

103. Muelder, Fighters for Freedom, 158–59; Blue, No Taint of Compromise, 97.

104. National Anti-Slavery Standard, August 5, 1841. William T. Allen, “From a ‘Son of a Slaveholder’,” Liberator, August 25, 1843. Contemporaries variously spelled his name Allan and Allen, but there was only one Reverend William T. Allan/Allen born in Alabama who served as the agent of the Illinois Anti-Slavery Society in the 1840s. See also Allan, “LETTER FROM ILLINOIS,” National Anti-Slavery Standard, June 29, 1843.

105. Zebina Eastman, “History of the Antislavery Agitation, and the Growth of the Liberty and Republican Parties in the State of Illinois,” in Discovery and Conquests of the Northwest, ed. Rufus Blanchard (Wheaton: 1879), 672; Smith, Liberty and Free Soil Parties in the Northwest, 5; Gamble, “Garrisonian Abolitionists in the West”; Douglas A. Gamble, “Moral Suasion in the West: Garrisonian Abolitionism, 1831–1861” (PhD diss., Ohio State University, 1974).

106. Western Citizen, May 16, 1844; Johnson, The Liberty Party, 1840–1848, 191.

107. Johnson, The Liberty Party, 1840–1848, 199, 201.

108. Ibid., 165; Quist, Restless Visionaries, 376, 375, 383.

109. Lindquist, The Antislavery-Underground Railroad Movement in Lenawee County, Michigan, 1830–1860, 25–26.

110. Beth Salerno omits the Logan Society but lists the following as Michigan Female Societies as of 1846: Highland Township Female Anti-Slavery and Benevolent Society; Lenawee County Female Anti-Slavery Society; Van Buren County Female Anti-Slavery Society; Salem Township Female Anti-Slavery and Benevolent Society. Salerno, Sister Societies, 180.

111. Michigan Anti-Slavery Society Daybook, vol. 1, Harriet deGarmo Fuller Collection, Clements Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Michigan Anti-Slavery Society Daybook, vol. 4; Gamble, “Garrisonian Abolitionists in the West,” 64.

112. Quist, Restless Visionaries, 375.

113. Ibid., 403; Lindquist, The Antislavery-Underground Railroad Movement in Lenawee County, Michigan, 1830–1860, 46.

114. Dorothy Sterling, Ahead of Her Time: Abby Kelley and the Politics of Anti-Slavery (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991), 287–88; Michigan Anti-Slavery Society Daybook, vol. 4.

115. Michigan Anti-Slavery Society Daybook, vol. 4, 50, 71, 72; C. A. F. S., “Pro-Slavery Mob at Ann Arbor,” Liberator, March 1, 1861.

116. Gamble, “Garrisonian Abolitionists in the West,” 66–67.