Notes
Introduction: The Crisis in the Urban Environment
1. Carl B. Stokes, “Address to the Capital Press Club, Washington D.C. Shoreham Hotel, June 1, 1968,” Carl B. Stokes Papers (hereafter CSP), container 60, folder 1128, Western Reserve Historical Society (hereafter WRHS).
2. Mabel Walker, “The American City Is Obsolescent,” Vital Speeches of the Day 13 (1946–1947), 697–99.
3. John Skow, “The Question in the Ghetto: Can Cleveland Escape Burning?” Saturday Evening Post, July 29, 1967, 38–49.
4. Remarks by Mayor Carl B. Stokes, City Club, July 24, 1970, CSP, container 52, folder 970, WRHS.
5. Remarks by Carl B. Stokes, For Time Capsule to Be Placed in the Cornerstone of Central National Bank Building, June 13, 1969, CSP, container 51, folder 963, WRHS.
6. Carl B. Stokes, “Issues and Prospects in a Regional City,” Address by Stokes for Colorado Municipal League Conference, Colorado Springs, June 10, 1971, CSP, container 60, folder 1137, WRHS.
7. “Pollution: A Fight to Stay Alive!” (Petitions April 1970), CSP, container 75, folder 1442, WRHS.
1. What Will Become of Cleveland?
1. Hodge School Letters, April 22, 1970, CSP, container 75, folder 1438, WRHS.
2. Cleveland Press, April 20, 1970.
3. Andrea Rady to Carl Stokes, April 22, 1970, CSP, container 75, folder 1438, WRHS.
4. Robert L. Tasse to Carl Stokes, April 22, 1970, CSP, container 75, folder 1438, WRHS.
5. Shannon Havranek to Carl Stokes, n.d. [April 1970], CSP, container 75, folder 1438, WRHS.
6. Rady to Stokes, April 22, 1970.
7. “Text of Inaugural Address by Mayor Carl B. Stokes, Cleveland, Ohio—November 13, 1967,” CSP, container 60, folder 1125, WRHS.
8. Carl B. Stokes, Promises of Power: A Political Autobiography (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973), 93, 94.
9. “Text of Inaugural Address by Mayor Carl B. Stokes.”
10. “A Program for Progress,” Carl B. Stokes Papers Series II (hereafter CSP II), container 1, folder 20, WRHS. This brochure also quotes the newspaper endorsements. Stokes before the American Institute of Architects at the Hollendon Hotel, September 20, 1967, CSP, container 60, folder 1125, WRHS.
11. Debbie Mohorcic to Carl Stokes, April 22, 1970, CSP, container 75, folder 1438, WRHS.
12. Pat Pivonka to Carl Stokes, April 22, 1970, CSP, container 75, folder 1438, WRHS.
13. Barb Gray to Carl Stokes, April 22, 1970; Jill Jaffe to Carl Stokes, April 22, 1970, CSP, container 75, folder 1438, WRHS.
14. Craig Miller to Carl Stokes, April 22, 1970; Claudia Mendat to Carl Stokes, April 23, 1970, CSP, container 75, folder 1438, WRHS.
15. Mendat to Stokes, April 23, 1970; Finis Dunaway, “Gas Masks, Pogo, and the Ecological Indian: Earth Day and the Visual Politics of American Environmentalism,” American Quarterly, March 2008, 67–99. Bob Adelberger to Carl Stokes, April 22, 1970, CSP, container 75, folder 1438, WRHS.
16. Tasse to Stokes, April 22, 1970.
17. Nancy Danker to Carl Stokes, April 22, 1970; Loren Clark to Carl Stokes, April 23, 1970, CSP, container 75, folder 1438, WRHS.
18. Ralph Simpson to Carl Stokes (n.d. but included with February 1970 letters), CSP, container 75, folder 1434; Richard Dusky to Carl Stokes (n.d.), CSP, container 75, folder 1434, WRHS.
19. Shelley Stelmach to Carl Stokes, April 22, 1970, CSP, container 75, folder 1438, WRHS.
20. Jeffrey K. Hadden, Louis H. Masotti, and Victor Thiessen, “The Making of the Negro Mayors 1967,” Trans-Action, Jan.–Feb. 1968, 30.
21. New York Times, February 25, 1968.
22. “Program for Progress.”
23. Louis Stokes, interviewed by Richard and David Stradling, May 25, 2012, Cleveland.
24. Plain Dealer, September 7, 1968.
25. Interview with Dr. E. Frank Ellis, Director of the Health Department, July 1971, CSP II, container 3, folder 51, WRHS.
26. Plain Dealer, May 2, 1968.
27. Louis Rodriguez to Carl Stokes, April 22, 1970; Mark Hudak to Carl Stokes, April 22, 1970, CSP, container 75, folder 1438, WRHS.
28. Melissa Stevens to Carl Stokes, April 22, 1970, CSP, container 75, folder 1438, WRHS.
29. Daniel E. Morgan Science Class to Carl Stokes, April 23, 1970, CSP, container 75, folder 1438, WRHS.
30. Daniel E. Morgan Science Class to Stokes, April 23, 1970.
31. Stokes, Promises of Power, 23.
32. Dorothy Cassidy to Carl Stokes, July 23, 1968, CSP, container 83, folder 1637, WRHS.
33. Plain Dealer, May 2, 1968.
34. Carl B. Stokes, “Rebuilding the Cities,” The Humanist 29 (March–April 1969), 7, 9.
35. Anonymous to Carl Stokes (n.d.), CSP, container 8, folder 126, WRHS.
36. An old tax payer to Carl Stokes, December 14, 1968, CSP, container 8, folder 126, WRHS.
37. Danker to Stokes, April 22, 1970; Glenn Gray to Stokes, April 22, 1970, CSP, container 75, folder 1438, WRHS; Martin Luther King Jr. used the phrase “fierce urgency of now” in his “I Have a Dream” speech in 1963.
38. Bernard N. Sroka to Stokes, June 13[?], 1970, CSP, container 75, folder 1440, WRHS.
39. Carl B. Stokes to Bernard Sroka, August 12, 1970, CSP, container 11, folder 171, WRHS.
2. Hough and the Urban Crisis
1. Carl B. Stokes, Promises of Power: A Political Autobiography (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973), 23–25.
2. “Remarks by Mayor Carl B. Stokes, Kick-off of Rat Control Program,” June 2, 1969, CSP, container 51, folder 963, WRHS.
3. Interview with Ben Stefanski, Director of Public Utilities, July 1971, CSP II, container 3, folder 49, WRHS.
4. Gary V. Bound to Carl Stokes, July 3, 1969, CSP, container 11, folder 308, WRHS.
5. Kenneth B. Clark, Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), xv, 29.
6. Bound to Stokes, July 3, 1969.
7. Stokes to Bound, July 16, 1969, CSP, container 17, folder 308; news release, April 17, 1969, CSP, container 51, folder 962, WRHS.
8. City of Cleveland Neighborhood Fact Sheet, http://planning.city.cleveland.oh.us/census/factsheets/spa19.html.
9. Marvin B. Sussman and R. Clyde White, Hough, Cleveland, Ohio: A Study of Social Life and Change (Cleveland: Press of Western Reserve University, 1959), 2, 84.
10. Sussman and White, Hough, Cleveland, Ohio, 83.
11. Mildred Chadsey, “An Investigation of Housing Conditions of Cleveland’s Workingmen” (Cleveland: Department of Public Welfare, 1914), 11, 12, 14, 16, http://digitalcase.case.edu:9000/fedora/get/ksl:chainv00/divinv00.pdf.
12. Sussman and White, Hough, Cleveland, Ohio, 90.
13. Chadsey, “Investigation of Housing Conditions,” 5.
14. Walter Williams, “Cleveland’s Crisis Ghetto,” Trans-action, September 1967, 33–42.
15. John Skow, “Can Cleveland Escape Burning?” Saturday Evening Post, July 29, 1967, 38–49.
16. Paul Hofmann, “Cleveland’s Ghetto,” New York Times, June 4, 1967.
17. David E. Lantz, The Brown Rat in the United States (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1909), 9, 32. Although Americans associate it with early modern Europe, the plague was still raging in India in the early 1900s, and as Lantz wrote, it threatened to become pandemic yet again. In fact, seventy-seven people had died of the disease in San Francisco the year before. In response, that city attempted to destroy its rat population, removing hundreds of thousands of them through traps and poison. Lantz understood, though, that rats had kept pace with “the advance of civilization” and that the war against the vermin promised to be “never-ending.”
18. “Grant Request for Establishment of an Environmental Improvement and Rat Control Program,” 9, CSP II, container 3, folder 58, WRHS.
19. Lyndon B. Johnson, “Special Message to the Congress: America’s Unfinished Business, Urban and Rural Poverty” (March 14, 1967), American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/print.php?pid=28133.
20. The 1961 City Council resolution can be found as an appendix in U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Hearing before the United States Commission on Civil Rights: Hearing Held in Cleveland, Ohio, April 1–7, 1966 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1966), 674.
21. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Hearing, 12.
22. Robert E. Park, Ernest W. Burgess, and Roderick D. McKenzie, The City (Chicago, 1967 edition of 1925 original), 108.
23. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Hearing, 45.
24. The CDC report is included as an appendix in U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Hearing, 657–71.
25. The follow-up CDC report can be found as an appendix in the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Hearing, 695–96.
26. Clark, Dark Ghetto, 56, 57.
27. Carl B. Stokes to Joanne Finley, January 24, 1968, CSP II, container 3, folder 58, WRHS.
28. “Grant Request for Establishment of an Environmental Improvement and Rat Control Program,” 6–8.
29. Bailus Walker, interviewed by Richard Stradling, December 12, 2011, Washington, D.C.
30. Bailus Walker, “Health Hazards Associated with Urbanization and Overpopulation,” Journal of the National Medical Association, July 1970, 260.
31. “Housing and Urban Development Legislation of 1968,” Hearings before the Senate Subcommittee on Housing and Urban Affairs of the Committee on Banking and Currency, 90th Congress, 2nd session, March 1968, 686.
32. Lyndon Johnson, Special Message to the Congress on Urban Problems: “The Crisis of the Cities,” February 22, 1968, The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/print.php?pid=29386.
33. Robert A. Beauregard, Voices of Decline: The Postwar Fate of U.S. Cities (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1993), 86–87. Beauregard (111) claims that in the postwar era commentators began to more fully distinguish slums (residential and in need of demolition) from blight (an economic characteristic of areas around downtown that needed clearance for new development).
34. “Housing and Urban Development Legislation of 1968,” 701–2; PATH Citizens Advisory Committee, Plan of Action for Tomorrow’s Housing in Greater Cleveland (Cleveland: Greater Cleveland Associated Foundation, 1967), 7–8.
35. From the 1957 enabling law found (along with dozens of CRC publications) at http://www.law.umaryland.edu/Marshall/usccr/chrolist.html#1957.
36. Plain Dealer, August 14, 1965.
37. Plain Dealer, April 5, 1966.
38. Notebooks, Paul Alden Younger Papers, container 1, folder 1, WRHS; U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Hearing, 18–33.
39. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Hearing, 107–11.
40. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Hearing, 144.
41. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Hearing, 230–36.
42. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Hearing, 632–34.
43. Paul Younger, United States Civil Rights Commission, Ohio Sub-Committee, “Report of Findings,” April 28, 1966, Paul Alden Younger Papers, container 1, folder 2, WRHS.
44. Paul Unger to Paul Younger, February 23, 1967, Paul Alden Younger Papers, container 1, folder 6, WRHS.
45. “Federal Role in Urban Affairs,” Hearings before the Subcommittee on Executive Reorganization of the Committee on Government Operations, U.S. Senate, 89th Congress, 2nd session, August 24, 25, 26, 1966, Part 4, 975.
46. Cleveland Press, January 7, 1966.
47. Cleveland Press, July 19, 20, 1966.
48. CAY Trustees to Locher, July 22, 1966; “Statement and Recommendations by Hough Citizens,” July 21, 1966, Ralph Sidney Locher Papers, container 8, folder 9, WRHS.
49. Cleveland Press as found in “Federal Role in Urban Affairs,” Part 4, 959–60.
50. “Federal Role in Urban Affairs,” Part 4, 943.
51. “Federal Role in Urban Affairs,” Part 4, 943.
52. “Federal Role in Urban Affairs,” Part 4, 946.
53. “Federal Role in Urban Affairs,” Part 4, 951–52.
54. “Federal Role in Urban Affairs,” Part 4, 954–55.
55. “Federal Role in Urban Affairs,” Part 4, 950–55.
56. “Federal Role in Urban Affairs,” Part 4, 981, 987.
57. Cleveland Citizens Committee on Hough Disturbances, Testimony of August 22–25, 1966 (held at WRHS), 3.
58. Cleveland Citizens Committee on Hough Disturbances, 34.
59. Report as contained in “Federal Role in Urban Affairs,” Part 4, 1039–49.
60. Frederick Graves, “How Cities Can Avoid Another Long Hot Summer,” Jet, May 18, 1967, 14–21.
61. Skow, “Can Cleveland Escape Burning?” 38–49.
62. John Skow, “Cleveland: The Flicker of Fear,” Saturday Evening Post, September 7, 1968, 24.
63. Plain Dealer, June 4, 1969.
64. Cleveland Press, June 9, 10, 11, 13, 1969.
65. Statement before the House Select Committee on Crime, Washington, D.C., July 28, 1969, 6, CSP, container 51, folder 964, WRHS.
66. Clyde Fehn, Second Evaluation of Rat Control Project (Cleveland: Department of Public Health and Welfare, Environmental Health Services, 1970).
67. Cleveland City Planning Commission, Neighborhood Fact Sheet: Hough, http://planning.city.cleveland.oh.us/census/factsheets/spa28.pdf; Bailus Walker Jr., “Environmental Management in Four Urban Centers of the United States” (Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota, 1975), 116. The city lost more than 43,000 housing units in the 1960s and 1970s, the vast majority of them in the black neighborhoods of the East Side.
68. New York Times, May 15, 1972; Cleveland City Planning Commission, “Housing Abandonment in Cleveland” (October 1972). On arson in Cleveland in the 1970s, see Daniel Kerr, Derelict Paradise: Homelessness and Urban Development in Cleveland, Ohio (Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2011), 185–90.
3. Downtown and the Limits of Urban Renewal
1. Remarks by Carl B. Stokes, For Time Capsule to Be Placed in the Cornerstone of Central National Bank Building, June 13, 1969, CSP, container 51, folder 963, WRHS.
2. Remarks by John A. Gelbach, President, Society Corporation Records, container 38, folder 453, WRHS.
3. F. J. Blake to E. L. Carpenter, April 23, 1969, Society Corporation Records, container 38, folder 45, WHRS; Plain Dealer, September 9, 1966; Cleveland Press, March 24, 1970.
4. Pamphlet marking groundbreaking, September 18, 1967, Society Corporation Records, container 38, folder 452, WRHS; Central National Bank of Cleveland, 1969 Annual Report.
5. I. M. Pei and Associates, Erieview, Cleveland, Ohio: An Urban Renewal Plan for Downtown Cleveland (New York: I. M. Pei, 1961).
6. New York Times, November 23, 1973.
7. “Statement and Recommendations by Hough Citizens,” July 21, 1966, Ralph Sidney Locher Papers, container 8, folder 9, WRHS.
8. Cleveland Advertising Club, Report on Urban Renewal in Cleveland (September 1955), 2.
9. “Urban Renewal,” Hearings before the Subcommittee on Housing of the Committee on Banking and Currency, House of Representatives, 88th Congress, 1st session, October 22, 23, and 24,1963, Part 1, 174.
10. “Urban Renewal,” Part 1, 174, 180.
11. “Talk by State Representative Carl Stokes at Open-Air Meeting on Urban Renewal Site at East 75th Street and Woodland Avenue,” August 27, 1967, CSP, container 60, folder 1125, WRHS.
12. “Talk by Stokes, Candidate for Democratic Nomination for Mayor, to the Cleveland Club,” September 7, 1967, CSP, container 60, folder 1125, WRHS.
13. I. M. Pei and Associates, Erieview, 8.
14. Oliver Zunz, Making America Corporate, 1870–1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), 124.
15. New York Times, November 23, 1973.
16. George Salapa to Carl Stokes, June 6, 1969, CSP, container 17, folder 306, WRHS.
17. Sanford C. Frumker to Carl Stokes, May 29, 1969, CSP, container 17, folder 306, WRHS.
18. Charles Abrams, The City Is the Frontier (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), 308–9.
19. Cleveland City Planning Commission, Downtown Cleveland 1975: The Downtown General Plan (1959), 6.
20. Cleveland City Planning Commission, Downtown Cleveland 1975, 34.
21. Cleveland City Planning Commission, Cleveland Today… Tomorrow: The General Plan of Cleveland (1950), 22–23, 10.
22. Cleveland City Planning Commission, Downtown Cleveland 1975, 3.
23. “Remarks by Stokes upon the 115th Anniversary of the Birth of Tom L. Johnson,” July 18, 1969, CSP, container 51, folder 964, WRHS.
24. Call and Post, July 20, 1968, as quoted in Leonard N. Moore, Carl B. Stokes and the Rise of Black Political Power (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002), 103.
25. “Remarks by Mayor Carl B. Stokes,” Lee-Seville Housing Rally on the Mall, June 9, 1969, CSP, container 51, folder 963, WRHS.
26. Plain Dealer, June 26, 1967.
27. “Talk by Mayor Ray T. Miller, Mayor of Cleveland,” July 6, 1933, Ernest J. Bohn Papers, box 7, folder 15, Kelvin Smith Library Special Collections, Case Western Reserve University.
28. Grisanti v. City of Cleveland 179 N.E.2d 812 (1962).
29. “Urban Renewal in the District of Columbia,” Hearings before the Subcommittee on the District of Columbia, House of Representatives, 88th Congress, 1st session, June 21, July 26, August 14, 1963, Part 4, 1618; “Urban Renewal,” Part 1, 180.
30. “Summary Analysis of Progress on ‘16 Point Immediate Action Program,’ University-Euclid Renewal Project, Cleveland, Ohio, as of December 1966”; “Statement by Mayor Carl B. Stokes, News Conference, 9:30 a.m., Dec. 15, 1967,” CSP II, container 3, folder 88, WRHS.
31. Plain Dealer, July 7, 1970.
32. “Perspective,” Clevelander 47 (July 1970), 10.
33. Greater Cleveland Growth Association, “The Outlook for Greater Cleveland in 1990,” Society Corporation Records, container 38, folder 453, WRHS.
34. Plain Dealer, May 25, 1990.
4. Policy and the Polluted City
1. “Remarks by Mayor Carl B. Stokes at Dedication of E. 55th Street Marina,” June 17, 1969, CSP, container 85, folder 1682, WRHS.
2. Willie L. Morrow to Stokes, June 14, 1969, CSP, container 17, folder 307, WRHS.
3. Cleveland Press, August 7, 1968.
4. Plain Dealer, August 10, 1968.
5. Hon. Carl B. Stokes Testimony, “Public Works Appropriations for 1970 for Water and Power Resources Development,” Hearing before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations (House), 91st Congress, 1st session, June 5, 1969, Part 5, 995.
6. Stokes Testimony, “Public Works Appropriations for 1970,” 995–96.
7. Interview with Ben Stefanski, July 1971, CSP II, container 3, folder 49, WRHS.
8. Plain Dealer, July 18, 1969.
9. Annette Koman to Carl Stokes (received August 14, 1969); Edward Martin to Annette Koman, August 22, 1969, CSP, container 85, folder 1683, WRHS.
10. JoAnne Olszewski to Carl Stokes, June 1, 1968, CSP, container 38, folder 709, WRHS.
11. William A. Strong letters, variously addressed and dated, June 1937; Arch C. Klumph to Ernest J. Bohn, July 16, 1937, Ernest J. Bohn Papers, box 12, folder 39, Kelvin Smith Library Special Collections, Case Western Reserve University.
12. Joseph Swatek to Thomas Burke, December 26, 1946; January 25, 1947; February 20, 1947, Thomas A. Burke Jr. Papers, container 1, folder 1, WRHS.
13. Joseph Swatek to Thomas Burke, May 2, 1947, Burke Papers, container 1, folder 1, WRHS.
14. Robert Crosser to Thomas Burke, March 24, 1952; Burke to Crosser, March 31, 1952, Burke Papers, container 1, folder 3, WRHS. Officer Schroeder’s reports from June 1944 can be found in the Burke Papers, container 1, folder 1, WRHS.
15. “Petition for Writ of Mandamus” (filed May 26, 1965), Bar Realty Corporation v. Ralph Locher, Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 813769.
16. Plain Dealer, May 22, 1964; Betty Klaric, interviewed by Richard Stradling, May 27, 2008, Mayfield Heights, Ohio.
17. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Proceedings, Conference in the Matter of Pollution of Lake Erie and Its Tributaries, Cleveland, August 3–6, 1965 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1965), 4:1065, 1066, 1071.
18. “Joint Answer of Ralph S. Locher, et al.” (filed September 10, 1965), Bar Realty Corporation v. Ralph Locher, Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 813769; Plain Dealer, August 24, 1965.
19. “Memorandum of Opinion” (August 10, 1970); “Judgment” (August 28, 1970), Bar Realty Corporation v. Ralph Locher, Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 813769.
20. The State, Ex Rel. Bar Realty Corp., et al., Appellees, v. Locher, Mayor, et al., Appellants, 30 Ohio St.2d 190; 283 N.E.2d 164 (1972).
21. “Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments—1969,” Hearings before the Committee on Public Works, House of Representatives, 91st Congress, 1st session, 1969, 70–76.
22. “Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments—1969,” 149, 151, 155.
23. Plain Dealer, November 4, 1966.
24. Plain Dealer, August 23, 1966.
25. Plain Dealer, February 25, 1961; May 1, 1966.
26. Plain Dealer, April 10, 1969.
27. Bob Bauerlein to John C. Little, October 7 and October 17, 1969, CSP, container 11, folder 176, WRHS.
28. Pollution of Lake Erie and Its Tributaries, 4:800.
29. “Separating Storm and Sanitary Sewers in Urban Renewal,” Report No. 1648, House of Representatives, 89th Congress, 2nd session, 1966, 13.
30. Pollution of Lake Erie and Its Tributaries, 4:825–27.
31. Statement by Mayor Carl B. Stokes, April 10, 1969, CSP, container 51, folder 962, WRHS.
32. Plain Dealer, June 29, 1969.
33. “Statement by Bailus Walker, Jr.,… Before the Public Hearing… May 23, 1969,” CSP, container 51, folder 962, WRHS.
34. Cleveland Press, May 23, 1969; Richard L. DeChant, “Remarks to the Air and Water Pollution Committee of Cleveland City Council,” CSP, container 54, folder 1014, WRHS.
35. “Statement of R. Thomas Schoonmaker,” June 13, 1969, CSP, container 54, folder 1014, WRHS.
36. “Freeway—Airport-in-Lake Plan Unveiled,” Plain Dealer, June 24, 1966.
37. Havens and Emerson, Feasibility of a Stabilization-Retention Basin in Lake Erie at Cleveland, Ohio (May 1968), iv, 5, 46.
38. Havens and Emerson, Feasibility of a Stabilization-Retention Basin, 4.
39. Cleveland Press, November 4, 1968.
40. Cleveland Press, November 6, 1968.
41. L. Amory to Mr. Carl B. Stokes, March 5, 1969, CSP, container 8, folder 126, WRHS.
42. Clean Water Task Force, “Action Program,” March 1969, 2, 4, CSP, container 86, folder 1692, WRHS.
43. “Statement by Mayor Carl B. Stokes,” April 14, 1970, CSP II, container 2, folder 28, WRHS.
5. The Burning River
1. Cleveland Press, May 26, 1969 (Klaric Collection, Cleveland Public Library).
2. Betty Klaric, “Stokes Promises to Lead Pollution Fight,” Cleveland Press, June 24, 1969.
3. Betty Klaric, interviewed by Richard Stradling, May 27, 2008, Mayfield Heights, Ohio.
4. Plain Dealer, June 23, 1969; Cleveland Press, June 23, 1969.
5. Columbus Dispatch, July 4, 1969.
6. Plain Dealer, June 24, 1969.
7. Cleveland Press, June 25, 1969.
8. “The Cities: The Price of Optimism,” Time, August 1, 1969, 41.
9. Audubon, November 1969, back cover.
10. David Zwick, interviewed by Richard Stradling, March 11, 1999, by telephone.
11. “Pollution, Threat to Man’s Only Home,” National Geographic, December 1970, 5–7.
12. Cleveland Daily Plain Dealer, August 29, September 2, 1868; Cleveland City Council Proceedings, September 1, 1868, 303.
13. “A Great Oil Fire,” New York Times, February 4, 6, 1883; Plain Dealer, May 2, 1912; Cleveland Press, May 2, 1912; Plain Dealer, May 3, 1912; “Oil Barge Explodes, 5 Dead,” New York Times, May 2, 1912.
14. Standard Oil of Ohio, Annual Report, 1966 (ProQuest Historical Annual Reports).
15. Plain Dealer, July 20, 1964.
16. “Long-Feared River Peril Happens—Cuyahoga Burns,” Cleveland Press, February 7, 1936.
17. Cleveland Press, February 8, 9, 1948; “River Oil Fire Perils Clark Bridge,” Plain Dealer, February 8, 1948.
18. Plain Dealer, August 11, December 18, 1948.
19. Cleveland Press, August 12, 1948.
20. Cleveland Press, March 17, 1941.
21. “Report of the Cleveland City Council Committee on Stream Pollution to the Council of the City of Cleveland, Ohio,” October 10, 1946, 2, 24, 37.
22. “Report of the Cleveland City Council Committee on Stream Pollution,” table 8.
23. Cleveland Press, February 20, 1948.
24. Cleveland Press, July 29, 1948.
25. Plain Dealer, April 8, 1960.
26. Plain Dealer, June 25, 1969.
27. John E. Richards to Carl Stokes, July 3, 1969, CSP, container 85, folder 1683, WRHS.
28. Edward J. Martin to James A. Rhodes, July 7, 1969, CSP, container 85, folder 1683, WRHS; Cleveland Press, July 8, 1969.
29. John E. Richards to Edwin [sic] Martin, July 14, 1969, CSP, container 85, folder 1683, WRHS.
30. “Water Pollution—1970,” Hearings before the Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution, U.S. Senate, 91st Congress, 2nd session, April 28, 1970, 412.
31. Rivers and Harbors and Flood Control Act of 1970, H.R. 19877, 91st Congress, 2nd session, Congressional Record, December 7, 1970, H 40150.
32. Plain Dealer, March 13, 1951; Cleveland Press, October 13, 1950, and May 6, 1952.
33. Plain Dealer November 2, 1952; “The Cities: The Price of Optimism,” Time, August 1, 1969, 41.
34. Cleveland Press, November 4, 1952.
35. Columbus Dispatch, November 2, 1952; “Cleveland Recovering from Steel Strike Effects, FRB Reports,” Wall Street Journal, November 4, 1952.
36. T. J. Ess, “Jones & Laughlin… Cleveland Works,” reprinted from Iron and Steel Engineer, February 1959.
37. “42nd Annual Meeting of Shareholders, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation,” Pittsburgh, April 30, 1964.
38. News release from Republic Steel, December 19, 1968, Steel Mill Water Pollution Control Files, 1963–1980, series 1785, container 4, folder 20, Ohio State Archives.
39. Cleveland Press, September 4, 1969.
40. “Statement by John R. Lowey before the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration Hearing,” Pick-Carter Hotel, Cleveland, Ohio, October 7, 1969, Republic Steel Corporation Records, 1895–2001, container 232, folder 21, WRHS.
41. J. W. Mills to W. J. DeLancey, November 19, 1969, Republic Steel Corporation Records, container 236, folder 21, WRHS.
42. “Minutes of Meeting,” March 14, 1969, Greater Cleveland Growth Association Records, container 184, folder 6, WRHS.
43. “Statement by Louis F. Birkel at the Ohio Water Pollution Control Board Hearing to Establish Water Quality Standards for the Cuyahoga, Rocky, Chagrin and Grand Rivers,” Cleveland, Ohio, May 22, 1968, Republic Steel Corporation Records, container 236, folder 21, WRHS.
44. Cleveland Press, January 21, 1969.
45. Plain Dealer, August 17, 1969.
46. Cleveland Press, May 2, June 18, 1969.
47. Cleveland Press, July 17, 1969.
48. Cleveland Press, October 7, 1969.
49. Paul R. Pine to Board of Directors, August 21, 1963, Greater Cleveland Growth Association Records, container 138, folder 10, WRHS; Cleveland Press, March 2, 1970.
50. Cleveland Press, October 9, 1969.
6. From Earth Day to EcoCity
1. Plain Dealer, April 16, 1970; Call and Post April 25, 1970; New York Times, May 4, 1970. The phrasing used here comes from the New York Times.
2. Call and Post, April 25, 1970.
3. Plain Dealer, April 19, 1970.
4. Cleveland Press, April 23, 1970.
5. Call and Post, April 25, 1970.
6. Nathan Hare, “Black Ecology,” Black Scholar, April 1970, 2–8.
7. Call and Post, May 2, 1970.
8. The Students of St. Peter High School (Pat Ryba) to Carl Stokes, November 30, 1970, CSP, container 11, folder 171, WRHS.
9. Carl B. Stokes to John W. Chambers, April 12, 1971, container 11, folder 171, WRHS.
10. The Cuyahoga River Watershed: Proceedings of a Symposium held at Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, 1 November 1968 (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University, 1969), 4.
11. Observer, April 10, 1970.
12. Plain Dealer, October 11, 1971.
13. New York Times, October 2, 1966.
14. A. Q. Mowbray, Road to Ruin (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1969), 61, 68.
15. Carl B. Stokes to Editor of the Plain Dealer, October 12, 1971, CSP, container 52, folder 982, WRHS.
16. Carl B. Stokes to Philip Richley, September 27, 1971, CSP II, container 2, folder 31, WRHS.
17. Statement on the planned march against the war in Vietnam, April 14, 1970, CSP, container 52, folder 969, WRHS.
18. Statement by Mayor Carl B. Stokes, May 5, 1970, container 52, folder 969, WRHS.
19. Plain Dealer, April 9, 1970.
20. Opening Remarks by Mayor Carl B. Stokes, “Crisis at Our Colleges: A Dialog with Mayor Stokes,” TV 3, 9:30 P.M., Thursday, May 7, 1970, container 52, folder 969, WRHS.
21. Ruth Sicherman to Carl Stokes, August 29, 1971, CSP, container 11, folder 171, WRHS.
22. Carl B. Stokes to Hugh Corrigan, May 25, 1970; Robert Bauerlein to Ann Felber, May 26, 1970, CSP, container 11, folder 172, WRHS.
23. Ohio Constitutional Revision Commission Reports 1970–1977, 6:2856, www.lsc.state.oh.us/ocrc/.
24. Ohio Constitutional Revision Commission Reports, 6:2874.
25. Ohio Constitutional Revision Commission Reports, 6:2851.
26. Plain Dealer, June 24, 1972.
27. Three Rivers Watershed District, Fourth Annual Report, (February 15, 1970.
28. George F. Linn, Health Commissioner, Huron County, to John W. Cashman, Director, Ohio Department of Health, January 11, 1973, as found in Army Corps of Engineers, Wastewater Management Study for Cleveland-Akron Metropolitan and Three Rivers Watershed Areas, Appendix II (August 1973).
29. C. B. Roscoe, Director, Huron County Regional Planning Commission, to Col. Robert Moor, U.S. Army Corps, January 5, 1973, as found in Army Corps of Engineers, Wastewater Management Study for Cleveland-Akron Metropolitan and Three Rivers Watershed Areas, Appendix VIII (August 1973).
30. EcoCity Cleveland, April 1993, 1, 2.
31. Frank Ellis to Richard Greene, October 6, 1970, CSP, container 75, folder 1431, WRHS.
32. Carl B. Stokes, Promises of Power: A Political Autobiography (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973), 116, 237, 147, 139.
33. Stokes, Promises of Power, 237.
34. Stokes, Promises of Power, 272.
35. Stokes, Promises of Power, 249.
Epilogue
1. Louis Stokes, interviewed by Richard and David Stradling, May 25, 2012, Cleveland.
2. Plain Dealer, April 16, 1970; Call and Post, April 25, 1970; New York Times, May 4, 1970. The phrasing used here comes from the New York Times.
3. Jim Toman and Dan Cook, The Terminal Tower Complex (Cleveland: Cleveland Landmarks Press, 1980).
4. Associated Press, June 18, 1989, LexisNexis.
5. Ben Stefanski, interviewed by Richard Stradling, April 26, 1999, Cleveland.
6. Adam Werbach, CNN Morning News, October 17, 1997, transcript 97101703V09, LexisNexis.
7. http://clinton2.nara.gov/CEQ/Rivers/.
8. Patrick Conway, interviewed by Richard Stradling, May 26, 2008, Cleveland.
9. http://www.gcbl.org/files/resources/sc2019executivesummary9sep10.pdf.