Index
Note: Page numbers in italics refer to figures.
Abrams, Charles, 95
Addressograph-Multigraph, 91
Air Conservation Committee, 188–90
air pollution, 19, 30, 42, 141; as blight, 133; and depopulation, 119–22; Muny Light and, 128–30; regional approach, 188–91; regulation of, 134–36
Air Quality Act (1967), 189
American Ship Building, 5, 154
American Steel and Wire, 155, 158
Anthony J. Celebrezze (fireboat), 147, 169–70, 206
ArcelorMittal, 203
Army Corps of Engineers, 162–63, 168; sewage treatment plans of, 192–94, 195
Aurbach, Laurence, 174
Baker, Newton, 129
Baugh, Edward, 177
Big Creek Interceptor, 144–46, 150, 160–61
Birkel, Louis, 169
Black Panther Party, 40
Blaushild, David, xii, 123–26, 140, 145
blight, 61–62, 66, 89, 205; and eminent domain, 106
Bohn, Ernest J., 120
Bricker, John, 168
Brooklyn neighborhood, 119, 155
Bureau of Neighborhood Conservation, 54
Burning River Pale Ale, 207
Call and Post, 101, 173–75, 190
Capers, Jean, 72
Case Western Reserve University, 34, 187, 203; and Earth Day, 179–80; and Vietnam protests, 186
Cedar Apartments, 49
Central Freeway, 184
Central National Bank, 86–87, 89, 93–94, 113, 201; cornerstone ceremony, 79–81, 83, 136; and Ellington Apartments, 103, 108; groundbreaking, 84; seventy-fifth anniversary of, 81–82; time capsule from, 109–10
Central (neighborhood), 2, 44, 49, 51, 112, 119
Chadsey, Mildred, 51
Chamber of Commerce, 158. See also Greater Cleveland Growth Association
Chesterfield apartments, 86
City Beautiful Movement, 102
Civil Rights Commission (CRC), 63–67, 87
Clark, Kenneth B., xiii, 47–48, 57, 59
Clean Air Act (1970), 189
Clean Water Act (1972), ix, 162, 177, 193, 207
Clean Water Task Force, 118, 142, 160
Cleaver, Eldridge, 40
Cleveland Advertising Club, 89
Cleveland Art Museum, 29
Cleveland Citizens Committee on Hough Disturbances, 72–74
Cleveland Development Foundation, 80, 89, 89, 107
Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company, 19, 89, 90, 112, 128, 130
Clevelander, 108
Cleveland Foundation, 49
Cleveland Heights, 28, 30, 42, 78, 127, 137; and freeways, 181–82, 184
Cleveland: Now!, 35, 80, 141, 170, 178
Cleveland Plain Dealer, ix–x, 23, 35; on air pollution code, 135, 136; bacterial counts in, 114; Blaushild ads in, 123; Central National Bank coverage, 83–84, 110, 136; CRC coverage, 64; on Cuyahoga fire of 1868, 152–53; on Cuyahoga fire of 1912, 153; on Cuyahoga fire of 1948, 155; on Cuyahoga fire of 1952, 163; on Cuyahoga fire of 1969, 148–49; and Earth Day, 173; on Ellington Apartments, 103; fireboat story in, 169–70; coverage of Lee-Seville, 101; on Muny Light, 128, 129, 130; on Sohio progress, 159; Stokes endorsement of, 27; on urban renewal, 107; on White City Beach, 117–18
Cleveland Press, x, 68, 69; on air pollution code, 135; Blaushild ads in, 123; CRC coverage, 64; crime coverage, 76; on Cuyahoga fire of 1912; on Cuyahoga fire of 1936, 155; on Cuyahoga fire of 1948, 155; on Cuyahoga fire of 1952, 163–64; on Cuyahoga fire of 1969, 147–48, 149, 160; pollution editorial, 172; sewer editorial of, 132. See also Klaric, Betty
Cleveland Real Estate Board, 94–95
Cleveland Regional Sewer District, 192, 205
Cleveland State University, 81, 143, 176, 187
Collinwood High School, 76, 186–87
Communist Party, 71
Community Action for Youth (CAY), 69, 87–88
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 64, 66, 72
Conway, Patrick, 207
crime, 2, 75–76, 172; downtown, 94–95
Croxton, Mary Elizabeth, 181–82
Cunningham, Earl, 173
Cuyahoga Community College, 187
Cuyahoga flats, 119, 129, 165, 204, 207
Cuyahoga Heights, 144, 146, 157–58
Cuyahoga River, 40, 98, 162, 206–7; Army Corps study of, 162–63; in Earth Day letters, 27, 28–29; fire of 1868, 152–53; fire of 1883, 153; fire of 1912, 153; fire of 1936, 155; fire of 1948, 155; fire of 1952, 163–64, 164; fire of 1969, ix–x, 16, 144–52, 159–62, 206; fireboats on, 147, 155–56, 169–70; improvements in, 169; industrial uses of, 153–54, 157–58, 165–66, 169; in National Geographic, 151–52; pollution in, 123–27, 156; pollution tour along, 144–45; and water recycling plan, 142
Daniel E. Morgan School, 37–38
DeMelto, Vincent, 131
downtown, 83, 141, 201; and air pollution, 129–30; as central place, 95–96; crime in, 94–95; market forces in, 103–5; planning for, 96–99; renewal in, 22, 74, 80–81, 197; skyscrapers and, 93. See also Erieview Plan
Downtown Cleveland 1975, 96–99
Downtown Restoration Society, 108–9
Dugan, Hattie Mae, 64
Earth Day, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21–24, 27–31, 35–38, 168; activities during, 175, 176, 179–81; Stokes’s comments on, 161, 173–74
East 55th Street Marina, 111–13, 133–34, 202
Easterly Sewage Treatment Plant, 114, 131, 132, 137
EcoCity Cleveland, 196
ecological thought, xi, 3, 11–12, 178–79, 206
Edgewater Beach, 114–18, 131, 172; on Earth Day, 175; Klaric’s swim at, 170–71
Edgewater Park, 21–22, 202; and July 4th storm, 116–17
Ellington Apartments, 103, 108
Ellis, Frank, 33–34, 44–46, 134–35, 197
environmental crisis, 38, 42–43, 149, 180, 206; in National Geographic, 151–52; and urban crisis, 23, 118, 122
environmental movement, 16, 28, 129, 146, 173; African Americans and, 175, 177
Environmental Protection Agency, 193, 205
Erieview Plan, 80–82, 84–90, 91–92, 98; and demolition, 105–7
Erieview Tower, 2, 81, 87, 88, 91, 92, 112
Federal Housing Administration, 89–90
Federal Reserve Bank, 84, 89, 102
Fehn, Clyde, 56–57, 65–66, 67, 77
freeways. See highways
Garofoli, Anthony, 76
ghetto, 41; public health in, 59; use of the term, xiii. See also Hough and Central
Glenville Shootout, 8, 15, 39, 75, 113, 145, 198
Goebel, Ulf, 174
Goodtime II, 29
Gordon Park, 133, 169, 170, 202
Grabner, George, 60
Grand Central Terminal, 93
Grasselli Chemical, 121
Greater Cleveland Associated Foundation, 62
Greater Cleveland Growth Association, 60, 108, 109, 135, 168–69, 171
Great Lakes Towing Company, 153, 163
GreenCityBlueLake, 208
Hare, Nathan, 177
Harrison and Abramovitz, 92
Harshaw Chemical, 123, 124, 126, 144–46, 157, 159, 171–72
Hatcher, Richard, 31
Hathaway Brown School, 128
Havens and Emerson, 114, 136–39; sewer study, 156–57
Headlands State Park, 114
Health, Education and Welfare, Department of, 44, 54
Heights Freeway, 184
Hesburgh, Theodore, 65
highways, 181–84, 185, 190; in Locher lakefront plan, 137–38. See also individual highways and freeways
Hirschfeld, Wilson, 181, 182–83
Hoddinott, Merle, 126
Hodge School, 19
Hood, Gifford F., 158
Hough (neighborhood), 8, 112, 204; Civil Rights Commission in, 63–66; as “crisis ghetto,” 52–53; demographics of, 49, 52, 78; physical condition of, 47–48, 50, 52–53, 73, 74, 77; rats in, 44–46, 53–54, 64–66, 74, 77; riots, 68–69, 70, 71–74; University-Euclid Plan for, 87–88
housing, 78; CRC testimony concerning, 63–66; federal involvement in, 60–61; PATH report on, 62–63
Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 107–8
Illuminating Company. See Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company
Independence, 42
Isaak Walton League, 122–23, 193
Jacobs, Donald, 66
James, Buddy, 33
James, Clarence, 177
Jennings Freeway, 160
Jet magazine, 74
Johnson, Lyndon, 15–16, 34, 54, 60–61
Johnson, Tom L., 98, 99–100, 129
Jones, Paul K., 181
Jones & Laughlin, 119, 147, 157, 165, 167
Kennedy, Robert, 72
Kent State University, 179; shootings, 186–87
Kerner Commission, 75
Key Tower, 201
King Jr., Martin Luther, 40, 75, 113
Kingsbury Run, 93, 153, 154, 163
Klaric, Betty, xi, 123, 125, 140, 145, 146, 159, 169, 170–72; on Earth Day, 175
Klementowicz, Bronis, 123, 126
Klumph, Arch, 120
Koman, Annette, 118
La Due, Wendell, 192
Lake Erie, x, 8, 72, 140, 142, 150, 204; dredge spoils in, 5, 97, 168–69; as dump, 134; in Earth Day letters, 28; federal conferences on, 125, 131–32; fishing in, 117, 133, 139; marina on, 111–13, 133–34; odor of, 178; pollution in, 122–28, 151; and sewage, 131–34, 137; stabilization basin in, 137–39; swimming in, 113–18, 197
League of Women Voters, 122, 193
Liberty Hill Baptist Church, 51, 63, 72
Lilley, Paul, 68
Linn, George, 194
Little, John, 130
Locher, Ralph, 55–56, 63, 64, 80, 91, 115; and Central National Bank, 84; on Erieview Plan, 89–90, 107; on Hough riots, 69–71; and Lake Erie, 123, 137–38; and sewers, 132–33
Locuoco, Albert, 129
Lybarger, Donald, 106
Maple Heights, 22, 27–29, 39, 125
Master Plan for Pollution Abatement, 136–39
Mavret H., 155
McMonagle, George, 192
Mechanics Block, 108
metropolitan fragmentation, 10–11
Midland Building, 82
Mikol, Louis, 122
Miller, Ray T., 105
Mills, J. W., 168
Model Cities, 34, 60–61, 62, 198
Mt. Pleasant neighborhood, 49, 141, 173
Mowbray, A. Q., 182
Municipal (Muny) Light, 2, 90, 112, 202–3; and air pollution, 128–30, 188; created, 99; in Earth Day letters, 21, 30
Municipal Stadium, 97
Murray Hill, 204
Muskie, Edmund, 161
National Air Pollution Control Administration, 134
National Environmental Protection Act (1970), 193
National Guard, 39, 68, 75, 113; at Collinwood High School, 186–87; at Kent State, 186; and teamsters, 187
Naughton, James M., 32
Nelson, Gaylord, 20
New York Central Railroad, 97, 111, 136
New York Times, 4, 32, 53, 65, 86, 94, 148, 156; on Stokes and Earth Day, 173–74
Norfolk & Western, 147
North Broadway, 119, 121–22, 129
Observer (Case Western Reserve University), 179–80
Odum, Eugene, 179
Office of Economic Opportunity, 52, 58–59, 72
Olszewski, JoAnne, 119
On the Grow with Cleveland, 81–83
Osrin, Ray, 29
Outhwaite Homes, 44–45, 49, 111
Parma Freeway, 183
Park, Robert, 56
Park Conservation Committee, 181–82
Pei, I. M., 80, 84, 91–92, 98, 105, 202
Pennsylvania Railroad, 97, 111, 136
Perk, Ralph, 190
Plan of Action for Tomorrow’s Housing (PATH), 60, 62–63
pollution, 197; in Earth Day letters, 22, 27–31. See also air pollution and water pollution
population, 7–8, 15, 78, 109, 119–22, 202
Porter, Albert, 181
poverty, 40, 43, 101, 203; and highways, 183; in Hough, 52–53, 69, 71; as priority over pollution, 173–74; 178. See also War on Poverty
Public Square, 82, 83, 86, 95, 100, 201; in Downtown Cleveland 1975, 98–99; and free speech, 99, 102
racism, 41, 141; and the environmental movement, 175; and the ghetto, 47–48
rats, 44–46, 53–54, 67, 73, 77–78, 174, 197; CRC testimony on, 64–66; protest using, 64; 1962 study of, 56–57
regionalism, 10, 190–91, 194; bioregionalism, 196; and watersheds, 192
Republic Steel, 5, 21, 80, 89, 147, 155; and air pollution, 28, 119, 121–22; plant investments of, 165–66, 167, 169; picketed on Earth Day, 175; and teamsters’ strike, 187; and water pollution, 123, 126, 158, 166–67
Rhine River, 149
Rhodes, Jim, 63, 64, 111, 125, 133, 159–60, 187; and freeways, 182
Riddle, Maxwell, 163
riots: Hough, 8, 68–74; Jet predictions of, 74; during Long Hot Summers, 23; terminology, xiii
Robinson, Grady, 64
Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler, 152
Rockefeller Center, 93
St. Alexis Hospital, 119
St. Peter High School, 177
Saturday Evening Post, 8, 53, 61
Schoonmaker, R. Thomas, 136
Schroeder, Henry, 122
Seltzer, Louis, 123
service city, 7, 16, 85, 112, 136, 143, 147, 191, 203
sewers, 131–33, 137–40; Army Corps plans for, 192–94, 195; in industrial valley, 156–57; state ban on connections to 191–92. See also Big Creek Interceptor
Shaker Heights, xii, 1, 26, 78, 123, 125, 127, 137, 174; opposition to freeways, 181–82
Sherwin-Williams Paint Company, 5, 123, 126
Shoreway, 30, 97, 111, 112, 128, 183
Sicherman, Ruth, 188
Sloan, Jr., Edward W., 90
slums, and resident behavior, 55–57; pathologized, 62
smoke, 119–20. See also air pollution
Society National Bank, 109, 201
Sohio. See Standard Oil
Soldiers and Sailors Monument, 98–99
South Broadway, 14, 119, 121, 129
Southerly Sewage Treatment Plant, 133, 142, 144, 156, 161, 166
Standard Oil, 5, 36, 89, 154; Refinery No. 1, 153, 154, 157, 159
Steelyard Commons, 204
Stefanski, Ben, xi, 113–14, 116, 117, 118, 136, 150, 206; and water pollution control bond, 140–41
Stokes, Carl, x, 3, 15, 196–98; and air pollution, 134, 188–89; at Capital Press Club, 3–4; and Central National Bank, 79–80, 83–84, 109–10; at City Club, 9; CRC testimony of, 66; commute of, 1–2; Congressional testimony of, 60–61, 115–16, 161–62; on crime, 76–77; and Cuyahoga fire of 1969, 159; and Earth Day, 14–15, 19–22, 27–28, 35–38, 42, 161, 173–74, 177; at East 55th Street Marina, 111–13, 133–34; election in 1967, 24–27, 31–32; and freeways, 181–83; and Glenville Shootout, 75; hiring by, 33–34; and Tom L Johnson, 99–100; and Kent State, 186–88; and Lake Erie beaches, 113–18; and King’s assassination, 40, 75; and Lee-Seville, 100–102; and Muny Light, 90, 130, 188–89; on pollution tour, 144–45, 146, 150; and Promises of Power, 198–200; and racism 41; and rats, 44–46; and Republic Steel, 165; on regionalism, 10; and riots, 25; and state of Ohio, 159–61, 191–92; on suburbs, 199; and urban renewal, 90–91; and water pollution, 126, 140, 142–43
Stokes, Louis, 33, 34, 72; interview with, 201–2; on the rape of the Cuyahoga, 162–63
Strong, William, 120
Students for a Democratic Society, 64, 168
suburbs, 9, 137; as “little Kingdoms,” 190–91, 205; and sewers, 145, 146, 174, 191–93; Stokes’s view on, 199. See also individual suburbs
Terminal Tower, 1, 2, 30, 82, 83, 92–93, 104, 165, 201
Three Rivers Watershed District, 192–93
Tolliver, Stanley, 72
Unger, Paul, 60
University Circle, 203
University-Euclid Plan, 87, 107, 132
University School, 127
urban crisis, xi, 3, 4, 8–9, 43, 78; and environmental crisis, 23, 118, 122; and Hough, 46; and liberalism, 15; Ralph Locher description of, 71; Stokes description of, 77, 79–80, 111–12
urban renewal, 87–89, 103, 106–8; and sewers, 132–33, 137. See also Erieview Plan
Urban Renewal Task Force, 60
U.S. Steel, 123, 126, 158, 167. See also American Steel and Wire
Van Sweringen brothers, 92–93, 104
Vietnam War, 174, 177, 179, 180; and Cambodia, 186
Walker, Bailus, xi, 34, 44–46, 59–60, 77–78, 135
Walker, Mabel, 6, 10, 96, 128, 196
Walker, W. O., 190
War on Poverty, 34, 54, 59, 60–61, 64, 174
water pollution, 19, 72; as blight, 133; bond issue for, 140–41; control plan, 136–39, 142–43; federal hearings on, 166–68. See also Cuyahoga River, Lake Erie, sewers
Water Pollution Control Administration (Federal), 114, 138, 166–68
Water Pollution Control Board (Ohio), 126–27, 142, 166, 169, 171; ban of new sewer connections, 191–92
Water Wasteland, 151
Weaver, Robert, 108
Westerly Sewage Treatment Plant, 22, 131, 142, 156
West Side News, 27
West Technical High School, 42
White City Beach, 113–17, 131, 171–72
Wirts, John, 137
Woodland Ave, 1–2, 76, 90, 199
Woods, Velma Jean, 65
Young Jr., Whitney, 175
Zwick, David, 151