INDEX

• Abernathy, Ralph, 232
• Abramson, Rudy, 237
• Adler Planetarium, Chicago, 2f, 253
• Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), 98, 102, 142, 158, 170, 172
• Aelita (A. Tolstoi), 40
• Aerojet Engineering Corporation, 76, 79
• Aerojet-General Corporation, 135
• Air Force Magazine, 133, 135, 141
• Air Force Space Command, 131
• Air University, 141
• Air University Quarterly, 172
• Aldiss, Brian, 150
• Aldrin, Edwin “Buzz,” 223–24, 227, 230, 233, 238, 241
• Almond, Gabriel, 105
• Alsop, Stewart, 218
• Alter, Dinsmore, 149
• AMC, 72
• American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 161
• American Astronautical Society, 247
• American Interplanetary Society (AIS), 43, 45, 52, 54, 57
• American Machine and Foundry, Inc. (AMF), 146
• “American Moon” (song), 241
• American Physical Society, 161
• American Rocket Society (ARS), 52, 62
• Anders, Bill, 13–14, 227–28
• Anderson, Rudolf, 185
• Anglo-Peruvian Company, 21
• A.N.N.A. satellite, 116
• Antarctic Treaty, 110, 204, 206, 221, 250
• Anticipations (Wells), 26
• Apollo 1, 222
• Apollo 8, 4, 13–15, 227–28, 232, 252
• Apollo 11, 5, 147, 223–26, 229–32, 234, 238, 240–42, 249–51, 253
• Apollo 13, 243
• Apollo Service and Lunar Excursion Modules, 74–75
• Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, 219
• Arid Zone Program, 78
• Ariel I, 166
• Arlene Francis Show, 88, 91
• Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP), 159, 163
• Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA), 155, 183, 186, 257
• arms race
  • FOBS and, 218
  • LTBT and, 177
  • NASA avoidance of, 85
  • Outer Space Treaty (OST), 193, 213
  • sanctuary politics and, 4, 157
  • Soviet Union and, 95, 186, 199, 256, 259–60
  • to space, 5–6, 113, 126, 146, 150, 155, 164, 175, 178, 180, 184, 221, 258, 264
  • UN Resolution 1884 and, 184–86
• Armstrong, Neil, 223–24, 227, 230, 233, 238
• Army Air Forces (AAF), 72, 97, 141
• Arnold, Henry “Hap,” 76, 141
• Aron, Raymond, 48
• “Artificial Modification of the Earth's Radiation Belt” (Singer), 161
• Association of Inventors, 40
• Astounding Science Fiction, 133
• Astronautics (magazine), 138
• Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 97, 145, 158–59, 166
• Atoms for Peace Conference (1958), 89
• Auf Zwei Planeten. See Two Planets
• Aviation Incorporated, 135
• Aviation Week and Space Technology, 128, 145, 148

• Baldwin, Hanson, 62, 160–61
• Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS), 173, 217f
• Baltimore Sun, 54, 88
• Ban on Bombs in Space (BBS), 191
• Bartlett, Paul V., 172
• Battle of Dorking, The (Chesney), 34
• Becker, Loftus E., 200
• Bellow, Saul, 237–38
• Bell Telephone, 72
• Bennett, Wallace F., 240
• Bethe, Hans, 96
• Biden, Joe, 261
• Binder, Otto, 130
• Black, Megan, 243
• Bloomfield, Lincoln P., 9, 106–7
• Blue Marble, 14–15
• Boeing, 72, 141, 257
• Bogdanov, Aleksandr, 14, 18–19, 35, 38
• Bohr, Niels, 53
• Bonestell, Chelsey, Jr., 130
• Borman, Frank, 13–14, 227–28
• Boston Globe, 228
• Boston Post, 30
• Boushey, Homer A., 134–35, 140, 142, 144–45, 191, 242, 261
• Bowles, Chester, 88
• Boyle, Hal, 62
• Bradley, Omar, 155
• Brands, Hal, 193
• Bridges, Styles, 102
• Brilliant Pebbles, 258–59
• Bristow, Frank, 171
• British Interplanetary Society (BIS), 54–55, 57–58, 60–61, 63, 68–69, 71, 73
• British Projectile Development Establishment, 77
• Brundage, Percival, 99
• Bryce, James, 45–46
• Buchheim, Robert, 170
• Buell, Raymond Leslie, 46
• Bulganin, Nikolai, 95, 103, 108, 185
• Bulletin (AIS), 43
• Bureau of Budget (BoB), 99–100
• Bush, George H. W., 259

• Caldicott, Helen, 193
• Calley, William, 234
• Carne, Judy, 241
• Carpenter, Scott, 178
• Carr, E. H., 47–48
• Carrying the Fire (Collins), 229
• Carson, Rachel, 179
• Carter, Jimmy and his administration, 256–57, 260
• Catholic Association for International Peace, 104
• CBS Evening News, 232
• Celestia (Nation of Celestial Space), 1–3, 56, 73–74, 252, 268n1
• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 114, 159, 173, 178, 181, 183, 217
• Chaffee, Roger, 222
• Chelomei, Vladimir N., 174
• Chesney, George Tomkyns, 34
• Chicago Herald, 88
• Chicago Tribune, 213, 219
• China, 7, 240, 248, 260–62
• “choke point” or Panama hypothesis, 137–39, 261
• Christian Science Monitor, 88, 199f
• Christofilos, Nicholas, 157–62
• Church, Frank, 247–48
• Clarke, Arthur C.
  • background of, 58
  • BIS address, 60–61, 63
  • ground-controlled approach (GCA) radar, 58
  • interplanetary discourse and, 15, 57
  • Interplanetary Project and, 175
  • Lasser and, 64
  • military strength and space, 65
  • on moon bases, 149
  • “morality of space,” 184, 253, 264–65
  • nursery of human life, 80–81
  • photograph of, 59f
  • predictions of war, 62
  • space exploration and peace, 16–17, 58–61, 73–74, 128, 249
  • Stapledon and, 68
  • symbolism of space, 265
  • United States and, 73
• Clarke, Arthur C., publications
  • 2001: A Space Odyssey, 228
  • “Challenge of the Spaceship, The,” 63–64
  • Childhood's End, 58, 65–66, 73
  • Exploration of Space, The, 51, 64, 128
  • Islands in the Sky, 58
  • Preludes to Space, 58, 66–67
  • Sands of Mars, The, 58
• Cleator, Philip Ellaby, 58
• Cleaver, Arthur “Val,” 55f, 56–57, 73, 175
• Cold War
  • fears of future war, 5–6, 62, 73, 91–93
  • “first” Cold War, 7
  • military space spending, 7, 115, 147–48
  • military technologies and, 125
  • nuclear testing and, 163
  • Outer Space Treaty (OST) and, 196, 221
  • Second Cold War, 7, 261–64, 271n25
  • space exploration and peace, 41–42, 51, 71, 85
  • See also nuclear weapons; space race
• Cole, Dandridge, 133, 138
• Collier's, 62, 128–29
• Collins, Michael, 229–30, 233
• Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), 112–13, 123, 178, 191, 193, 205–7, 209–10, 219–20, 244
• “Common Sense of World Peace, The” (Wells), 30
• Conference on Discontinuance of Nuclear Weapons Tests, 162–63
• Conflict in Space (Golovine), 131, 135–36
• Conquest of Outer Space, The (Ley), 128
• Conquest of Space, The (Lasser), 44–45
• Convair, 72
• cooperative space projects, 191
• Cornils, Ingo, 32
• Corréa, Henrique Alvim, 23f
• cosmic philosophies, 39–40, 51, 54
• Cosmopolitan (magazine), 30
• Cosmos (Malina), 79
• Cousins, Norman, 92–93, 100, 104
• Cox, Donald, 105, 131
• Cultural and Scientific Congress for World Peace (1949), 73

• Darwinism, 21, 46, 60, 69
• Das Weltraum-Recht (The Law of Outer Space) (Mandl), 197–98
• Day, Dwayne, 125
• Dean, Patrick, 192f
• Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA), 159
• defensive systems
  • antiballistic missile (ABM), 164, 193, 219, 256
  • ballistic missile defense (BMD), 155, 257, 259
  • FOBS and, 174
  • NAVSTAR GPS, 260
  • nuclear deterrence, 134, 163, 261
  • Projects SMART and SLOMAR, 132
  • research and development (R&D), 215, 257
  • satellite interceptor (SAINT), 123, 132, 147
  • satellite protection for area defense (SPAD), 132
• defensive systems, Air Force studies, 171
• Democratic party, 225–26
• Department of Defense (DoD), 88, 97, 99, 102–3, 115–16, 255, 260–61, 263
  • See also military and space
• deSeversky, Alexander P., 133
• Dickinson, G. Lowes, 45
• Dickinson, William L., 218
• Die Rakete (The Rocket), 41, 51
• Die Rakete zu den Planetanraumen (The Rocket into Interplanetary Space) (Oberth), 36
• Die Starfield Company (Ley), 42
• Dillon, Clarence, 113
• Director of Defense Research and Engineering (DDR&E), 142
• disarmament and demilitarization of outer space, 4, 105, 108
• Dobrynin, Anatoly, 183, 192f, 196, 212, 216
• Dolman, Everett C., 194, 219, 263
• Dominic Nuclear tests, 166, 177–79
• Doolittle, James, 146
• Dooner, Pierton, 35
• Dornberger, Walter, 30, 50, 52, 130, 137
• Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 37
• Douglas Aircraft Company, 72, 169
• Dr. Strangelove (Kubrick), 125, 145
• Dryden, Hugh, 242
• du Bois, W. E. B., 46–47
• DuBridge, Lee A., 96, 148–49
• Dulles, John Foster, 95, 108, 110, 115

• Earthrise, 13–15, 228f, 234, 252
• Earth vs. The Flying Saucers (movie), 127
• Edison's Conquest of Mars (Serviss), 30–31
• Edson, James B., 132, 134, 137
• Ed Sullivan Show, 241
• Effects of Nuclear Weapons (Glasstone), 162
• Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament (ENCD), 181, 212
• Einstein, Albert, 78
• Eisendrath, Craig, 193
• Eisenhower, Dwight D. and his administration
  • ARPA created, 142, 158
  • Bulganin and, 95, 103, 108
  • demilitarization of outer space, 107, 264
  • Killian and, 98–99
  • McConnell and, 89, 91
  • NASA and, 97, 102
  • nuclear testing moratorium, 155, 159, 162–63, 185
  • nuclear weapons and, 96, 153
  • “Open Skies” proposal, 185
  • Project Horizon and, 122
  • satellite technology and, 114, 170
  • Soviet Union and, 85
  • space based weaponry and, 5
  • on space exploration, 110–11
  • space race and, 92
  • Sputnik and, 94
  • weaponization of space rejected, 140
  • See also Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
• Electric, General, 72, 98, 133, 170
• Electric Spaceship, The (Oberth), 73
• Ervin, Sam, 88
• Etzioni, Amitai, 233
• European Anarchy, The (Dickinson), 45
• Evening Journal (New York), 30
• Evins, Joe, 240–41
• Experiment in Autobiography (Wells), 23
• Exploration of Space, The (Clarke), 51
• Explorer I, 138, 151, 198
• Explosives Act (1875), 55
• “Extra-Terrestrial Relays” (Clarke), 58

• Fallaci, Oriana, 237
• Farnsworth, R. L., 62–63, 66
• Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 79–80
• Fedorenko, Nikolai, 206, 208
• Fedorov, Nikolai Federovich, 37–38
• Fenley, Relf A., 172
• Ferguson, James, 235
• fiction, post Great War, 34–35
• “Final War, The” (Spohr), 42
• Finch, Edward R., 4
• First Men in the Moon, The (Wells), 14, 24, 25f, 26–27
• Fisher, Adrian, 183
• Forbidden Planet (movie), 127
• Ford, Gerald and his administration, 166, 254, 256
• Foreign Affairs, 261
• Forman, Ed, 74
• Fortune (magazine), 168
• Four-Power Disarmament Conference, 95
• Frankel, Max, 241
• Franklin, H. Bruce, 154
• Frau im Mond (Lang), 41
• Friendship 7, 231
• From the Earth to the Moon (Verne), 21, 36
• Fulbright, J. W., 210
• Furnas, C. C., 149

• G-20 Summit (2022), 261
• Gagarin, Yuri, 174, 178, 204, 223
• Gallup polls, 87, 233
• Garan, Ron, 229
• Garthoff, Raymond L., 181
• Gavin, James M., 104
• Geiss, Johannes, 224
• Geppert, Alexander, 227
• Germany, 40–41, 52–53, 197, 237–38
• Gernsback, Hugo, 42–43
• Gilpatric, Roswell, 182
• Glasstone, Samuel, 162
• Glenn, John, 178, 231
• Global Positioning System (GPS), 260–61, 263
• Global Protection Against Limited Strikes (GPALS), 259
• Global South, 5, 46, 196, 209–12, 220, 230, 236, 247–49
• Goddard, Robert, 30, 36, 40, 44, 52, 74, 76
• Goldberg, Arthur, 192f, 205–6, 212, 215
• Goldsen, Joseph M., 107
• Goldwater, Barry, 8, 247
• Goldwater conservatism, 167
• Golovine, M. N., 131, 134–35, 137, 171
• Goodyear, 72
• Gorbachev, Mikhail, 259
• Gore, Albert, 205
• Gorove, Stephen, 130
• Graham, Billy, 88
• Grant, Madison, 46
• Granville, Robert, 130
• Gravity's Rainbow (Pynchon), 238
• Gray, Colin, 261
• Great War, 26–27, 47–48, 58
• Green, Harold, 181
• Grissom, Virgil “Gus,” 222
• Gromyko, Andrei, 183–84, 206–8
• Grotius, Hugo, 202
• Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory (GALCIT), 74, 76

• Haig, Alexander, 247–48
• Hailsham, Quintin Hogg, 166
• Haley, Andrew G., 195, 201–3
• Hammarskjold, Dag, 105, 109
• Harbou, Thea von, 41
• Harr, Karl G., 116
• Harris polls, 255
• Heavens and the Earth, The (McDougall), 6, 270n18
• Heinemann, William, 20
• Henson, Keith, 245
• Hersey, John, 61
• Herter, Christian, 108, 110, 113
• Herzfeld, Norma and Charles, 104
• Hill, Peter, 89, 92
• Hiroshima (Hersey), 61
• Ho Chi Minh, 234
• Hotline Agreement, 183, 194
• House Armed Services Committee, 143
• House Committee on Science and Aeronautics, 185
• House Select Committee on Astronautics and Space Exploration, 170
• Hoyle, Fred, 179
• Hsue-Shen Tsien, 76
• Hughes Aircraft Company, 72
• Huxley, Thomas Henry, 21–22, 26
• Hyman, William A., 203–4
• Hynek, Allen, 87

• Icaromenippus (Lucian), 24
• India, 7, 21, 112, 209–10, 260
• Influence of Sea Power upon History, The (Mahan), 137–38
• “Influence of Space Power upon History, The” (Gray), 261
• Institute for Aeronautical Sciences, 98–99
• Inter-American Bar Association, 203
• intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM)
  • building better missiles, 104
  • countermeasures and deterrence, 186
  • detection and destruction of, 259
  • disarmament and, 108, 115
  • electronic components in, 160
  • FOBS and, 217
  • manned satellite cost comparison, 172
  • new insights for, 54
  • nuclear-armed bombardment satellites (NABS), 171
  • plasma shields and, 158
  • Positive Control Bombardment System, 131
  • R-7 Semyorka, 151
  • Random Barrage System (RBS), 132
  • Russian R-7 missile, 82
  • science discovery of, 65
  • Soviet Union and, 83, 94, 165
  • Soviet Union and FOBS, 173–74
  • Space Defense program and, 256
  • submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM), 129, 216, 218
  • targets for, 148
  • tracking satellites and, 136
  • X-20 Dyna-soar and, 141
• International Geophysical Year (IGY), 85, 92, 109, 112–13, 158–60
• International Interplanetary Commission, 45
• international law, 204
  • See also Antarctic Treaty
• International Organization (Bloomfield), 106
• International Relations (Buell), 46
• international relations (IR)
  • Apollo 11 view of earth and, 229
  • Huxley's ideas on, 26
  • international peace, 51, 56
  • “Interplanetary School,” 17–18, 47–48, 51, 72–73, 249
  • Machiavellianism, 45–46
  • outer space as an escape, 19–20
  • pessimism for peace, 7
  • sanctuary paradigm and, 9
  • science exploration and peace, 65
  • space exploration and peace, 47, 55–56, 65, 201
  • space exploration impact, 44–45
  • “strategic restraint,” 253
  • United States space policy, 108
  • World War I and, 45, 47
• International Space Station, 263
• Interplanetary Project, 57, 175, 251
• In the Days of the Comet (Wells), 27, 28f, 29–30, 36, 81
• In the Fourth Year (Wells), 27
• Invaders from Mars (movie), 127
• Invasion of New York, The (Palmer), 35
• Invisible Man, The (Wells), 20
• Island of Dr. Moreau, The (Wells), 20, 22, 24
• It! The Terror from Outer Space (movie), 127
• Izvestiya, 40, 161

• Jackson, Henry “Scoop,” 88, 144
• JAG Journal, 200
• Javits, Jacob, 247–48
• Jessup, Philip C., 198
• jet-assisted takeoff (JATO), 76–77
• Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), 75f, 76–78, 98, 141, 159, 186, 242
• Johnson, John A., 200
• Johnson, Lyndon B. and his administration, 123, 150, 192f, 206, 212, 218, 253
  • See also Vietnam war
• Johnson, Lyndon B. (senator), 4, 98, 111, 112f, 140, 184
• Johnson, Roy, 98, 170, 172, 175
• Johnson, S. Paul, 99, 102, 123
• Johnson, Stephen, 125
• Johnson, U. Alexis, 240
• Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 215
• Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, 72

• Kant, Immanuel, 201
• Kash, Donald, 7
• Kaysen, Carl, 177
• Keating, Kenneth, 100–101
• Kecskemeti, Paul, 106
• Keeny, Spurgeon, 218
• Kennedy, John F. and his administration, 5, 9, 89, 123, 135, 140, 147, 175–77, 180–85, 241, 250, 264
• Kennedy, Paul, 209
• Khariton, Yuri, 164
• Khrushchev, Nikita
  • flag planting on moon and, 241
  • FOBS and, 173–74
  • joint lunar mission, 186
  • Kennedy and, 176
  • McConnell proposal and, 91
  • nuclear testing moratorium, 155, 159, 163
  • space weaponry and, 8, 85, 94, 164, 191
  • Star of Hope and, 89
  • test ban resolutions, 176
• Khrushchev, Sergei, 164
• Killian, James R., 85, 96, 98–99, 157–58, 160
• King, Martin Luther, Jr., 225
• Kissinger, Henry, 166
• Kistiakowsky, George, 98
• Knorr, Klauss, 137
• Komarov, Vladimir, 223
• Korolev, Sergei, 30, 173–74
• Krasovskiy, V. I., 161
• Kubrick, Stanley, 145, 228

• L-5 Society, 246–47
• Lang, Fritz, 41
• Lasser, David, 14–15, 43, 44f, 47, 50, 52, 57, 64, 80, 195
• Lasswitz, Kurd, 31, 32f, 33–35, 39, 42, 45, 65, 67
• Last Days of the Republic (Dooner), 35
• Laude, Emil, 197
• Launius, Roger, 232
• Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 157–58, 258
• Leary, Timothy, 247
• Lederberg, Joshua, 214
• LeMay, Curtis, 140, 170
• Lewis, C. S., 63–64, 68
• Lewis, Flora, 233
• Lewis, Richard, 225
• Ley, Willy, 41–42, 52, 73, 80, 128, 130–31
• Liberia, 211
• Lichtheim, George, 233
• Life (magazine), 1, 128, 156, 168, 226, 255
• Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT) (1963), 147, 155, 175–77, 180–84, 186, 191, 194, 204, 216
• Lindsay, Malvina, 93–94, 100, 115
• Lipp, James, 169
• Lipp, Ralph E., 173
• Lodge, Henry Cabot, 86, 95, 104, 109–11, 113
• Loewy, Raymond, 90–91, 106
• London, Jack, 35
• Look (magazine), 228
• Los Angeles Times, 171, 224, 233
• Lovecraft, H. P., 68
• Lovell, Bernard, 162, 179
• Lovell, James, 13–14, 227
• Lucas, George, 150
• Lucky Dragon incident, 162
• Luna 10, 222
• Luna I, 198
• Luna II, 239
• Luna IX, 205
• Lupton, David, 261

• Mackenzie, Jeanne and Norman, 22
• Mackinder, Halford, 45, 124, 130
• MacLeish, Archibald, 13, 232
• Macmillan, Harold, 159, 166
• Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 124, 137–39, 261
• Mailer, Norman, 231, 237
• Major Inapak the Space Ace (movie), 127
• “Make Our Satellite a Symbol of Hope!” (McConnell), 83–84
• Malina, Frank Joseph, 74–75, 75f, 76–80
• Mandl, Vladimir, 197–98
• Mangan, James T., 1, 2f, 3, 5–6, 9, 51, 56, 73–74, 252–53, 265
• Manhattan Project, 53, 122, 173
• Man into Space (Oberth), 41
• manned spaceflight, 74, 111, 142, 210, 242, 254
• Mars Project (von Braun), 50
• Martin Company, 72, 135, 248
• Martin-Marietta, 243
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 43, 96, 106, 146
• McCarthy, Eugene, 214–15, 220
• McConnell, John, 83–84, 88–92, 94, 100, 104, 106–7, 116, 221
• McCormack, John, 100–102
• McCray, W. Patrick, 79
• McDonnell Aircraft, 72
• McDougall, Walter, 6–7, 9, 194
• McElroy, Neil, 98, 158
• McNamara, Robert, 147, 166, 217, 217f, 218–19
• Mead, Margaret, 144
• Meinel, Carolyn, 245
• Menter, Martin, 238
• Michael, Donald N., 87
• Michel, Robert, 240–41
• military and space
  • Lagrange points, 138–39
  • lunar military base, 129–30, 134–37
  • Operation Desert Storm effect, 261
  • Outer Space Treaty (OST), 196
  • programs cancelled, 147
  • Project Horizon moon military base, 121, 122f, 123, 125–26, 128, 140
  • research and development (R&D), 72, 98, 123, 140, 149, 151
• Moltz, James Clay, 253
• Mongolia, 210
• Moon Car, The (Oberth), 73
• moon exploration
  • Apollo Lunar Surface Drill (ALSD), 243
  • claim to territory, 250
  • Earthrise, 228f
  • lunar mining interest, 242–44, 249–50
  • Luna X, 205
  • moon landing, 227–29
  • national flag raising, 238–42
  • politics, military and, 237, 249
  • program cost and domestic needs, 232–34
  • Surveyor 1, 205
  • symbolic act of, 248–49
  • Tranquility Base, 224, 227, 250, 252
• Moon Treaty (1979), 196, 244–48
• Morgenthau, Hans, 48
• Morozov, Platon, 178
• Mr. Sammler's Planet (Bellow), 237–38
• Mumford, Lewis, 61
• Munro, Leslie, 108–9
• Murrow, Edward R., 62
• mutually assured destruction (MAD), 257

• National Academy of Science Committee on Air Corp Research, 75–76
• National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 97, 158
• National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), 97, 99–102, 225
• National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, 102–3, 169, 172, 236
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
  • Air-Delivered Seismic Intrusion Detector (ADSID), 236
  • Apollo 11 “Giantstep” tour, 230–31
  • Apollo Lunar Surface Drill (ALSD) and, 243
  • Apollo Paradox, 237
  • Apollo program budget, 232
  • Apollo spacecraft, 135, 224
  • Applications Technology Satellite (ATS), 235
  • budget cutbacks, 255
  • Chinese competition, 262
  • civilian or military, 5, 8, 97–101, 114, 141, 191
  • Committee on Symbolic Activities for the First Lunar Landing, 239
  • Department of Defense and, 123
  • Earthrise photo and, 228
  • in fiction, 127
  • FOBS and, 218
  • imperialism charge, 238, 242
  • legislation for, 102
  • “Limited Warfare Committee,” 235
  • lunar flag raising, 225–26, 241
  • Lunar Module (LM), 223, 239–40
  • lunar resources and, 244
  • A.N.N.A. satellite, 116
  • peaceful uses of outer space and, 85, 103, 114, 227
  • planning after moon landing, 254
  • Project Argus, 160
  • religion and, 91
  • satellite overflight question, 200
  • Starfish radiation issue, 166
  • technology usefulness, 249
  • Vietnam war and, 234–37
  • WAC Corporal Rocket, 75f
  • Working Group on Extraterrestrial Resources (WGER), 242–43
  • See also National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
• National Intelligence Estimate (NIE), 62, 173
• National Science Foundation (NSF), 97
• National Security Council (NSC), 94, 108–9, 116, 123, 129, 169, 216, 218
• National Space Act (1958), 108, 169, 172
• Nature (magazine), 128
• Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), 98, 141
• Navigation Signal Timing and Ranging (NAVSTAR), 260
• Nelson, Bill, 262
• Nervo, Padilla, 184
• Neufeld, Michael, 40
• Newsweek, 161
• New Times (newspaper), 178
• New World of Islam,The (Stoddard), 46
• New Worlds for Old (Wells), 26
• New Yorker, 50, 61
• New York Herald Tribune, 88, 90
• New York Times
  • Apollo 8 and, 228
  • Argus and, 160–62
  • flag planting on moon and, 241
  • FOBS and, 217f
  • future space conflict, 131, 144
  • moon landing, 13
  • moon mineral resources, 242
  • Moon Treaty (1979) and, 246
  • Outer Space Treaty (OST), 213, 218
  • space as zone of peace, 185
  • Vietnam war, 234
• Next War, The (Wallace), 35
• Nicholas II (tsar), 18
• Nixon, Richard, 98, 224–27, 229–30, 232, 234, 238, 249, 255
• Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty(NPT), 193–94, 212
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 7, 138, 174, 204, 263
• Northrop Space Laboratories, 243
• Northrup, 72
• Nuclear Science and Engineering Corporation, 145
• nuclear weapons
  • arms race, 164, 199
  • Astron, 157
  • Bikini Atoll nuclear test, 162
  • Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (FOBS), 7–8, 155, 173–75, 196, 216–19, 221, 255
  • IRBMs, 160, 186, 256
  • moratorium on, 155, 159, 163–64, 167–68, 185–86
  • nuclear tests in space, 156–57
  • Project Argus, 159–62, 164, 166, 177
  • Soviet threat, 166–67, 183
  • Starfish Prime, nuclear test, 156–57, 165–66, 177–80
  • UN prohibition in outer space, 205
  • See also Limited Test Ban Treaty

• Oberth, Hermann, 15, 30, 36, 40–44, 73
• Ogle, Dan C., 145
• O’Neill, Gerard K., 245
• On the Beach (Shute), 162
• On the Origin of the Species (Darwin), 21
• “On the Possibility of Establishing a Plasma Shield” (Christofilos), 158
• Opel, Fritz von, 41
• Operation Desert Storm, 260–61
• Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 96
• Orwell, George, 30, 51
• Outer Space (Bloomfield), 107
• Outer Space Treaty (OST), 200
  • approval and skepticism, 193–94, 209, 212, 213f, 214
  • compromise of, 197
  • developing world and, 210
  • draft issues, 206–8, 220
  • importance of, 196, 219–22
  • inspection provision, 207, 214–16
  • military viewpoint of, 215–16, 255
  • moon claims and, 238, 241
  • moon landing and, 239
  • moon resources and, 250
  • Moon Treaty (1979) and, 246
  • ratification of, 140, 193, 214–16
  • space sanctuary and, 194–95, 215, 253
  • space war and, 123, 125
  • State Department and, 244
  • tracking facilities and, 207–9
  • Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, 192
  • UNGA resolutions in, 204
  • United Nations and, 8, 86, 193, 212
  • violations of, 218
  • White House ceremony, 192f
• Outline of the History of the Rocket (Ley), 42

• Paine, Thomas O., 232, 239–40
• Parsons, John “Jack,” 30, 74
• Passing of the Great Race, The (Grant), 46
• Paul VI (pope), 204, 224
• Pearson's Magazine, 20
• Pendray, G. Edward, 43
• Perel’man, Yakov Isidorovich, 39
• Perry, William J., 260
• Philosophy of the Common Task, The (Filosofiia obshchego dela) (Fedorov), 37
• “Pilot Lights of the Apocalypse” (Ridenour), 168
• Pinto, M. C. W., 246
• Pius XII (pope), 82
• Pokrovsky, Georgi, 178
• political realism, 18, 47
• Post-Cuba Negotiations with the USSR, 183–84
• Power, Thomas S., 136, 242
• Powers, Francis Gary, 185
• Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship, 169
• President's Scientific Advisory Committee (PSAC), 96, 98, 100, 146, 158, 169
• Project Apollo, 237, 249, 255
• Project Argus, 159–62, 164, 166, 177
• Project Excalibur, 258
• Protazanov, Yakov, 40
• Putin, Vladimir, 262
• Putt, Donald, 140, 142, 146, 170, 174
• Pynchon, Thomas, Jr., 9, 238

• Quarles, Donald, 170

• Rabi, I. I., 96
• race relations, 46–47
• radiation pollution, 157, 159–60, 162, 166, 177
• Radio Moscow, 174
• RAF Quarterly, 59
• Ramo, Simon, 149
• RAND (Research and Development Corporation), 94, 107, 169–70, 186, 242
• Rapacki, Adam, 204
• Ratiner, Leigh, 246
• Reagan, Ronald and his administration, 125, 194, 221, 247–48, 256–60
• red-fuming nitric acid (RFNA), 75, 77
• Red Star (Bogdanov), 14, 18–19
• Republican party (GOP), 98
• Revolt against Civilization (Stoddard), 46
• Rhodes, Cecil, 271n30
• Richardson, Robert S., 129–30, 133
• Ridenour, Louis, 168–69
• Rigg, Robert B., 135
• Rising Tide of Color, The (Stoddard), 46
• Ritland, Osmond J., 131
• Ritner, Peter, 139, 149–50
• Roberts, Walter Orr, 229
• Rockefeller, Nelson, 99
• “Rocket and the Next War, The” (Lasser), 43–44
• Rocket Research Project, 74
• Roddenberry, Gene, 150, 202
• Roosevelt, Eleanor, 88
• Roosevelt, Theodore, 138, 238
• Rostow, Eugene, 257
• Rostow, Walt, 183
• Roudeboush, Richard, 240
• Rumsfeld, Donald, 254
• Rusk, Dean, 177, 181, 192f, 207, 212, 215, 233, 239
• Russia, 18–19, 37–39, 262–63
  • See also Soviet Union
• Rynin, Nikolai, 39

• Sagan, Carl, 153, 224–25
• Sakharov, Andrei, 164
• SALT. See Strategic Arms Limitation Talks/Treaty
• sanctuary doctrine, 86, 144, 147
• Saturday Evening Post, 218
• Saturday Review, 61, 92, 139, 150
• Saturn V, 226, 232, 239
• Saund, Dalip Singh, 101
• Schelling, Thomas, 137, 171–72
• Schirra, Willy, 177
• Schlafly, Phyllis, 166–67
• Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 253
• Schmidt, R. L., 243
• Schmitt, Carl, 48
• Schofield, Martin B., 104
• Schriever, Bernard, 140, 142–44, 146–47, 191, 261
• science fiction and science writing
  • casual mechanism of, 16
  • early space novels, 34–36
  • early space travel science, 36, 38–41
  • future war stories comparison, 34–35
  • “gravity well” and, 133–34, 139
  • interplanetary fiction, 14–15, 19, 41
  • military and space, 123–24, 150–51
  • moral arguments of, 15–16, 36, 41, 80–81
  • peaceful uses of outer space and, 48, 85
  • space war depictions, 127–28, 130
  • See also Bogdanov, Aleksandr; Clarke, Arthur C.; Lasser, David; Stapledon, William Olaf; Wells, Herbert George
• Scott, W. Kerr, 88
• Scott-Heron, Gil, 226
• Seaborg, Glenn T., 89
• Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 215, 221, 246, 248
• “Sense and Satellites” (Cousins), 104
• Serviss, Garrett, 31
• Seventh International Congress of Astronautics, 82
• Shafer, Raymond, 226
• Shapley, Willis, 239
• Sheffield, Charles, 247
• Shepherd, Alan, 231
• Shiel, M. P., 35
• Shklovskiy, I. S., 161
• Shute, Nevil, 162
• Silent Spring (Carson), 179
• Singer, S. Fred, 90–91, 106, 161
• Slaughterhouse Five (Vonnegut), 237
• Society for Space Travel(Verein fur Raumschiffahrt) (VfR), 40–42, 50–51, 54
• Society for the Study of Interplanetary Communications (OIMS), 40, 54
• Sonnengewehr (Sun Gun), 168
• Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 232
• Soviet Union
  • air law conference (1926), 197
  • antisatellite (ASAT) testing, 255–56
  • Cuban Missile Crisis, 156, 165, 167, 183, 185
  • Eisenhower and, 107–8
  • Experimental Design Bureau (OKB), 174
  • FOBS and, 173–74, 217–19
  • Globalnaya Raketa-1 (Global Rocket 1, or GR-1), 173
  • Laika, dog orbited, 198
  • military and space, 124, 129, 142–43
  • Ministry of Medium Machine Building, 164
  • nuclear testing and moratorium, 163–64
  • Outer Space Treaty (OST) and, 206–7, 212, 214, 218–19
  • political collapse of, 259–60
  • R&D laser studies, 259
  • “Soviet World Domination under Preparation,” 143f
  • space travel and, 52, 122, 151
  • System K, 164–65
  • “Tsar Bomba” blast, 163–64
  • UN proposal, 111–12
  • view of NASA, 103
  • Vostok program, 174
• space boosters, 128, 131, 139, 242, 245
• space diplomacy, 230–32
• space exploration
  • Tubman moratorium proposal, 211
  • UN resolutions, 8
• space for peace
  • Apollo and, 226
  • arms control and, 171
  • arms race and, 177
  • Cold War and, 185
  • Mangan and, 6, 74, 253
  • military and space, 137, 144
  • post-Sputnik advocates, 85, 94–96
  • satellite technology and, 210
  • Space Act and, 103
  • United Nations and, 107, 109
  • U. S. and Soviets and, 110, 113–16
• Space Frontier (von Braun), 128
• space law, 86, 105, 109, 130, 193–98, 200–204
• Space Law and Government (Haley), 201
• Space Man, 128
• Space Opera (Aldiss), 150
• Spacepower (Cox, Stoiko), 105
• space race (1957-1969), 9, 84, 86–87, 90, 92, 114–15, 198
• space sanctuary
  • Apollo 11 and, 5, 226
  • or dark side of space, 9
  • Earthrise photo and, 14
  • etymology of, 4, 185
  • failure of, 261
  • idea of, 6
  • military and political assessment of, 155
  • nuclear tests in space, 157
  • Reagan administration and, 257
  • space policy and, 18, 250–51, 253–54
• space warfare
  • American Artemis Program, 262
  • civilian casualties and, 136–37
  • Cold War and, 151
  • depictions of, 124, 127–31
  • Desert Storm and, 261
  • failure of, 146–50
  • First Gulf War as, 260
  • military and civilian disagreement, 183
  • military study of, 125–26, 153
  • options of, 263–64
  • orbital bombardment, 129–30
  • Outer Space Treaty (OST), 192
  • programs cancelled, 147
  • security and insecurity, 152
  • UN proposal, 111
  • USAF and, 140
  • US Space Force, 263
  • See also military and space
• Space warfare, 128
• Space World, 128, 130–31, 149
• Spohr, Carl, 42
• Sputnik
  • China and, 7
  • fears of future war after, 8
  • globalists and, 91–92, 94, 96, 100, 109, 116
  • ideas prior to, 1, 4
  • military policy after, 124
  • post-Sputnik advocates, 5, 90
  • reaction to, 86–87, 92, 151
  • U.S. space exploration and, 6, 83, 122
• Spykman, Nicholas, 124, 130
• spy satellites, 114, 125, 147–48, 183–85, 214
• Stapledon, William Olaf, 57, 67–71, 69f, 70–73, 80–82, 195, 253
• Stapledon, William Olaf, publications
  • Last and First Men, 68–73
  • Last Men in London, 68
  • Latter-Day Psalms, 67
  • Modern Theory of Ethics, A, 68
  • Odd John, 68
  • Star Maker, 68, 73
• Stares, Paul, 175
• Star of Goodwill, 90
• Star of Hope, 84, 88, 89f, 90–92, 104, 107, 116, 284n18
• Star Trek (Roddenberry), 150, 202
• Star Wars (Lucas), 150
• Stevenson, Adlai, 88, 184
• Stillson, Albert C., 133–34
• Stine, G. Harry, 133, 139
• Stoddard, T. Lothrop, 46
• Stoiko, Michael, 105, 131
• Stolley, Dick, 156
• Strand Magazine, The, 24
• Strategic Air Command (SAC), 136, 144
• Strategic Arms Limitation Talks/Treaty, 193, 255–56
• Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO), 258–59
• Strike from Space (Schlafly), 166–67
• “Study of Lunar Research Flights, A, ” 153, 175
• Stump, Dean, 252
• Subcommittee on National Security and Scientific Developments hearing, 100–102
• Suicide Squad, 75, 77
• Sullivan, Walter, 160–61
• Sulzberger, C. L., 242

• Teller, Edward, 163, 258
• Tereshkova, Valentina, 186
• Thant, U, 179, 229–30
• Thurmond, Strom, 216
• Time (magazine), 61, 71, 128, 158
• Time Machine, The (Wells), 20, 22
• Times of India, 233, 253
• Titov, Gherman, 174, 178
• Today Show, 88
• Toe Valley Review, 83, 92
• Tolkien, J. R. R., 63
• Tolstoi, Aleksey, 40
• Tolstoy, Leo, 37
• Toynbee, Arnold J., 233
• True History (Lucian), 24
• Truman, Harry S., 96
• Trump, Donald, 7, 263
• Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin, 15, 17, 30, 36, 38–40, 47, 50, 80, 221
• Tsukov, Yuri K., 165
• Tubman, William V. S., 211
• Turner, Frederick Jackson, 45, 63
• Twenty Years’ Crisis, The (Carr), 47
• Twining, Nathan, 140
• Two Planets (Auf zwei Planeten) (Lasswitz), 31–36, 39, 42, 253
• 2001: A Space Odyssey (film) (Kubrick), 228

• Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. See Soviet Union
• United Arab Republic (UAR), 112, 210
• United Kingdom, Explosives Act (1875), 55
• United Nations (UN)
  • arms control and, 86
  • ban on weapons in space, 105, 155, 175
  • Declaration of Legal Principles, 187
  • Disarmament Committees, 176
  • founding of, 51
  • Moon Treaty (1979) and, 245
  • nuclear weapons and, 59–60
  • role in outer space, 104–7, 109–13, 115–16, 131, 144
  • UN Declaration of Legal Principles, 221
  • wealth disparity issues, 209
• United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 246, 250
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 78–79
• United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)
  • cultural and economic exchange programs, 105
  • disarmament and demilitarization of outer space, 181
  • Kennedy address, 175–76
  • Lyndon Johnson and, 111, 112f, 123
  • moon treaty and, 205, 248
  • negative law resolutions and outer space, 204–5
  • “nuclear free zone” in Central and Eastern Europe, 204
  • Outer Space Treaty (OST), 193, 206, 212, 215, 219
  • Space committee, 110
  • space exploration resolutions, 8
  • “Stationing Weapons of Mass Destruction in Outer Space,” 184–85
  • test ban resolutions, 109, 176, 184, 186, 191
  • world peace and, 85
• United States, 53–54, 71–72, 108–9, 116, 145–47, 155, 260
• United States Bureau of Mines (USBM), 242–43
• United States Information Agency (USIA), 115, 231
• United States Space Force (USSF), 263
• United Technologies Corporation, 247
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 51
• “Unparalleled Invasion, The” (London), 35
• U. S. Air Force (USAF)
  • Air-Delivered Seismic Intrusion Detector (ADSID), 236
  • Air Force Office of Scientific Research, 135
  • ASAT countermeasures and, 143, 256
  • Ballistic Missiles Division, 125, 170
  • China and, 262
  • Directorate of Advanced Technology, 140, 145
  • Dyna-Soar program, 7–8, 123, 141, 147
  • Kennedy's moon landing pledge, 135
  • lunar military base idea, 134
  • Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL), 7–8, 123, 147, 216, 255
  • manned satellite bombers, 172
  • military and space, 124, 126, 140–41
  • military space spending, 148, 151, 214
  • miniature homing vehicle (MHV), 256
  • nuclear explosion on moon, 153–54
  • nuclear weapons and, 175
  • Project Orion, 145
  • research and development (R&D) at, 145
  • satellite technology and, 170–71
  • Soviet competition and, 142–44
  • Space Command (1982), 257
  • Systems Requirements (SR) studies, 125
  • X-series aircraft, 141
• U. S. Army
  • Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA), 98, 141
  • Army Ordnance Department, 72, 77
  • Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC), 78
  • Project Horizon and, 121, 122f, 135, 147
  • rocketry and, 53
  • space weaponry and, 175
  • von Braun and, 50
  • See also Army Air Forces; military and space
• US Disarmament Administration, 175
• US National Defense Research Committee, 76
• U. S. Navy Bureau of Aeronautics, 72
• U. S. Navy Bureau of Ordnance, 72
• US Rocket Society, 62
• U. S. State Department, 200
  • Bloomfield and, 106
  • Committee of Principals, 175
  • Giantstep tour and, 230
  • lunar interests, 226
  • Malina's passport, 79
  • manned lunar landing and, 205
  • National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) and, 62
  • National Security Action Memorandum (NSAM), 180
  • nuclear weapons ban and, 183
  • Outer Space Treaty (OST), 208, 215, 217, 244
  • public diplomacy and, 231
  • sanctuary doctrine and, 144
  • Soviet proposal for demilitarization, 108–10
  • space law and, 247

• Valier, Max, 40–41
• Van Allen, James, 158–61, 264
• Van Allen belts, 138, 158, 161, 165–66, 179, 198
• Vance, Cyrus, 216, 247
• Verne, Jules, 21, 36, 38, 58, 74
• Vietnam war, 8, 167, 193, 208, 212, 226, 234–36, 238, 249, 255
• Vitalis, Robert, 46
• Vitoria, Francisco de, 201–2
• von Braun, Wernher, 30, 33, 50, 52, 73, 79–80, 88, 128–29, 148, 237
• von Kármán, Theodore von, 74, 77, 141
• Vonnegut, Kurt, 232, 237
• Vorwarts (Social Democratic Party), 42
• Vought company, 257