Index
Page numbers in italics refer to figures.
Abaqa (ilkhan), 13, 97, 120, 121, 259, 260, 262, 263
Africa, xi, xv, 7, 8, 18, 22, 113n49, 120n68, 160n33, 178, 182n99, 187n112, 215, 289
Aimery of Limoges, 21
Ala al-Din Mohammed II (Khwarazmian emperor), 35, 40, 104
Alberic of Trois-Fontaines, 52, 53, 57n3, 61, 62, 64, 97, 104, 105, 107, 110, 254
Albigensian Crusade, 29, 50, 63n18
Alexander Romance, 9, 15, 19, 23, 114, 164, 165, 168
Alexander the Great, 18, 19, 23, 24, 64, 111n43, 133, 214, 215; and Catalan Atlas, 171, 178, 179, 181, 186; in library of Charles V, 162, 164–65; and Relatio de Davide, 40, 45, 46, 51, 55n118
Andrew II (king of Hungary), 42n74, 104, 105
Andrew of Longjumeau, 57, 67, 69, 70, 72, 80, 81, 88, 90–92, 97, 250, 253, 254. See also Joinville, Jean de; Louis IX; Oghul Qaimish
Ankara, Battle of (1402), 1, 207, 209, 210n46, 227, 239
Anonymi Descriptio Europae Orentalis, 123, 269. See also Charles of Valois; Crusade treatises
Anseïs de Carthage, 113, 115, 116. See also Chansons de geste
Antichrist, 18, 23, 171, 178–81, 189, 215
Antioch, 21, 25, 41, 42, 160, 260, 265
Arghun (ilkhan), 121, 122, 263, 264, 290
Armenia, 5, 61, 95, 97, 134n134, 215, 218, 224, 252, 260, 266, 268, 270, 290
Ascelin of Cremona, 68–72, 74–76, 80n99, 251. See also Simon of Saint-Quentin
Bacon, Roger, 96, 191, 254, 255, 256, 259, 281
Baghdad, 33, 39, 41, 42, 51, 90, 175, 214, 261
Baiju, 68, 69n42, 72, 74–77, 251
Baldachin. See Cloth of gold
Baldwin I (Byzantine emperor), 103
Baldwin II (Byzantine emperor), 66, 86n128, 92
Bartholomeus Anglicus, 153, 286n11
Batu, 60, 61, 73–75, 77, 88, 90n148, 92, 95, 105, 106, 107n27, 112n45, 255
Bayezid I (Ottoman emperor), 1, 195, 196, 203n22, 207, 241, 278, 279, 281; and Book of Marvels, 226n95, 227–29; French views of, 209, 211–12n55, 214, 216, 217, 219, 220. See also John the Fearless; Ottomans; Tamerlane
Béla IV (king of Hungary), 10, 57n2, 61, 65, 70n49, 88, 101, 105–11, 255
Bernhard von Breydenbach, 243
Bertrandon de la Broquière, 240
Beuve de Commarchis, 113, 115, 116. See also Chansons de geste
Black Sea, 4, 6n10, 7, 12, 22, 60, 103
Bonum universale de apibus. See Thomas of Cantimpré
Book of Clement, 46, 47, 51n106, 52
Book of John Mandeville, 6, 11, 12, 147, 149, 201n15, 274, 275, 278; and Book of Marvels, 221, 223, 226, 235; and Catalan Atlas, 188–92; late-medieval reception of, 238, 240, 242; in library of Charles V, 161, 166, 168–71
Book of Marvels (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. fr. 2810), 2, 12, 194, 197, 220–36, 274, 280, 289
Book of the Government of Kings and Princes. See Giles of Rome
Bouvines, Battle of (1214), 17
Burchard of Mount Sion, 243
Burchard of Strasbourg, 21
Cartier, Jacques, 244
Caspian Sea, 4, 22, 36, 60, 103, 178, 183n103, 189, 190, 248
Catalan Atlas, 2, 7, 11, 52, 55, 201, 207, 275; in library of Charles V, 149, 152n10, 161, 166, 171–93. See also Book of John Mandeville; Description of the World; Elisha Cresques; Kublai Khan; Yuan Empire
Cathay, 40, 80, 221, 222, 234, 243, 279; and Catalan Atlas, 177, 184, 185. See also China; Description of the World; Kublai Khan; Yuan Empire
Caucasus, 20, 36, 64, 117, 178, 215
Chansons de geste, 10, 45, 138, 144, 161n37, 166, 253, 254, 266, 274, 275, 277; Cumans in, 112–16; image of foreigners in, 15, 19, 22, 25. See also specific works
Charles I of Anjou, 97, 109, 110, 256, 258, 260, 261, 263
Charles II of Anjou, 101, 109, 124, 261, 264, 266
Charles IV (king of France), 100, 119, 123, 127, 128, 130, 270, 271
Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor), 245
Charles V (king of France), 2, 11, 200, 235, 240, 271, 272, 275, 276, 286–88n11, 289; library of, 147–94
Charles VI (king of France), 1, 3, 9, 11, 152, 173n82, 195, 196, 198, 228, 235, 237–39, 276, 277; John of Sultaniyeh’s embassy to, 200, 207, 209, 210, 215–19, 279, 280, 281
Charles VII (king of France), 198
Charles of Valois, 100, 101, 118, 123, 124, 125n98, 126, 127, 162, 163, 269
China, xii, xiv, 13, 40, 54, 77n90, 143, 165, 197n4, 199, 208, 220, 221, 236, 244, 288–90; and Catalan Atlas, 185, 187n112, 188, 189; and Description of the World, 118, 119, 134, 136–38; Mongol conquest of, 30–33, 35. See also Kublai Khan; Yuan Empire
Christine de Pizan, 153, 156, 158, 198, 219n79, 279
Chronique martinienne. See Bernard Gui
Chronographia regum Francorum, 3n4, 197, 208–10, 215n67, 219, 227n99, 228, 279, 281
Cilicia (Armenian kingdom), 131, 199, 207n37, 223, 226, 227, 265, 276
Cloth of gold, 5, 76, 77, 78, 163, 247, 289
Cresques, Elisha, 173n82, 174, 175, 182–89, 192n136, 275. See also Catalan Atlas
Cronice ab origine mundi. See Gonzalo of Hinojosa; Jean Golein
Croniques de Burgues. See Gonzalo of Hinojosa; Jean Golein
Croniques d’Espaigne. See Gonzalo of Hinojosa; Jean Golein
Crusade treatises, 199, 202, 224, 241, 261, 262, 265, 266, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 277; Mongols in, 119, 123, 124, 127, 128, 134. See also specific authors and works
Cumania, 6, 22, 52, 59, 105, 108n32, 111, 114
Cumans, 4, 10, 52, 53n113, 100–118, 164, 186
Cyprus, 57, 67, 80, 81, 84, 85, 90, 91n149, 92, 119, 120, 130, 167, 200, 224, 242, 252, 253, 263, 266, 271
Dalheim, xii
d’Aluye family, xiii, xiv, 5, 259, 285
Damietta: and Fifth Crusade, 3, 16, 28, 37, 38, 41, 42n75, 43, 46–50, 52, 53, 248; and Seventh Crusade, 90, 91, 253
David (biblical), 43n79, 44, 45
David (king of the Indies). See Relatio de Davide
De regimine principum. See Giles of Rome
Description of the World, 2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 51, 52, 55, 100, 101, 102, 127, 147, 200–201n14, 202, 204n30, 265, 269, 275, 286; and Book of Marvels, 221, 222n85, 223, 225, 234n116, 235; and Catalan Atlas, 171, 175, 182–89, 192, 193; compared to John of Sultaniyeh’s biography of Tamerlane, 210–13; in library of Charles V, 149, 150, 160, 161, 162–66, 169, 170, 289; late-medieval and early-modern reception of, 237, 238, 240, 242, 243, 244; and London, British Library ms. Royal 19 D 1, 118, 119, 128–34; promotion of imperial ideology, 135–46. See also Kublai Khan; Polo, Marco; Yuan Empire
Devisement du monde. See Description of the World
Directorium ad faciendum passagium transmarinum, 149, 160, 170, 240, 272; and London, British Library ms. Royal 19 D 1, 122, 124, 128, 129–30n118, 132, 133, 134, 273. See also Crusade treatises
Dominicans, 7, 67, 74, 81, 82, 90, 132, 167, 212, 269, 272, 277
Durand, Guillaume, 127, 128, 130, 133. See also Crusade treatises
Edward I (king of England) 265, 268
Edward III (king of England), 100, 129
Elizabeth of Hungary (saint), 110
Elizabeth of Schönau (saint), 153
Elizabeth the Cuman (queen of Hungary), 2, 6, 10, 101, 108–12, 115–18, 146, 261
Eljigidei, 57, 80–82, 85, 88n135, 91, 119, 131, 242, 252, 253
Enfances Ogier, 113, 114. See also Chansons de geste
Enfances Renier, 113, 115, 116. See also Chansons de geste
England, 6, 7, 85, 134–35n135, 140, 147, 148, 150, 154, 159, 162, 222n87, 239, 273, 275, 283, 284; reports of Mongols in, 37, 48, 54, 62, 96, 209, 248, 250, 266, 268, 277
Epistre lamentable et consolatoire. See Philippe de Mézières
Fidenzio of Padua, 122, 265. See also Crusade treatises
Fifth Crusade, 3, 16, 28, 37, 38, 42, 46, 47, 49n97, 50, 52–54, 56, 63n18, 95, 98, 248
First Crusade, 17, 18, 19, 25, 223, 231
Fleur des histoires. See Flower of the Histories
Florence, 7, 132, 233n115, 290
Flores chronicarum. See Bernard Gui
Flower of the Histories, 5, 6, 12, 182, 183n102, 200, 201, 202, 211, 268, 270, 274, 275; and Book of John Mandeville, 147, 169, 170, 189; in Book of Marvels, 221, 222, 223, 224, 227, 229, 230, 232; and crusade treatises, 122, 123, 124, 128; and Cumans, 111; late-medieval and early-modern reception of, 238, 240, 242, 243; in library of Charles V, 149, 150, 160, 161; in Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. fr. 12201, 217, 232, 233. See also Hayton of Gorigos
Folque de Candie, 114n54, 115, 116. See also Chansons de geste
Francis I (king of France), 242–44
Franciscans, 70, 112n45, 132, 133n132, 266
Frederick I (Holy Roman Emperor), 21
Frederick II (Holy Roman Emperor), 46, 54, 56, 62, 64, 66n31, 69, 249, 251
Fulk of Villaret, 122, 123, 127n109, 268. See also Crusade treatises
Garcias de Ayerbe, 123, 127, 271. See also Crusade treatises
Gautier II de Villebéon, 27, 28, 50
Genghis Khan, xv, 3, 10, 16, 17, 56, 60, 73, 74, 77, 90n148, 120, 144n173, 182n101, 208; biography, 30–36; in Book of John Mandeville, 169; and Cumans, 104, 105, 106; in Description of the World, 141, 165; in Relatio de Davide, 37, 40, 41, 42–43n77, 47; in Songe du Vieil Pelerin, 200, 201n14, 203
Genoa, 7, 121, 189, 193, 209, 236n123, 264, 265, 277, 279
Gerbert de Metz, 112, 113. See also Chansons de geste
Gesta Ludovici regis Franciae. See Guillaume de Nangis
Gesta Philippi Augusti. See Rigord
Ghillebert de Lannoy, 240, 281
Ghisolfi, Buscarello, 121, 122, 264, 267
Giles of Rome, 102, 144, 145, 160n33, 161
Gilles le Muisis, 274
Gog and Magog, 18, 23, 65, 169, 203, 215; and Catalan Atlas, 171, 178, 179n91, 180, 181, 182n99, 186
Gonzalo of Hinojosa, 153, 167, 182n101, 271
Grandes chroniques de France, 102, 110, 131n127, 140, 141, 160, 162, 235n121, 252, 253, 262; account of Louis IX’s embassy to Mongols (1249–1251), 82, 83, 85, 86; late-medieval reception of, 240, 241, 242; Mongols in, 13, 110, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 147, 149
Gregory IX (pope), 38n63, 63, 65, 105, 249
Gregory X (pope), 120, 121, 261, 262
Gui, Bernard, 167, 235n121, 266, 272, 278
Guibert d’Andrenas, 22, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116. See also Chansons de geste
Guillaume de Nangis, 81n105, 119, 263, 267
Guyuk (khan), 61, 69, 95, 105, 181, 252; Louis IX’s embassy to (1249–1251), 80, 81, 82, 87, 88, 253, 289; in Plano Carpini’s account, 69, 71, 73–77, 79, 250
Hayton I (king of Armenia), 131, 227
Hayton of Gorigos, 5, 55, 193, 207, 210, 268, 270, 274, 275; in Book of Marvels, 223, 224, 229, 230, 231, 232, 238; in Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. fr. 12201, 233. See also Crusade treatises; Flower of the Histories
Henry I (king of Cyprus), 80, 252
Henry II (duke of Brabant), 62, 249
Henry II (king of Cyprus), 122, 123, 270
Henry II (king of England), 29
Henry III (king of England), 37, 252
Historia orientalis, 38, 45, 49, 52, 54, 131, 211n55. See also Jacques de Vitry
Honorius III (pope), 37, 48, 248
Honorius IV (pope), 263
Hospitallers, 123, 127n109, 267, 268, 279. See also Crusade treatises
Hulegu (ilkhan), 54, 89, 97n176, 120, 257, 261, 262
Humbert of Romans, 121, 256, 262
Hungary, 30, 54, 70, 93, 234, 248, 255, 261, 288n15; and Cumans, 2, 6, 10, 101–11, 112n45, 113, 115, 117, 146; and early reports of Mongols, 42n74, 52, 61n10, 65, 105; Mongol invasions of, 53, 57n2, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 167; threatened by Ottomans, 196, 203
Huon d’Auvergne, 274. See also Chansons de geste
Huon de Bordeaux, 113, 114, 115, 116. See also Chansons de geste
India, 16, 37, 39, 49, 149, 160n33, 169, 199, 203, 239, 241; and Catalan Atlas, 188n119, 190, 191n133
Innocent IV (pope), 57, 67, 68, 108, 250, 251, 252, 253, 255
Jacques de Vitry, 16, 37–54, 56, 63n18, 131, 165, 211–12n55, 248, 254. See also Fifth Crusade; Historia orientalis; Relatio de Davide
Japan, xii
Jean de Joinville. See Joinville, Jean de
Jean de Vignay, 128n113, 129, 132n129, 161n38, 200n14, 242, 254, 260, 272. See also Manuscripts: London, British Library ms. Royal 19 D 1; Miroir historial
Jean Germain, 241
Jerusalem, xv, 17, 80, 124, 130, 154, 158, 243, 250, 256, 263, 266, 267; and Relatio de Davide, 37, 39, 41, 42n77, 45, 46, 49, 53
John of Berry (duke), 6, 162, 167, 217, 222n85, 235, 239, 281, 288
John of Plano Carpini, 2, 13, 53, 55, 58, 80n99, 92, 94, 96, 97, 112n45, 120, 124, 139n155, 207, 210, 213, 250, 251; account in London, British Library ms. Royal 19 D 1, 128, 129, 132, 133, 273; account in Speculum historiale, 57, 67, 69, 111, 160, 200, 254; descriptions of Mongol camps and courts, 10, 58, 59, 67–77, 79, 88, 107n27; in Hungary, 70, 108. See also Simon of Saint-Quentin
John of Sultaniyeh, 1, 11, 194, 197, 235, 238, 240, 280, 281, 289, 290; biography of Tamerlane, 207–20, 279; and Book of Marvels, 227, 228. See also John the Fearless; Manuscripts: Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. fr. 12201; Philip the Bold; Tamerlane
John the Fearless (duke of Burgundy), 12, 196, 197, 198, 203n22, 239; and Book of Marvels, 220–35, 280. See also John of Sultaniyeh; Manuscripts: Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. fr. 12201; Philip the Bold; Tamerlane
Joinville, Jean de, 111, 160, 240, 258; account of Louis IX’s embassy to Mongols (1249–1251), 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 90n146, 120, 167, 253, 254, 269
Kalka River, Battle of (1223), 36, 104
Karakorum, 73n67, 90, 94n164, 255
Kashmir, xii
Khanbaliq, 143, 175, 177, 183, 184, 185, 199, 201, 221
Khwarazmian Empire, 35, 36, 40, 104
King David. See Relatio de Davide
Koten (Cuman ruler), 106, 107, 108n31, 109, 110. See also Cumans
Kublai Khan, 13, 120, 136, 137, 146, 165, 199n9, 212, 213, 238, 261; and Catalan Atlas, 177, 182, 183, 185; as ideal ruler in Description of the World, 141, 142, 144, 145
Küchlüg (Naiman ruler), 40
Ladislas IV (king of Hungary), 109, 116
Le Huen, Nicole, 242, 243, 244
Letter of Prester John. See Prester John
Levon V (king of Cilicia), 199, 203n22, 207n37, 226, 276, 281
Liber bellorum Domini pro tempore Nove Legis, 48, 131. See also Pierre de la Palud
Livre des mouches à miel. See Thomas of Cantimpré
Livre de Sydrac, 161, 168, 181, 235n121, 240, 266
Livres du gouvernement des rois et des princes. See Giles of Rome
Louis IX (Saint Louis; king of France), 10, 12, 59, 69, 70, 108, 109, 132n129, 148, 224, 257, 258, 260, 285; avoids diplomacy with Mongols, 96, 97, 119; contrast with Mongol courts, 98, 99; embassy to Mongols (1249–1251), 80–89, 167, 242, 243, 252, 253, 254, 263, 269, 271, 272, 278, 289; as example for later French kings, 121, 122, 124, 129, 131, 133, 154, 223; and Mongol invasions of Europe, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 248, 249, 251; and William of Rubruck, 90–96, 192, 255, 256, 284, 288
Louis of Orleans, 198, 217, 235, 239
Louvre, 26, 148, 150–56, 157, 158, 159, 170, 175
Lull, Ramon, 122, 123, 263, 264, 265. See also Crusade treatises
Mahaut of Artois, 118, 126, 127, 130
Malet, Gilles, 151, 152, 174n84. See also Charles V
Mamerot, Sebastien, 242
Mamluks, 4, 128, 131, 208, 258, 263, 268, 270, 271, 276; ilkhans seek alliance with Latin Christendom against, 89, 97, 119, 120, 121, 257, 260, 262, 264, 267
Manuel I (Byzantine emperor), 23, 285
Manuel II (Byzantine emperor), 278, 279, 289
Manuscripts:
Besançon, Bibliothèque municipale ms. 1150, 167n62
Brussels, Bibliothèque royale ms. 9507, 166n59, 167n60
Florence, Laurentian Library ms. Plut. 3, 290
Ghent, Universiteitsbibliotheek ms. 418, 210
Leiden, Universiteitsbibliotheek ms. Vossianus Lat. F 95, 49
London, British Library ms. Burney 351, 49
Manuscripts (continued) London, British Library ms. Royal 19 D 1, 11, 12, 135n136, 144n173, 146, 161n38, 162, 170, 222n87, 234, 241, 247, 260, 272, 273; comparandum for Catalan Atlas, 183, 186, 187, 188n118; design of compilation, 102, 118–19, 128–34. See also Description of the World; Jean de Vignay; Philip VI; Pierre de la Palud; Polo, Marco
London, British Library ms. Royal 19 E VI, 167, 193
Luxembourg, Bibliothèque nationale ms. 110, 108
Oxford, Bodleian Library ms. Bodley 264, 134–35n135
Oxford, Bodleian Library ms. Bodley 761, 162n40
Paris, Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal ms. 5077, 167n65
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. Baluze 397, 152, 161, 163, 165n51
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. esp. 30. See Catalan Atlas
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. fr. 134, 287–88n11
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. fr. 565, 191, 192
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. fr. 774, 114n54
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. fr. 2700, 151, 152, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165n51, 167, 171, 173n82
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. fr. 2810. See Book of Marvels
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. fr. 5594, 242n17
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. fr. 5624, 210
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. fr. 5631, 162n41
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. fr. 12201, 194, 197, 209n45, 210, 217, 218, 220, 221, 228, 232, 233, 235, 240. See also Book of Marvels; Flower of the Histories; Hayton of Gorigos; John of Sultaniyeh; John the Fearless; Philip the Bold; Tamerlane
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. fr. 13235, 241n11
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. lat. 7470, 119, 127, 128, 129, 130, 133, 134, 234
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. lat. 10525, 86n126
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. lat. 15175, 210n46
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. lat. 16079, 49, 51
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. nouv. acq. fr. 1409, 167
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. nouv. acq. fr. 4515, 168, 169, 170, 190
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. nouv. acq. fr. 4516, 168
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. nouv. acq. lat. 3055, 226n97
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. Rothschild 3085, 129–30n118, 161n38
Paris, Musée Jacquemart-André ms. 2, 227n98
Saint-Omer, Bibliothèque municipale ms. 729, 48, 53
Stockholm, Kungliga Biblioteket ms. Cod. Holm. M 304, 161n39
Universiteitsbibliotheek Leiden, Vossianus Lat. F 95
University of California Berkeley, Bancroft Library ms. UCB 173, 210n46
Vatican Library ms. Reginensis latinus 547, 48, 49, 131
Mappa mundi, 18, 174, 183n103, 187, 188, 275
Mappemonde spirituelle. See Jean Germain
Marco Polo. See Polo, Marco
Margaret (queen of France), 91
Margaret of Anjou, 101, 118, 124n96
Mary of Hungary, 101, 109, 261
Matthew Paris, 6, 57, 62, 64, 65, 69, 70, 248, 249, 250, 251
Met Cloisters, xi, 259, 285, 286, 287, 288
Metropolitan Museum of Art, xi, xii, xiii, xiv, xv, 284n2, 285, 287
Mézières, Philippe de. See Philippe de Mézières
Michael VIII Paleologos (Byzantine emperor), 13, 260
Miran Shah, 1, 208, 209, 215, 216, 219, 239, 277, 280
Miroir historial, 252, 253, 254, 272, 273. See also Jean de Vignay; Speculum historiale
Mongke (khan), 10, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 95, 96, 105, 192, 255, 288, 289, 290
Mongolia, 4, 5, 73n71, 85, 134, 238; and Secret History of the Mongols, 30–36; Latin ambassadors in, 57, 68, 80, 88, 90, 92, 108, 250, 255, 288
Narjot of Toucy, 110, 111, 116
Nasij. See Cloth of Gold
Nestorians, 41, 43, 69, 95, 121
Nicopolis, Battle of (1396), 196, 199, 206, 219n79, 226, 227, 229, 231, 236n123
Odo of Chateauroux, 63, 90, 92, 248, 249, 255, 256, 261; and Louis IX’s embassy to Mongols (1249–1251), 57, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 119, 252, 253. See also Guyuk; Louis IX; Oghul Qaimish
Odoric of Pordenone, 146, 147, 150, 161, 166n57, 169, 170, 193, 210, 274, 275; and Book of Marvels, 221, 225, 226, 233; and Catalan Atlas, 187, 189; and London, British Library ms. Royal 19 D 1, 128, 132, 133, 134
Oghul Qaimish, 87, 88, 89, 90, 120, 167, 253, 254
Ogodei (khan), 32, 60, 61, 69, 77n90, 105
Oliver of Paderborn, 42, 47n89, 51n106
Oljeitu (ilkhan), 121, 122, 268
Oresme, Nicole, 160, 163, 191, 192, 200
Ottomans, 1, 208, 211, 277, 278, 279; and Book of Marvels, 226, 228, 234; view of in Latin Christendom, 195, 196, 202, 203, 239, 240, 243. See also Bayezid I; Tamerlane
Pannus tartaricus. See Cloth of gold
Pegolotti, Francesco Balducci, 7
Pelagius, 37, 41, 46, 47, 52, 248. See also Fifth Crusade; Jacques de Vitry; Relatio de Davide
Persia, xii, 21, 36, 57, 71, 72, 92, 103, 203, 211–12n55, 241, 258, 284; in chansons de geste, 22, 113, 114; Mongols rulers of, 57, 67, 80, 89, 119, 120, 121, 134, 250, 251, 252, 253, 259, 260, 262, 263, 264, 267, 273; and Relatio de Davide, 39, 40, 41
Persian language, 40, 70, 137, 138, 207, 209, 210
Peter I (king of Cyprus), 199
Peter IV (king of Aragon), 175, 184
Peter the Chanter, 37
Philip II Augustus (king of France), 10, 15, 16, 17, 26–30, 50, 129, 140, 150, 223
Philip III (king of France), 97, 100, 110, 118, 121, 124, 132n129, 133, 134n134, 260, 263
Philip IV (king of France), 100, 118, 127, 144, 145, 148, 153, 267; and crusade treatises, 123, 124, 265, 268; diplomatic contact with Mongols, 121, 122, 264, 268, 290
Philip VI (king of France), 10, 11, 49, 100, 101, 102, 109, 110, 112, 151, 163, 223, 261, 270, 272; and London, British Library ms. Royal 19 D 1, 118, 123, 124, 128–33, 162, 241, 273. See also Charles of Valois; Description of the World; Elizabeth the Cuman; Pierre de la Palud
Philippe de Mézières, 11, 13, 194, 196, 198–207, 229, 231, 235, 236, 276, 277
Philippidos. See Guillaume le Breton
Philip the Bold (duke of Burgundy), 162, 196, 197, 199, 210, 216n72, 217, 221, 228, 239, 277, 279. See also John the Fearless; John of Sultaniyeh; Manuscripts: Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. fr. 12201; Tamerlane
Philip the Good (duke of Burgundy), 239, 240, 241, 281
Pierre de la Palud, 11, 48, 49, 53, 102, 130–34, 271. See also Crusade treatises; Description of the World; Manuscripts: London, British Library ms. Royal 19 D 1; Philip VI
Piloti, Emmanuel, 241. See also Crusade treatises
Plano Carpini, John of. See John of Plano Carpini
Policraticus, 153, 154, 155, 158, 159
Polo, Marco, 6, 7, 13, 111n43, 125–26, 207, 213, 214, 244, 265, 269, 275, 286, 290; and Book of Marvels, 230, 233, 234. See also Description of the World
Pourpoint of Charles of Blois, 5, 289
Pratica della Mercatura, 7
Prester John, 61, 87, 141, 187n112, 190, 200, 201n15, 202n21, 203, 238; letter of, 23, 24, 165, 182n99; and Relatio de Davide, 40, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 54, 55n118
Qudu (Merkit leader), 104
Ralph of Merencourt (patriarch of Jerusalem), 42–43n77
Rapondi, Jacopo (Jacques Raponde), 228n101
Relatio de Davide, 3, 10, 16, 56, 60, 95, 100, 165, 168, 192, 211–12n55, 219n77, 243; in Jacques de Vitry’s seventh letter, 36–47, 248; reception in France, 47–55
Religieux de Saint-Denis (Michel Pintoin), 208, 228, 281. See also John of Sultaniyeh; Tamerlane
Revelation (biblical), 17, 18, 181
Riccoldo da Montecroce, 53, 221, 222, 229, 233, 274
Richard the Lionheart, 27n29, 29
Robert de Clari, 103, 110, 114
Roger of Torre Maggiore, 57n2, 106, 107
Rubruck, William of. See William of Rubruck
Russia, 32, 36, 42n74, 52, 57n2, 60, 62, 74, 93, 103, 104, 105, 273
Rustichello of Pisa, 126n100, 138, 139, 165, 166, 234n116, 265. See also Description of the World; Polo, Marco
Saint-Denis, 26, 27n28, 121, 128, 150, 208, 228, 260, 262, 264, 281
Sainte-Chapelle, 86
Saint Louis. See Louis IX
Saint-Maurice (Agaune, Switzerland), 283, 284, 288
Salimbene of Adam, 54, 69n43, 72
Secret History of the Mongols, 16, 30–33, 73
Seljuks, 4, 21, 40, 79. See also Turks
Simon of Saint-Quentin, 13, 53n113, 54, 94, 96, 97, 111n41, 165, 181, 210, 213, 251; account in London, British Library ms. Royal 19 D 1, 128, 129, 132, 133, 273; account in Speculum historiale, 57, 67, 69, 160, 200, 254; descriptions of Mongol camps and courts, 10, 58, 59, 68, 69–72, 74–77, 79, 80. See also John of Plano Carpini
Smbat, 57, 80, 119, 131, 252, 253
Songe du Vieil Pelerin. See Philippe de Mézières
Song of Roland, 22, 113, 144n173. See also Chansons de geste
Speculum historiale, 12, 57, 67, 68, 69, 96, 97, 119, 160, 181, 200, 237, 243n19, 254; translation by Jean de Vignay, 128, 129, 132, 252, 253, 254, 272, 273. See also John of Plano Carpini; Simon of Saint-Quentin; Vincent of Beauvais
Stephen V (king of Hungary), 101, 109, 261
Sweden, xii
Tamerlane, 9, 11, 239, 241, 242, 278, 281; and Book of Marvels, 226n95, 227, 228, 229; diplomatic contact with France, 1, 197, 207–8, 239, 277, 279, 280; John of Sultaniyeh’s portrayal of, 194, 197, 209–20, 238, 240, 279, 290. See also Manuscripts: Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France ms. fr. 12201
Temujin. See Genghis Khan
Ten Lost Tribes, 63, 64, 65, 250
Thibaut of Chepoy, 5, 124–27, 269
Thierry of Hirecon, 126, 127, 130
Toqto’a (Merkit leader), 104
Torsello, Marino Sanudo, 119, 122, 123, 124, 128, 131, 160, 270, 271, 272, 273. See also Crusade treatises
Tractatus de locis et statu sancte terre ierosolimitane, 21
Turkey, 199, 203n22, 226, 228, 231, 232, 234
Turks, 4, 5, 77, 203, 207, 211, 241, 242, 268, 273, 276; and Book of Marvels, 226, 230, 231, 232; in chansons de geste, 22, 113, 114; in crusade chronicles, 19, 20, 21, 25. See also Bayezid I; John the Fearless; Ottomans; Philippe de Mézières
Venice, xv, 5, 7, 175, 189, 193, 209, 226, 233n115, 234, 265, 272, 273, 277, 279; site of Marco Polo and Thibaut de Chepoy’s meeting, 118, 124, 125, 126, 269
Vérard, Antoine, 242
Verrazzano, Giovanni da, 243
Vie de saint Louis. See Joinville, Jean de
Vienne, Council of (1311), 123, 269
Vincent of Beauvais, 12, 53, 81n105. See also John of Plano Carpini; Simon of Saint-Quentin; Speculum historiale
Vitry, Jacques de. See Jacques de Vitry
William of Adam, 122, 123n84, 270. See also Crusade treatises
William of Auvergne, 62, 63, 249, 250
William of Nogaret, 122, 123, 269. See also Crusade treatises
William of Rubruck, 4, 10, 53, 55, 58, 74n73, 89, 107n27, 124, 139n155, 149, 207, 259, 281; compared to John of Sultaniyeh, 210, 213; and Cumans, 111–12, 114n52; and Louis IX, 57, 59, 68, 90–97, 255, 256, 284, 288, 289. See also John of Plano Carpini; Louis IX; Simon of Saint-Quentin
William the Conqueror, 141