Index

Achilles tang (Acanthurus achilles), 128

adaptive management, 283

Adventure, HMS, 142

African longfin eel (Anguilla mossambica), 253

African penguins, 25–26

African pompanos (Alectis ciliaris), 58

Alaska pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus), 303

Alaskan pollock (Gadus chalcogramma), 185, 303

albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga), 40, 47, 55, 287

alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), 254–255

algae, 13–14, 114–115, 120, 121, 124–126, 233, 305

See also kelp and kelp forests

algae blooms, 282, 304

Alvin, 51, 209

amberjack, 57

American eel (Anguilla rostrata), 247–248

amphipods, 238

ampullae of Lorenzini, 74, 75, 76

anchoveta (Engraulis ringens), 20, 282–283, 310

anchovies, 10–11, 14, 16, 18–19, 20–23, 20, 25–26, 55, 71

anemonefish, 160

anemones, 122

angel shark, 75

angelfish, 121, 122

anglerfish, 198–200, 199, 201

aquaculture, 8, 11, 269–272, 278–284, 311

Aquatic Ape hypothesis, 34–35

archerfish, 230–232, 230

Aristotle, 242–244, 252

Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), 39–40, 41, 42

Atlantic bonefish (Albula vulpes), 226–227

Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), 167–169, 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 288

Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), 188

Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), 27, 274

Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus), 60

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), 158, 259, 261, 262, 272, 278

Atlantic sheepshead (Archosargus probatocephalus), 236

Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, 37

Atlantic tarpon (Megalops atlanticus), 221, 221

Australian longfin eel (Anguilla reinhardtii), 253–254

bait balls, 21, 22

Baldur, 168

banded archerfish (Toxotes jaculatrix), 230

Bando, Mitsugoro, 143

barnacle blennies (Acanthemblemaria), 157

barnacles, 122

barracuda, 134, 217, 228

barreleye (Macropinna microstoma), 193, 195–196

basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus), 92, 95, 102

bass, 252, 255–257

batfish, 152–153

Batiller, Jimmy, 51

Batista, Vandick, 292

Beebe, William, 192–193

bicolor damselfish (Stegastes partitus), 138

bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus), 40, 44–45, 47–48, 287

billfish, 42, 50–53, 309

bioluminescence, 26, 192–193, 194, 196–197, 198, 201, 212–213, 240

Birdseye Seafoods, 182, 189

Birkenbach, Anna, 277

black marlin (Istiompax indica), 42

black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), 283–284

blackspot tuskfish (Choerodon schoenleinii), 308–309

blacktip reef sharks, 85

blacktip shark (Carcharhinus limbatus), 83, 221

blennies, 121, 157, 165

blind goby (Typhlogobius californiensis), 157

Block, Barbara, 45–46, 47, 62–63

blue damselfish (Chrysiptera cyanea), 150

blue marlin (Makaira nigricans), 42, 48

blue shark (Prionace glauca), 83, 84, 108

blue whale, 91

bluecheek butterflyfish (Chaetodon semilarvatus), 119

blue-chin parrotfish, 1–3, 309

bluefin tuna, 16, 286, 287

bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), 223

bluespine unicornfish (Naso unicornis), 124, 125

bluestreak cleaner wrasse (Labroides dimidiatus), 163, 164

bluestriped fangblenny (Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos), 165

bluestriped grunt (Haemulon sciurus), 229

Bogstad, Bjarte, 171–172, 174, 181–182

Bohr, Christian, 123

Bohr effect, 48, 123, 224

bonefish (Albula vulpes), 217, 223, 226–227, 228, 304

Bongalonan Reserve, 294

Boston blue (Pollachius virens), 185

bottlenose dolphins, 140

bottom trawling, 290, 301

boxfish, 147

boxin, 147

brawny halfmoons, 238

Brazilian damselfish (Stegastes fuscus), 141

bristlemouths, 201

broadnose pipefish (Syngnathus typhle), 150

brown dottyback (Pseudochromis fuscus), 128

bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas), 83, 221

bullae, 23

bullhead shark, 82

bump-head sunfish (Mola alexandrini), 110

butterfly fish, 115, 119, 122, 123, 135, 148, 160

California halibut (Paralichthys californicus), 187

California sheephead (Semicossyphus pulcher), 232, 236, 237–238, 240, 308

cannibalism, 69, 142, 152, 174, 175, 185

capelin (Mallotus villosus), 170, 173–174, 175

cardinalfish, 158

Caribbean reef shark (Carcharhinus perezi), 296

carp, 279

carpet shark, 81, 82

Carson, Rachel, 55, 248

Cartier, Jacques, 179

cartilage, 67

catch-share system, 187, 306–307

Catesby, Mark, 36

Cenderawasih Bay National Park, 99

Centurion, FV, 268

certification systems, 299–303

Chagos Islands, 304–305

Challenger Deep canyon, 192, 193

char, 260

Charles Darwin Foundation, 296

Chase, Owen, 13

chemoautotrophs, 208–209, 214

Chilean seabass, 299, 301

chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), 255, 257, 259–260, 262, 265, 278

Christy, Frank, 274, 276–277

chromatophores, 150–151

chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta), 262, 263

Clark, Eugenia, 240

cleaning stations, 162–166

clownfish (Amphiprion clarkii and A. percula), 6, 138–139, 159, 159–160

coalfish (Pollachius virens), 185

cod, 11, 116, 139, 170–182, 184–185, 288–290

Cod Wars, 167–169

coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), 255, 259, 262, 263, 265, 278, 279, 281

coley (Pollachius virens), 185

Collette, Bruce, 53

colonial tube worms, 209

combtooth blennies, 157

common dolphin (Delphinus delphis), 284

common goby (Pomatoschistus microps), 55

Cook, James, 142–143

cookie-cutter shark (Isistius brasiliensis), 212–213

copepods, 14, 18, 26, 33, 154, 173, 184–185

copperband butterflyfish (Chelmon rostratus), 135

coral reefs, 116–117, 118–122, 305, 310

Coral Triangle, 166

coral-dwelling gobies (Gobiodon), 148

coralgrouper (Plectropomus pessuliferus), 135

corals, 114–115, 120, 160–161

Corazza, Megan, 267–270, 311

Costello, Christopher, 277, 311

counter-current exchange, 46–47

counter-shading and counter-illumination, 197

Cousteau, Jacques, 137

cownose ray, 81

crabs, 210, 217

Crane, Kathleen, 207

Crick, Francis, 19

cyanobacteria, 120

damselfish, 10, 115, 117–119, 121, 124, 126–128, 137–138, 139, 141, 150, 156, 158–159, 164, 305

Darwin, Charles, 97, 235–236

Davy, Humphrey, 17

day octopus (Octopus cyanea), 161

Deepwater Horizon, 98

Degen’s leatherjacket (Thamnaconus degeni), 287

demersals, 184, 197

dermal denticles, 67–68, 78, 100

devil anglerfish (Lophius vomerinus), 199

Diomede, 168

dogfish shark, 69–70

dolphins, 16, 284–285

dragonfish (Malacosteus), 195, 197

eagle ray, 80, 104

ecosystem management approach, 292

eelgrass, 229

eels, 9, 223, 242–252, 244, 253–254, 283

electrosensory system, 73–76

elvers, 251

Environmental Protection Agency, 54, 55

epaulette sharks (Hemiscyllium), 82

Epulopiscium bacteria, 125

erythrophores, 150

esca, 198, 200

escolar (Lepidocybium flavobrunneum), 61–62, 195

Essex, 13, 14, 15

European eel (Anguilla anguilla), 244, 247–248

European pollock (Pollachius pollachius), 185

eyed flounder (Bothus ocellatus), 151

Fan Lee, 279

Faroe Islands, 30

Ferrari, Mark, 51

filefish, 135, 136–137, 138

filter pads, 95

Fish, Frank, 105

Fish, Marie, 246

Fishelson, Lev, 126

fishing industry, 267–278, 282–283, 288–292

flashlight fish (Photoblepharon), 200

flatworm (Planocera multitentaculata), 145

floral banded shark (Orectolobus floridus), 81

flounder, 147, 151, 188

Franks, Becca, 280–281

Freud, Sigmund, 245

frilled shark, 65, 202

Froese, Rainer, 302

frogfish, 123, 151–152

Fu Yuan Yu Leng 999, 296

gadoids, 171

gag grouper (Myctereoperca microlepis), 229

Galápagos Islands, 296

Galvani, Luigi, 74

garibaldis, 238

garter snakes, 146

gas glands, 123

Georges Bank, 179–180

giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus), 163

giant kelp (Macrocystis), 234

giant kelpfish (Heterostichus rostratus), 238–239

giant manta ray (Mobula birostris), 103, 104, 106–107

giant moray (Gymnothorax javanicus), 135

giant mottled eel (Anguilla marmorata), 247, 253

giant sea bass (Stereolepis gigas), 239–240

giant squid, 44

giant trevally (Caranx ignobilis), 58, 292

giant tube worm (Riftia pachyptila), 209

Gilbert, Pupa, 130

gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), 295

glass eels, 247

Glovers Reef Marine Reserve, 295–296

gnathiid isopods, 164

goatfish, 161

gobies, 55, 121, 147–149, 156, 157

golden sweeper (Parapriacanthus ransonneti), 201

goldsinny wrasse (Ctenolabrus rupestris), 280

goosefish (Lophius americanus), 299

Governor’s Island reserve, 294

Graham, Nicholas, 305

grammistin, 146–147

graphic tuskfish, 308

great barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda), 134, 228

Great Barrier Reef, 162, 297–298

great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), 69, 71, 72, 75, 84–85, 87

Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), 301

Greenland seals, 175

Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus), 93–94

grenadiers, 198, 202

Grey, Zane, 45

groundfish, 184, 237

grouper, 133, 135, 146, 163, 229, 294

grunts, 138, 229

Grutter, Lexa, 162–164, 165–166

guanine, 19, 44, 71, 150

guano, 17–19, 217

Guano Islands Act (1856), 18

Gulf pipefish (Syngnathus scovelli), 156–157

Gulf red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus), 275

Gulf shrimp, 304

Gulf Stream, 247

Gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta), 140

gurnards, 139

haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), 116, 171, 182–185, 182, 289–290

hagfish, 203

hake (Merluccius capensis and M. paradox), 185, 275, 289–290, 300

Haldane, John, 213

halibut, 187–190, 187, 290

hammerhead shark, 64–66, 66, 71, 72

harp seal (Phoca groenlandica), 175

hatchetfish (Argyropelecus hemigymnus), 198

Hayward, Craig, 287

Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 302

hemoglobin, 48, 123, 176, 209

Heroine, 17

herring, 6, 14, 23, 27–30, 174, 175, 274, 282

Herring, Battle of, 29

Hilborn, Ray, 277

Hoff crab, 210

hogfish, 136

Holland, James, 219

homeotherms, 46

hoodwinker sunfish (Mola tecta), 110

horn shark, 82

horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), 59, 61

Hoydal, Kjartan, 30

Humane Society International, 87

Humboldt, Alexander von, 17

Humboldt current, 94

humbugs, 6, 160–161

Huxley, Thomas Henry, 178, 179

hydroids, 238

hydrothermal vents, 207–210, 213–214

individual transferrable quotas (ITQs), 274–278, 291, 311

Indo-Pacific sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus), 24

Indo-Pacific tarpon (Megalops cyprinoides), 221

Institute of Marine Research, 171–172, 284

International Exposition, 113

International Pacific Halibut Commission, 187

iridophores, 150, 151

isopods, 238

jack mackerel, 57, 156

jacks, 57–58, 133, 228

Jacquet, Jennifer, 301–302, 311

Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica), 247

jellyfish, 110, 112

Jónsson, Kristján, 168

kelp and kelp forests, 215–216, 233–241

kelp bass (Paralabrax clathratus), 238, 239

kelp perch (Brachyistius frenatus), 238, 240

kelp rockfish (Sebastes atrovirens), 238

keriorrhea, 61

king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), 260–261

klepto-protein bioluminescence, 201

kneeling angelica, 263

Labrador Current, 174

ladyfish, 223

lake trout, 254, 255

Langsford, Franklin, 50

lantern shark, 197

lanternfish, 196, 212, 213

lateral line system, 22–23, 73

Lean, Geoffroy, 60

lemon shark, 83

leopard shark (Triakis semifasciata), 72, 84

leptocephali, 226, 246

Lester, Sarah, 294

limpets, 121

lipid peroxides, 59–60

little skate (Leucoraja erinacea), 79

lobsters, 91

longfin herring, 23

long-snouted seahorse (Hippocampus guttulatus), 149

Lorenzini, Stefano, 73–74

Love, Milton S., 238

Lowe, Chris, 66–67, 69, 77, 84

lungfish, 74

Lusitanian toadfish (Halobatrachus didactylus), 140

lythe (Pollachius pollachius), 185

mackerel, 6, 16, 33, 43, 58–59, 61

mackerel shark, 84–85

magnetic field, Earth’s, 76, 184, 250

mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus), 56–57, 56

makos, 84–85

manatee grass, 229

manatees, 217

mangrove forests, 217, 220, 227–230, 231, 304, 310

manta ray, 14, 78, 92, 95, 103–108, 103, 305, 310

marginate dascyllus (Dascyllus marginatus), 160–161

Mariana snailfish (Pseudoliparis swirei), 211

Mariana Trench, 192, 193

mariculture, 280–283

Marine Conservation Society, 302

Marine Mammal Protection Act, 237, 284

marine protected areas (MPAs), 237–238, 293–298, 311–312

Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), 299–303, 306

marlins, 14, 16, 42–43, 49, 50–53, 55, 59–60

Maruska, Karen P., 137–138, 139, 141, 158

Mayo, Ralph, 180

McGee, Harold, 61–62

McQueen, Robert, 168

Medes Islands MPA, 295

megalodon shark (Otodus megalodon), 71, 104

melanin, 150

melanophores, 150

Melville, Herman, 13

menhaden, 24, 34, 36–38, 304

mercury and mercury poisoning, 53–55

mermaid’s purse, 79, 206

metabolic rates, 92–93

microbes, 125

midshipmen, 158

minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), 175

mislabeling, 298–299, 303

Mississippi River, 14, 304

Moby Dick (Melville), 13

Mola mola, 92

monkfish, 299

moray eel, 134–135

mottled spinefoot (Siganus fuscescens), 229

mouth-breathers, 224–225, 226

mullet, 226, 228, 242, 243

mussels, 122, 209, 217

mutualisms, 159–166

myoglobin, 39, 40, 60

mysid shrimp, 127

nanobodies, 70

National Marine Fisheries Service, 53

Nautilus, 113

Neilson, Tom, 169

Nelson, Admiral, 22

neuromasts, 22–23

New York Zoological Society, 246

nitroglycerine, 30

NOAA Fisheries, 303

Nobel, Alfred, 30

North Equatorial Current, 97

Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 172

Northern Pacific Railway, 188

Nosal, Peter, 72

nurse shark, 82

ocean sunfish (Mola mola), 109, 110, 111

oceanic mantas, 105

octopus, 162

oil spills, 98, 183

opah (Lampris guttatus), 111

opaleyes, 238

orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus), 11, 204–205, 298–299

orange-dotted tuskfish, 308

ornate shark (Orectolobus ornatus), 81

osmotic imbalance, 211

otters, 236–237

Ovando, Daniel, 311

ovovivipary reproduction, 79

owlfish (Pseudobathylagus milleri), 194–195

oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau), 140–141

pachycormids, 103

Pacific electric ray (Tetronarce californica), 77

Pacific Halibut Commission, 189

Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis), 187–189, 187

Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), 28

Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 58

Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax), 31

Palau, 87, 297

Papaha¯naumokua¯kea National Monument, 294

paradaxin, 147

parasites, 61, 111, 162–164, 280, 286–287

parr, 264

Parrish, Frank, 58

parrotfish, 1–3, 10, 115, 118, 121, 129–133, 129, 139, 156, 228, 296, 309

particulate organic matter, 115–116

Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides), 299, 301

Pauly, Daniel, 272, 288, 293, 306

peacock blenny (Salaria pavo), 157

pelagic (open water) rays, 78, 80, 83, 86

pelican eel (Eurypharynx pelecanoides), 201

Perkins, Brian, 299–300, 301, 302

Peruvian anchoveta, 282–283

pharyngeal mill, 130

photophores, 196–197

photosynthesis, 13–14, 33, 115, 120, 121, 208, 235

phytoplankton, 14, 16, 18, 33–34, 94

Piccard, Auguste, 191, 194

Piccard, Auguste Jacques, 191–192, 193, 199, 210

pineal window, 42

pink eelpout (Thermarces cerberus), 210

pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), 263, 264

pipefish, 150, 153

piracy, 62–63

Piscirickettsia salmonis, 280

pistol shrimp, 149

plankton, 26, 94–95, 103–104, 116, 122, 305, 310

plastic waste, 95, 310–311

Plato, 243

Plongeur, 113

polarized schools, 21–22

polka-dot batfish (Ogcocephalus cubifrons), 152

Pollard, Owen, 13, 15

pollock (Pollachius pollachius), 11, 116, 171, 185–186, 303, 303

Polo, Marco, 227

pompano, 57

ponyfish (Leiognathus), 200

Port Jackson shark, 72, 82–83

Postilion, 143

potato cod, 164

Prescott, John, 169

Pseudomonas, 145, 146

pufferfish, 118, 143–146, 144, 228

pygmy goby (Eviota sigillata), 148

Quoy’s parrotfish (Scarus quoyi), 129

rabbitfish, 164, 229

Ragnarsson, Kristján, 169

rainbow parrotfish (Scarus guacamaia), 229

rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), 260, 279

Ramírez, Jorge, 296

Randall, John, 146–147

rats, 304–305

rays, 66–68, 73–74, 73, 75–76, 77, 79–81, 80, 83, 86, 103, 104

See also manta ray; stingrays

red snapper (Lutjanus campecheanus), 295

red tide, 126, 282

redlip blenny (Ophioblennius atlanticus), 157

reef manta (Mobula alfredi), 105, 107–108

Remengesau, Tommy, Jr., 297

requiems, 83–84

Resolution, HMS, 142

ricochet separation, 106

Ries, Ed, 57

rock lobster, 294

rockfish (striped bass), 255–257

Rose, George, 174, 180

rostral organ, 20

rough-skinned newt, 146

round stingray (Urobatis halleri), 84

Russell, Michael, 213–214

sabertooth blenny (Plagiotremus azaleus), 165

sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria), 275

sailfish, 24, 25, 50, 51–52

saithe (Pollachius virens), 185

salmon, 158, 216, 223, 255, 257–265, 258, 272, 273–274, 277–278, 279–281, 283, 284, 290

See also individual species

salmon fishing, 267–271, 273–274, 277–278

saltwater crocodiles, 91

saltwater flats, 217

sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus), 69

sardine, 6, 14, 24, 25, 31, 32–34, 85, 282, 284, 286

Sargasso Sea, 246, 250

sargassumfish (Histrio histrio), 151–152

scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini), 66, 296

scaly-foot snail (Chrysomallon squamiferum), 209–210

Schaefer, Kurt, 47

Schmidt, Jennifer, 97–98, 100

Schmidt, Johannes, 246

schools, 21–23

Schuster, Stefan, 232

scombroid toxicity, 60

Scripps Institute of Oceanography, 72

sea anemones, 159–160

sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), 254

sea lice, 280, 286–287

sea lions, 16, 33

sea robins, 139

sea turtles, 217

sea urchins, 121, 128, 130

seabirds, 16, 18–19, 33, 38, 111, 216–217, 300, 304–305

Seafood Watch, 302, 306

seagrasses, 217, 228–229, 311

seahorses, 149, 153–155, 228

seals, 175, 216–217

seamounts, 202, 203–205

seaperch, 238

seaweed, 126–127

serial hermaphrodites, 131–132

shallow-water hake (Merluccius capensis), 300

Shark Lab, 66

Shark Research Institute, 97

sharks, 11, 14, 64–73, 66, 75–76, 86–88, 91, 228, 296–297, 298, 310, 311

See also individual species

sheephead, 232, 236, 237–238, 240, 308

Shiels, Holly, 48

shipping industry, 98

shoals, 21, 23

shortfin makos (Isurus oxyrinchus), 84

short-finned eel (Anguilla australis), 247

shrimp, 174, 209

sight

archerfish and, 231

hunting behavior and, 44–45

in reef fish, 138

sharks and, 71–72

temperature and, 49

in twilight zone, 194–196

in whale sharks, 101

Silent Spring (Carson), 55

Silent World, The (Cousteau), 137

silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis), 24, 83

siphonophore, 91–92, 196

skates, 75–77, 79, 86

skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), 40, 55, 285, 285, 287

sleeper shark (Somniosus pacificus), 93–94, 202

sliver spinyfin (Diretmus argenteus), 195

Smith, Nathanael, 36

Smithsonian Institute, 296

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, 96

smolt, 264

smooth cornetfish (Fistularia commersonii), 161–162

snails, 209–210, 217, 238

snapper, 133, 217, 228, 229, 275, 294, 295

snook, 226

snubnosed eel (Simenchelys parasitica), 203

soapfish, 146–147

Sobrero, Ascanio, 30

sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), 258, 259–260, 261, 262–263, 265, 278

sohal surgeonfish (Acanthurus sohal), 125

sole (Pardachirus marmoratus), 147

southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii), 275, 285, 287

Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson), 61

spatial summation, 195

Speed, Conrad, 85

sperm whale (Livyatan melvillei), 13, 15, 104

spillover effect, 294

spiny skate (Bathyraja spinosissima), 206–207, 206

Spondylus, 8

sponges, 114–115, 120–121

spotted lanternfish (Myctophum punctatum), 212

spotted weakfish (Cynoscion nebulosus), 24

sprats, 174

squalamine, 69–70

squalene, 69

squirrelfish, 162

steelhead salmon, 260

Steneck, Bob, 216, 233–236, 237

stingrays, 77–79

stonefish, 133

stoplight parrotfish (Sparisoma viridae), 131–133

striped bass (Morone saxatilis), 252, 255–257

striped dolphin, 25

striped marlin (Kajikia audax), 16, 42–43, 49

subsidies, 288–289, 306

sulfides, 207, 208, 209

Sumaila, Rashid, 306

sunfish, 109, 110–111, 138–139

sunlight, 13–14

surfperch, 238

surgeonfish, 117, 121, 124, 125, 126, 128

swell shark (Cephaloscyllium ventriosum), 240–241

swim bladders, 28, 122–123, 139, 224–225, 226, 249

swordfish, 9, 11, 16, 25, 49, 50–53, 55, 139, 310

swordfish (Xiphias gladius), 44

Syrski, 245

tailspot squirrelfish (Sargocentron caudimaculatum), 162

tangs, 122, 124, 128

tapetum lucidum, 44–45, 195

tarpon, 216, 219–223, 224–226, 304

tasselled shark (Eucrossorhinus dasypogon), 81

Taylor, Richard, 169

telescopefish (Dolichopteryx longipes), 196

tetrodotoxin, 144–145, 148

Theophrastus, 242–244

thermodynamics, 92, 101–102

threespot damselfish (Stegastes planifrons), 138

three-spot humbug (Dascyllus trimaculatus), 160

thresher shark, 25, 85

tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier), 71, 83

tilapia, 279

Tisquantum, 37–38

toadfish, 10, 117, 139–141, 140, 156

tool use, 308–309

tori lines, 300

torpedo ray (Torpedo torpedo), 73–74, 73, 77, 78

total allowable catch approach, 273–274

tourism, 9, 11, 63, 87, 99–100, 294, 297–298, 307, 311

Trafalgar effect, 22

Trawler Owners Association, 169

trevally, 57, 292

Trieste, 191–192, 193

triggerfish, 115, 122, 135–137, 138, 156

tripletail wrasse, 308

tripodfish, 201

trophosome, 209

trout, 260, 279

trumpetfish, 118, 123

tube worms, 122

tuna, 6, 9–10, 11, 14, 16, 24–25, 33, 39–45, 41, 48–49, 62–63, 284–288, 285, 296, 309

See also individual species

tuna ranching, 285–287

turtlegrass, 229

tuskfish, 308–309

20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Verne), 113–114

twilight zone, 116, 194–195

two-spotted goby (Pomatoschistus flavescens), 156

Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, 306

Unger, Julius, 19

University of Sao Paolo’s Food Engineering Department, 189

upwellings, 15–16, 18, 99, 101, 204, 216

urchins, 236–238

US Commission on Fish and Fisheries, 37

US Fisheries Service, 180

US National Park System, 293

vampire fish, 254

Van Camp, Frank, 40

Venus, 50

Verne, Jules, 113–114

Vibrio bacteria, 145

Vieira, Luís, 55

Volta, Alessandro, 75

walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogramma), 185

Walsh, Don, 192, 193

water temperature

below reach of sunlight, 194

cod feeding and, 176–177

cod population levels and, 181–182

cod reproduction and, 173–174

coral reefs and, 165–166

depth and, 116

haddock populations and, 185

heat retention and, 45–48

oxygen and, 14, 176

productivity and, 31

Watson, James, 19

wax esters, 61–62

whale carcasses, 202–203

“whale pump,” 112

whale shark (Rhincodon typus), 14, 89–92, 91, 93, 94–101, 104, 105–106, 108, 310

whales, 13, 15, 91, 104, 175, 284

white shark. See great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias)

white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), 69, 71, 72, 75, 84–85, 87

whitespotted eagle ray (Aetobatus narinari), 80

white-spotted puffer (Arothron hispidus), 144

whitetail dascyllus (Dascyllus aruanus), 160–161

whitetip shark, 2, 83

whiting, 171, 185

winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), 188

wobbegongs, 75, 81–82

World Trade Organization (WTO), 289

World Wide Fund for Nature, 302

Worm, Boris, 288

wrasses, 122, 130, 131, 136, 163, 163, 164, 165, 236, 280, 308

xanthophores, 150

yellow boxfish (Ostracion cubicum), 147

yellow moray eel (Gymnothorax prasinus), 135

yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), 40, 42, 44, 47, 294

yellowhead wrasse, 308

yellow-saddle goatfish (Parupeneus cyclostomus), 161

yellowtail jack (Seriola lalandi), 57–58

yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus), 229

yellowtail surgeonfish (Prionurus punctatus), 128

yeti crab (Kiwa hirsuta), 210

Zeller, Dirk, 291

zooplankton, 14, 18, 33–34, 94, 204, 305