Index
Illustrations are indicated by italicized page numbers. All locations are in Massachusetts unless otherwise indicated.
Abrams, Eliot, 127
ACTION (government agency), 239–40
Adams, Thomas Boylston, campaign of, 56–57, 61, 87
Agent Orange, 130
Aguero, Kathleen: “Hard Work” (poem), xi
Albert, Michael, 154
Ali, Muhammad, 145
Alinsky, Saul, 205, 207, 213, 240, 264–65n6
Allen, Jesse, 29
Allende, Salvador, 72
Alper, Rika, 3
American Friends Service Committee, 79
American Legion, 145
Anderson, Marc, 237
Angleton, James, 97
Ansara, Amy (wife): at Brandeis, 61, 79, 106; Cuba travel (1968), 104; at Lowell action (1970), 167, 169, 172, 175; March on Pentagon (1967), 87–88; marital problems and divorce, 106, 244; nursing career, 203; at post-protest social gathering (1968), 113; pregnancy and motherhood, 204; San Francisco summer (1967), 79–81; Vietnam Moratorium march and, 154, 159; in women-only “consciousness raising” groups, 139. See also Merrill, Amy (maiden name)
Ansara, Emma (daughter), 204, 207
Ansara, Jim (brother), 61
Ansara, Meg (daughter), 242
Ansara, Michael: anti-drug use, 58, 147–48; arrests and beating in Boston (1971), 195, 198; Boston Globe columnist, 207; change of appearance in 1972, 202, 202; community activism in Boston black neighborhoods, 9–11; as consultant, 247; conventional personal life, 58–62; as “democratic communist,” 232; despair and sense of failure, 132, 152, 166, 245, 252; as door-to-door canvasser, 237–38; draft exam rejection, 140–44; Europe trip (1968), 96–99; exhaustion of, 140, 242, 246–47, 258; family background, 4, 23, 33–34, 39; as father, 204, 207, 242, 245, 247; on FBI lists as dangerous individual, 133; high school years and education, 1–4, 6–7; hindsight of, 243–49, 251; joint disease, 3, 5, 140; listening skills, 175–76, 201–2; marriage to Amy and divorce, 61, 106, 134, 244; mentors from Civil Rights Movement, 7–8, 11–12, 25; midlife crisis, 244, 247; parents’ deaths, 244; photos of, 126, 202, 220; as poet and essayist, 247; police threatening, 133, 134, 248; on poster of “100 Most Dangerous Radicals in America,” 137; student painting crew of, 18–19, 39; as volunteer for campaigns and nonprofits, 247. See also antiwar movement; Dorchester; Harvard; Harvard Strike; Mass Fair Share; The People First
antiwar movement: 1968 and, 95–114; 1969 and, 129; 1972–1975 and, 198–99; active-duty military and, 153, 153, 164; Ansara throwing brick at police car, 158–59; Boston and Cambridge protest (October 1965), 42–43, 42; Boston regional gathering (December 1965), 46–48; Boston University picketing and police ambush (1969), 155–56; brochures (1972), 199; “Call to Resist Illegitimate Authority” (1967), 92–93; changing minds and gaining supporters, 41–57, 67, 74–77, 114, 145, 150, 154–55; Columbia University action (1968), 100–101, 117; counter demonstrators, 43, 53, 85; The Day After (Chicago Eights Verdict) march (1970), 157, 158; Dow Chemical Company protests (1967), 89–93; effect on US as a nation, 252; electoral politics and, 84, 110–12, 111; FBI and, 110, 133; fractious nature of, 41, 79; guilt of students in, 56, 131, 140, 152, 252; Harvard Square demonstration, 159–62, 160–62; in hindsight, 251; indictment rumors (1969), 156–57; International Days of Protest (1965), 42–43; lessons learned from, 207; Lexington/Concord march to Bunker Hill (1971), 192; London march (1968), 97; Lowell action (1970), 167–77; March on the Pentagon (1967), 85–88, 88; March on Washington (April 1965), 31, 32, 34–37, 35, 39; March on Washington (November 1965), 45–46; mindset of, 46, 53–54, 78–84, 88, 94, 104, 150; MIT action (1969), 151, 154–55; New Left Caucus and, 116; New Politics coalition and, 82; Nixon and, 133, 154, 163, 251; Northeastern demonstration (1970), 157–59, 159–60; NYC construction workers’ attack on student activists (1970), 133, 134; Richardson and, 235; SDS at head of, 38, 39–57; self-immolation, 45; Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security investigation, 135–37; social gatherings after protests, 113; Spring Mobilization (NYC 1967), 74–75, 80; unclear in how to end the war, 105–6; Vietnam Moratorium and, 112; war on drugs and, 109–10; Washington demonstrations (April & May 1971), 194. See also Harvard Strike; SDS; Vietnam Veterans Against the War
Appleby, Mike, 25
Arlook, Ira, 168–71, 176, 177, 182, 198–99, 242
Arnett, Peter, 95
Bailey, F. Lee, 225
Berkeley, 32, 35. See also Free Speech Movement
Berrigan, Daniel and Philip, 54
Birmingham: Baptist Church bombing, 16; civil rights protests, 12
Black equality. See Civil Rights Movement
Black liberation struggle, 129, 136; San Francisco State University student strike and (1970), 157
Black Nationalism, 256
Black Panthers, 75–76, 81–82, 133, 146, 148–49, 163, 235
Black radicals, split with white progressives, 82–84
Black studies programs, 125, 128, 129
Bond, Julian, 82
Booth, Heather, 139, 205–6, 241, 242, 271n2
Booth, Paul, 31, 44–45, 82, 205–6, 264–65n6
Bosch, Juan, 51
Boston: canvassing in Black neighborhoods, 9–11; The Day After (Chicago Eight Verdict) march (1970), 157, 158; highway construction and, 207; nonviolent sit-in at federal building (May 1971), 194–95, 196; racial discrimination and school segregation, 9, 12; school desegregation and busing, 56, 207–8, 213, 234, 256; Vietnam Moratorium march (1969), 154, 159. See also Dorchester
Boston Action Group (BAG), 7, 9–11, 28, 201, 208
Boston Draft Resistance Group (BDRG), 54–55, 136, 142
Boston Edison, 222
Boston Legal Assistance Project (BLAP), 188–90
Boston Organizing Project, 209, 210
Boston Tactical Police Force (Tac Squad), 181, 195, 198
Boston University picketing and police ambush (1969), 155–56
Brandon, Peter, 29
Bread and Roses (feminist organization), 139
Brecht, Bertolt: “To Posterity” (poem), 147
Breeden, Jim, 7, 8, 9–12, 13, 19, 154
Brooke, Edward, 187
Brookline Lunch (Central Square), 107
Brower, Reuben, 59
Brown, H. Rap, 75
Build Not Burn, 44
Bulger, Whitey, 215
Burlage, Robb and Dorothy, 25
Cairo riot (Illinois 1967), 76
California: farm worker organizing, 213; Proposition 13 and tax relief, 218–19
“Call to Resist Illegitimate Authority” (1967), 92–93
Cambodia bombing/invasion (1969–70), 109, 130, 140, 162, 194
Campaign for Human Development (CHD), 209, 210
Canny, Jim, 182
Cantor, Jay, 127
CAP-Energy, 205, 206, 207–8, 210
Caplan, Marc, 241
Carmichael, Stokely, 75
Carter, Jimmy, 239
Carter, Vernon, 13
Carver, Ron, 6, 11, 14, 17–18, 101, 153, 164
Casady, Simon, 82
Catholics and Catholicism, 179–80; Catholic Worker Movement, 54; right-wing forces and, 84; social justice and, 206–7; Vatican II, 209
Celtic Club (Lowell), 170
Central American Peace Campaign, 247
Central Square (Cambridge, Mass.), 106–7
Chaney, James, 21, 28, 131, 248
Chase Manhattan Bank, 31
Chavez, Cesar, 213
Chelsea Street Bridge, 233
Cheney, Dick, 73
Chicago: community activism in, 205–6, 237; police, 93–94, 131, 134, 148–49, 152
Chicago Eight, 133, 149, 156–57, 158
Church, Frank, and Church Committee, 72–73
CIA: Bird and, 69; Harvard and, 91, 120, 128; in Indonesia, 51; Maher and PL labeling Ansara as agent of, 134–35, 252; National Student Association and, 71; secret operations and covert funding of, 70–73, 96, 99, 106; September 11 attacks (2001) and, 146
Citizen Action, 242
Citizen Labor Energy Coalition (CLEC), 241
Citizens for a Better Environment, 237
Citizens for Human Rights, 12
civil defense drills, 1–3, 2, 28
civil disobedience, 87, 88, 92
Civil Rights Act of 1875, 257
Civil Rights Movement: anti-Vietnam war stance and, 75; in Birmingham, 12, 16; Black challenges to Jim Crow, 5–6; in Boston area, 6, 12–13; FBI targeting of, 252; Hoagland and, 136; inspiration of, 257; JFK and, 12, 16; liberal consensus and, 22; March on Washington (1963), 13–15, 15; nonviolence and, 12, 16, 75; organizers of, xiii, 6; Richardson and, 235; SDS origins and, 30; shift from interracial to all-Black movement, 75, 77, 82–83; sit-ins, 5, 6; uncompleted work of, 256; white backlash against, 247, 254, 256
Clark, Mark, 149
Clark, Owen, 226
Clerc, Kim, 241
Clinton, Bill, 254
Clive, John L., 78
Coelho, Tony, 254
Colburn, Judith, 71
Colby, William, 73
Cold War, 12, 24, 26–27, 33, 41, 45–46, 71; US interventions overseas, 51, 68, 72–73. See also Vietnam war
Columbia University action (1968), 100–101, 117
Commonwealth School (Boston), 6–7, 16
communism: in Vietnam, 34, 36; Vietnam war as part of struggle against, 33, 49, 170. See also Cold War
Communist Party (CP), 24, 44–45; post-Soviet era of, 250; Progressive Labor Party and, 116; Vietnamese, 251
community organizing. See Mass Fair Share
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 7, 11
Connecticut Citizen Action Group (CCAG), 241
Connolly, Richard, 136
conscientious objectors, 44, 141, 193
Conservation Services Group, 240
Continental Baking Company, boycott of, 11
CORE (Congress of Racial Equality), 7, 11
corporate bureaucracy and corporate liberals, 22, 24, 26, 39, 50
Corrigan, Tom, 209
Coughlin, Charles, 254
Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), 17
counterculture (1967), 79–81, 86
Cowell, Steve, 240
Coyote, Peter, 87
Creamer, Bob, 242
Daley, Richard J., 105
Dammond, Peggy Trotter, 12, 13
Davidson, Tom, 204
Davis, Rennie, 93–94, 133, 157
Day, Noel, and Day campaign, 7, 8, 9–12, 13, 18–20, 24, 28, 29, 76
Days of International Protest (1966), 53–54
Debray, Régis, 87
De Fronzo, Anna, 212
Democratic Party: congressional majority opposed to war funding, 199; Dorchester and, 180, 186; elite capture of, 254; Massachusetts governor primary (1978), 217, 227; populism and, 254; Southern Democrats, 26, 108; Vietnam war and primaries, 96. See also Humphrey, Hubert; Johnson, Lyndon; National Democratic Convention (1964) and (1968); specific politicians
despair: in antiwar movement, 54, 132, 176; failure and, 152, 245; in family life, 4–8; in school, 3
Detroit riot (1967), 76, 76–77
DiCarlo, Joe, 226
Dickinson, Tim, 6
Diggers (theater collective), 80, 87
Dohrn, Bernadine, 163
Dolan, Jim, 190
Donaldson, Ivanhoe, 75
Donham, Flora, 12
Donham, Parker, 124
Dorchester, 177–90; Ansara and Amy’s residence in, 179, 181, 203–4; Anti-Troy Day, 188; economic campaigns for local community, 184; failure to develop stable community-based organization, 190; food cooperative, 181; locals against the war, 150, 182; organizing headquarters, 181; political unrest in, 180; racial change in, 179, 203; Reilly’s Tavern meeting, 183; removing Judge Troy from the bench, 184–90, 189–90, 194, 197, 238; tragic lives in, 184; Vietnam veterans in, 182, 183–84, 193. See also The People First
Dorchester Fair Share, 215, 225
Dorchester Community Action Council (DCAC), 215
Dow Chemical Company protests (1967), 89–93
draft exam rejection of Ansara, 140–44
draft resistance, 42, 54–56, 82, 85, 93, 95, 150, 168; alternative service for conscientious objectors, 44; draft card burnings, 54–55, 74, 85, 86; draft evasion, 55, 141; end of draft, 198–99. See also Boston Draft Resistance Group
Drinan, Robert, 193
Dubček, Alexander, 96
Dudley Street Action Center (Boston), 19–20, 27, 76
Dukakis, Michael, 217–19, 227–28, 231, 247
Dutchke, Rudi, 97–100, 98, 100, 106
Dyen, Mark, 115, 152–53, 203, 205, 210–11, 221, 240, 241, 246
East Boston Maverick Street Mothers, 212
economic justice: Citizen Action and, 242. See also Mass Fair Share
Economic Research and Action Project (ERAP) organizers, 30–33, 47, 203
Eggleson, Nick, 54
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 143; Mandate for Change, 34, 50
election day protests (1968), 110, 111
elites: Democratic Party in thrall of, 254; saving sons from Vietnam draft, 141; split between parents and children in view of Vietnam war, 51–53, 104
Ellsberg, Daniel, 197
Emergency Detention Program, 133
energy crisis (1970s), 210, 241
environmentalism, 114, 247, 253
Erlichman, John, 53
Evans, Rowland, 41
Fair Fighter (Fair Share newspaper), 220–21
Fair Share: in states other than Massachusetts, 241. See also Mass Fair Share
Fair Share Amendment, 272n8
Fair Share Development Corporation, 240
Farmers Alliance, 255
FBI: Ansara on registries of, 133; Burlingham and, 164–65; COINTELPRO operation, 72, 133, 252; Communist Party members as informants for, 45; on domestic bombings (1971–72), 163; Hoagland and, 137; illegal wiretaps and tactics, 163, 165; informants inside Black Panthers, 149; investigating Harvard students, 39; murder of Fred Hampton and, 148–49; Nixon and, 110; student movements and, 147, 252; undermining Black leaders, 256
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 165
Federal Housing Administration (FHA), 256
Feeley, Tom, 245
Feldman, Michael, 188
feminism, 114, 137–40, 146, 175–76, 205. See also women’s liberation movement
First National Bank, Boston, 224, 229
Flaschner, Franklin N., 188
Flynn, Ray, 246
Fonda, Jane, 199
Ford, Franklin, 120–21, 126, 128
Fort Dix, New Jersey, 163, 252
Fourteenth Amendment, 257
France: demonstrations and strikes by students and workers, 101, 102; in Indochina, 34, 49, 95; WWII resistance, 93
Freedom Riders, 5
Freedom Summer and Freedom Schools: Boston alternative Freedom Schools, 12–13; Mississippi, 17–18, 18, 20, 21, 29, 31, 32, 40, 78, 206
Freeman, Jo: “The Tyranny of Structurelessness,” 207
Free Speech Movement (Berkeley), 28–29, 32, 86
FTA (“fuck the army” musical tour), 183
Gabriel, Vernice, 236
Gauthier, Gouch, 170, 172, 176
General Electric strike (1969), 155–56
Geneva Accords (1954), 34, 50, 65, 143
gentrification, 204
German Socialist Student Union (German SDS), 97–100
Germany: 1968 student unrest, 97–100, 100, 129; in World War II, 50
Gerstacker, Carl, 93
Gibbs, Phillip Lafayette, 131
GI Bill’s exclusion of Black veterans, 256
global scope of student militancy, 101–2, 129. See also specific countries
Glynn, Seamus, 178, 180–81, 185
Goldberg, Arthur, 67
Gold Star families, 145
Gold Star Mothers for Peace, 145
Goldwater, Barry, 21
Goodman, Andrew, 21, 28, 131, 248
Goodman, Mitch, 95
Gottschalk, Ruth and Harry, 145, 188
Green, James Earl, 131
Gregory, Chris, 193
Grizzard, Vernon, 54
Guevara, Che, 87
guilt of students in antiwar movement, 56, 131, 140, 152, 252
Haber, Barbara, 138
Haldeman, H. R., 53
Hamer, Fannie Lou, 8, 21, 28, 82, 243
Hampton, Fred, 131, 148–49, 248, 256
Hanley, Martin J. (Marty), 180, 186–88
Harmon, John, 13
Harrington, Michael: The Other America, 29
Harris, Cheryl, 236
Harvard (1964–67, Ansara’s undergraduate years): Adams House, 50–51, 59–60; as Ansara’s first choice, 17; Booth as speaker to SDS at, 44; cultural events, 60–61; discipline of leaders of Dow Chemical protest, 92; Dow Chemical Company protests (1967), 89–93; entry as advanced placement sophomore, 23–24; faculty opposed to Vietnam war, 53, 92; McNamara protest, 63–67, 64, 74, 92; organizing on campus, 48–51; Quincy House visit by McNamara, 63–64; SDS and, 27, 29; senior-year thesis and graduation, 78–79, 96, 103–4; shah of Iran as graduation speaker (1968), 103–4; Student–Faculty Advisory Council, 92; teach-in, 39–41; teach-out, 78
Harvard Afro, 125
Harvard Corporation, 121, 126, 128
Harvard Square demonstration (1970), 159–62, 160–62
Harvard Strike (1969), 115–29; African American studies department, demand for, 125, 128; Ansara as chair of strike committee, 124, 127; broader import of, 129; called “Harvard Riots” by faculty and administration, 129; exposing Harvard’s work with CIA and military support, 120, 128; faculty and administration’s reaction to, 126–27; initiation of strike, 124–25; moderates’ role, 124; nonviolence and, 121; occupation of University Hall, 117–24, 120; opposition to building occupation and tactics, 121; police violence and arrests of protestors, 121–24, 123; posters and t-shirts, 127–28, 128; ratification in Harvard Stadium, 125–26, 125–26; ROTC program and, 115–16, 124, 127–28; SDS and, 124–26; student anger in reaction to police treatment, 123; women on strike committee, 139; Worker Student Alliance and, 116. See also ROTC program
Havel, Vaclav, 243
Hayakawa, S. I., 157
Hayden, Casey, 139; “A Kind of Memo” (with King), 139
Hayden, Tom, 25–26, 30–32, 93–94, 133, 157, 199
Hersh, Seymour (Sy), 72
Hershey, Lewis Blaine, 55
Hicks, Louise Day, 208
Hispanic Young Lords, 146
Hoffman, Abbie, 56–57, 86–87, 157
Hoover, J. Edgar, 110, 133, 147, 252
hope for future, 259
Hornstein, Harriet, 3
housing: affordable, 207; restrictive covenants, 256
Houston, Julian, 7
Hubbard, Al, 194
Huggins, George, 236
Hughes, H. Stuart, 11–12, 25, 193
Humphrey, Hubert, 21, 105, 109, 110, 112
Hunt, Robert, 76
illegal wiretaps and strategies of government agencies, 163, 165
Illinois Public Action Coalition (IPAC), 242
immigration and xenophobia, 254–55, 257–58
Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986), 257
Independence Foundation, 69–71
Indiana Citizen Action, 242
Indochina Peace Campaign (IPC), 199
Institute for Defense Analysis, 100
International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers (IAM), 241
International Days of Protest (1965), 42–43, 42
International Women’s Day march (1970), 157
Jackson State killings of protesting students, 110, 131, 162, 248
Jacobs, Arlo, 164. See also Burlingham, Bo
Jefferies, Sharon, 30
Jefferson, Thomas, 252
Jews: Ansara’s mother’s family as, 4; anti-Semitism, 83, 255; in Civil Rights Movement, 82–83; white flight of, 179
Johene, Fran, 208
Johnson, Lyndon B. (LBJ): antiwar movement and, 37, 46, 251; arrogance of, 67; CIA and, 72, 73; criticism of, 40; Gulf of Tonkin and, 20–21, 34, 41; as likely Democratic Party nominee in 1968, 81, 93–94; not running for reelection (1968), 96; Vietnam war escalation, 20–21, 34, 50, 53, 68, 85, 95, 130
Joyce, Joe, 215
Katzenbach, Nicholas, 42
Kazin, Michael, 117, 120, 124, 152
Kelly, Jim (Senate ways and means chair), 227–28
Kennedy, John F., 1, 4, 12, 16, 109
Kennedy, Robert F., 96, 104–5, 131
Kennedy, Sargent, 104
Kent State protests and killing of students, 110, 131, 162, 164, 248
King, Coretta Scott, 103
King, Martin Luther, Jr.: assassination of, 99, 131, 248, 256; “the beloved community” concept and, 30; Birmingham arrest and “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” 12; as impactful leader, 243; March on Washington and (1963), 14–15; National Conference for a New Politics and, 82; National Democratic Convention (1964) and, 21; as possible presidential contender, 79, 82; Spring Mobilization (1967) and, 75; Vietnam Summer (1967) and, 79
King, Mary, 139; “A Kind of Memo” (with Hayden), 139
King, Mel, 7, 208, 212, 234, 271n4
Kissinger, Henry, 66, 73, 108–9, 154, 199, 251, 253
Krause, Allison, 131
labor unions, 47–48, 84, 93, 215, 241, 247, 254–55, 259, 265n6
Landau, David, 135
landlords as tax cheats, 225–26
Laquidara, Charles, 164
Legal In-Service Project (LISP), 193
Legion of Justice (right-wing group), 134
Leichman, Ivy, 156
lessons learned: from antiwar movement and Civil Rights Movement, 207; author offering to young people, 259; from California farm worker organizing, 213; referendum passage and, 212, 228
Levertov, Denise, 60
Levin, Larry, 199
Levine, Eric, 29
Lexington/Concord march to Bunker Hill (1971), 192
liberals and liberal consensus: antiwar march organized by (November 1965), 45–46; criticism of, 24, 109; in mid-1960s, 22; New Politics coalition and, 82
liberation theology, 209
Liebling, A. J., 106
Lodge, George Cabot, 40
Logan Airport expansion protests, 93, 212, 224, 227, 229
Long, Huey, 254
Loud, David, 29, 67, 78, 147–48
Loving v. Virginia (1967), 14
low-income neighborhoods, 31, 177, 205, 208–9, 213, 218, 220, 236, 238, 240, 248
Luria, Sal, 40
MacEachern, Richard G., 157
Maguire, Dusty, 181
Maher, John, 11, 54, 134–35, 252
Mandela, Nelson, 243
Manning, Frank, 212
March on the Pentagon (1967), 75, 85–88, 88
March on Washington (April 1965 anti-Vietnam war), 31, 32, 34–37, 35, 39
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (1963), 13–15, 15, 118
March on Washington (November 1965 anti-Vietnam war), 45–46
Margolin, Barry, 221
Marston, John, 245
Martilla, John, 230
Marxism and Karl Marx, 78, 108, 116, 146, 267n16
Massachusetts: budget surplus, allocation of (1978), 227; residential conservation program, 223
Massachusetts Bar Association, 188–89
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA), 236
Massachusetts Community Center, 205–7
Massachusetts Crime Commission, 187
Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities (DPU), 211, 223
Massachusetts Freedom Movement, 7, 20
Massachusetts State Police Red Squad (Red Squad), 167, 170, 173, 195, 198
Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (SJC), 188
Massachusetts tax reform: initiatives of Mass Fair Share, 223–31; tax cap referendum, 230
Mass Fair Share, xiii, 217–42; access to and release of information by, 222, 226; actions and confrontations with decision makers, 222; Ansara in director role, 216, 219, 220; Ansara’s resignation, 245–46; Black organizers, 234–36; Black women and, 234, 236; budget of, 238; “circuit breaker” bill limiting property tax payments and, 217–19, 226–28; “Covenant of Racial Justice and Harmony,” 236; door-to-door canvassers, 237–38; electoral politics and, 246; electric rates and, 211–12, 232; end of, 246; factionalism in, 244; financial crisis (1981), 244–45; fundraising for, 238–39; home heating oil cooperative and, 240; house meetings and, 214; launch of, 209–16; layoffs, 245; leadership structure and training, 214, 216, 219, 221, 233, 241, 246; name recognition of, 219; national initiative and, 240–42; new chapters, formation of, 214–16; nonprofit status of, 238; organizing committees, formation of, 213–14; phone campaign to get donations, 238–39; as populist force, 219–20, 232, 255; racism and, 234–36; range of issues, 215, 233; referendum campaigns for flat rate electric rates and graduated income tax (1976), 211–12, 212, 222, 228; self-interest as best way to appeal to community, 232–33; staff of, 236–37, 244, 246; steps in community organizing, 213–14; successful initiatives of, 220–21, 233; tax abatements and, 224; tax reform initiatives, 223–31, 241; tax revaluation/overassessment of residential property, 224, 226, 230; unitary taxing of oil companies and, 241; utility companies, rate protests against, 222–23, 223, 232; women’s role in, 221, 245
Maverick Street Mothers, 93, 212, 229
Max, Steve, 241
McCarthy, Eugene, 79, 83, 96, 239
McCarthy, Joseph, 189
McCormack, John, 18
McDowell, Banks, 40
McGovern, George, 154
McKissick, Floyd, 82
McNamara, Craig, 104
McNamara, Robert: children of, 53; at Harvard and encounter with Ansara, 63–67, 64, 74, 92, 229; In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam, 64
media: counterculture newspapers, 108; social media, 254; support for antiwar demonstrators, 106; underground newspaper Old Mole (1968–70), 107–8, 119, 128; Vietnam war and, 46, 68
Merrill, Amy (later Amy Ansara): at Commonwealth School, 16–17; marriage to Ansara, 61; at Pembroke (Brown University), 27–28, 59; at SDS National Council meeting (1964), 29–30, 31; transfer to Brandeis, 61, 79
Merrill, Catherine, 80
METCO (voluntary school busing program), 208
Mexico student protests (1968), 101, 113, 129
Mickiewicz, Al, 224
Milford, New Hampshire, 147–48
military draft. See draft resistance; Selective Service
Miller, Jeffrey, 131
Milošević, Slobodan, 146
Mississippi delegation to National Democratic Convention (1964), 21
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), 21, 28, 31–32
MIT action (1969), 151, 154–55
Mitchell, John N., 133
Moffet, Toby, 241
Montgomery, Richard, 235
Moore, Frederick R., 19
Moran, Peg, 182
Moratorium. See Vietnam Moratorium
Morrison, Norman, 45
Moses, Bob, 36
Mothers for Adequate Welfare (MAW), 20, 56, 76, 93, 116
Movement for Economic Justice, 209, 271n5
Muse, Robert, 187
NAACP, 12
Nader, Ralph, 241
National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy (SANE), 79, 82
National Conference for a New Politics (NCNP), 82–83
National Coordinating Committee to End the War in Vietnam, 53
National Council of Senior Citizens, 241
National Democratic Convention (1964), 21, 28, 32
National Democratic Convention (1968): Ansara’s choice not to participate in protests at, 94, 105; antiwar protests at, 93–94, 105–6
National Emergency Committee of Clergy and Laymen Concerned about Vietnam, 74, 79
National Liberation Front (NLF, aka Vietcong), 74, 95, 131, 151, 152, 171, 174–75, 200
National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam (the “Mobe”), 85, 87, 159
National Student Association (NSA), 70, 71–72, 239
Neustadt, Richard, 66
Newark riot (1967), 76
New England Life, 225
New Left: Bread and Roses and, 139; building student-based movement, 23–24, 37; in coalition to form New Politics, 82; congressional investigations of (1969–70), 137; electoral politics and, 84; FBI targeting, 252; in Germany, 97; McCarthy presidential campaign and, 83; nonexistent by 1960s, 247; PL faction vs., 116–17; Ramparts (magazine) and, 69; scorning old left, 24, 33, 44, 252; SDS and, 12, 116, 146; Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security investigation of, 135–37; significance of, 45; veterans still working for social justice, 253; Vietnam war and, 251. See also SDS
New Left Caucus, 116
New York: construction workers’ attack on antiwar student activists (1970), 133, 134; march to end Vietnam war (March 1966), 53; march to support US in Vietnam (fall 1966), 50; Spring Mobilization (1967), 74–75. See also Columbia University action (1968)
New York Police Department (NYPD), 101
Nixon, Richard: 1960 election, 1; 1968 election, 110–12; 1972 election, 199; antiwar movement and, 133, 154, 163, 251; Cambodia and, 140, 162; electoral failure of left to organize against, 84, 110, 112; FBI and, 110, 133; lying by, 140, 197; prolonging Vietnam war, 108–9, 140, 145, 192, 194, 197–99; racism of, 109–10; as Republican presidential nominee (1968), 105, 108–9; Southern Strategy reshaping Republican Party, 108; Vietnam Moratorium and, 154; Watergate and, 72, 189, 199, 200
Non-Partisan League of North Dakota, 240
nonviolence: antiwar protesting and, 192; arguing against violence, 152; Civil Rights Movement and, 12, 16, 75; Harvard (1969) protests, 121; regrets over failure to always follow, 249
Northeastern demonstration (1970), 157–59, 159–60
Northern Student Movement, 6, 7
North Vietnam. See National Liberation Front (NLF, aka Vietcong); Vietnam war
Novak, Robert, 41
November Action Coalition (NAC), 153, 154–56
Obama, Barack, 254
O’Connor, Buddy and Mikey, 178, 180–81, 185
O’Connor, Mike, 156
October Days of Rage, 152
O’Donnell, Lawrence F., 188–89
Old Mole (underground newspaper 1968–70 and later office space), 107–8, 119, 128, 136, 139, 153, 178–79, 199
Operation Rolling Thunder (1965), 34
Oregon Fair Share, 241
organizing: with Adams campaign, 56–57, 61, 87; as author’s passion, 9, 15, 61; beliefs behind, 9; Black organizers, 234–36; with Day campaign, 7, 8, 9–12, 13, 18–20, 24, 28, 29, 76; democratic structuring and, 207; electoral politics and, 84, 110, 111; first encounter with, 5; leaders vs. organizers, 246; professionalization of, 213; raising money for, 238; recognizing areas in which to improve, 190, 201–3; social movements and, 243; training of organizers, 214, 216, 219, 221, 233, 241; Vietnam Summer (local organizing of antiwar movement), 78–79. See also antiwar movement; Mass Fair Share; SDS; SNCC; The People First
Osborn, Frances, 39
“Our Bodies, Ourselves,” 139
Paine, Thomas, 191
Palladino, Elvira “Pixie,” 208
Paris student demonstrations (1968), 101, 102, 129
Parker, Adam, 240
patriotism, 41, 47, 142, 170, 192, 197
Payne, Dan, 230
Peace Corps, 44
People’s Party (1890s), 255
Phillips, A. Robert (Bob), 7–8
Pillsbury, George, 222
police violence and brutality, 76, 101, 105, 121–23, 123, 124, 150; recent killings of unarmed African Americans, 256. See also antiwar movement for specific actions and demonstrations
populism: Mass Fair Share and, 219–20, 232, 255; right-wing, 254; road not taken by Democratic Party, 254; study of populist movements, 240; white supremacy and, 255. See also right-wing forces
Port Huron Statement, 25–26, 28
Posner, Josh, 240
Prague Spring (1968), 96, 101, 105, 113, 129
presidential election: (1960), 1; (1968), 109–12; (1972), 199
Progressive Labor Party (PL), 115–29; effect of, 152; Harvard Strike of 1969 and, 118–19, 121, 124–26; Maher and, 134; Maoism and, 146; SDS and, 115–16, 136, 145–46; sentenced and sent to prison for violent action in Harvard Strike, 129
Prosten, Jesse, 47
protests. See specific marches and locations of protests
Pusey, Nathan, 92, 117, 121, 123–24, 126–28
Putnam, Hilary, 92
race riots: (1967), 76–77, 76–77, 79; (1968), 99
racism and racial discrimination, 9; failure to vanquish, 253; MBTA and, 236; National Conference for a New Politics and Black caucus, 82–83; Nixon and, 109–10; police and, 76; racial justice, need to fight for, 257; restrictive covenants and, 256; school desegregation and antibusing movement, 207–8, 213, 234, 256; US Supreme Court and, 256–57; violence and, 5, 10, 16, 76, 255. See also Civil Rights Movement; Jim Crow
Ramparts (magazine), 63; Ansara’s CIA book for, 106; Ansara’s part-time position with, 71, 73, 77, 81; Burlingham as editor, 165; CIA money laundering exposé, 68–69, 71–72, 239; European research for, 96–97; summer job (San Francisco 1967), 79–81
Randolph, A. Phillip, 14
Rapoport, Miles, 156, 177, 205, 207, 210, 213–14, 241–42, 272n14
Raskin, Marcus, 95
Red Squad. See Massachusetts State Police Red Squad
Reinstein, William, 226
Reisen, Beth, 203
Republican Party: campaign funding of, 254; minority rule of old white men, 259; Nixon’s transformation of, 108–9; as party of white grievance, 108, 253; as party of white voters, 257; resistance to, 259. See also specific politicians
Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC): Harvard’s abolition of, 128; Harvard Strike of 1969 and, 117–18, 128; SDS campaign to shut down, 115–16
resistance: meaning of, 93; move from protest to, 57, 73, 92–93. See also antiwar movement; draft resistance
Reston, James, 43
Restore Our Alienated Rights (ROAR), 208
Reuther, Walter, 21
Revolutionary Youth Movement (RYM), 146
Richardson, Peter: A Bomb in Every Issue, 72
Riepen, Ray, 165
right-wing forces, 84, 113, 242, 254
Ronan Park, Boston, 178, 179, 180–81
Ross, Fred, 213
Rothstein, Vivien, 139
Rottman, Lenni, 193
Rumsfeld, Donald, 73
Rushing, Byron, 7
Russell, Bill, 13
Ryan, Robert, 224
Sagan, Carl, 92
Salzman, Marilyn, 139
San Francisco (1967): counterculture, 79–81; Ramparts summer job, 79–80; Spring Mobilization, 74
Savio, Mario, 32
Scalese, Dominick, 132–33, 134
Schechter, Danny, 96–97, 99, 120, 165
Scheer, Bob, 63, 68–69, 71–72, 79, 80, 82–83
Scheuer, Sandra Lee, 131
schools: desegregation and busing (Boston), 56, 207–8, 213, 234, 256; resegregation after Civil Rights Movement, 256
Schroeder, William, 131
Schwartz, Jon, 108
Schwerner, Michael, 21, 28, 131, 248
SDS (Students for a Democratic Society): 1968 and, 111–12; as Ansara’s political home, 25–39; attacks by US government officials on, 41–42, 43–44; changing minds of students to support, 50–51, 111; Columbia University action (1968), 100–101; craziness as offshoot of, 135, 150–53, 162–63, 166, 252; Days of International Protest (1966), 53–54; decision making by consensus vs. leadership, 30, 44, 258; Economic Research and Action Project (ERAP) organizers, 30–33; electoral politics and, 110–12, 111; factions breaking apart and end of, 112, 135, 140, 145–49, 152; FBI informants and, 147; final convention (Chicago 1969), 145–46; funding from Hoagland, 136; government targeting of, 133–41; growth of and dominance among student organizations, 37; Harvard ROTC program and, 115–16, 124, 127–28; Harvard Strike of 1969 and, 124–26; Humphrey as presidential candidate and, 109; lessons learned from, 207, 258; life after disintegration of, 150–54; male domination of, 138–39; March on Washington (April 1965), 31, 32, 34–37, 35, 39; McCarthy presidential campaign and, 83; the “Mobe” and, 85; as multi-issue organization, 30; National Council meeting (1964), 29–32; NCNP conference and, 81–82; New England organization of, 27–29; origins of, 30; parasitic organizations and, 116; Revolutionary Youth Movement and, 146; role models to Ansara, 11–12; Rosa Luxemburg chapter at MIT, 154; San Francisco State University student strike and (1970), 157; SDS Bulletin, 44; Spring Mobilization (NYC 1967), 74; veterans of still working for social justice, 253; Vietnam Summer (1967) and, 78–79. See also antiwar movement
Seale, Bobby, 133, 156–57, 160, 171
Seaver, Tom, 154
segregation. See Civil Rights Movement; racism and racial discrimination
Selective Service, 54–56; Massachusetts Shea Act (1970) exempting state citizens from serving in illegal war, 159; testing of college students along with class ranking and GPA to determine deferments, 55; during Vietnam war years, 140. See also draft resistance
Sellman, Dottie, 236
Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security, 135–37
September 11 terrorist attacks (2001), 146
Sharpeville massacre (South Africa), 31
Shea Act (Massachusetts 1970), 159
Sheet Metal Workers Union, 215
Shephard, Art, 236
Shirley, Lillian, 204
Shuttlesworth, Fred, 12
Sidney & Esther Rabb Foundation, 69–71
silent majority, 133
Skiddy von Stade, Francis, 118
Smith, Bernice, 236
SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), 12; becoming all-Black organization, 75, 82; “the beloved community” concept and, 30; college students as organizers, 6; decision making by consensus, 30; Freedom Summer and, 17; Friends of SNCC, 25, 57, 206; as inspiration, 8–9; lessons learned from, 207; male superiority and, 139; March on Washington (1963) and, 14–15; March on Washington (April 1965) and, 36; renunciation of nonviolence, 75; Vietnam Summer (1967) and, 78–79; white women as members, 139
Social Democratic Party (Germany), 97
socialism: avoidance of term, 26–27; in Czechoslovakia, 101
social media, 254
Sokoloff, Sandy, 239
South Africa. See apartheid
South Boston, Fair Share organizing efforts in, 215
South Boston Marshals, 215
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 12
South Vietnam. See Vietnam war
Soviet Union, 45, 96, 101, 105, 250. See also Cold War
Spiegel, Mike, 152
Splain, Barbara Bowen, 209, 213
Spock, Benjamin, 75, 79, 82, 85, 95, 105
Spring, Micho, 229
St. Clair, James, 189
St. Mark’s Church and Social Center (Boston), 7–9, 19
Stay Out for Freedom Day, 12–13, 13, 19
Stone, I. F. (Izzy), 34, 36, 40
Studds, Gerry, 230
Student Afro Society (Columbia University), 100–101
Student League for Industrial Democracy (SLID), 30
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. See SNCC
Students for a Democratic Society. See SDS
SWAT team, 133
Tabankin, Marge, 240
tax reform initiatives, 217–19, 223–31; property tax abatements, 224, 226, 230; referendum campaign for graduated income tax (1976), 211–12, 222; tax delinquents, pursuit of, 225–26; unitary taxing of oil companies, 241
Teamsters Union scandal (1996), 247
The Day After (TDA) protests (1970), 156–57, 158
The People First (TPF), 181–82, 184, 188, 190, 190, 192, 201, 203, 238
Thirteenth Amendment, 257
Tonkin Resolution. See Gulf of Tonkin incident/resolution
Travers, Herbert, 187
Troy, Jerome, 184–90, 189–90, 194, 197, 238
Trump, Donald, xiii, 108, 253, 259
Turner, Chuck, 234
Tuttle, Betsy, 226
United Auto Workers (UAW), 25, 30
United Packing House Workers of America, 47–48
University at Nanterre, 101
University of Alabama, 12
University of Michigan teach-in (1965), 35
Vellucci, Al, 124
Veterans Administration (VA), 256
Veterans of Foreign Wars, 145
Vietcong. See National Liberation Front
Vietnam Moratorium (1969), 112, 154, 155, 159, 193, 239
Vietnam Summer (1967), 79–81, 83, 239
Vietnam today, 250
Vietnam veterans, 102–3, 112, 144–45, 150, 154; in Dorchester, 177, 182, 183–84, 193; in Lowell, 169, 171, 174, 175; returning medals, 192
Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW), 181, 184, 192–94, 193–94; “Winter Soldier Investigation” documenting war crimes, 193
Vietnam war: active duty military refusing to go, 153, 153; bombings and civilian casualties, 74, 130, 194, 197; congressional power to cut off funding for, 199; Democratic primaries and, 96; end of (1975), 199–200; family divisions over, 51–53; government lies about, 140, 197; Gulf of Tonkin incident/resolution, 20–21, 34, 41, 53, 130; “Hamburger Hill” battle (1969), 140, 141; Harvard deaths in, 141; Harvard students’ apology to McNamara for protestors, 66; Ia Drang Valley battle (1965), 46, 47, 130; LBJ escalation of, 20–21, 34, 50, 53, 68, 81, 85, 95, 130; lies and deceit of government, 41, 68, 130; Massachusetts Shea Act (1970) challenging legality of, 159; media depictions as turning point of public opinion, 46, 68, 131–32; My Lai massacre (1968), 130; napalm, 88–89, 89, 91, 93, 132, 248; national support for, 39, 43, 105; Nixon’s policies, 108–9, 140, 145, 192, 194, 197; Operation Junction City (1967), 74; peak of US troops in, 140; rationale for, assessed with today’s knowledge, 251; reaction to end of, 191–92, 200; South Vietnamese government and, 68; Tet Offensive (1968), 95–96; US abandonment of South Vietnamese at end, 200; US commitment to, 67, 102; in US pattern of foreign interventions, 51, 68, 72–73; weight of responsibility to end, 130–32; withdrawal of US from Vietnam (1973), 191, 192, 198. See also antiwar movement; Vietnam Moratorium
VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America), 44, 237, 239–40, 244
Wald, George, 92
Wallace, Chris, 124
Walls, Chaka, 146
Washington marches. See headings starting “March on”
Watson, Robert, 118
Watson, Tom, 255
WBCN (Boston FM station), 106, 164, 165
wealth gap, racial disparity, 256
Weatherman, 113, 147, 152–53; Black Panthers and, 163; Burlingham and Meisel leaving, 163–64; crazy and morally bankrupt, 163; Dyen and, 152; Greenwich Village explosion (1970), 162–63, 252; meeting with Vietnamese, 163; October Days of Rage and, 152
Webb, Lee, 11, 25, 71, 79, 264n3
Weiner, Jon, 96
Weld, Bill, 60
Wenner, Jan, 80
Westmoreland, William, 81
white backlash against civil rights, 247, 254, 256
white grievance, 108, 253, 257
Wiley, George, 271n5
Wilkins, Inez, 236
Winpisinger, William, 241
Winship, Tom, 207
Womack, Jack, 92
women’s liberation movement, 137–40, 157, 175, 247. See also feminism
Worcester, 57, 87, 177, 216, 219, 226, 232–33
Worker Student Alliance, 116, 146
working-class outreach: Dorchester, 177, 179–80; Lowell, 173–76; Mass Fair Share and, 213; Ronan Park, Boston, 178, 179, 180–81
World War II, 251; Hitler–Stalin Pact, 45; Munich appeasement (1938), 41