Notes
Preface
1.Larry Buchanan, Quoctrung Bui, and Jugal K. Patel, “Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.S. History,” New York Times, July 3, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html.
1. Getting on the Bus
1.Civil Defense Museum, “National Fallout Shelter Program—Public Fallout Shelter Signs,” August 25, 2024, http://www.civildefensemuseum.com/signs/.
2.This is not hyperbole. Between 1882 to 1968, the NAACP has documented 4,743 lynchings. NAACP, “History of Lynching in America,” accessed September 30, 2024, https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/history-lynching-america. For more on the killings of African Americans see Equal Justice Institute, “Lynching in America, Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror,” 2017, https://eji.org/reports/lynching-in-america/.
3.Mel King, Chain of Change: Struggles for Black Community Development (Boston: South End Press, 1981), 97
4.King, Chain of Change, 98
5.“First National Bank of Boston Agrees to Hire 10 Negroes,” New York Times, September 21, 1963.
6.Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 6, 1962 (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1963), https://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1962election.pdf.
7.Robert L. Levey, “10,000 on Common, Hub Rally Backs Alabama Negroes,” Boston Globe, May 13, 1963, 1.
8.Richard Pearson, “Former Ala. Gov. George C. Wallace Dies,” Washington Post, September 14, 1998, A1.
9.Jonathan Rieder, “The Day President Kennedy Embraced Civil Rights—and the Story Behind It.,” Atlantic, June 11, 2013, https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/06/the-day-president-kennedy-embraced-civil-rights-and-the-story-behind-it/276749/.
10.Rachel L. Swarns, Darcy Eveleigh, and Damien Cave, “The Day Medgar Evers Was Killed,” New York Times, January 31, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/national/unpublished-black-history/the-morning-after-medgar-evers-is-killed.
11.John A. Fenton, “Boston’s Negroes Firm on Stay Out,” New York Times, June 18, 1963, 20.
12.John Lewis, Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1998), 219–28.
13.Lydia Saad, “On King Holiday, a Split Review of Civil Rights Progress, Gallup, January 21, 2008, https://news.gallup.com/poll/103828/civil-rights-progress-seen-more.aspx.
14.Saad, “On King Holiday.”
15.“Noel Alger Day,” Blacks@Dartmouth 1775 to 1960, 2024, https://badahistory.net/view.php?ID=176.
16.Pat Paterson, “The Truth about Tonkin,” Naval History 22, no. 1 (February 2008), https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2008/february/truth-about-tonkin.
2. A New Left and the Start of the Student Movement
1.Richard Rothstein would go on to become a famed union organizer leading textile worker organizing in the South before becoming a writer, the national education columnist for the New York Times and then the author of the bestselling The Color of Law, which documented the intentional history of housing segregation, and, with his daughter Leah, Just Action, which explored citizen-led solutions to segregation.
2.Todd Gitlin, who would go on to be president of SDS, became a professor of sociology and journalism, the author of sixteen books, and the embodiment of an engaged public intellectual until his death in February 2022.
3.Lee became the national secretary of SDS in 1963. We would work together at Ramparts, and in Vietnam Summer. Lee would go on to found the Center for Policy Alternatives, the first national center focused on developing innovative ideas for state and local government. Lee then had a long career in public administration for New York State, Partners Health Care, and the New School.
4.Tom Hayden, “The Port Huron Statement, Written by Tom Hayden for the Students for a Democratic Society, June 15, 1962,” https://images2.americanprogress.org/campus/email/PortHuronStatement.pdf.
5.Hayden, “Port Huron Statement.”
6.David would stay active in politics his whole life, working for the senator Ted Kennedy for many years, and becoming the chief economist of the House Financial Services Committee, helping to shepherd the passage of the first Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 and then the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act in 2010.
7.C. Clark Kissinger, “SDS National Council,” Students for a Democratic Society Bulletin 3, no. 4 (January 1965): 2.
8.Kirkpatrick Sale, SDS: The Rise and Development of the Students for a Democratic Society (New York: Random House, 1973), 15–17.
9.Milton Viorst, Fire in the Streets: America in the 1960s (New York: Simon & Shuster, 1979), 293–98.
10.Dwight D. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1963), 338.
11.Lyndon B. Johnson, “Statement by the President: ‘Tragedy, Disappointment, and Progress’ in Viet-Nam,” American Presidency Project, April 17, 1965, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-the-president-tragedy-disappointment-and-progress-viet-nam.
12.“46,500 U.S. Troops in Vietnam,” New York Times, May 13, 1965, 16.
13.Todd Gitlin, The Sixties, Years of Hope, Days of Rage (New York: Bantam Books, 1987), 242.
3. Creating Room for Dissent
1.FBI Memorandum of July 11, 1968, written by Special Agent Kenneth West, document ID: 32509982, released under the Freedom of Information Act, author’s collection.
2.Kirkpatrick Sale, SDS: The Rise and Development of the Students for a Democratic Society (New York: Random House, 1973), 229–31.
3.Sale, SDS, 231.
4.Sale, SDS, 231.
5.Sale, SDS, 231–32.
6.Paul Booth, along with his wife Heather, would remain a friend until his death in 2018. He would have a long career as an organizer and strategist. He worked with Saul Alinsky in Chicago before becoming a labor organizer, eventually rising to national leadership in the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees.
7.Tom Wells, The War Within: America’s Battle over Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 58.
8.Florida Atlantic University Libraries, “Battle of Ia Drang 1965,” accessed July 10, 2021, https://libguides.fau.edu/vietnam-war/us-military-la-drang.
9.Robert J. Samuelson, “Harvard’s SDS Chapter May Begin Larger Anti-War Drive Next Term,” Harvard Crimson, December 13, 1965, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1965/12/13/harvards-sds-chapter-may-begin-larger/.
10.Digital History, “The Vietnam War: Interpreting Statistics,” 2021, https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=11&psid=3844.
11.National Archives, “Vietnam War U.S. Military Fatal Casualty Statistics: Electronic Records Reference Report,” August 23, 2022, https://www.archives.gov/research/military/vietnam-war/casualty-statistics.
12.Juleyka Lantigua-Williams, “40 Years Later, U.S. Invasion Still Haunts Dominican Republic,” Progressive Magazine, April 21, 2005, https://progressive.org/40-years-later-u.s.-invasion-still-haunts-dominican-republic/.
13.Vincent Bevins, “What the United States Did in Indonesia,” Atlantic, October 20, 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/10/the-indonesia-documents-and-the-us-agenda/543534/.
14.Wells, War Within, 374; and Craig McNamara, Because Our Fathers Lied: A Memoir of Truth and Family, from Vietnam to Today (Boston: Little Brown, 2022).
15.Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History (New York: Viking, 1991), 491.
16.Selective Service System, “Induction Statistics,” accessed July 15, 2023, https://www.sss.gov/history-and-records/induction-statistics/.
17.Bruce Dancis, Resister: A Story of Protest and Prison during the Vietnam War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2014), 44–45.
18.Sherry Gershon Gottlieb, Hell No, We Won’t Go! Resisting the Draft During the Vietnam War (New York: Viking, 1991), 91.
19.Students for a Democratic Society, “National Vietnam Examination,” accessed October 10, 2019, https://www.sds-1960s.org/exam.htm
20.Robert J. Samuelson, “SDS to Distribute Exam on Vietnam at Draft Test,” Harvard Crimson, May 3, 1966, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1966/5/3/sds-to-distribute-exam-on-vietnam/.
21.Eric Pace, “Thomas B. Adams Dies at 86; Descendant of Two Presidents,” New York Times, June 9, 1997, https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/09/us/thomas-b-adams-dies-at-86-descendant-of-two-presidents.html.
5. Taking It to a New Level: 1966–67
1.United Press International, “McNamara Heckled as War Critics Halt His Car at Harvard; HARVARD UPROAR BALKS M’NAMARA,” New York Times, November 8, 1966, 1.
2.Robert S. McNamara, In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam (New York: Crown, 1995).
3.Richard W. Lyman, Stanford in Turmoil: Campus Unrest, 1966–1972 (Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009), chapter 4.
4.“Battlefield: Vietnam,” accessed July 20, 2023, https://www.pbs.org/battlefieldvietnam/timeline/index1.html.
5.Bryan Marquard, “David Bird, 79, Civic Activist, Campaign Aide,” Boston Globe, November 6, 2007, http://archive.boston.com/news/globe/obituaries/articles/2007/11/06/david_bird_79_civic_activist_campaign_aide/.
6.Karen Paget, Patriotic Betrayal: The Inside Story of the CIA’s Secret Campaign to Enroll American Students in the Crusade against Communism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015), chapter 15.
7.Peter Richardson, A Bomb in Every Issue: How the Short, Unruly Life of Ramparts Magazine Changed America (New York: New Press, 2010), 80.
8.Church Committee, Final Report, Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, 93rd Cong., 1st sess., S. Rep. no. 94–755, April 29, 1976, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/resources/intelligence-related-commissions. See in particular Interim Report: Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders and Book II: Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans.
9.“The CIA Report the President Doesn’t Want You to Read,” Village Voice 21, no. 7 (February 16, 1976), https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP03-01541R000200420001-1.pdf.
10.James Risen and Thomas Risen, The Last Honest Man: The CIA, the FBI, the Mafia, and the Kennedys—and One Senator’s Fight to Save Democracy (Boston: Little, Brown, 2023), 400–407.
11.“December 13–14—The village of Caudat near Hanoi is leveled by U.S. bombers resulting in harsh criticism from the international community.” History Place, “The Vietnam War: The Jungle War, 1965–1968,” 1999, https://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/vietnam/index-1965.html.
12.“December 26, 1966—Facing increased scrutiny from journalists over mounting civilian causalities in North Vietnam, the U.S. Defense Department now admits civilians may have been bombed accidentally”; “December 27, 1966—The U.S. mounts a large-scale air assault against suspected Viet Cong positions in the Mekong Delta using Napalm and hundreds of tons of bombs.” History Place, “Vietnam War.”
13.Ron Milam, “1967: The Era of Big Battles in Vietnam,” New York Times, January 10, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/10/opinion/1967-the-era-of-big-battles-in-vietnam.html.
14.J. Anthony Lukas, “Bad Day at Cairo, Ill,” New York Times, February 21, 1971, SM22.
15.“Detroit under Fire, 12th Street Blind Pig,” 2021, https://policing.umhistorylabs.lsa.umich.edu/s/detroitunderfire/page/blind-pig1.
16.Todd Gitlin, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage (New York: Bantam Books, 1987), 245.
17.University Communications, “SF State experts say ‘Summer of Love’ Legacy Still Widely Felt,” SF State News, May 15, 2017, https://news.sfsu.edu/archive/news-story/sf-state-experts-say-%E2%80%98summer-love%E2%80%99-legacy-still-widely-felt.html.
18.“Draft Memorandum from Secretary of Defense McNamara to President Johnson,” May 19, 1967, in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, vol. 5, Vietnam, 1967 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2002), document 177.
19.Simon Hall, “On the Tail of the Panther: Black Power and the 1967 Convention of the National Conference for New Politics,” Journal of American Studies 37 (2003): 59–78.
6. 1967 Sitting In and Armies of the Night
1.Katie Mettler, “The Day Anti-Vietnam War Protesters Tried to Levitate the Pentagon,” Washington Post, October 19, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/10/19/the-day-anti-vietnam-war-protesters-tried-to-levitate-the-pentagon/.
2.Tom Wells, The War Within: America’s Battle over Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 195–203.
3.Robert Neer, Napalm: An American Biography (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2013), 34.
4.“Napalm,” Wikipedia, July 10, 2024, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm.
5.Neer, Napalm, 111.
6.John A. Herfort, “Dow and the Faculty,” Harvard Crimson, November 2, 1967, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1967/11/2/dow-and-the-faculty-pthe-sit-in/.
7.Paul Lauter, Our Sixties: An Activist’s History (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2020), 132–40.
8.Ned Brandt, Growth Company: Dow Chemical’s First Century (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1997), 356.
7. 1968
1.Tom Wells, The War Within: America’s Battle over Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 230–33.
2.History Place, “The Vietnam War: The Jungle War, 1965–1968,” 1999, https://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/vietnam/index-1965.html.
3.Peter Arnett, Live from the Battlefield: From Vietnam to Baghdad, 35 Years in the World’s War Zones (New York: Simon & Shuster, 1993), 253–57.
4.Tom Wicker, “Johnson Says He Won’t Run,” New York Times, March 31, 1968, 1.
5.Virginia Hamill, “Rudi Dutschke, 39, Led German Student Revolt,” Washington Post, December 26, 1979, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1979/12/26/rudi-dutschke-39-led-german-student-revolt/fbab8efd-cbe4-4ef4-af0d-d2c2c2d93158/.
6.Mark Kurlansky, 1968: The Year That Rocked the World (New York: Ballantine Books, 2003), 151–54.
7.Charles Kaiser, 1968 in America: Music, Politics, Chaos, Counterculture, and the Shaping of a Generation (New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988), 163.
8.“Metropolitan Briefs,” New York Times, November 14, 1974, 51.
9.Alissa J. Rubin, “May 1968: A Month of Revolution Pushed France into the Modern World,” New York Times, May 5, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/05/world/europe/france-may-1968-revolution.html.
10.Elisabeth Malkin, “50 Years After a Student Massacre, Mexico Reflects on Democracy,” New York Times, October 1, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/01/world/americas/mexico-tlatelolco-massacre.html.
11.Nicholas Gagarin, “442 Harvard Students Pledge ‘We Won’t Go,’ ” Harvard Crimson, May 15, 1968, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1968/5/15/442-harvard-students-pledge-we-wont/.
12.Joel R. Kramer, “The Fellows Beef Up Their Party by Doling Out the Honoraries,” Harvard Crimson, June 12, 1969, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1969/6/12/the-fellows-beef-up-their-party/.
13.Craig MacNamara, Because our Fathers Lied: A Memoir of Truth and Family, from Vietnam to Today (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 2022).
14.Tad Szulc, “Czechoslovakia Invaded by Russians and Four Other Warsaw Pact Forces; They Open Fire on Crowds in Prague,” New York Times, August 21, 1968, 1.
15.A. J. Liebling, “Do you Belong in Journalism,” New Yorker, May 14, 1960, 105.
16.We were told the quote came from Karl Marx’s The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. But it is not so simple. There Marx, in a reference to his beloved William Shakespeare play Hamlet, wrote, “Well grubbed, old mole.” In an 1856 speech Marx said “we recognize our brave friend, Robin Goodfellow, the old mole that can work in the earth so fast, that worthy pioneer—the Revolutions.” See Peter Stallybrass, “ ‘Well Grubbed Old Mole’: Marx, Hamlet, and the (Un)fixing of Representation,” Cultural Studies 12, no. 1 (1998): 3–14, https://cpb-ap-se2.wpmucdn.com/global2.vic.edu.au/dist/5/3744/files/2016/12/Marx-and-Hamlet-1awo1ut.pdf.
17.John A Farrell, “Tricky Dick’s Vietnam Treachery,” New York Times, January 1, 2017, SR9.
18.Richard Nixon, “Acceptance Speech, August 8, 1968,” Richard Nixon Foundation, accessed June 5, 2020, https://www.nixonfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/RNs-Annotated-Reading-Copy-Folder-28.pdf.
19.Dan Baum, “Legalize It All: How to Win the War on Drugs,” Harper’s Magazine, April 2016, https://harpers.org/archive/2016/04/legalize-it-all/.
8. Shutting Down Harvard
1.Declan J. Knieriem, “Haunted by the War: Remembering the University Hall Takeover of 1969,” Harvard Crimson, May 27, 2019, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/5/27/university-hall-1969/.
2.“No Military Training at Harvard,” Harvard Crimson, December 2, 1968, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1968/12/2/no-military-training-at-harvard-pbtbhe/.
3.“Robert B. Watson, Harvard Dean, Dies at 86,” New York Times, August 17, 2000, 38.
4.Tyler S. B. Olkowski, “The Great Harvard Sex Scandal of 1964,” Harvard Crimson, May 29, 2014, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2014/5/29/harvard-sex-scandal-1964/.
5.Peter Shapiro, “F. Skiddy von Stade: Dean of Freshmen, Harvard College,” Harvard Crimson, September 1, 1972, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1972/9/1/f-skiddy-von-stade-pbybou-might/.
6.“Von Stade Wrote Letter against Merger, Saw No Benefit in Educating More Women,” Harvard Crimson, November 6, 1970, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1970/11/6/von-stade-wrote-letter-against-merger/.
9. Strange Days: 1969–1970
1.Church Committee, Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, book 2, Senate Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, 93rd Cong., 1st sess., S. Rep. no. 94–755, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_II.pdf.
2.U.S. Government Memorandum to FBI Director 100–450214 from Boston FBI office, Subject Michael Stearns Ansara, August 23, 1968, author’s collection: “An FD-122 has been submitted to the Bureau recommending the inclusion of the subject’s name in the Security Index”; SAC Boston (100–36315) to Director FBI, October 8, 1968, author’s collection: “Boston should promptly submit an amended succinct summary setting out specific reasons why subject should be considered for inclusion in the Agitator Index”; and US Government Memorandum 100–36315, from SAC Boston, to FBI Director Subject Michael Stearns Ansara, October 2, 1969, Rabble Rouser Index, author’s collection.
3.Ward Churchill and Jim Vander Wall, The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI’s Wars against Dissent in the United States (Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 2022), 355n57.
4.Tom Wells, The War Within: America’s Battle over Vietnam (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1994), 382.
5.Mathew Fleischer, “Opinion: 50 Years Ago, LAPD Raided the Black Panthers. SWAT Teams Have Been Targeting Black Communities Ever Since,” Los Angeles Times, December 8, 2019, https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2019-12-08/50-years-swat-black-panthers-militarized-policinglos-angeles.
6.Homer Bigart, “War Foes Here Attacked by Construction Workers,” New York Times, May 9, 1970, 1.
7.Robert B. Semple, Jr., “Nixon Meets Heads of 2 City Unions; Hails War Support,” New York Times, May 27, 1970, 1.
8.“An S.D.S. Founder Beaten in Chicago,” New York Times, May 7, 1969, 26.
9.Mickey Flacks and Dick Flacks, Making History/Making Blintzes: How Two Red Diaper Babies Found Each Other and Discovered America (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2018), 299.
10.“Senate Committee Schedules Radical Group Investigation,” Pacifican, April 19, 1970, 1.
11.Richard J. Connolly, “Businessman, Dummy Firm Fund Boston SDS,” Boston Globe, July 12, 1969, 2.
12.James R Hagerty, “CVS Founder Had One Foot in Business, the Other in Counterculture,” Wall Street Journal, January 23, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/activism-disrupted-career-of-cvs-co-founder-ralph-hoagland-11579811162.
13.Todd Gitlin, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage (New York: Bantam Books, 1987) n370.
14.Steve Estes, “Engendering Movement Memories: Remembering Race and Gender in the Mississippi Movement,” in The Civil Rights Movement in American Memory, ed. Leigh Raiford and Renee Christine Romano (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2006), 301.
15.Casey Hayden and Mary King, “A Kind of Memo,” Civil Rights Movement Archive, November 18, 1965, https://www.crmvet.org/docs/kindof.htm.
16.Jo Freeman, “On the Origins of the Women’s Liberation Movement from a Strictly Personal Perspective,” jofreeman.com, accessed July 10, 2023, https://www.jofreeman.com/aboutjo/persorg.htm.
17.Wells, War Within, 290.
18.Wyatt Olson, “Hamburger Hill: For War-Weary Americans, 10-Day Battle Defined Futility of Vietnam War,” Stars and Stripes, August 15, 2019, https://www.stripes.com/special-reports/vietnam-stories/1969/2019-08-15/hamburger-hill:-for-war-weary-americans,-10-day-battle-defined-futility-of-vietnam-war-1479397.html.
19.U.S. Army Center of Military History, “Vietnam War Campaigns,” accessed September 5, 2023, https://history.army.mil/html/reference/army_flag/vn.html.
20.Vietnam Veterans Project, “Statistics about the Vietnam War,” accessed September 5, 2023, https://vietnamveteranproject.org/statistics-2/.
21.Selective Service System, “Induction Statistics,” accessed September 6, 2023, https://www.sss.gov/history-and-records/induction-statistics/.
22.Gitlin, Sixties, 412.
23.David Cortright, Peace: A History of Movements and Ideas (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 164–65.
24.Giuseppe Valiante, “U.S. Vietnam War Draft Dodgers Left Their Mark on Canada,” CTV News, April 16, 2015, https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/vietnam-war-draft-dodgers-left-mark-in-canada-1.2329725.
25.Mark Shields, “Myths of Vietnam Still Alive and in Print,” Tampa Bay Times, September 15, 2005, https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1996/04/29/myths-of-vietnam-still-alive-and-in-print/.
26.Jerry Lembcke, “The Myth of the Spitting Antiwar Protester,” New York Times, October 13, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/13/opinion/myth-spitting-vietnam-protester.html; and Jerry Lembcke, The Spitting Image: Myth, Memory, and the Legacy of Vietnam (New York: NYU Press, 2000).
27.Lew Finfer, “RIP, Harry Gottschalk, Dot’s ‘Renaissance Man,’ ” Dorchester Reporter, May 15, 2014, https://www.dotnews.com/columns/2014/rip-harry-gottschalk-dot-s-renaissance-man.
28.Lydia Saad, “Gallup Vault: Hawks vs. Doves on Vietnam,” Gallup, May 24, 2016, https://news.gallup.com/vault/191828/gallup-vault-hawks-doves-vietnam.aspx.
29.Hedrick Smith, “Nixon to Reduce Vietnam Force, Pulling out 25,000 G.I.’s by Aug. 31; a Midway Accord,” New York Times, June 9, 1969, 1.
30.Bob Orkand, “ ‘I Ain’t Got No Quarrel with Them Vietcong,’ ” New York Times, June 27, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/27/opinion/muhammad-ali-vietnam-war.html.
31.Kirkpatric Sale, SDS: The Rise and Development of the Students for a Democratic Society (New York: Random House, 1973), 565.
32.Sale, SDS, 566.
33.Carol J. Williams, “Milosevic’s Defiance Is Taking Its Toll on Him—and His Trial,” Los Angeles Times, August 6, 2002, https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-aug-06-fg-milo6-story.html.
34.Peter Knight, “Outrageous Conspiracy Theories: Popular and Official Responses to 9/11 in Germany and the United States,” New German Critique 35, no. 1 (2008): 165–93.
35.Arthur M. Eckstein, Bad Moon Rising, How the Weather Underground Beat the FBI and Lost the Revolution (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2016), 61.
36.Bertolt Brecht, “To Prosperity,” trans. H. R. Hays, All Poetry, 2008, https://allpoetry.com/to-posterity.
37.Churchill and Vander Wall, COINTELPRO Papers, 138–41.
10. Days of Rage
1.Ron Carver, David Cortright, and Barbara Doherty, eds., Waging Peace in Vietnam: US Soldiers Who Opposed the War (New York: New Village Press, 2019).
2.Learning Network, “Nov. 15, 1969 | Anti-Vietnam War Demonstration Held,” New York Times, November 15, 2011, https://archive.nytimes.com/learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/15/nov-15-1969-anti-vietnam-war-demonstration-held/.
3.David N. Hollander and Carol R. Sternhell, “Boston: 100,000 Rally,” Harvard Crimson, October 16, 1969, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1969/10/16/boston-100000-rally-pmore-than-100000/.
4.Carol R. Sternhell, “1000 Protestors at M.I.T. Ask End to War Research,” Harvard Crimson, November 5, 1969, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1969/11/5/1000-protestors-at-mit-ask-end/.
5.Parker Donham, “4 Officers Injured in BU Melee,” Boston Globe, November 26, 1969, 1.
6.J. Anthony Lukas, “Chicago 7 Cleared of Plot; 5 Guilty on Second Count,” New York Times, February 19, 1970, 1.
7.“Hub Police Head Issues Post-Trial Violence Alert,” Boston Globe, February 18, 1970, 4.
8.Jerry T. Nepom, “The Shea Bill Testing the War,” Harvard Crimson, April 11, 1970, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1970/4/11/the-shea-bill-testing-the-war/.
9.Bryan Borroughs, Days of Rage: America’s Radical Underground, the FBI, and the Forgotten Age of Revolutionary Violence (New York: Penguin Books, 2016), 100.
10.Todd Gitlin, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage (New York: Bantam Books, 1987), 400; and Mark Rudd, Underground: My Life with SDS and the Weathermen (New York: HarperCollins, 2009), 189.
11.Arthur M. Eckstein, Bad Moon Rising: How the Weather Underground Beat the FBI and Lost the Revolution (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2016), 70–71.
12.Eckstein, Bad Moon Rising, 98–99.
13.Eckstein, Bad Moon Rising, 42–44; Burroughs, Days of Rage, 5.
14.Eckstein, Bad Moon Rising.
15.Sam Roberts, “Danny Schechter, ‘News Dissector’ and Human Rights Activist, Dies at 72,” New York Times, March 23, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/24/arts/television/danny-schechter-news-dissector-and-human-rights-activist-dies-at-72.html.
16.Agis Salpukas, “U.S. Foregoes Trial of Weatherman,” New York Times, October 16, 1973, 89.
17.Charles R. Babcock, “Gray, 2 High-Ranking Aides Are Indicted in FBI Break-Ins,” Washington Post, April 11, 1978, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/04/11/gray-2-high-ranking-aides-are-indicted-in-fbi-break-ins/ed0c09a0-f8bd-4192-b090-38fe9147efbc/.
11. A March in Lowell
1.Peter Ward, “The Clash of Class over Vietnam Still Felt by Some,” Lowell Sun, October 12, 2001, 11.
12. Dorchester and The People First
1.Robert Turner, “Judge Troy: Many Friends, Interests and Controversies,” Boston Globe, April 11, 1973, 3.
2.John Fenton, “Massachusetts Speaker and 25 Indicted in Corruption Inquiry,” New York Times, May 9, 1964, 1.
3.Bo Burlingham, “The Legend of Banquo’s Ghost,” Boston Magazine, May 15, 2006, https://www.bostonmagazine.com/2006/05/15/the-legend-of-banquos-ghost/.
4.“The Law: The Fight to Sack Troy,” Time, June 5, 1972, https://time.com/archive/6839820/the-law-the-fight-to-sack-troy/.
13. How Does a War End?
1.Lawrence O’Donnell, Jr., Playing with Fire: The 1968 Election and the Transformation of American Politics (New York: Penguin, 2017), 416.
14. To Be an Organizer
1.Nussbaum has continued to be an organizer and leader, first with 9 to 5 for many years, then with the Service Employees Union, the Bill Clinton Department of Labor, and the AFL-CIO, where she created Working America. Cassedy also spent years leading 9 to 5 and then became a journalist, speech writer in the Clinton administration and award-winning novelist, translator, playwright, and filmmaker.
2.The Jane Collective that Heather helped lead has garnered a new round of appreciation in the wake of the Dobbs decision overturning Roe v. Wade. There is a book, The Story of Jane: The Legendary Underground Feminist Abortion Service, by Laura Kaplan, and an HBO movie, The Janes.
3.Jo Freeman, “The Tyranny of Structurelessness,” JoFreeman.com, 2013, https://www.jofreeman.com/joreen/tyranny.htm.
4.Mel would go on to become a beloved longtime activist, a state representative, and the first serious Black candidate for mayor of Boston.
5.The Movement for Economic Justice had been founded by George Wiley, who had created and led the National Welfare Rights Organization. Tragically Dr. Wiley drowned in August of 1973, which deprived the new organization of the leadership it needed to fulfill his dream of a new national organization built to fight for economic justice.
6.Michael Corbett, “Oil Shock of 1973–74,” Federal Reserve History, November 22, 2013, https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/oil-shock-of-1973-74.
7.“Referendums Fared Poorly,” Boston Globe, November 4, 1976, 1.
8.Lew would remain an organizer in Boston and Massachusetts for the next fifty years, becoming an icon. In November 2022, he would spearhead the successful referendum campaign that enacted a 4 percent surtax on income above $1 million annually, known as the Fair Share Amendment. When he finally announced his official retirement, it was covered in the Boston Globe: Joan Vennochi, “Lew Finfer, a Quiet Leader for Social and Economic Justice in Boston,” Boston Globe, October 19, 2022, https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/10/19/opinion/lew-finfer-quiet-leader-social-economic-justice-boston/.
15. Massachusetts Fair Share
1.Robert Carr, “Reinstein Pays Tax, Withholds Tardy List,” Boston Globe, September 6, 1977, 3.
2.“Revere Woman Elected to Fair Share Board,” Revere Journal, November 16, 1977, 7.
3.Edward Quill, “Taxpayers Smolder of Revaluation,” Boston Globe, August 28, 1978, 25.
4.William Doherty, “Kelly Is Found Guilty of Extortion,” Boston Globe, December 24, 1982, 1.
5.Laurence Collins, “Legislators Fill ‘Goody Box,’ ” Boston Globe, May 12, 1978, 10.
6.Kirk O’Donnell would go on to be a key aide to O’Neill when he was the speaker of the House. Fred Salvucci would become known as he architect of Boston’s “Big Dig” completely changing Boston’s road ways. Micho Spring would go on to be a fixture in Boston politics and business for four decades.
7.David Rogers, “It Was ‘All Aboard’ for Question 1 Forces,” Boston Globe, November 5, 1978, 15.
8.“It’s Official—the Election Winners and Figures,” Boston Globe, November 30, 1978, 30.
9.Norman Lockman, “Auto Rate Fight Brewing for 78,” Boston Globe, September 25, 1977, 4.
10.Norman Lockman, “Insurance Rates Cut for 60% of Drivers,” Boston Globe, December 29, 1977, 1.
11.U.S. Department of Commerce, “1970 Census of Population: Distribution of the Negro Population by County,” June 1971, https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/31679801n1-40ch01.pdf.
12.Charles A. Radin, “Citizen Group Charges Racial Bias in T Service.” Boston Globe, March 1, 1980, 13.
13.Harry C. Boyte and Frank Riessman, The New Populism: The Politics of Empowerment (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986).
14.Miles would go on to be elected to the state legislature and then secretary of state in Connecticut. Every time Marc was his campaign manager.
Epilogue: From the Vantage of Fifty Years
1.“American Chamber of Congress in Vietnam,” accessed October 15, 2016, https://www.amchamvietnam.com/.
2.Mike Ives, “McDonald’s Opens in Vietnam, Bringing Big Mac to Fans of Banh Mi,” New York Times, February 7, 2014, B1.
3.Mark Landler, “Making Nike Shoes in Vietnam,” New York Times, April 28, 2000, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/world/asia/042800vietnam-nike.html.
4.Sheridan Prasso, “Made in Vietnam,” November 20, 2006, https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/11/13/8393175/index.htm.
5.Chris Buckley and Chau Doan, “Anti-Chinese Violence Convulses Vietnam, Pitting Laborers against Laborers,” New York Times, May 16, 2014, A15.
6.Jon Simkins, “Carl Vinson First Carrier to Visit Vietnam since War,” Navy Times, March 5, 2018, https://www.navytimes.com/news/your-navy/2018/03/05/carl-vinson-first-carrier-to-visit-vietnam-since-war/.
7.Peter Baker and Katie Rogers, “Biden Forges Deeper Ties with Vietnam as China’s Ambition Mounts,” New York Times, September 10, 2023, A1.
8.Tom Wells, The War Within: America’s Battle over Vietnam (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1994), 356, 357.
9.Ward Churchill and Jim Vander Wall, The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI’s Secret Wars against Dissent in the United States (Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 2022), 92.
10.John A. Farrell, “When a Candidate Conspired with a Foreign Power to Win an Election,” Politico, August 6, 2017, https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/08/06/nixon-vietnam-candidate-conspired-with-foreign-power-win-election-215461/.
11.Matt Welch and Alexis Garcia, “When Democrats Loved Deregulation,” Reason, December 12, 2018, https://reason.com/2018/12/12/when-democrats-loved-deregulation/; and Mychael Schnell, “Democrats Defend Deregulation Vote amid Banking Blame Game,” Hill, March 18, 2023, https://thehill.com/business/banking-financial-institutions/3905108-democrats-defend-deregulation-vote-amid-banking-blame-game/.
12.Lawrence Goodwyn, The Populist Moment: A Short History of the Agrarian Revolt in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978).
13.C. Vann Woodward, Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963).
14.Rakesh Kochhar and Anthony Cilluffo, “How Wealth Inequality Has Changed in the U.S. since the Great Recession, by Race, Ethnicity and Income,” Pew Research Center, November 1, 2017, https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2017/11/01/how-wealth-inequality-has-changed-in-the-u-s-since-the-great-recession-by-race-ethnicity-and-income/.
15.Richard Rothstein, The Color of Law, A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America (New York: W. W. Norton, 2018)
16.Pew Research Center, “Facts on U.S. Immigrants, 2018,” August 20, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2020/08/20/facts-on-u-s-immigrants/.
17.Jorge Durand, Douglas S. Massey, and Emilio A. Parrado, “The New Era of Mexican Migration to the United States,” Organization of American Historians, accessed May 15, 2020, http://archive.oah.org/special-issues/mexico/jdurand.html.
18.Steve Phillips, “What about White Voters?,” Center for American Progress, February 5, 2016, https://www.americanprogress.org/article/what-about-white-voters/.