Bibliography

Abbot, Lynn, and Doug Seroff, eds. Out of Sight: The Rise of African American Popular Music, 1889–95. Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 2002.

Adelson, Leslie. “Touching Tales of Turks, Germans, and Jews: Cultural Alterity, Historical Narrative, and Literary Riddles for the 1990s.” New German Critique 80 (Spring/Summer 2000): 93–124.

Agee, Joel. Twelve Years: An American Boyhood in East Germany. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1981.

Agnew, Vanessa. Enlightenment Orpheus: The Power of Music in Other Worlds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

Aitken, Robbie. “Embracing Germany: Interwar German Society and Black Germans through the Eyes of African American Reporters.” Journal of American Studies 52, no. 2 (2018): 447–73.

——. “Surviving in the Metropole: The Struggle for Work and Belonging Amongst African Colonial Migrants in Weimar Germany.” Immigrants & Minorities 28, no. 2–3 (2010): 203–23.

Aitken, Robbie, and Eve Rosenhaft. Black Germany: The Making and Unmaking of a Diaspora Community, 1884–1960. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

Albrecht, Theodore. “Julius Weiss: Scott Joplin’s First Piano Teacher.” College Music Symposium 19, no. 2 (1979): 89–105.

Ames, Eric. Carl Hagenbeck’s Empire of Entertainments. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2008.

Anderson, Marian. My Lord What a Morning: An Autobiography. New York: Viking Press, 1956.

Anderson, Paul Allen. Deep River: Music and Memory in Harlem Renaissance Thought. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001.

Anderton, Abby. “Hearing Democracy in the Ruins of Hitler’s Reich: American Musicians in Postwar Germany.” Comparative Critical Studies 13, no. 2 (June 2016): 215–31.

——. “ ‘It Was Never a Nazi Orchestra’: The American Reeducation of the Berlin Philharmonic.” Music and Politics 7, no. 1 (2013): 1–16.

——. Rubble Music: Occupying the Ruins of Postwar Berlin, 1945–1950. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2019.

André, Naomi. Black Opera: History, Power, Engagement. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2018.

Andreas-Friedrich, Ruth. Schauplatz Berlin: Tagebuchaufzeichnungen 1945 bis 1948. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1985.

Ansari, Emily Abrams. The Sound of a Superpower: Musical Americanism and the Cold War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.

Appiah, Kwame Anthony. Lines of Descent: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Emergence of Identity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.

Applegate, Celia. “Hausmusik in the Third Reich.” In The Necessity of Music: Variations on a German Theme, 260–74. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2017.

——. “Mendelssohn on the Road.” In The Necessity of Music: Variations on a German Theme, 119–34. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2017.

——. “Saving Music: Enduring Experiences of Culture.” History & Memory 17, nos. 1–2 (2005): 217–37.

Applegate, Celia, and Pamela Potter, eds. Music and German National Identity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.

Badenberg, Nana. “Mohrenwäschen, Völkerschauen: Der Konsum des Schwarzen um 1900.” In Colors 1800/1900/2000: Signs of Ethnic Difference, edited by Birgit Tautz, 163–84. New York: Brill, 2004.

Baldwin, Kate. Beyond the Color Line and the Iron Curtain: Reading Encounters Between Black and Red, 1922–1963. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002.

Bang, Paul. Die farbige Gefahr. Göttingen: Vanderhoeck & Ruprecht, 1938.

Barton, Deborah. “Rewriting the Reich: German Women Journalists as Transnational Mediators for Germany’s Rehabilitation.” Central European History 51, no. 4 (December 2018): 563–84.

Bartov, Omer. “Defining Enemies, Making Victims: Germans, Jews, and the Holocaust.” American Historical Review 103, no. 3 (1998): 771–816.

Bauer, Ingrid. “ ‘Die Amis, die Ausländer und wir’: Zur Erfahrung und Produktion von Eigenem und Fremdem im Jahrzent nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg,” In Walz—Migration—Besatzung: Historische Szenarien des Eigenen und des Fremden, edited by Ingrid Bauer, Josef Ehmer, and Sylvia Hahn, 197–276. Klagenfurt: Drama, 2004.

——. “ ‘Leiblicher Vater: Amerikaner (Neger)’: Besatzungskinder österreichisch-afroamerikanischer Herkunft.” In Früchte der Zeit: Afrika, Diaspora, Literatur und Migration, edited by Helmuth A. Niederle, 49–67. Vienna: WUV Universitätsverlag, 2001.

Bauer, Oswald Georg. Richard Wagner: The Stage Designs and Productions from the Premieres to the Present. New York: Rizzoli, 1983.

Baum, Laura, Katharina Oguntoye, and May Opitz. “Three Afro-German Women in Conversation with Dagmar Schultz: The First Exchange for This Book.” In Showing Our Colors: Afro-German Women Speak Out, 145–64. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1992.

Baumann, Ronald M. Constructing Black Education at Oberlin College: A Documentary History. Athens: University of Ohio Press, 2010.

Beal, Amy C. New Music, New Allies: American Experimental Music in West Germany from the Zero Hour to Reunification. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.

Beck, Hamilton. “Censoring Your Ally: W. E. B. Du Bois in the German Democratic Republic.” In Crosscurrents: African Americans, Africa, and Germany in the Modern World, edited by David McBride, Leroy Hopkins, and Carol Aisha Blackshire-Belay, 197–232. Columbia, SC: Camden House, 1998.

Behrends, Jan C., Thomas Lindenberger, and Patrice G. Poutrus, eds. Fremde und Fremd-Sein in der DDR: zu historischen Ursachen der Fremdenfeindlichkeit in Ostdeutschland. Berlin: Metropol, 2003.

Bellman, Jonathan. The Style Hongrois in the Music of Western Europe. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1993.

Beniston, Judith, and Robert Vilain, eds. Culture and Politics in Red Vienna. Leeds: Maney, 2006.

Bischof, Günter, and Anton Pelinka, eds. Austrian Historical Memory & National Identity. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1997.

Bohlman, Philip, and Otto Holzapfel, eds. Land without Nightingales: Music in the Making of German-America. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2002.

Borstelmann, Thomas. The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001.

Bowersox, Jeff. Raising Germans in the Age of Empire: Youth and Colonial Culture, 1871–1914. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Brockmann, Stephen and Thomas W. Kniesche. Dancing on the Volcano: Essays on the Culture of the Weimar Republic. Columbia, SC: Camden House, 1994.

Bronsen, David. Joseph Roth: Eine Biographie. Cologne: Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 1974.

Brooks, Christopher A., and Robert Sims. Roland Hayes: The Legacy of an American Tenor. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2015.

Brooks, Daphne. Bodies in Dissent: Spectacular Performances of Race and Freedom, 1850–1910. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006.

Brooks, Tim. Lost Sounds: Blacks and the Birth of the Recording Industry, 1890–1919. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004.

Brown, Jacqueline. “Black Liverpool, Black America, and the Gendering of Diasporic Space.” Cultural Anthropology 13 (1998): 291–325.

Brown, Jayna. Babylon Girls: Black Women Performers and the Shaping of the Modern. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008.

Bunzl, Matti. Symptoms of Modernity: Jews and Queers in Late-Twentieth-Century Vienna. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.

Burford, Mark. “Sam Cooke as Pop Album Artist—A Reinvention in Three Songs.” Journal of the American Musicological Society 65, no. 1 (2012): 113–78.

Burton, Deborah, Susan Vandiver Nicassio, and Agostino Ziino, eds. Tosca’s Prism: Three Moments of Western Cultural History. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2004.

Calico, Joy. Arnold Schoenberg’s “A Survivor from Warsaw” in Postwar Europe. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014.

——. “ ‘Für Eine Neue Deutsche Nationaloper’: Opera in the Discourses of Unification and Legitimation in the German Democratic Republic.” In Music and German National Identity, edited by Celia Applegate and Pamela Potter, 190–204. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.

Campt, Tina. “Converging Spectres of an Other Within: Race and Gender in Prewar Afro-German History.” Callaloo 26, no. 2 (2003): 322–41.

——. Other Germans: Black Germans and the Politics of Race, Gender, and Memory in the Third Reich. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004.

Campt, Tina, Pascal Grosse, and Yara-Colette Lemke-Muniz Faria. “Blacks, Germans, and the Politics of Imperial Imagination, 1920–1960.” In The Imperialist Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy, edited by Sara Lennox, Sara Friedrichsmeyer, and Susanne Zantop, 205–32. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998.

Canarina, John. “Uncle Sam’s Orchestra”: Memories of the Seventh Army Symphony. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 1998.

Canning, Kathleen, Kerstin Barndt, and Kristin McGuire, eds. Weimar Publics/Weimar Subjects: Rethinking The Political Culture of Germany in the 1920s. New York: Berghahn, 2010.

Carter, Marva. Swing Along: The Musical Life of Will Marion Cook. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

——. “The Life and Career of Will Marion Cook.” PhD diss., University of Illinois, 1988.

Cazort, Jean E. Born to Play: The Life and Career of Hazel Harrison. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983.

Cheatham, Wallace. Dialogues on Opera and the African-American Experience. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1997.

Cheatham, Wallace, and Sylvia Lee. “Lady Sylvia Speaks.” Black Music Research Journal 16, no. 1 (1996): 183–213.

Cheatham, Wallace, and George Shirley. “A Renowned Divo Speaks.” Black Perspective in Music 18, no. 1/2 (1990): 141–78.

Chin, Rita, Atina Grossmann, Heide Fehrenbach, and Geoff Eley. After the Nazi Racial State: Difference and Democracy in Germany and Europe. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2009.

Chybowski, Julia. “Becoming the ‘Black Swan’ in Mid-Nineteenth-Century America: Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield’s Early Life and Debut Concert Tour.” Journal of the American Musicological Society 67, no. 1 (2014): 125–65.

Ciarlo, David. Advertising Empire: Race and Visual Culture in Imperial Germany. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011.

Clement, Catherine. Opera, or the Undoing of Women. Translated by Betsy Wing. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998.

Clendinnen, Inga. Dancing with Strangers: Europeans and Australians at First Contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Cook, Nicholas. “Seeing Sounds, Hearing Images: Listening Outside the Modernist Box.” In Musical Listening in the Age of Technological Reproduction, edited by Gianmario Borio, 185–202. New York: Routledge, 2015.

Crawford, Richard. “It Ain’t Necessarily Soul: Gershwin’s Porgy and Bess as a Symbol.” Anuario Interamericano de Investigacion Musical 8 (1972): 27.

Cruz, Jon. Culture on the Margins: The Black Spiritual and the Rise of American Cultural Interpretation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999.

Daughtry, Willia. “Sissieretta Jones: A Study of the Negro’s Contribution to Nineteenth-Century American Concert and Theatrical Life.” PhD diss., Syracuse University, 1968.

Dayal, Samir. “Blackness as Symptom: Josephine Baker and European Identity.” In Blackening Europe: The African American Presence, edited by Heike Raphael-Hernandez, 35–52. New York: Routledge, 2004.

Deaville, James. “African American Entertainers in Jahrhundertwende Vienna: Austrian Identity, Viennese Modernism, and Black Success.” Nineteenth-Century Music Review 3, no. 1 (June 2006): 89–112.

Dennis, David. Beethoven in German Politics, 1870–1989. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.

Dennis, Mike, and Norman LaPorte. State and Minorities in Communist East Germany. New York: Berghahn, 2011.

Diedrich, Maria. “Black ‘Others’?: African Americans and Black Germans in the Third Reich.” In Remapping Black Germany: New Perspectives on Afro-German History, Politics, and Culture, edited by Sara Lennox, 135–48. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2017.

Dodd, Mead, ed. Paul Robeson: The Great Forerunner. New York: International Publishers, 1985.

Du Bois, W. E. B. The Autobiography of W. E. B. Du Bois: A Soliloquy on Viewing My Life from the Last Decade of Its First Century. New York: International Publishers, 1968.

Duberman, Martin. Paul Robeson. New York: Knopf, 1989.

Dyer, Richard. White: Essays on Race and Culture. New York: Routledge, 1997.

Ebert, Peter. In This Theatre of Man’s Life: The Biography of Carl Ebert. Lewes: Book Guild, 1999.

Edwards, Brent Hayes. The Practice of Diaspora: Literature, Translation, and the Rise of Black Internationalism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003.

Edwards, Paul. “Louis Douglas and Jonny spielt auf: Performing Blackness in Interwar Germany.” PhD diss., Boston University, 2018.

Ege, Moritz. Schwarz werden: ‘Afroamerikanophilie’ in den 1960er und 1970er Jahren. Bielefeld: Transcript, 2007.

Ege, Moritz, and Andrew Wright Hurley. “Introduction: Special Issue on Afro-Americanophilia in Germany.” Portal 12, no. 2 (2015): 1–14.

——. “Periodizing and Historicizing German Afro-Americanophilia: From Antebellum to Postwar (1850–1967).” Portal: Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies 12, no. 2 (2015): 1–37.

Egerton, Douglas. The Wars of Reconstruction: The Brief, Violent History of America’s Most Progressive Era. New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2015.

Eggers, Maureen Maisha, Grada Kilomba, Peggy Piesche, and Susan Arndt, eds. Mythen, Masken, und Subjekte: Kritische Weißseinforschung in Deutschland. Münster: Unrast, 2005.

Eidsheim, Nina Sun. “Marian Anderson and ‘Sonic Blackness’ in American Opera.” American Quarterly 63, no. 3 (2011).

——. The Race of Sound: Listening, Timbre, and Vocality in African American Music. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2019.

Elam, Jr., Harry J., and Kennell Jackson, eds. Black Cultural Traffic: Crossroads in Global Performance and Popular Culture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005.

Eley, Michelle René. “Anti-Black Racism in West German Living Rooms: The ZDF Television Film Adaptation of Willi Heinrich’s Gottes Zweite Garnitur.” German Studies Review 39, no. 2 (2016): 315–34.

Ellis, Katherine. “Female Pianists and Their Male Critics in Nineteenth-Century Paris.” Journal of the American Musicological Society 50, no. 2/3 (1997): 353–85.

Ellis, Nadia. Territories of the Soul: Queered Belonging in the Black Diaspora. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015.

El-Tayeb, Fatima. “ ‘Blood Is a Very Special Juice’: Racialized Bodies and Citizenship in Twentieth-Century Germany.” International Review of Social History 44, no. S7 (1999): 149–69.

——. “Dangerous Liaisons: Race, Nation, and German Identity.” In Not So Plain as Black and White: Afro-German Culture and History, 1890–2000, edited by Patricia Mazón and Reinhild Steingröver, 27–60. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2005.

——. European Others: Queering Ethnicity in Postnational Europe. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.

——. Undeutsch: Die Konstruktion des Anderen in der postmigrantischen Gesellschaft. Bielefeld: Transcript, 2016.

——. “ ‘We Are Germans, We Are Whites, and We Want to Stay White!’ African Germans and Citizenship in the Early 20th Century.” In Colors 1800/1900/2000: Signs of Ethnic Difference, edited by Birgit Tautz, 185–205. New York: Brill, 2004.

Eschen, Penny von. Satchmo Blows up the World: Jazz Ambassadors Play the Cold War. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004.

European Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). “Being Black in the EU—Second European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey.” Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, n.d.

Fay, Brendan. Classical Music in Weimar Germany: Culture and Politics before the Third Reich. New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2019.

Fehrenbach, Heide. “Of German Mothers and ‘Negermischlingskinder’: Race, Sex, and the Postwar Nation.” In The Miracle Years: A Cultural History of West Germany, 1949–1968, edited by Hanna Schissler, 164–86. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.

——. Race after Hitler: Black Occupation Children in Postwar Germany and America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005

Feinstein, Margarete Myers. State Symbols: The Quest for Legitimacy in the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, 1949–59. Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, 2001.

Fenner, Angelica. Race under Reconstruction in German Cinema: Robert Stemmle’s Toxi. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011.

Fikes, Jr., Robert, and Douglas A. Cargille. “The Bittersweet Career of José Manuel Jiménez, the ‘Ebony Liszt.’ ” Afro-Hispanic Review 7, nos. 1–3 (1988): 23–26.

Florvil, Tiffany N., and Vanessa Plumly, eds. Rethinking Black German Studies: Approaches, Interventions, and Histories. New York: Peter Lang, 2018.

Föllmer, Moritz. “Which Crisis? Which Modernity? New Perspectives on Weimar Germany.” In Beyond Glitter and Doom: The Contingency of the Weimar Republic, edited by Jochen Hung, Godela Weiss-Sussex, and Geoff Wilkes, 19–31. Munich: Ludicum, 2012.

Fosler-Lussier, Danielle. Music in America’s Cold War Diplomacy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015.

Fox, Thomas C. Stated Memory: East Germany and the Holocaust. Rochester, NY: Camden House, 1998.

Frederickson, George. Racism: A Short History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002.

Freitas, Roger. Portrait of a Castrato: Politics, Patronage, and Music in the Life of Atto Melani. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Friedrichsmeyer, Sara, Sara Lennox, and Suzanne Zantop, eds. The Imperialist Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1998.

Fritzsche, Peter. “Did Weimar Fail?” Journal of Modern History 68, no. 3 (n.d.): 629–56.

Frobenius, Leo. Und Afrika Sprach …: Bericht über den Verlauf der dritten Reise-Periode der D.I.A.F.E. in den Jahren 1910 bis 1912. Berlin: Vita, 1912.

“From Bell Stand to Throne Room: A Remarkable Autobiographical Interview with the Eminently Successful American Negro Composer R. Nathaniel Dett.” Black Perspective in Music 1, no. 1 (1973): 74.

Fuchs, Peter Paul, ed. The Music Theater of Walter Felsenstein: Collected Articles, Speeches, and Interviews. Translated by Peter Paul Fuchs. New York: Norton, 1975.

Führer, Karl Christian. “A Medium of Modernity? Broadcasting in Weimar Germany, 1923–32.” Journal of Modern History 69 (1997): 722–53.

——. “German Cultural Life and the Crisis of National Identity During the Depression, 1929–33.” German Studies Review 24, no. 3 (2001): 461–86.

——. “High-Brow and Low-Brow Culture.” In Weimar Germany, edited by Anthony McElligott, 260–81. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

Fulda, Bernhard. Press and Politics in the Weimar Republic. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

Gable-Wilson, Sonya. “Let Freedom Sing! Four African American Concert Singers in Nineteenth-Century America.” PhD diss., University of Florida, 2005.

Gaines, Kevin. Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics, and Culture in the Twentieth Century. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.

Gay, Peter. Weimar Culture: The Outsider as Insider. New York: Harper and Row, 1968.

Gebhard, Caroline, and Barbara McCaskill. “Introduction.” In Post-Bellum, Pre-Harlem: African American Literature and Culture, 1877–1919, edited by McCaskill and Gebhard, 1–16. New York: New York University Press, 2006.

Gienow-Hecht, Jessica. Sound Diplomacy: Music and Emotions in Transatlantic Relations, 1850–1920. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.

Gilman, Sander. Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race, and Madness. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985.

Goedde, Petra. GIs and Germans: Culture, Gender, and Foreign Relations, 1945–49. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003.

Goll, Ivan. “The Negroes Are Conquering Europe.” In The Weimar Republic Sourcebook, edited by Anthony Kaes, Martin Jay, and Edward Dimendberg, 559–60. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.

Graham, Sandra. Spirituals and the Birth of a Black Entertainment Industry. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2018.

Gramit, David. Cultivating Music: The Aspirations, Interests, and Limits of German Musical Culture, 1770–1848. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.

Gregor, Neil. “Bruckner, Munich, and the Longue Durée of Musical Listening between the Imperial and Postwar Eras.” In Dreams of Germany: Musical Imaginaries from the Concert Hall to the Dance Floor, edited by Neil Gregor and Thomas Irvine, 97–122. New York: Berghahn, 2018.

Gruber, Helmut. Red Vienna: Experiment in Working-Class Culture, 1919–34. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Guenther, Irene. Nazi Chic? Fashioning Women in the Third Reich. Oxford: Berg, 2004.

Gutkin, David. “The Modernities of H. Lawrence Freeman.” Journal of the American Musicological Society 72, no. 3 (2019): 719–79.

Hackenesch, Silke. Chocolate and Blackness: A Cultural History. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, 2018.

Hake, Sabine. Popular Cinema in the Third Reich. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001.

Hales, Douglas. A Southern Family in Black and White: The Cuneys of Texas. College Station: Texas A&M Press, 2002.

Hall, Catherine. Civilizing Subjects: The Metropole and the Colony. Oxford: Polity, 2002.

Haney, Lynn. Naked at the Feast: A Biography of Josephine Baker. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1981.

Hare, Maud Cuney. Negro Musicians and Their Music. Washington, DC: The Associated Publishers, 1936.

Harvey, Elizabeth. “Culture and Society in Weimar Germany: The Impact of Modernism and Mass Culture.” In German History since 1800, edited by Mary Fulbrook, 279–97. London: Arnold, 1997.

Hayes, Roland. My Favorite Spirituals: 30 Songs for Piano and Voice. Mineola: Dover Publications, 2001.

Hayes, Roland, with F. W. Woolsey. “Roland Hayes.” Black Perspective in Music 2, no. 2 (1974): 179–85.

Helm, MacKinley. Angel Mo’ and Her Son, Roland Hayes. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1942.

Herf, Jeffrey. Divided Memory: The Nazi Past in the Two Germanys. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997.

Herzog, Hilary Hope. Vienna Is Different: Jewish Writers in Austria from the Fin de Siècle to the Present. New York: Berghahn, 2011.

Heyden, Ulrich van der. Unbekannte Biographien: Afrikaner im deutschsprachigen Raum vom 18. Jahrhundert bis zum Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges. Berlin: Homilius, 2008.

High, Ronald. “Three African-American Tenors of the Nineteenth Century: Thomas J. Bowers, Wallace King, Sidney Woodward.” Journal of Singing — The Official Journal of the National Association of Teachers of Singing 54, no. 5 (May 1998): 19–25.

Hill, Roy L. Booker T.’s Child: The Life and Times of Portia Marshall Washington Pittman. Washington, DC: Three Continents Press, 1993.

Hine, Darlene Clark, Trica Danielle Keaton, and Stephen Small, eds. Black Europe and the African Diaspora. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009.

Hochman, Erin. Imagining a Greater Germany: Republican Nationalism and the Idea of Anschluss. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2016.

Höhn, Maria. GIs and Fräuleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.

Höhn, Maria, and Martin Klimke. A Breath of Freedom: The Civil Rights Struggle, African American GIs, and Germany. New York: Berghahn, 2010.

Honeck, Mischa, Martin Klimke, and Anne Kuhlmann. “Introduction.” In Germany and the Black Diaspora: Points of Contact, 1250–1914, 1–20. New York: Berghahn, 2013.

Hügel-Marshall, Ika. Invisible Woman: Growing Up Black in Germany. Translated by Elizabeth Gaffney. Vol. 21. New York: Peter Lang, 2008.

Hund, Wulf. Wie die Deutschen weiß wurden: Kleine (Heimat)Geschichte des Rassismus. Stuttgart: Metzler, 2017.

Hung, Jochen. “ ‘Bad’ Politics and ‘Good’ Culture: New Approaches to the History of the Weimar Republic.” Central European History 49, no. 3–4 (2016): 441–53.

“In Retrospect: W. Rudolph Dunbar; Pioneering Orchestra.” Black Perspective in Music 9, no. 2 (1981): 193–225.

Irvine, Thomas. “Hubert Parry, Germany, and the ‘North.’ ” In Dreams of Germany: Musical Imaginaries from the Concert Hall to the Dance Floor, edited by Neil Gregor and Thomas Irvine, 194–220. New York: Berghahn, 2018.

Jackson, Kennell. “Traveling While Black.” In Black Cultural Traffic: Crossroads in Global Performance and Popular Culture, edited by Harry J. Elam, Jr. and Kennell Jackson, 1-39. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005.

Janik, Elizabeth. Recomposing German Music: Politics and Tradition in Cold War Berlin. Boston: Brill, 2005.

Jarausch, Konrad. After Hitler: Recivilizing Germans, 1945–95. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

Johnson, James H. Listening in Paris: A Cultural History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.

Johnson, Patrick. Appropriating Blackness: Performance and the Politics of Authenticity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003.

Jones, James Nathan, Franklin F. Johnson, and Robert B. Cochrane. “Alfred Jack Thomas: Performer, Composer, Educator.” Black Perspective in Music 11, no. 1 (1983): 64–75.

Judson, Pieter. “When Is a Diaspora Not a Diaspora? Rethinking Nation-Centered Narratives about Germans in Eastern Europe.” In The Heimat Abroad: The Boundaries of Germanness, edited by Krista O’Donnell, Renate Bridenthal, and Nancy Reagin, 219–47. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005.

Jütte, Daniel. “Schwarze, Juden und die Anfänge des Diskurses über Rasse und Musik im 19. Jahrhundert. Überlegungen anhand von Claudio José Domingo Brindis de Salas’ Reise durch Württemberg und Baden im Jahre 1882.” Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 88 (2006): 117–40.

Kajikawa, Loren. “The Possessive Investment in Classical Music: Confronting Legacies of White Supremacy in U.S. Schools and Departments of Music.” In Seeing Race Again: Countering Colorblindness Across the Disciplines, edited by Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, 155–74. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2019.

Kater, Michael. Different Drummers: Jazz in the Culture of Nazi Germany. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Keiler, Allan. Marian Anderson: A Singer’s Journey. New York: Scribner, 2000.

Kelley, Robin D.G. Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination. Boston: Beacon Press, 2002.

Kelly, Elaine. Composing the Canon in the German Democratic Republic. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

——. “Imagining Richard Wagner: The Janus Head of a Divided Nation.” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 9, no. 4 (2008): 799–829.

——. “Music for International Solidarity: Performances of Race and Otherness in the German Democratic Republic.” Twentieth Century Music 16, no. 1 (2019): 123–39.

——. “Performing Diplomatic Relations: Music and East German Foreign Policy in the Middle East during the Late 1960s.” Journal of the American Musicological Society 72, no. 2 (2019): 493–540.

Kim, Hoi-eun. “Made in Meiji Japan: German Expatriates, German-Educated Japanese Elites, and the Construction of Germanness.” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 41, no. 2 (April 2015): 288–320.

Koller, Christian. “Enemy Images: Race and Gender Stereotypes in the Discussion on Colonial Troops: A Franco-German Comparison, 1914–23.” In Home/Front: The Military, War, and Gender in Twentieth-Century Germany, edited by Karen Hagemann and Stefanie Schüler-Springorum, 139–57. Oxford: Berg, 2002.

Kraft, Marion. Coming In from the Cold: The Black German Experience, Past and Present. New York: Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, 2014.

Kusser, Astrid. Körper in Schieflage: Tanzen im Strudel des Black Atlantic um 1900. Bielefeld: Transcript, 2013.

Lang, Andreas, ed. Chronik der Wiener Staatsoper, 1945 bis 2005: Aufführungen, Besetzungen und Künstlerverzeichnis. Vienna: Löcker, 2006.

Lareau, Alan. “Jonny’s Jazz: From Kabarett to Krenek.” In Jazz and the Germans: Essays on the Influence of “Hot” American Idioms on 20th-Century German Music, edited by Michael Budds, 19–60. Hillsdale, NY: Pendragon Press, 2002.

Largey, Michael. Voudou Nation: Haitian Art Music and Cultural Nationalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.

Layne, Priscilla. “ ‘Don’t Look So Sad Because You’re a Little Negro’: Marie Nejar, Afro-German Stardom, and Negotiations with Black Subjectivity.” Palimpsest: A Journal on Women, Gender, and the Black International 4, no. 2 (2015): 171–87.

——. White Rebels in Black: German Appropriation of Black Popular Culture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2018.

Lee, Maureen D. Sissieretta Jones: The “Greatest Singer of Her Race,” 1868–1933. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2012.

Lee, Owen. A Season of Opera: From Orpheus to Ariadne. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998.

Lemke, Sieglinde. Primitivist Modernism: Black Culture and the Origins of Transatlantic Modernism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Lennox, Sara. “Reading Transnationally: The GDR and Black American Writers.” In Art Outside The Lines: New Perspectives on GDR Art Culture, edited by Elaine Kelly and Amy Wlodarski, 111–30. New York: Rodopi, 2011.

——, ed. Remapping Black Germany: New Perspectives on Afro-German History, Politics, and Culture. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2016.

Levin, David. Unsettling Opera: Staging Mozart, Verdi, Wagner, and Zemlinsky. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.

Lewerenz, Susann. Geteilte Welten: Exotisierte Unterhaltung und Artist*innen of Color in Deutschland 1920–1960. Cologne: Böhlau, 2017.

Lewis, David Levering. W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868–1919. New York: Holt Books, 1994.

Lindfors, Bernth. Early African Entertainments Abroad: From the Hottentot Venus to Africa’s First Olympians. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2014.

Lippi-Green, Rosina. English with an Accent: Language, Ideology, and Discrimination in the United States. New York: Routledge, 1997.

Lipsitz, George. Dangerous Crossroads: Popular Music, Postmodernism, and the Poetics of Place. New York: Verso, 1994.

Little, Ned Richardson. The Human Rights Dictatorship: Socialism, Global Solidarity and Revolution in East Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.

Lorenzkowski, Barbara. Sounds of Ethnicity: Listening to German North America, 1850–1914. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2010.

Lotz, Rainer. Black People: Entertainers of African Descent in Europe and Germany. Bonn: Birgit Lotz, 1997.

Luft, David. “Austria as a Region of German Culture: 1900–1938.” Austrian History Yearbook 23 (1992): 135–48.

Lusane, Clarence. Hitler’s Black Victims: The Historical Experiences of Afro-Germans, European Blacks, Africans, and African Americans in the Nazi Era. New York: Routledge, 2002.

MacMaster, Neil. Racism in Europe, 1870–2000. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2001.

Martin, Peter, and Christine Alonzo. Zwischen Charleston und Stechschritt: Schwarze im Nationalsozialismus. Hamburg: Dölling & Galitz, 2004.

Massaquoi, Hans. Destined to Witness: Growing Up Black in Nazi Germany. New York: William Morrow, 2001.

Matera, Marc. Black London: The Imperial Metropolis and Decolonization in the Twentieth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015.

Mazón, Patricia, and Reinhild Steingröver, eds. Not So Plain as Black and White: Afro-German Culture and History, 1890–2000. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2005.

McClary, Susan. Feminine Endings: Music, Gender, and Sexuality. 2nd ed. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002.

McGinty, Doris E. “The Washington Conservatory of Music and School of Expression.” Black Perspective in Music 7, no. 1 (1979): 59–74.

McPherson, Bruce. Measure by Measure: A History of New England Conservatory from 1867. Boston: The Trustees of the New England Conservatory of Music, 1995.

Meinecke, Friedrich. The German Catastrophe: Reflections and Recollections. Translated by Sidney B. Fay. Boston: Beacon Press, 1963.

Melischek, Gabriele, and Josef Seethaler, eds. Die Wiener Tageszeitungen: Eine Dokumentation, 1918–38. Vol. 3. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1992.

Michael, Theodor Wonja. Black German: An Afro-German Life in the Twentieth Century. Translated by Eve Rosenhaft. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2017.

Middleton, Richard. “Musical Belongings: Western Music and Its Low-Other.” In Western Music and Its Others: Difference, Representation, and Appropriation in Music, edited by Georgina Born and David Hesmondhalgh, 59–85. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.

Miller, James A., Susan D. Pennybacker, and Eve Rosenhaft. “Mother Ada Wright and the International Campaign to Free the Scottsboro Boys, 1931–34.” American Historical Review 106, no. 2 (April 2001): 387–430.

Missfelder, Jan-Friedrich. “Period Ear: Perspektiven einer Klanggeschichte der Neuzeit.” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 38, no. 1 (January 2012): 21–47.

Mitchell, Ronald E. Opera — Dead or Alive: Production, Performance, and Enjoyment of Musical Theater. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1970.

Monod, David. Settling Scores: German Music, Denazification, and the Americans. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005.

Monson, Ingrid. “Introduction.” In The African Diaspora: A Musical Perspective, edited by Ingrid Monson, 1–20. New York: Garland, 2003.

Morat, Daniel, ed. Sounds of Modern History: Auditory Cultures in 19th- and 20th-Century Europe. New York: Berghahn, 2014.

Moriah, Kristin. “On the Record: Sissieretta Jones and Black Performance Praxes.” Performance Matters 6, no. 2 (2020): 26–42.

Morrow, Mary Sue. German Music Criticism in the Late Eighteenth Century: Aesthetic Issues in Instrumental Music. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Muhammad, Khalil Gibran. The Condemnation of Blackness: Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern Urban America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010.

Müller, Sven Oliver. Wagner und die Deutschen. Eine Geschichte von Hass und Hingabe. Munich: C. H. Beck, 2013.

Müller, Tim B. Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg: Lebensversuche moderner Demokratien. Hamburg: HIS, 2014.

Musin, Ovide. My Memories. New York: Musin Publishing Company, 1920.

Nagler, A. M. Misdirection: Opera Production in the Twentieth Century. Hamden: Archon Books, 1981.

Nash, Elizabeth. Autobiographical Reminiscences of African American Classical Singers, 1853–Present: Introducing Their Spiritual Heritage into the Concert Repertoire. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, 2007.

Naumann, Christine. “African American Performers and Culture in Weimar Germany.” In Crosscurrents: African Americans, Africa, and Germany in the Modern World, edited by David McBride, Leroy Hopkins, and Carol Aisha Blackshire-Belay. Columbia, SC: Camden House, 1998.

Nejar, Marie. Mach nicht so traurige Augen, weil du ein Negerlein bist: Meine Jugend im Dritten Reich. Hamburg: Rowohlt, 2007.

Nenno, Nancy. “Femininity, the Primitive, and Modern Urban Space: Josephine Baker in Berlin.” In Women in the Metropolis: Gender and Modernity in Weimar Culture, edited by Katharina von Ankum, 145–61. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.

——. “Here to Stay: Black Austrian Studies.” In Rethinking Black German Studies: Approaches, Interventions, and Histories, edited by Tiffany N. Florvil and Vanessa Plumly, 71–104. New York: Peter Lang, 2018.

Nettles, Darryl Glenn. African American Concert Singers Before 1950. Jefferson: McFarland, 2003.

Newcomb, Ethel. Leschetizky as I Knew Him. New York: Appleton Company, 1921.

Noonan, Ellen. “Porgy and Bess and the American Racial Imaginary, 1925–85.” PhD diss., New York University, 2002.

——. The Strange Career of “Porgy and Bess”: Race, Culture, and America’s Most Famous Opera. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012.

Notley, Margaret. Lateness and Brahms: Music and Culture in the Twilight of Viennese Liberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

Oby, Jason. Equity in Operatic Casting as Perceived by African American Male Singers. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, 1998.

O’Donnell, Krista Molly. “The First Besatzungskinder: Afro-German Children, Colonial Childrearing Practices, and Racial Policy in German South West Africa, 1890–1914.” In Not So Plain as Black and White: Afro-German Culture and History, 1890–2000, edited by Patricia Mazón and Reinhild Steingröver, 61–81. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2005.

Oja, Carol. “Everett Lee and the Racial Politics of Orchestral Conducting.” American Music Review 43, no. 1 (2013): 1–8.

——. “ ‘New Music’ and the ‘New Negro’: The Background of William Grant Still’s Afro-American Symphony.” Black Music Research Journal 22 (2002): 107–30.

Olmstead, Andrea. Juilliard: A History. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999.

Opitz, May, Katharina Oguntoye, and Dagmar Schultz, eds. Showing Our Colors: Afro-German Women Speak Out. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1992.

Osborne, Richard. Herbert von Karajan: A Life in Music. London: Chatto & Windus, 1998.

Ostendorf, Berndt. “The Diluted Second Generation: German-Americans in Music 1870–1920.” In German Worker’s Culture in the US: 1850–1920, edited by Hartmut Keil, 261–87. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1988.

Ottley, Roi. No Green Pastures. New York: Scribner, 1951.

Paddison, Max. “Music as Ideal: The Aesthetics of Autonomy.” In Cambridge Companion to Nineteenth-Century Music, edited by Jim Samson, 318–42. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Panton, Clifford D., Jr. George Augustus Polgreen Bridgetower, Violin Virtuoso and Composer of Color in Late Eighteenth-Century Europe. Lewiston: Mellen Press, 2005.

Partridge, Damani. “Holocaust Mahnmal (Memorial): Monumental Memory amidst Contemporary Race.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 52, no. 4 (2010): 820–50.

——. “We Were Dancing in the Club, Not on the Berlin Wall: Black Bodies, Street Bureaucrats, and Exclusionary Incorporation into the New Europe.” Cultural Anthropology 23, no. 4 (November 2008): 660–87.

Patterson, Lindsay. The Negro in Music and Art. New York: Publishers Co, 1967.

Pauley, Bruce F. From Prejudice to Persecution: A History of Austrian Anti-Semitism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992.

Peabody, Sue, and Tyler Stovall, eds. The Color of Liberty: Histories of Race in France. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003.

Pennybacker, Susan. From Scottsboro to Munich: Race and Political Culture in 1930s Britain. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013.

Perraudin, Michael, and Jürgen Zimmerer, eds. German Colonialism and National Identity. New York: Routledge, 2011.

Perry, Kennetta Hammond. London Is the Place for Me: Black Britons, Citizenship and the Politics of Race. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.

Peukert, Detlev. The Weimar Republic: The Crisis of Classical Modernity. Translated by Richard Deveson. New York: Hill and Wang, 1992.

Philpotts, Matthew, and Sabine Rolle. “Introduction.” In Contested Legacies: Constructions of Cultural Heritage in the GDR, edited by Matthew Philpotts and Sabine Rolle, 1–6. Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2009.

Pick, Hella. Guilty Victim: Austria from the Holocaust to Haider. London: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 2000.

Piesche, Peggy. “Black and German? East German Adolescents Before 1989: A Retrospective View of a ‘Non-Existent Issue’ in the GDR.” In The Cultural After-Life of East Germany: New Transnational Perspectives, edited by Leslie A. Adelson, 37–59. Washington, DC: American Institute of Contemporary Studies, 2002.

Poiger, Uta. Jazz, Rock, and Rebels: Cold War Politics and American Culture in a Divided Germany. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.

Pollack, Howard. George Gershwin: His Life and Work. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.

Pollock, Emily Richmond. Opera After the Zero Hour: The Problem of Tradition and the Possibility of Renewal in Postwar West Germany. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.

——. “ ‘To Do Justice to Opera’s “Monstrosity” ’: Bernd Alois Zimmermann’s Die Soldaten.” Opera Quarterly 30, no. 1 (2014): 69–82.

Potter, Pamela. The Art of Suppression: Confronting the Nazi Past in Histories of the Visual and Performing Arts. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2016.

——. Most German of the Arts: Musicology and Society from the Weimar Republic to the End of Hitler’s Reich. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.

Prevots, Naima. Dance for Export: Cultural Diplomacy and the Cold War. Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press, 1998.

Putnam, Lara. Radical Moves. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013.

——. “The Transnational and the Text-Searchable: Digitized Sources and the Shadows They Cast.” American Historical Review 121, no. 2 (April 2016): 377–402.

Radano, Ronald. “Hot Fantasies: American Modernism and the Idea of Black Rhythm.” In Music and the Racial Imagination, edited by Ronald Radano and Philip V. Bohlman. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.

Radcliffe, Kendahl, Jennifer Scott, and Anja Werner, eds. Anywhere but Here: Black Intellectuals in the Atlantic World and Beyond. Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 2015.

Rempe, Martin. “Cultural Brokers in Uniform: The Global Rise of Military Musicians and Their Music.” Itinerario 41, no. 2 (2017): 327–52.

Reynolds, Christopher. “Porgy and Bess: An American Wozzeck.” Journal of the Society for American Music 1, no. 1 (February 2007).

Richardson, Joe M. A History of Fisk University, 1865–1946. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1980.

Roman, Meredith. Opposing Jim Crow: African Americans and the Soviet Indictment of Racism, 1928–1937. Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 2012.

Roos, Julia. “Nationalism, Racism and Propaganda in Early Weimar Germany: Contradictions in the Campaign against the ‘Black Horror on the Rhine.’ ” German History 30, no. 1 (March 2012): 45–74.

——. “Women’s Rights, National Anxiety, and the ‘Moral’ Agenda in the Early Weimar Republic.” Central European History 42, no. 3 (September 2009): 473–508.

Ross, Alex. The Rest Is Noise: Listening to the Twentieth Century. New York: Picador, 2007.

——. Wagnerism: Art and Politics in the Shadow of Music. New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux, 2020.

Rothberg, Michael, and Yasemin Yildiz. “Memory Citizenship: Migrant Archives of Holocaust Remembrance in Contemporary Germany.” Parallax 17, no. 4 (2011): 32–48.

Rowe, Mark. Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst: Virtuoso Violinist. Burlington: Ashgate, 2008.

Ryding, Erik, and Rebecca Pechefsky. Bruno Walter: A World Elsewhere. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.

Rye, Howard. “Southern Syncopated Orchestra: The Roster.” Black Music Research Journal 29, no. 2 (2009): 28.

Sauer, Walter. Von Soliman zu Omofuma: Afrikanische Diaspora in Österreich 17. bis 20. Jahrhundert. Innsbruck: Studienverlag, 2006.

Scheck, Raffael. Hitler’s African Victims: The German Army Massacres of Black French Soldiers in 1940. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Schenbeck, Lawrence. Racial Uplift and American Music, 1878–1943. Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 2012.

Schmidt, Dörte. “The Most American City in Europe: America and Images of America in Berlin Between the Wars.” In Crosscurrents: American and European Music in Interaction, 1900-2000, edited by Felix Meyer, Carol J. Oja, Wolfgang Rathert, and Anne C. Shreffler, 72–88. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2014.

Schroer, Timothy. Recasting Race after World War II: Germans and African Americans in American-Occupied Germany. Boulder: University of Colorado Press, 2007.

Shack, William. Harlem in Montmartre: A Paris Jazz Story Between the Great Wars. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.

Shadle, Douglas. Orchestrating the Nation: The Nineteenth-Century American Symphonic Enterprise. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.

Sharpley-Whiting, T. Denean. Black Venus: Sexualized Savages, Primal Fears, and Primitive Narratives in French. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999.

Sheean, Vincent. Between the Thunder and the Sun. New York: Random House, 1943.

Shirley, George. “Il Rodolfo Nero, or The Masque of Blackness.” In Blackness in Opera, edited by Naomi André, Karen Bryan, and Eric Saylor, 260–74. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2012.

Sieg, Katrin. Ethnic Drag: Performing Race, Nation, and Sexuality in West Germany. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002.

Silverberg, Laura. “(Re)Defining the Musical Heritage: Confrontations with Tradition in East German New Music.” In Contested Legacies: Constructions of Cultural Heritage in the GDR, edited by Matthew Philpotts and Sabine Rolle, 124–40. Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2009.

Skelton, Geoffrey. Wagner at Bayreuth: Experiment and Tradition. London: White Lion, 1976.

——. Wieland Wagner: The Positive Sceptic. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1971.

Slobodian, Quinn. Comrades of Color: East Germany in the Cold War World. New York: Berghahn, 2015.

Small, Christopher. Musicking: The Meanings of Performing and Listening. Hanover, NH: University of New England Press, 1998.

Smith, Gerald L., Karen Cotton McDaniel, and John A. Hardin, eds. The Kentucky African American Encyclopedia. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2015.

Smith, Helmut Walser. The Continuities of German History: Nation, Religion, and Race Across the Long Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Southern, Eileen. “In Retrospect: Black Prima Donnas of the Nineteenth Century.” The Black Perspective of Music 7, no. 1 (1979): 95–106.

——. The Music of Black Americans: A History. 3rd ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 1997.

Spencer, Jon Michael. The New Negroes and Their Music: The Success of the Harlem Renaissance. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1997.

Spohr, Arne. “Mohr Und Trompeter: Blackness and Social Status in Early Modern Germany.” Journal of the American Musicological Society 72, no. 3 (2019): 613–63.

Stahl, Heiner. “Mediascape and Soundscape: Two Landscapes of Modernity in Cold War Berlin.” In Berlin: Divided City, 1945–1989, edited by Philip Broadbent and Sabine Hake, 56–68. New York: Berghahn, 2010.

Stefaniak, Alexander. “Clara Schumann and the Imagined Revelation of Musical Works.” Music and Letters 99, no. 2 (2018): 205.

——. Schumann’s Virtuosity: Criticism, Composition, and Performance in Nineteenth-Century Germany. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2016.

Steinberg, Michael. The Meaning of the Salzburg Festival: Austria as Theater and Ideology, 1890–1938. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990.

Stewart, Jeffrey. The New Negro: The Life of Alain Locke. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.

Stewart, Ruth Ann. Portia: The Life of Portia Washington Pittman, the Daughter of Booker T. Washington. Garden City: Doubleday, 1977.

Stöber, Rudolf. Deutsche Pressegeschichte: Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. 2nd ed. Constance: UVK, 2005.

Stoever, Jennifer Lynn. The Sonic Color Line: Race and the Cultural Politics of Listening. New York: New York University Press, 2016.

Stoler, Ann Laura. Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault’s History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995.

Story, Rosalyn. And So I Sing: African-American Divas of Opera and Concert. New York: Warner Books, 1990.

Stovall, Tyler. Paris Noir: African Americans in the City of Light. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996.

Sträßner, Matthias. Der Dirigent Leo Borchard: eine unvollendete Karriere. Berlin: Transit, 1999.

Sysling, Fenneke. Racial Science and Human Diversity in Colonial Indonesia. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press, 2016.

Tallie, T. J. “Sartorial Settlement: The Mission Field and Transformation in Colonial Natal, 1850–1897.” Journal of World History 27, no. 3 (2016): 389–410.

——. Oxford History of Western Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Taylor, John Harper. “Ambassadors of the Arts: An Analysis of the Eisenhower Administration’s Incorporation of Porgy and Bess into Its Cold War Foreign Policy.” PhD diss., Ohio State University, 1994.

Terrell, Mary Church. A Colored Woman in a White World. New York: Humanity Books, 2005.

Terry, William. “The Consummate Collaborator: Conversation with William Duncan Allen.” Black Perspective in Music 15, no. 2 (1987): 182–218.

Thacker, Toby. Music after Hitler, 1945–55. Burlington: Ashgate, 2007.

——. “ ‘Renovating’ Bach and Handel: New Musical Biographies in the German Democratic Republic.” In Musical Biography: Towards New Paradigms, edited by Jolanta T. Pekacz, 17–41. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2006.

Thaler, Peter. The Ambivalence of Identity: The Austrian Experience of Nation-Building in a Modern Society. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 2001.

The Marvelous Musical Prodigy, Blind Tom. New York: French and Wheat, 1868.

Thurman, Kira. “ ‘Africa in European Evening Attire’: Defining African American Spirituals and Western Art Music in Central Europe, 1870s–1930s.” In Rethinking Black German Studies: Approaches, Interventions, and Histories, edited by Tiffany N. Florvil and Vanessa Plumly, 199–234. New York: Peter Lang, 2018.

——. “Singing the Civilizing Mission.” Journal of World History 27, no. 3 (2016): 443–71.

Timms, Edward, and Karl Kraus. Apocalyptic Satirist: Culture and Catastrophe in Habsburg Vienna. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986.

Tompkins, David. “Sound and Socialist Identity: Negotiating the Musical Soundscape in the Stalinist GDR.” In Germany in the Loud Twentieth Century: An Introduction, edited by Florence Feiereisen and Alexandra Merley, 111–24. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Trotter, James Monroe. Music and Some Highly Musical People. Boston: Lee and Shepherd, 1878.

Trümpi, Fritz. The Political Orchestra: The Vienna and Berlin Philharmonics During the Third Reich. Translated by Kenneth Kronenberg. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016.

Tunbridge, Laura. Singing in the Age of Anxiety: Lieder Performances in New York and London between the World Wars. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018.

Uhl, Heidemarie. “Of Heroes and Victims: World War II in Austrian Memory.” Austrian History Yearbook 42 (April 2011): 185–200.

Unterweger, Claudia. Talking Back: Strategien Schwarzer österreichischer Geschichtsschreibung. Vienna: Zaglossus, 2016.

Vehanen, Kosti. Marian Anderson: A Portrait. New York: Whittlesey House, 1941.

Verrett, Shirley, and Christopher Brooks. I Never Walked Alone: The Autobiography of an American Singer. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2003.

Wagner, Wieland. The Ring at Bayreuth: Some Thoughts on Operatic Production. London: Gollancz, 1966.

Wahl, Niko, Tal Adler, and Philipp Rohrbach. Schwarz Österreich: Die Kinder afroamerikanischer Besatzungssoldaten. Vienna: Löcker Verlag, 2016.

Walker, Corey D.B. “ ‘Of the Coming of John [and Jane]’: African American Intellectuals in Europe, 1888–1938.” Amerikastudien / American Studies 47, no. 1 (2002): 7–22.

Walter, Bruno. Theme and Variations: An Autobiography. Translated by James A. Galson. New York: Knopf, 1946.

Wang, Grace. Soundtracks of Asian America: Navigating Race Through Musical Performance. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015.

Ward, Andrew. Dark Midnight When I Rise: The Story of the Jubilee Singers Who Introduced the World to the Music of Black America. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2000.

Weber, William. The Great Transformation of Musical Taste: Concert Programming from Haydn to Brahms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Werner, Anja. The Transatlantic World of Higher Education: Americans at German Universities, 1776–1914. New York: Berghahn, 2013.

Wigger, Iris. The “Black Horror on the Rhine”: Intersections of Race, Nation, Gender, and Class in 1920s Germany. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.

Wildenthal, Lora. German Women for Empire, 1884–1945. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001.

Wilson, Alexandra. The Puccini Problem: Opera, Nationalism, and Modernity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Wipplinger, Jonathan. “Performing Race in Ernst Krenek’s Jonny Spielt Auf.” In Blackness in Opera, edited by Naomi André, Karen Bryan, and Eric Saylor, 236–59. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2012.

——. The Jazz Republic: Music, Race, and American Culture in Weimar Germany. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2017.

——. “The Racial Ruse: On Blackness and Blackface Comedy in Fin-de-Siècle Germany.” German Quarterly 84, no. 3 (2011): 471.

Wright, Josephine. “Black Women and Classical Music.” Women’s Studies Quarterly 12, no. 3 (1984): 18–21.

——. “ ‘Das Negertrio’ Jiménez in Europe.” Black Perspective in Music 9, no. 2 (Autumn 1981).

——. “George Polgreen Bridgetower: An African Prodigy in England, 1789–99.” Musical Quarterly 66, no. 1 (January 1980): 65–82.

Wright, Michelle. Becoming Black: Creating Identity in the African Diaspora. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008.

Yang, Minna. “East Meets West in the Concert Hall: Asians and Classical Music in the Century of Imperialism, Post-Colonialism, and Multiculturalism.” Asian Music 38, no. 1 (2007): 1–30.

Yoshihara, Mari. Musicians from a Different Shore: Asians and Asian Americans in Classical Music. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2007.

——. “The Flight of the Japanese Butterfly: Orientalism, Nationalism, and Performances of Japanese Womanhood.” American Quarterly 56, no. 4 (2004): 975–1001

Zimmerman, Andrew. Alabama in Africa: Booker T. Washington, the German Empire, and the Globalization of the New South. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010.

——. Anthropology and Anti-Humanism in Imperial Germany. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.