Index
Page numbers in italic refer to illustrations.
Abu-Jamal, Mumia, 13, 17, 93, 180, 185, 193, 238
African American exceptionalism, 44, 103, 104, 128, 148
African American GIs. See black GIs
African American separatism. See black separatism
African Liberation Day (ALD), 224
African National Congress (ANC), 22, 143, 150, 234
Afro-American Association (AAA), 46–52 passim, 56, 57, 74
Afro-Asian Conference, Bandung, 1955. See Bandung Conference, 1955
Ahmad, Muhammad, 39, 40, 44, 52, 53, 103
airline hijackers and hijacking, 141–42, 150, 171, 200–207 passim
Algeria, 11, 22, 42, 142–72 passim, 195; Afro American Information Center, 145, 150; Burrell, 195; Cleavers, 2, 10, 11, 131, 142–53 passim, 161–63 passim, 181–88 passim, 193, 201–10 passim, 232–33; Cox, 146, 170, 196, 232, 236; FLN, 22, 23, 33, 146; Malcolm X on, 29; natural gas, 143, 144, 203–7 passim; RAF in, 198; revolution, 23, 24, 25, 31, 34, 63, 144; secret police, 170, 171; skyjacking destination, 150, 198, 203–5; South Vietnamese relations, 143, 157–58; Timothy Leary in, 171; U.S. relations, 2, 143–44, 170, 203–4, 205, 207. See also international section of BPP; Pan-African Cultural Festival, Algiers, 1969
Allen, Ernest Mkalimoto, 52, 53, 56
Al-Mansour, Khalid, 49–50, 52, 56, 74
American exceptionalism, 12, 16, 239. See also African American exceptionalism
Angola, 82, 121, 146, 173, 191, 223
“anticolonial vernacular,” 70–106 passim, 112, 131, 132, 148, 178; RAF use, 198–99
Anti-Imperialist Delegation. See U.S. People’s Anti-Imperialist Delegation
antiwar movement. See Vietnam War: antiwar movement
Arafat, Yasser, 2, 145, 146, 199
armed patrols (police monitoring), 6, 63–71 passim, 75, 93–96 passim, 132, 178, 216; Gene Marine on, 64; Mulford Act effect on, 80, 84, 130, 132
armed self-defense, 5, 33, 50, 60–63, 92, 95, 132; Douglas depiction, 93, 94
armed struggle, 132, 133; backpedaling from, 216; Cleaver views, 146, 149, 166, 183, 202; Newton on, 173; Odinga on, 236; Palestinian, 199–200; Panther 21 on, 232; RAM vision, 43; Robert Williams views, 34. See also guerrilla warfare
arms. See weapons
arrests, 57, 195, 250; Bree Newsome, 248; Cleaver, 181; Newton, 7, 9, 57, 101, 108, 133; Pratt, 183, 230, 231; RAF, 199; Ramstein 2, 194; Sacramento protesters, 68, 69; Seale, 57, 134. See also house arrest
Asian-African Conference, Bandung, 1955. See Bandung Conference, 1955
Asian Americans, 102, 109, 122, 163
“Asian strategy” of BPP, 10, 131, 151–60 passim, 165–73 passim, 208, 253
assassination, 200; attempt on witness, 227; attempts on Castro, 138; CIA plan (Lumumba), 25–26, Malcolm X, 74, 80; MLK, 9, 130, 134–35; police, 12, 213, 233, 235
Baader, Andreas, 198
Baader-Meinhof Gang. See Red Army Faction (RAF)
Babylon, 188, 193, 195, 196, 202
Bandung Conference, 1955, 5, 20–23 passim, 27, 38
Baraka, Amiri, 19, 35–37, 52, 54, 65; Black Political Convention, 221; Cuba visit, 30; on Douglas illustrations, 85, 89; RAM, 39; San Francisco, 35, 50, 78, 79; United Nations protest, 26; “up against the wall,” 83
“Base of Operations” strategy, 212–24 passim
Beatles, 77
Berkeley, 79, 134. See also University of California Berkeley (UCB)
Bin Wahad, Dhoruba, 170, 232, 234, 243
Biondi, Martha, 51
Black America, 45
Black Arts Movement, 36, 39, 45, 50, 54, 83; Black House and, 78; inspiration for Douglas, 79
Black Communications Project, 79
black GIs, 124, 126, 166, 182, 194–95, 198, 230
Black Liberation Army (BLA), 11–12, 186, 197, 200, 209, 212–13, 228–39 passim, 250; Assata Shakur, 14, 228, 231, 232, 237, 248
Black Lives Matter, 242–55 passim
Black Panther, 7, 71–72, 71, 81–84 passim, 104–7 passim, 236, 251, 255; accessibility, 178; Asian propaganda, 154–55, 158, 162, 166, 173–74, 182; cafeteria-style internationalism, 162; celebration of violence, 92–97 passim, 149; circulation, 82; Dellums column, 219; inaugural issue, 81; international reach, 119; last issue, 238; Lumumba, 25; mass audience, 54, 82, 96; Newton columns, 62; North Korea coverage, 154–55; post Cleaver-Newton split, 184, 187–88, 220–26 passim; Third World solidarity, 103
Black Panther Solidarity Committee, Frankfurt, 124–25
Black Political Convention, Gary, Indiana, 1972. See National Black Political Convention, Gary, Indiana, 1972
Black Power movement, 19–23 passim, 27–35 passim, 45, 50–59 passim; black GIs, 124; Cruse criticism, 38; Cuban relations, 138; Eldridge Cleaver views, 77, 100; foreign relations, 109–10, 115, 120, 123, 124; Merritt College, 56, 79; RAM role, 39; SFSU, 108; UCB, 50. See also Black House
black press, 82. See also Black Panther
black separatism, 34, 38, 59, 111, 112, 234, 243. See also Garvey, Marcus; Nation of Islam (NOI)
black soldiers. See black GIs
Black September, 11, 186, 188, 199–202 passim, 208
Black Student Union (BSU), San Francisco State University. See San Francisco State University (SFSU): Black Student Union (BSU)
black studies, 50, 51, 56–57, 147
“Blacktags” (social media), 249
Blake, J. Herman, 50
Boggs, James and Grace Lee, 40, 65
bombing and bombings, 43–44, 201, 202; by BLA, 213, 235–36; Black September, 200; Weather Underground, 183, 232; West Germany, 198
Booth, Byron, 150, 153–54, 155
Boumédiène, Houari, 143, 157, 170, 203–6 passim
Bousselham, Abdel Kader, 205–6
Bouteflika, Abdelaziz, 207
breakfast program. See free breakfast program
British Black Panthers, 125
Brown, Elaine, 11, 14, 149, 166–69 passim, 179, 181, 185, 220; “Base of Operations” strategy, 212–21 passim; Black Panther, 82, 220; on China, 168, 213, 216; China visit, 213; denunciation of NBPP, 243; departure from BPP, 228; leadership, 220, 226, 227; on Oakland, 215
Brown, George, 207
Brown, Jerry, 219
Brown, Michael, 241–42, 252, 254
Byrne, Jeffrey James, 21
California legislation. See Mulford Act
California State Capitol protest. See Sacramento protest, May 1967
Canada, 118, 131, 137, 162, 239
Carmichael, Stokely, 19, 113, 120–21, 149–51 passim, 158, 192; African Liberation Day, 224; BPP split, 147; criticism of BPP, 72; Cuba, 127, 141, 274n63; Dialectics of Liberation Conference, 123; Japanese relations, 115; Lowndes County, Alabama, 1; UCB, 50
Carter, Alprentice “Bunchy,” 229–30
Castro, Fidel, 22, 32, 62, 184; Chinese relations, 139; Eldridge Cleaver and, 75, 137; U.S. visit, 23; view of black Cubans, 140
Central Intelligence Agency. See CIA
Chamberlin, Paul Thomas, 200
chants, 26, 81, 83, 118, 136, 145
Chavez, Cesar, 218
Chicago, 95, 102, 155, 172. See also Illinois/Chicago BPP
China, 20, 24–25, 214, 253; as Asian vanguard, 121; BPP visits, 163, 185, 213, 222, 223; Cuban relations, 139, 141; Cultural Revolution, 155, 168; Elaine Brown on, 168, 213, 216; embassy in Algeria, 169; Nixon/U.S. relations, 11, 177, 188–90, 196, 213; North Korean relations, 152; Malcolm X view, 29; People’s Delegation, 10, 163, 167; PLO relations, 145–46; RAM and, 42; Robert Williams in, 32; Soviet relations, 24, 42, 138, 153, 154, 155; Tricontinental Conference, 28; United Nations, 213
CIA, 92, 211–12; Algiers operations, 189, 207; Congo operations, 25; domestic intelligence, 174, 227; MH/CHAOS program, 182; view of Boumédiène, 143
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 18
Civil Rights Congress, 48, 63, 111, 254
civil rights movement, 5, 28, 29, 33–38 passim, 47–55 passim, 83, 246, 247, 256; Cruse criticism, 38; Hithe view, 92; Japanese relations, 115; RAM view, 59
Cleaver, Eldridge, 91, 93, 99–100, 107, 199–213 passim, 250; abuse of women, 74, 75, 166–67, 171, 210, 287n96; African Liberation Day, 224; Algeria, 2, 10, 11, 131, 142–53 passim, 161–63 passim, 181–88 passim, 193, 201–10 passim, 232–33; birth and early years, 73–74; April 6, 1968, shootings, 9, 130–31, 135–36, 147, 148, 216; Asian strategy, 10, 131, 151, 158–60 passim, 165, 169, 172, 253; Asian tour, 1970, 10, 156, 157, 161–68 passim, 210; BLA and, 186, 197, 232; “black colony,” 99–100, 245; Black September and, 11, 186, 188, 199–202 passim, 208; Bunchy Carter relations, 229; commitment to revolution, 196–97; Congo, 191; Cuba, 9–10, 127–28, 131, 137–43 passim, 274n63; declaration of war, 134–35; Douglas relations, 79–80; “embryonic sovereignty,” 112; France, 11, 208; “Gangster Cigarettes,” 163; on guns, 75, 95, 146–47, 149, 209, 251; homophobia, 106, 181, 268n14; influence on RAF, 199; on internal colonialism, 82; Japan invitation, 116, 117; joining of BPP, 71, 73; last years, 238–39; on moon walk, 144; murder plots and rumors, 166, 171; on Newton, 80, 159; Newton split, 10–11, 14, 181–87, 211–12, 214, 232; Newton split run-up, 172–81; “North American Liberation Front,” 10, 179; on North Richmond, 66; North Vietnam, 164; parole, 74, 78–80 passim, 108–9, 116, 131, 132, 136; Peace and Freedom Party, 101; “pig” (word), 85; profanity, 70, 83, 84; public speaking, 106, 179, 249; rapes, 74, 75; relations with Kathleen, 166–67, 171, 210; sexism, 106; sexual attitudes, 106, 167, 210, 268n14; SFSU, 50; Soul on Ice, 75, 77, 101, 133; ten-point program critique, 159; Third World relations, 7, 70; twenty-first-century analog, 249; United Nations visit, 110–14 passim; views of Black Power movement, 77, 100; views of violence, 75–76, 132
Cleaver, Kathleen, 10, 14, 69, 104; Algeria, 11, 131, 143, 144, 150, 161, 181–86 passim, 204–6 passim; BPP Central Committee, 220; Congo conference, 191; on Cuba, 139; on FBI provocation, 182; France, 11, 208, 238; in iconography, 73; on international section of BPP, 161, 181; Japan invitation, 116, 117; on “life of the marooned,” 204; New York, 195; relations with Eldridge, 166–67, 171, 210; RPCN, 188, 192–93, 196, 202–3; on skyjackers, 205; travel restrictions, 195; West Germany visits, 124, 194
Coates, Ta-Nehisi, 247
COINTELPRO, 2, 13, 113, 183, 214, 235, 249; international section and, 209; Pratt murder and, 230
Cold War, 34, 48–50 passim, 111, 127, 162, 168, 177, 253; Asia, 151, 188, 190, 213; Black Power movement, 39; Cuba, 138; Eldridge Cleaver, 74, 159–60, 173, 174, 179, 190, 193
Communist International, 37, 41
Communist Party USA (CPUSA), 24, 31, 32, 37, 40, 47, 72, 101; Audley Moore, 113; PL and, 46
Community Action Patrol (CAP). See Los Angeles: Community Action Patrol (CAP)
community service programs. See survival programs
Congo, 25–26, 49, 53, 111, 188, 190–91, 196
Congressional Black Caucus, 219
Conyers, John, 219
Council on African Affairs (CAA), 19, 34, 41
Cox, Donald, 146, 170, 196, 232, 236
crime. See “hustling” (petty crime); organized crime; murder; theft
Cruse, Harold, 5, 19, 37–41 passim, 52–59 passim, 175, 244; Cuba visit, 30, 37, 70; cultural revolution call, 39, 77–78; on slavery, 245; view of bombing as tactic, 43, 202; view of guns, 34, 67
Cuba, 22, 109, 114, 126–29, 253; Algerian relations, 22, 143; art, 79, 89; Assata Shakur, 228, 237; Bay of Pigs, 27, 141; Carmichael, 127, 141; Chinese relations, 139, 141; Cullors, 252; Eldridge Cleaver, 9–10, 128, 137–44 passim; as Latin American vanguard, 121; missile crisis, 46; Newton, 64, 129, 185, 223; Progressive Labor (PL), 49, 52; RAM, 42, 44; revolution, 22–34 passim, 64, 129, 137, 142; Robert Williams, 18, 30–32, 34, 127; Second Declaration of Havana, 141; Soviet relations, 32, 138–40 passim; Tricontinental Conference, 27–28, 42, 50, 127, 139; United Nations, 111; white supremacy, 140, 274n63. See also Fair Play for Cuba Committee
Cyril, Janet, 193
Davis, Angela, 142, 197, 203, 244, 250
Deacons for Defense and Justice, 61, 132
Dellums, Ron, 219
Democratic Party, 217–19 passim, 238
Democratic Republic of North Korea (DPRK). See North Korea
Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV). See North Vietnam
demonstrations. See protests
Detroit, 39, 45, 193, 204–5, 230
Dixon, Aaron, 83, 132, 215–16, 219, 227–28, 239
Dominican Republic: U.S. intervention, 27, 111
Dorsey, Jack, 255
Doss, Erika, 106
Douglas, Emory, 7, 71–72, 79–81 passim, 88–93 passim, 101, 106–9 passim, 178, 223; Algiers, 145; armed struggle iconography, 93, 94; Baraka on, 85, 89; birth and early years, 78–79; China visit, 222; on “deadly pictures of the enemy,” 96–97; demilitarization of images, 220; depiction of women, 94, 105; joining of BPP, 73; pig iconography, 86–88, 88, 92–93, 96, 98; in police raid, 133–34; posters, 8, 129; on shootings of police, 133; twenty-first-century analog, 249; United Nations visit, 110
DPRK. See North Korea
draft, military. See military draft
drugs, 170, 171, 216, 226; Newton, 11, 228, 238. See also marijuana
Du Bois, David Graham, 222
Du Bois, Shirley Graham, 5, 14, 30, 222
Du Bois, W. E. B., 19, 20, 21, 34, 41, 77, 169, 222
Dutschke, Rudi, 123
Economic Policy Institute, 245–46
electoral politics, 212–21 passim, 250, 252
Elzie, Johnnetta, 251
Empire (Hardt and Negri), 178
England: Dialectics of Liberation Conference, 1967, 123
Everett, Ronald. See Karenga, Maulana
exceptionalism, American. See American exceptionalism
Fair Play for Cuba Committee, 30, 50
Fanon, Frantz, 23–24, 32, 33, 59–61 passim, 73, 132, 216; as Baraka inspiration, 36; Cleaver reading, 75, 131; on colonial world, 247; on decolonization, 84, 252; Elaine Klein relations, 144; “Fanonismo,” 54; McClintock on, 104; Murray invocation of, 97; Soulbook, 53; view of lumpenproletariat, 23–24, 60; view of passivity of colonized, 23, 93; on violence, 23, 91; Wretched of the Earth, 23–24, 51, 61, 63, 252
Fatah, 2, 143, 145, 150, 199–200, 201
FBI, 2, 10, 44, 182–85 passim, 189, 211, 236, 249–50; informants, 107, 116, 117; Robert Williams indictment, 30. See also COINTELRO
Featherstone, Ralph, 115
Federal Republic of Germany, 122–25, 162, 193–94. See also Red Army Faction (RAF)
Ferguson, Missouri, 241–51 passim
Ferreira, Jason M., 50
film and video, 195–96, 225, 242
firearms. See guns
Fitzgerald, Romaine, 225
FLN. See Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) (Algeria)
Forbes, Flores Alexander, 213–19 passim, 227
Ford, Joudon, 128
France, 196, 208, 238. See also Algerian revolution
Fraser, Cary, 21
Frazier, Roberson Taj, 73, 104, 151
free breakfast program, 148, 149, 166, 212
Freeman, Donald, 39, 41, 44, 103
Freeman, Kenn M. See Lumumba, Mamadou (Kenn Freeman)
Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) (Algeria), 22, 23, 33, 146
Frye, Paulette, 193
Garvey, Marcus, 19, 36, 38, 49
Garvin, Vicki, 5, 14, 19, 30, 34, 169
Gary, Indiana: Black Political Convention, 1972. See National Black Political Convention, Gary, Indiana, 1972
gay bashing. See homophobia
gay liberation and gay rights, 180–81, 220
gender, 13, 73, 75, 104, 180–81, 149, 220, 250. See also patriarchy
German SDS. See Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund (SDS)
Germany, West. See Federal Republic of Germany
Ghana, 30, 50, 75, 112, 192, 224
The Godfather (Puzo), 227
Gronbeck-Tedesco, John, 31
guerrilla warfare, 178, 186, 231; Cleaver plans and views, 137–41 passim, 148, 150, 154, 179–84 passim, 197–202 passim, 251; in Cuban and Algerian revolutions, 22; foco theory, 22; Forbes view, 219; party purges and, 182; RAM, 43–44; rejection of, 176, 212, 219, 225; urban, 199, 209; urged by Robert Williams, 34
Guerrilla Warfare (Guevara), 7, 24
Guevara, Ernesto “Che,” 22, 24, 32, 33, 59, 60, 138; absence from Cuba, 139; Eldridge Cleaver reading, 75; Guerrilla Warfare, 7, 24; Newton on, 61; on solidarity, 85
guns, 60–71 passim, 93, 102, 130, 132, 226, 227; in Algeria, 170; Elaine Brown on, 216; Eldridge Cleaver on, 75, 95, 146–47, 149, 209, 251; Eldridge’s in Cuba, 142; Hewitt on, 148; iconography, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98; Murray on, 128; Newton on, 60, 61, 173, 177, 184; North Korea, 154; police, 242; Pratt, 230; public carrying of, 6, 57, 61–65 passim, 68–69, 80; Robert Williams, 33, 61; Second Amendment, 61, 62. See also Mulford Act (California)
Hansberry, Lorraine, 5, 14, 19
Hardt, Michael, Empire, 178
Hare, Nathan, 147
Harris, Elihu, 49
Harris, Fredrick C., 242–43, 250
Hayden, Tom, 124
Heanes, Herbert, 108
Hemispheric Conference to End the War in Vietnam, Montreal, 1968, 117–19
Hewitt, Raymond “Masai,” 72, 83, 84, 120, 121; Algiers, 145; China visit, 222; on guns, 148
hijackers, airline. See airline hijackers
Hilliard, David, 48, 102, 107, 173; on adventurism, 131; Algiers, 145, 149; on armed struggle debate, 133; on BPP organized crime, 226; Cleaver-Newton split run-up, 172, 180, 184; Cuba trip attempt, 128; departure from BPP, 228; Eldridge Cleaver criticism/call for murder of, 166; fund-raising ideas, 108; on Godfather, 227; house arrest of Anthony, 117; on language “born out of oppression,” 83; Marxism-Leninism, 159; Montreal conference, 118; Newton shooting and, 108; on Newton’s public speaking, 282n60; opposition to Cleaver’s police ambush plans, 135, 149; Scandinavian tour, 120; “we will kill,” 95
Hilliard, June, 166
Hinckle, Warren, 78
Hithe, Rory, 92
Ho Chi Minh, 72, 77, 101, 156, 173
Holder, Willie Roger, 203, 204, 207
homophobia, 84, 106, 180, 181, 268n14
Hoover, J. Edgar, 2
House Committee on Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 49
Howard, Elbert “Big Man,” 117, 124, 243
Huggins, Ericka, 14, 149, 181, 212, 219, 220
Huggins, John, 95
Hussein, King of Jordan, 200–201
“hustling” (petty crime), 108, 170, 205, 238. See also prostitution
imagined communities, 84, 97, 99
imperialism: Newton on, 174–75
imprisonment. See prison and jail time
Indonesia, 20, 21, 152. See also Bandung Conference, 1955
“intercommunalism” (Newton), 11, 161, 162, 174–81 passim, 188, 193, 201, 223; first public mention, 281–82n42
International Conference of Journalists, Pyongyang, 1969, 153, 154
international section of BPP, 122–23, 131, 161, 163, 169–71 passim, 178, 208; expulsion by Newton, 184; “Intercommunal Section,” 181; Leary on, 204; legacy, 207–10; post Cleaver-Newton split, 186, 186, 192
Jackson, Edward Lawrence, 194
Jackson, Jonathan, 173, 285n36
jail and prison time. See prison and jail time
Japan, 114–18 passim, 162, 190, 253
Ji-Jaga, Geronimo. See Pratt, Geronimo
Johnson, Lyndon B., 27, 88, 89, 90, 246
Johnson, Raymond, 142
Jørgensen, Thomas Elman, 120
Judaism, 145
Justice Department. See U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ)
Kang Ryang-uk, 165
Kansas City, 13, 170, 185, 207
Karenga, Maulana, 49, 72, 104, 158
Kelley, Robin, 39, 42, 45, 151
Kennedy, Randall L., 15
Kerkow, Catherine Marie, 203, 204
Kim Il-sung, 4, 152–59 passim, 178, 184, 208, 223, 256; Newton view, 208; Nixon-Mao meeting and, 190; uncle, 165–66
King, Jay Caspian, 249
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 209, 248; assassination, 9, 130, 134–35
King Hussein. See Hussein, King of Jordan
Kissinger, Henry, 2, 16, 188–91 passim
Klein, Elaine, 144, 152, 156, 162, 195, 210
Korea. See North Korea; South Korea
Lamp Post (Oakland nightclub), 227
land (“land question”), 99–100, 111–12, 114
Lara, Luis, 129
Leary, Timothy, 2, 171, 204, 239
Lewis, Raymond, 119
Lewis, Tarika, 7, 71–72, 81, 88, 93–97 passim, 104, 249
Lin, J. Frank, 193
“Little Red Book.” See Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung
Los Angeles: BLA, 232; BPP chapter, 95, 109, 133, 163, 182–83, 184, 229–30; Brown Berets, 102; Community Action Patrol (CAP), 63. See also Watts uprising, 1965
Lowndes County Freedom Organization, 1, 58
lumpenproletariat, 23–24, 60, 83, 101, 159. See also Voice of the Lumpen
Mack, Larry, 170
Mailer, Norman: The White Negro, 77
Malcolm X, 28–41 passim, 47, 52, 59, 60, 65, 73; assassination, 74, 80; birthday demonstration, 57; Cuba, 129; echoed by ten-point program, 58; influence on Eldridge Cleaver, 74, 75, 78; influence on New York BPP, 231; on international power, 253; UCB visit, 49, 50; views of Third World solidarity, 103, 192; views of United Nations, 111
Mansour, Khalid al-. See Al-Mansour, Khalid
Maoism, 24–25, 42, 46, 53, 59, 155
Mao Zedong, 25, 59–63 passim, 73, 97, 159, 213, 214, 256; Cleaver reading, 75; Newton and Seale reading, 51, 131; Newton on, 60, 61; Nixon relations, 189; Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung, 7, 51, 62, 66–67, 97; quoted in Douglas illustration, 88, 89
Marker, Chris, 196
Marshall, Wanda, 39
Marxism, 23, 38, 59, 72, 100–101; Carmichael, 113, 121; Congo, 191–92; Cuba, 140; Eldridge Cleaver, 79, 131, 159; Merritt College, 51; Newton, 177–78; North Korea, 153, 158. See also Maoism
mass media, 15, 68, 69, 237; West Germany, 198. See also New York Times
Matthews, Connie, 120, 122, 124, 125, 162, 166, 210, 223
May, Page, 254
Mayfield, Julian, 33
McAlister, Melanie, 35
McClintock, Anne, 104
McKesson, Deray, 255
McNamara, Robert S., 16, 89, 90
media. See black press; film and video; mass media; Radio Free Dixie; underground and alternative press
Meinhof, Ulrike, 198
Merritt College (Oakland City College), 46, 49, 51, 52, 55–57, 75, 108, 136; Newton on, 61. See also Soul Students Advisory Council (SSAC)
Mexico, 114, 128. See also Olympic Games: Mexico City, 1968
military bases, U.S. See U.S. military bases
military service of BPP members, 52, 182, 230
misogyny, 14, 106, 167, 226. See also rape
Montreal antiwar conference. See Hemispheric Conference to End the War in Vietnam, Montreal, 1968
moon walk, 1969. See Apollo 11
Moore, Isaac, 52
Moore, Richard. See Bin Wahad, Dhoruba
“motherfucker” (word), 83, 84, 85
Mulford Act (California), 7, 68, 69, 71, 80–81, 93, 130, 132
Munich Olympics. See Olympic Games: Munich, 1972
Muntaqim, Jalil, 229, 235, 237
murder, 184; Newton charges, 108, 130, 227, 238; plots and rumors, 166, 171, 227. See also assassination
Murray, George, 50, 54, 95, 97, 99, 128–29
Muslims, 231. See also Nation of Islam
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 18, 33, 34, 46, 50, 52, 111, 168
National Black Political Convention, Gary, Indiana, 1972, 221–22
National Committees to Combat Fascism, 174
National Liberation Front (NLF). See South Vietnam: National Liberation Front (NLF)
Nation of Islam (NOI), 28, 32–41 passim, 49–58 passim, 65, 231, 243; Bunchy Carter in, 229; Eldridge Cleaver in, 74–75; Farrakhan, 239; NBPP compared, 243
natural gas, 143, 144, 203–7 passim
Ndalla, Claude-Ernest, 191
Negri, Antonio, Empire, 178
Neil, Earl A., 134
New Black Panther Party, 243
New Haven BPP, 92
New Left, 27, 78, 79, 108, 115–25 passim; Europe, 119–23 passim, 197. See also Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
Newsome, Bree, 248
Newton, Huey P., 46–49 passim, 80, 131, 149, 208; arrests, 9, 101, 108, 130; “Base of Operations” strategy, 212, 219, 250; birth and early years, 55; bodyguards, 226; BPP founding, 1, 2, 47, 56–61 passim, 73; China, 213, 223; Cuba, 64, 129, 223; drug addiction/abuse, 11, 228, 238; Eldridge Cleaver on, 80, 159; Eldridge planned police ambush and, 135; Eldridge split, 10–11, 14, 181–87, 211–12, 214, 232; Eldridge split run-up, 172–81 passim; “Free Huey,” 101, 109, 111, 114, 128–29, 131; guns and, 60–64 passim, 80; on guns, 60, 61, 173, 177, 184; Kissinger reference to, 2, 189; Merritt College, 51, 55–58 passim; murder charges, 108, 130, 227, 238; murder of, 238; North Vietnam, 158, 161; on occupation by police, 92; “only [blacks] can free the world,” 103, 118; order to Eldridge to flee U.S., 136; organized crime, 226–27; parole/probation, 56, 107–8; “pig” (word) and, 84–85; portrait with M1, 97; prison release, 161, 172–73, 231; public speaking, 174–75, 179–80, 282n60; purges, 182–83, 231, 232; response to Mulford Act, 68; Robert Williams influence on, 33; Seale on, 55; shootings of Oct. 28, 1967, 108, 133; on symbolic violence, 102; Timothy Leary and, 171; trial, 9, 109, 119, 130; Vietnam War, 2, 118, 161, 173, 225, 234; view of guerrilla warfare and spontaneous violence, 93, 135; view of police, 92, 247; view of profanity, 83, 104; view of United Nations, 112. See also “intercommunalism” (Newton)
New York City, 45; attacks on police, 197, 233, 234; Babylon correspondent, 193; BPP chapter, 12, 109, 110, 128, 133, 170, 183, 184, 231–33 passim; killings by police, 242; RAM, 39; Young Lords, 102
New Zealand, 223
Nguyen, Lien-Hang, 27, 157, 167
Nix, N. C., 219
Nixon, Richard, 88, 235; Chinese relations, 2, 177, 188
Nkrumah, Kwame, 30, 50, 75, 77, 112, 128, 192
NLF. See South Vietnam: National Liberation Front (NLF)
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), 42
North Korea, 4, 128, 151–59 passim, 190, 253; Elaine Brown on, 168; embassy in Algeria, 169, 170; People’s Delegation, 10, 163–67 passim
North Oakland, 46, 51, 58. See also Merritt College
North Richmond, California, 65–66
North Vietnam, 151, 158, 166, 190; embassy in Algeria, 170; at Montreal antiwar conference, 117, 118; Newton relations, 158, 161; People’s Delegation, 10, 163–67 passim, 164; Robert Williams in, 18–19
Oakland, 46–49 passim, 81, 92, 185, 238, 239; “Base of Operations” strategy, 212–24 passim, 250; Black Panther, 82; BPP office, 107; Elaine Brown on, 215; electoral politics, 212–21 passim, 250; Matthews, 122; mayors and mayoral elections, 49, 216, 218, 219; organized crime, 226–27; port, 215–16. See also North Oakland; West Oakland
Oakland City College. See Merritt College
Oakland Community Learning Center (OCLC), 220
Oakland Community School, 219, 220
Oakland Police Department (OPD), 63, 252; April 6, 1868 shootings, 130–31, 133, 135–36
Odinga, Sekou, 170, 205, 207, 236
oil industry: Algeria, 144, 203
Oliver, Denise, 14, 186, 191, 193, 196, 210, 223
Olympic Games: Mexico City, 1968, 91; Munich, 1972, 200, 201
O’Neal, Charlotte, 13, 170, 207, 210, 287n96
Onishi, Yuichiro, 115
Organización de Solidaridad con los Pueblos de Asia, África, y América Latina (OSPAAAL), 8, 89, 127, 128–29, 165
Organization of African Unity (OAU), 29–30, 41, 42
Palestine and Palestinians, 11, 143, 145–46, 173, 222, 249, 254. See also Black September; Fatah; Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 2, 22, 181–82, 198, 201; BLA compared, 233; Chinese relations, 145–46
Pan-African Cultural Festival, Algiers, 1969, 144–56 passim
pan-Africanism, 20, 21, 79, 113, 121, 147, 158; New York, 231
Pan Africanist Congress of Azania, 224
party split, 10–11, 14, 181–87, 211–12, 214, 232; run-up, 172–81
passports and visas. See visas and passports
patriarchy, 13, 14, 44, 104, 106, 167, 210, 244; acknowledgment and rejection of, 180, 220, 226, 227; in BPP iconography, 73; of Eldridge Cleaver, 75, 167, 210
“patrolling the pigs.” See armed patrols
Peace and Freedom Party, 101, 109, 113, 116, 163
People’s Anti-Imperialist Delegation. See U.S. People’s Anti-Imperialist Delegation
People’s Republic of the Congo. See Congo
Philadelphia, 39, 174, 185, 193
“pig” (word), 84, 85, 88, 198–99
pigs, iconography of, 78, 85, 86–88, 92–93, 96, 98
police, 133; Algeria, 170, 171, 205, 206–7; assassination of, 12, 213, 233, 235; Berkeley, 134; Fanon view, 91; Los Angeles, 182–83, 230; Mexico, 128; militarization, 242, 247; NCCF and, 174; Newton view, 92, 247; New York City, 183, 197, 233; “pigs” and pig iconography, 85, 88, 93; San Francisco, 80, 133–34; West Oakland, 63, 118, 135. See also armed patrols (police monitoring); Oakland Police Department; police brutality; shootings by police; shootings of police
police brutality, 67, 72, 84, 92, 149, 156, 174, 209; Berkeley, 57; highlighted by Malcolm X, 29; not covered in Soulbook, 54; Oakland, 55, 63, 67, 85, 92; self-defense against, 95
popular culture, American, 77, 126
posters, 88, 97, 127, 132, 194; by Douglas, 8, 88, 89, 129, 145
Prashad, Vijay, 101
Pratt, Geronimo, 182–83, 226, 230–31, 232
PRG. See South Vietnam: Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG)
prison and jail time, 237; Davis, 203; Douglas, 78; Eldridge Cleaver, 74–78 passim, 136, 139, 238; escape attempts and escapes, 224–25, 198, 237; George Jackson, 173, 224–25; Newton, 56, 128, 133–36 passim, 158, 161, 172, 230; Seale, 69, 108, 158, 172
prisoners of war (POWs), 158, 165
Progressive Labor Movement (PL), 46, 48, 51, 52, 56, 72, 101
property, 128. See also sabotage, property destruction, etc.
protests, 67; anti-draft, 118; antiwar, 49, 67, 198; Ferguson, Missouri, 242; Merritt College, 46; Richmond, California, 65; Sacramento, 59, 68–69, 80–81, 130; SSAC, 57; United Nations, 26, 110–11; West Germany, 124, 198; West Oakland, 67
Puerto Rican nationalists, 53, 102. See also Young Lords
“pussy power” (Eldridge Cleaver), 106, 167, 210
Puzo, Mario: The Godfather, 227
Ramparts, 64, 78, 80, 101, 137, 163, 166
Rangel, Charles B., 219
Reading, John, 218
Reagan, Ronald, 13, 68, 69, 83, 84, 88, 136; presidential election and presidency, 238, 239, 246–47
Red Army Faction (RAF), 188, 197–201 passim, 209
Republic of New Afrika, 185, 234
Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM), 5, 19, 27, 34, 39–45, 56–67 passim, 82, 244; African American exceptionalism, 103, 148; Audley Moore mentorship, 113–14; influence on BPP, 47, 56; Oakland chapter, 52–53, 59; SSAC relations, 57
“revolutionary nationalism,” 5–6, 12, 47, 52–56 passim, 64–66 passim, 108, 116, 148, 243, 252–53; anticolonial vernacular and, 72; BLA, 233, 235, 237; Black House and, 79; Cruse, 5, 37–40 passim, 56; pan-Africanism clash with, 113, 147; RAM, 5, 40, 45, 56, 64–65; shift from, 221
Revolutionary People’s Communications Network (RPCN), 11, 14, 188, 193–97, 202–3, 239; Information Bulletin, 194; legacy, 207–10
Revolutionary People’s Constitutional Convention, 174
Richmond, California, 65
robbery, 55, 198, 213, 229, 235, 237
Roediger, David, 84
romanticization, 9, 12, 106, 125–27 passim, 137, 189; of Asia and Asians, 168; of violence, 44, 209
Rosaldo, Renato, 12
sabotage, property destruction, etc., 43–44, 200, 201, 229, 235–36
Sacramento protest, May 1967, 59, 68–69, 80–81, 130
Salah, Si, 207
Salaita, Steven, 84
Sanchez, Sonia, 36, 50, 54, 78
San Francisco: Babylon correspondent, 193; Baraka in, 79; BLA, 232; Chicanos, 102; HUAC hearings, 49; mayors, 88; police, 80, 133–34; Red Guards, 102. See also Black House
San Francisco City College, 79
San Francisco Mime Troupe, 136
San Francisco State University (SFSU), 35, 109; Black Student Union (BSU), 50, 79, 108
San Quentin State Prison (California), 74–75, 173, 224–25
Scott, Jessica, 195
SDS. See Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
SDS (Germany). See Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund (SDS)
Seale, Bobby, 46–62 passim, 73, 149; arrests, 57, 134; “Base of Operations” strategy, 212–13, 216, 217; birth and early years, 52; Black Political Convention, 221; BPP founding, 1, 47, 56–61 passim; denunciation of NBPP, 243; departure from BPP, 228; disavowal of skyjacker, 142; Dixon on, 132; on Fanon, 60; Malcolm X assassination anniversary event, 80; mayoral campaign, 216–21 passim; Merritt College, 51; military service, 52; Montreal conference, 118–19; on “motherfucker” (word), 83; on Newton, 55; North Vietnam, 158; on “pig” (word), 84–85; prison, 69, 108, 158, 172; public speaking, 97, 118–19, 179; Sacramento demonstration, 1967, 68; Scandinavian tour, 120, 121, 125; Soulbook, 53; SSAC, 57; on symbolic violence, 102; United Nations visit, 110, 113
Seattle BPP, 83, 109, 132, 133, 215
Seidler, William and Miriam, 196
Self, Robert O., 215, 221, 246, 247
self-defense, armed. See armed self-defense
Semler, Christian, 123
separatism, black. See black separatism
sex (gender). See gender
sexual attitudes of Eldridge Cleaver. See Cleaver, Eldridge: sexual attitudes
sexual violence. See rape
Shakur, Afeni, 240
Shakur, Assata, 14, 87–88, 179, 231, 232, 240, 252; Cuba, 228, 237; legacy, 248; on Newton speeches, 180; prison break, 237
Sharma, Sanjay, 249
shootings by police, 213, 242; Denzil Dowell, 65, 81, 92; Michael Brown, 241–42, 252
shootings of police, 108, 133, 198, 201, 233; Newton, TK. See also assassination: of police
Sibeko, David, 224
Los Siete de la Raza, 102, 109
Singh, Nikhil Pal, 5, 164, 246
skyjackers. See airline hijackers
Slausons (L.A. gang), 229
Smethurst, James, 48
SNCC. See Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Socialist Student League of Germany. See Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund (SDS)
Socialist Workers Party, 48
social media, 242, 249, 254, 255
soldiers, black. See black GIs
Soledad State Prison (California), 74, 229
Soul on Ice (Cleaver), 75, 77, 101, 133
Soul Students Advisory Council (SSAC), 56–61 passim, 75
South Africa, 34, 222, 224. See also African National Congress
South Vietnam: Algerian relations, 143, 157–58; National Liberation Front (NLF), 2, 22, 61, 63, 132, 156–59 passim, 173; Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG), 151, 156–58 passim, 169, 173, 190, 196
Soviet Union, 24–25, 31, 120; Chinese relations, 24, 42, 138, 153, 154, 155; Congolese relations, 25; Cuban relations, 32, 138–40 passim; North Korean relations, 152; People’s Delegation, 163; Seale on, 121; Soulbook view of, 53; Tricontinental Conference, 28; U.S. détente, 7, 177
Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund (SDS), 122–24, 194, 197
The Spook Who Sat by the Door, 225
Stanford, Max. See Ahmad, Muhammad
Stanford University, 48
State Department. See U.S. Department of State
Stevens, William, 191
Stone, I. F., 27
Stone, Ronald, 57
Strain, Christopher B., 251
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 1, 45; African tour, 30; BPP split, 113; Germany, 123; Japan, 115; Scandinavia, 120; split with BPP, 113; Vietnam War opposition, 27, 115, 123, 156
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 39, 50, 117, 123, 235
Suez crisis, 1956, 25
Sukarno, 21
survival programs, 162, 172, 177, 216, 219, 220, 251; Eldridge Cleaver criticism of, 166. See also free breakfast program
Tabor, Connie. See Matthews, Connie
Tabor, Michael Cetewayo, 122, 170, 191, 207
Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta, 244–45, 252
ten-point program (BPP), 1, 13, 58, 217, 244, 252; modification, 112, 158–59
theft, 56, 74, 170, 241. See also robbery
“Third World” (term), 20
Touré, Sékou, 128
treaty organizations, 92
trials: BLA, 237; Davis, 203; Eldridge Cleaver, 136, 238; Newton, 7, 9, 108–10 passim, 119, 120, 130, 161; Panther 21, 183; Ramstein 2, 194–95
Tricontinental Conference of Asian, Africa and Latin American Peoples, 1966, 27–28, 42, 53, 139
Ture, Kwame. See Carmichael, Stokely
twelve-point program (RAM), 40
Twist (dance), 77
Tyson, Timothy B., 32
UCLA, 230
underground and alternative press, 188, 191–96 passim, 202; West Germany, 198. See also Black Panther; Ramparts
uniform of the BPP, 6, 66, 81, 106, 226
United Nations, 9, 21, 109–14 passim, 254; in Black Panther, 222; China, 213, 216; Civil Right Congress petition, 48; Congo, 25; Cuba, 23; Malcolm X views, 29; protests, 26–27, 111; UNESCO, 120
Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), 19, 49, 65
University of California, Berkeley (UCB), 48–49, 50, 51, 66–67, 109
“The Urban Guerrilla Concept” (RAF), 199
U.S. Congress. See Congressional Black Caucus; U.S. House of Representatives; U.S. Senate
U.S. Constitution, 34, 59; Second Amendment, 61, 62
U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), 241, 247
U.S. Department of State, 2, 163, 205; Rusk, 89, 90
U.S. House of Representatives, 219. See also House Committee on Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
U.S. interventionism, 25, 111, 253–54
U.S. military bases, 124, 194, 209, 253–54
US Organization, 49, 72, 104, 158, 230
U.S. People’s Anti-Imperialist Delegation, 10, 156, 157, 161–71 passim; roster, 280n6
U.S. Senate: subcommittee on Internal Security Act, 124
USSR. See Soviet Union
vanguardism, 63, 67, 118–25 passim, 164, 176, 221, 224; Cruse views, 5, 38; Odinga on, 236; RAM views, 5, 41, 44, 54, 118
video. See film and video
Viet Cong. See South Vietnam: National Liberation Front (NLF)
Vietnam, North. See North Vietnam
Vietnam, South. See South Vietnam
Vietnam Day Committee, 49
Vietnam War, 13, 16, 19, 27, 49, 76, 157, 252; antiwar movement, 57, 58, 101, 115–19 passim, 125, 156, 165, 190, 198; Baraka and, 36; fragging (urged by Eldridge Cleaver), 166; German views, 123–26 passim, 198; Japanese views, 116; Newton offer of Panther soldiers, 161, 173, 225; Port of Oakland and, 215; Pratt in, 230; SSAC and, 57; as unifying force, 224; West Germany, 194–95; winding down, 190
Vietnam Workers Party (VWP), 157
violence, internecine. See internecine violence
violence, symbolic. See symbolic violence
Warden, Donald. See Al-Mansour, Khalid
Washington, Albert “Nuh,” 17, 184–85, 229, 232, 256
Washington Post, 69
Watts uprising, 1965, 19, 28, 44, 63, 75, 82; OSPAAAL celebration, 8, 128, 165
weapons: public display of, 93; Second Amendment, 61, 62; Third World, 10, 206. See also armed patrols; armed self-defense; armed struggle; guns
Weather Underground, 171, 183, 200, 201, 209, 231–32
Weems, Donald. See Balagoon, Kuwasi
West Germany. See Federal Republic of Germany
West Oakland, 55, 67, 93, 216; BPP origins, 2, 4, 16; DeFremery Park, 49, 81; NOI, 49; police, 63, 118, 135
white allies, 108, 116, 117, 224; Bay Area, 109; BLA and, 237; Carmichael criticism, 72; Cleaver, 76–77, 79, 101, 108; Seale view, 122. See also New Left; Weather Underground
The White Negro (Mailer), 77
white supremacy, 76, 116, 209, 245; capitalism and, 100, 101; Cuba, 140
Williams, Landon R., 128
Williams, Robert F., 18–19, 28–39 passim, 52, 60–61, 66, 67, 73, 109–10; China, 25, 32, 139; Cuba, 18, 30–37 passim, 52, 127, 139, 140–41; Eldridge Cleaver building upon, 76; “ninety-day war,” 42–43, 202, 209, 235; North Vietnam, 18–19; UCB, 50
Wilson, Lionel, 219
Windom, Alice, 30
Wolfe, Tom, 15
Wolff, Karl Dietrich, 83, 124, 125, 193–94
women, Eldridge Cleaver abuse of. See Cleaver, Eldridge: abuse of women
women, iconography of, 73, 94, 105
women and men. See gender
women’s liberation. See feminism
The Wretched of the Earth (Fanon), 23–24, 51, 61, 63, 252
Wu, Judy, 151, 166, 167, 168, 169
Wu Hsueh-chien, 28