INDEX

Readers will find Native Americans indexed by the name I thought would be most familiar; sometimes a person appears by surname, and sometimes by the name most frequently discernible in the records. I have indexed places using modern geographical designations.

Page numbers in italics refer to figures.

• Abeel, John. See Cornplanter
• abolitionists, 3, 138, 149, 183, 190
• Acadians, 139
• accommodation, 9, 36, 75, 187, 192, 204
• Act of Union (1707), 73
• African Americans, 17, 100
• Africans: Baga, 182, 198; Bullom, 182, 185, 188, 196; Fula, 182, 184; Koranko, 182; Limba, 182; Loko, 182; Mande, 183; Mandingo, 182, 185, 196; Susu, 14, 179, 182, 183, 188–93; Temne, 14, 179, 181–84, 187–89, 191–98; Yoruba, 151
• agriculture: American colonists’, 44, 48, 51, 62, 94, 107; Americans’, 162; black colonists’, 142, 187; changes to, 12, 157, 160, 167, 171; Europeans’, 2, 34, 145; formerly enslaved peoples’, 97; gender roles in, 22, 35, 161, 163, 168, 169; hoes, 61, 162, 174; Loyalists’, 114, 139, 147, 149; misrepresentations about, 12, 14, 123, 154, 157, 160, 206; model farms, 169; Native American cropping systems in, 2, 28, 29, 34, 124, 125, 132, 158, 163, 169, 176; pelicula, 35; plows, 51, 162, 163, 165, 169, 170, 173, 174; soil disturbance in, 28. See also victual imperialism; victual warfare
• Alabama, 34, 67, 84, 121
• alcohol: Madeira, 27, 128; Port, 128; rum, 27, 46, 49, 75, 76, 98, 105, 113, 116, 118, 128, 132, 171, 186, 189–90, 193, 194; whiskey, 172; wine, 28, 191
• Allen, William, 103
• alliances: confusion about, 81, 83; disruptions to, 46, 66, 72, 75, 131; formation of, 9, 11, 45, 50, 68, 120, 125, 127; maintenance of, 9, 26–29, 42, 50, 64, 68, 71, 74; severing of, 43. See also Cherokee; Creek; Delaware; Iroquois; Shawnee; trade; Western Confederacy Indians
• American Legion, 127–29, 131
• Amherst, Jeffery, 43, 44, 116, 173, 202
• animals: ants, 181; beaver, 42, 176; birds, 50, 53, 24; bulls, 31, 98; caterpillars, 46; cats, 42, 150; calves, 164; cattle, 1, 12, 27, 28, 34, 35, 46, 50, 51, 53, 57, 59, 60, 69–76, 79, 83–85, 96, 97, 104, 120, 123, 124, 127, 129, 130, 157, 162, 164, 169, 171, 174, 184, 187, 191–3; chickens, 28, 35, 39; deer, 8, 29, 42, 71, 73, 126, 164, 174, 176; dogfish, 143; dogs, 27, 53, 72, 136, 150; eel, 53, 143; flounder, 143; goats, 96, 181, 191; haddock, 143; herring, 105, 143; Hessian fly, 46, 115; horses, 28, 34, 51, 52, 54, 72–77, 83, 84, 96, 118, 120, 123, 127, 130, 136, 164, 170, 172, 173; leopards, 181; manure, 28, 170; muskrats, 42, 53; otters, 42; pigs, 1, 11, 12, 28, 34, 51, 52, 84, 96, 104, 106, 120, 123, 124, 157, 169, 170, 172, 174, 187, 192; raccoons, 42; salmon, 143; shad, 143; sheep, 1, 152, 157, 166, 191; skate, 143; steers, 103, 164; sturgeon, 143
• antislavery, 3, 149, 180, 184, 190
• Appalachian Mountains, 6, 44
• appetite: blacks’, 89, 91, 107, 136, 139, 201; non-Native knowledge about, 17, 21, 23, 31, 36, 37, 38, 47, 117, 119, 158, 162, 169, 202, 206; Native American, 13, 17, 21, 29, 31; suppressants, 117
• Articles of Confederation, 114–15, 126
• Atkin, Edmond, 24, 25, 67
• Atlantic World, 13, 53, 200–201, 204, 205
• Aupaumut, Hendrick, 117, 128, 129, 167, 171, 175

• Bai Farma, 183, 184
• bakers, 89, 142, 145, 146, 180, 197
• Barclay, Andrew, 94
• Battle: of Fallen Timbers, 131, 167; of Monmouth, 100; of Oriskany, 51; at Saratoga, 47; of Stony Point, 100; of Yorktown, 80–82, 84, 100, 110, 136
• Bell, John, 193
• Big Tree, 129–30, 159, 163
• Bird, Henry, 59, 126
• Bird Tail King, 125, 169
• black colonists, 3, 5, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 36, 91, 137, 141–53, 177–99, 201–3; Ansel Zizer, 194, 195; Anthony Cooper, 142; Anthony Davis, 142; Anthony Post, 142; Captain Nicholson, 142; Cato Perkins, 178, 189, 197; Charles Wilkinson, 142; Christiana Thomas, 142; David Edmonds, 152, 153, 195; Elizabeth Thomas, 142; Fortune Rivers, 142; Henry Darling, 142; Isaac Anderson, 178, 179, 189, 190, 194, 195, 197; Isaac Taylor, 142; Ishmael York, 193; Jacob Coffee, 149; Jacob Williams, 142; Jacob With, 142; James Robertson, 194; Jenny Roberts, 142; John Charles Glass, 142; John Thomas, 142; Marsh Jones, 142; Mingo Jordan, 194; Moses Wilkinson, 152; Peter Daniel, 142; Pompey Donaldson, 142; Pompey Young, 191; Richard Jarrat, 142; Richard Laurence, 142; Robert Roberts, 142; Samuel Jones, 149; Scott Murray, 142; Thomas Freeman, 142; Thomas Kane, 142; Thomas Peters, 151, 152, 153, 187, 195; William Fortune, 142. See also formerly enslaved people; George, David; King, Boston; Loyalists: black
• Black Pioneers, 102, 103, 142, 151. See also black colonists
• Black Poor, 149, 180, 190
• Bloody Fellow, 72
• Blount, William, 119, 127, 175
• Blucke, Stephen, 152
• Blue Jacket, 126, 130–33
• Book of Orders, 145
• Bouquet, Henry, 31, 37, 42
• Bradford, William, 29
• Brant, Joseph, 47, 51, 58, 112, 113, 130
• Brant, Molly, 26, 27, 46, 47, 50, 52, 112
• Brinch, Boyrereau, 104
• Brodhead, Daniel, 54
• Brown, John, 152
• Brown, Thomas, 75
• Buckongahelas, 126, 131
• Buffalo Creek, 61, 112, 115, 158, 160, 176
• Bulama, 149, 182, 183
• Bull, Stephen, 97
• Burgoyne, John, 47
• Burns, Levi, 113
• Butler, John, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 56, 58
• Butler’s Rangers, 51, 56

• Cameron, Alexander, 68, 70, 75–79, 81
• Campbell, John, 75
• Campbell, William, 178
• Canada: Acadia, 139; Grand River, 55, 112, 113, 166; Lake Ontario, 41, 49, 206; Maritimes, 115, 138, 139; Montreal, 30, 58, 61, 105, 113; New Brunswick, 111, 139, 151; Quebec, 4, 38, 57, 115, 138, 142. See also Nova Scotia
• cannibalism, 27
• canoes, 118
• Captain Isaac, 159, 163
• Captain Johnny, 131
• Captain Pollard, 115
• Carleton, Guy, 138–39, 141, 145, 147
• Carter, Landon, 99
• Carter, Robert, 99
• Charles I, 145
• Cherokee: alliances, 11, 43, 44, 46, 65, 68, 70, 72, 76; American attacks against, 13, 35, 67, 70, 71–2, 75, 77–78, 84, 206; Americans’ diplomacy with, 77, 81–2, 164; attacks against non-Natives, 43, 82, 83; Chickamaugas, 16, 68, 72, 76, 77, 78, 79, 83, 84, 120, 125, 130, 133, 164, 174; conflict with Creeks, 68; diets, 27; diplomacy, 14, 24; domesticated animal use, 73–4, 170, 201; and enslaved people, 97; factions, 16, 70, 72, 83; food production, 3, 68, 78; Keowee, 25; land boundaries, 44, 67, 112, 175; Long Hair Clan, 75; Lower, 25, 127; meetings with Americans, 69, 119, 120, 134, 164, 172; Middle, 69, 82; Overhill, 65, 69; and the Plan of Civilization, 169; population, 67; presents, 26; removal, 121; reports of scarcity, 77, 115, 164; Valley, 69, 82; women, 35, 72, 164, 165. See also food diplomacy; victual imperialism; victual warfare
• Chesapeake, 34, 36, 73, 96
• Chester, Peter, 79–80
• Christian: Baptists, 142, 149, 150, 152, 181; and charity, 149, 150; Methodists, 139, 152, 194, 197; missionaries, 159, 160, 176; Native Americans, 28, 33, 160; Pilgrims, 29, 205; Puritans, 42; warfare, 33
• Christian, William, 71
• Christmas, 134, 152, 153, 187, 195
• civilians, 4, 9, 12, 22, 33, 38, 60, 68, 94
• Clarkson, John, 149, 178, 179, 181, 183–84, 185, 187
• Clarkson, Thomas, 149
• Claus, Daniel, 47, 51, 58, 105
• Clinton, George, 115, 161
• Clinton, Henry, 93, 102, 103, 151, 178
• Clinton, James, 54
• clothing, 24, 29, 33, 45, 129, 163, 195
• Clymer, George, 121, 122, 123
• Cocks, James, 183
• colonists: Dutch, 23, 24, 25, 26, 34, 40, 62; French, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 40, 41, 42, 43, 67, 111, 138; Loyalist, 3, 12, 14, 113, 137–45, 147, 148, 151, 158; Spanish, 55, 67, 76, 81, 111, 114, 132. See also black colonists
• confusion, 11, 13, 36, 65, 66, 67, 75–79, 85, 102, 203
• Conotocarious. See Washington, George
• Constitution, 114, 126
• Continental Army, 46, 49, 50, 98
• Cooper, Polly, 50
• Coopers, James, 113
• Corlies, John, 103
• Cornplanter, 1–2, 13, 14, 63, 115, 118, 154, 157, 162–63, 165–66, 168, 176, 206
• Cornwallis, Charles, 81, 102, 136
• Court of Common Pleas, 145
• Court of Sessions, 145
• Creek: alliances, 46, 66; Americans’ diplomacy with, 110, 125; Cusseta, 81, 170; diplomacy, 24, 67; domesticated animal use, 27; and enslaved people, 97; factions, 81, 83; food production, 121–22; food storage, 109; hunting, 27; land boundaries, 175; Lower, 74, 83, 84, 121, 168, 170; meetings with Americans, 121–25, 175; Okfuskee, 81, 83; and the Plan of Civilization, 167–73; population, 67; reports of scarcity, 109, 115; Seminole, 121; Tallassee and, 81; terminology, 16; Upper, 83, 84, 121, 127; women, 123–24, 169. See also food diplomacy; victual imperialism; victual warfare
• Croghan, George, 17, 21, 23, 27, 31, 37, 38
• Cromwell, Thomas, 32
• crop failure, 2, 36, 55, 115, 120, 164, 202
• culinary diplomacy. See food diplomacy
• Cuthbert, John, 194

• Dalyrymple, Henry, 183
• Dawes, William, 189, 190, 191
• Dean, James, 48
• Declaration of Independence, 5
• Deganawidah, 23
• Delaware: alliances, 4, 15, 16, 42, 43, 50, 58, 59, 125, 126, 127, 130, 131, 167, 174; American attacks against, 126; American diplomacy with, 166; crop production, 3, 61; interactions with, colonists, 33; land losses, 12; meetings with Americans, 114, 132; relations with the Iroquois, 40; reports of scarcity, 50, 132. See also food diplomacy; Native Americans; victual imperialism; victual warfare
• Denonville, Marquis de, 30
• Department of Foreign Affairs, 114
• Detroit, 30, 43, 44, 47, 55, 56, 113, 131
• Deygart, Peter, 51
• Dinah, 89
• diplomacy: condolence ceremonies and, 24, 28, 116; forest and, 9, 22, 23, 25, 27, 28, 31, 36, 43, 44, 113, 122, 134; peace pipes and, 23, 24, 28; speeches, 1–2, 24, 28, 29, 30, 115, 122–23, 135, 165, 176; trade, 11, 25, 26, 29, 31, 39, 42; treaties, 6, 28, 29, 31, 36, 40, 72, 82, 111, 114, 118, 120, 124, 134, 164, 165, 171, 172, 173; wampum and, 22, 23, 24, 25, 115. See also food diplomacy; metaphor
• diseases: diabetes, 202; obesity, 202; plague, 32; smallpox, 103, 136
• Douw, Volkert, 48
• Dragging Canoe, 71, 72, 73, 130, 164, 168
• Dunmore, Lord, 34, 44, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 99–103, 106, 138, 204
• Durfee, Joseph, 140, 141, 145

• East Florida, 65, 67, 71, 111
• eating: abstention, 59, 79; black writing about, 150–51; domesticated animal meat, 27, 66, 73, 150, 174; feasts and, 11, 27, 28, 29, 31, 36, 129, 132, 173, 205; food stores and, 47, 157; gastronomy and, 9; habits, 115, 157; over-, 37, 116, 121; rations, 183
• Elliott, Matthew, 126, 128, 129, 131, 132
• Emistesigo, 83
• Empire: American, 5–8, 157–77, 207; and animals, 35, 60; British, 5, 7, 8, 11, 44, 71, 76, 81, 114, 153, 203, 207; European, 23, 41; formal and informal, 10, 40; Iroquois, 40; of liberty, 6, 8; Spanish, 81, 114
• enclosure, 12, 145
• England: London, 44, 45, 74, 75, 91, 149, 151, 178, 180, 181, 188, 189; Gravesend, 149; Smithfield Market, 73; Whitehall, 44, 74
• enslaved people: actions, 15; arms, 71, 96; cash crop production, 35; and chicken, 35, 89; children, 96; as cooks, 35; definition of, 138; diets, 36, 98, 140; fishing, 36; food deprivation of, 3, 22, 36; as food hucksters, 35, 36; food systems of, 8, 13, 35, 90, 91, 93, 96, 97, 101, 106; force-feeding, 36; and foreign policy conflicts, 93–95; hunger, 36, 89, 91, 107; labor, 36, 96; and markets, 143; migration, 138, 153; and Native Americans, 73, 81, 83–85, 97, 169, 171; religion, 101; revolts, 47, 91, 96, 196; rice production, 35; runaways, 8, 12, 85, 90, 91, 93, 95, 97–101, 104–3, 151, 178; soldiers, 100; terminology, 17; and theft, 99; and trade, 184; vegetable production, 35, 98, 144, 171
• environmental problems: crop failure, 2, 36, 55, 115, 120, 160, 202; drought, 109, 115, 164; heat, 46; and hunger, 205; ice, 46; seasonal rains, 181; snow, 46
• Equiano, Olaudah, 180
• Ethiopian Regiment, 91, 102
• exchange economies, 22, 25, 27, 28, 36, 43, 112, 173
• excretion, 27, 117
• extirpative warfare. See victual warfare

• Falconbridge, Alexander, 183
• Falconbridge, Anna Maria, 183, 189
• famine: causation of, 23, 39, 53, 55, 66, 67; fears of, 6, 109, 120; occurrences, 2, 17, 30, 36, 72, 94, 137, 145, 148, 150, 159; poetry, 80; prevention, 13, 14, 70, 120, 169, 179, 201; rumors about, 75, 85, 109–10, 164
• Farmer’s Brother, 115
• Fat King, 84, 119
• Feedfight. See victual warfare
• fishing, 1, 36, 104, 137, 139, 142, 143, 146–47, 150, 159, 160, 179, 184, 187
• food: butchering, 16, 66, 90, 101, 104, 106, 142, 143, 191, 192, 197; gifts, 9, 27, 70, 75, 176; marketing, 10, 90, 143, 145; markets, 35, 73, 101, 106, 137, 142, 143, 146, 171; meals, 9, 11, 48, 49, 65, 96, 105, 133, 205; preservation, 16, 61, 98, 122, 128, 185; rationing, 9, 11, 13, 16, 30, 45, 47, 49, 56, 58, 68, 69, 102, 106, 113, 117, 121, 127, 136, 140, 144, 152, 163, 171–73, 183, 185–88; spoilage, 16, 47, 130; storage, 46, 109, 162, 73, 181, 182, 184; transportation, 8, 58, 61, 101, 106, 118, 127, 128. See also agriculture; enslaved people
• food diplomacy: American practices of, 62, 75, 76, 82; British practices of, 11, 13, 28–31, 39, 47, 52, 57, 68, 75, 129; changes over time, 11, 14, 22, 39, 53, 60, 63, 75, 131, 159, 171, 175; Cherokee, 14, 15, 69–70, 78; Creek, 15, 69–70; definition of, 9; and enslaved people, 11, 36; failure of, 65, 66, 67, 75, 85, 110, 123; food aid and, 9; forced abstention from food, 57, 58; importance of, 6, 11; Iroquois versions of, 13, 15, 28, 39–40, 49–50, 52, 57, 63; with Native Americans, 11; mutual fasting, 9; U.S. replication of British practices of, 11, 39, 45, 202
• food laws: black colonists’, 8, 13, 14, 179–80, 189–92, 201; and victual imperialism, 10, 171; white Loyalist, 3, 12, 145–47
• food policy: British, 141; U.S., 1, 7, 11, 39, 110, 133, 134, 154, 157–58, 166, 167, 172, 174, 176
• food riots, 2, 145, 177, 180, 194–98
• food sovereignty, 35, 176, 202
• foodstuff: apples, 139; bacon, 48, 98, 164, 169, 171; bananas, 185; barley, 115, 139; bark, 53; beans, 2, 35, 47, 174, 187; beef, 7, 9, 27, 43, 47, 49, 53, 57, 61, 73, 98, 112, 116–18, 121, 122, 128, 131, 132, 152–53, 162, 171–72, 184, 186–87, 191, 194, 201; berries, 2, 27, 139; biscuits, 144, 184; boiled bones, 53; bread, 9, 30, 46, 47, 48, 49, 60, 72, 89, 102, 117, 123, 128, 145–46, 159, 174, 175, 179, 180, 186, 191, 198; butter, 27, 97, 104, 113, 128, 131, 171, 186, 194, 197; buttermilk, 146; cabbages, 51, 170, 187; capons, 170; cassava, 185, 187; cheese, 97, 104, 105, 128, 171, 184, 186, 194; cherries, 139; chocolate, 104, 128; corn, 1–2, 7, 9, 26–27, 30, 33–34, 45–47, 50, 51, 53–55, 58, 60, 61, 66, 68–70, 77–79, 84, 96, 97, 103, 109–10, 112, 115–16, 118, 120, 123–24, 127, 129, 131–32, 150, 162–63, 167, 170–71, 174, 176, 187; cornmeal, 9, 98, 144, 146; cresses, 187; currants, 139; eels, 143; eggs, 35, 171; flour, 27, 46, 51, 60, 98, 101–2, 104, 106, 116, 129, 131, 144, 146, 167, 185–87; gooseberries, 139; ground nuts, 187; ground peas, 171; hams, 27, 187; hickory nut oil, 171; hominy, 50; limes, 185; maple sugar, 174; molasses, 144, 184; mussels, 53; mutton, 27, 105, 132, 142, 133, 191; nuts, 27, 78, 110, 184, 185; oats, 139; oranges, 185; peaches, 139, 168; pears, 137; peas, 27, 89, 102, 129, 139, 171, 186; persimmons, 110; pineapples, 185; plantains, 185; plums, 139; pork, 7, 9, 27, 43, 60, 76, 98, 105, 112–13, 127–29, 131–33, 144, 171, 184, 186, 187, 189, 191, 194, 201; potatoes, 51, 84, 110, 118, 142, 147, 149, 150, 169, 171; pumpkins, 131, 171, 187; purslane, 187; raspberries, 139; rice, 27, 35, 61, 84, 96, 98, 99, 102, 106, 131, 185–87, 192, 194; rotten meant, 53; rye, 115, 139, 146; salt, 61, 98, 113, 170, 184, 185, 194; sherry, 128; Siberian wheat, 139; spikenard root, 117; strawberries, 139, 160; sugar, 27, 61, 128, 185, 194–95; sugarcane, 187; sweet potatoes, 187; tea, 27, 128, 154, 183, 185; turnips, 51, 169; vegetables, 54, 110, 116, 117, 137, 143, 146, 168, 169, 170, 187–88; venison, 2, 29, 43, 71; wheat, 46, 115, 124, 162, 163, 167, 175; wild rice, 29; yams, 185, 187. See also animals
• foreign affairs, 5–8, 14, 15, 96, 114, 157, 191, 204
• formerly enslaved people: actions, 15; alliances, 16, 97; arms, 93; children, 142; as cooks, 90; food aid, 144; food systems of, 8, 202; hunger, 5, 89, 91, 101, 107, 144, 151, 179, 199, 201; labor, 107; land, 13, 143; laundresses, 103; and markets, 143; migration, 3, 4, 90–91, 93, 94, 135, 151, 200; and Native Americans, 5, 72, 85, 97; networks, 101, 105, 107; overseers, 148; population, 141; rations, 102; reenslavement, 14, 99, 107, 137, 138, 139, 149–50, 189, 190; self-governance, 190; soldiers, 90, 100, 101; usefulness, 102, 103, 190; writing, 136–37, 180, 198. See also food laws
• Fort: Defiance, 130, 132; Detroit, 43, 44, 47, 56, 113; Liberty, 59; Miami, 131; Niagara, 44, 55, 56, 61, 113; Oswego, 43; Pitt, 37, 44; Recovery, 130; Rutledge, 73; Schuyler, 54; Wayne, 174
• Fouta Djallon, 182, 184
• France, 42
• free trade, 7–8

• Galphin, George, 67, 68, 74, 81, 100
• Gálvez, Bernando de, 76
• Gates, Horatio, 98
• Gayaneshagowa. See Great Law of Peace
• George, David, 97, 100, 103, 104, 136, 142, 149–53, 181
• George, Phillis, 103, 149
• George III, 26, 195
• Georgia: Augusta, 81, 83; Beard’s Bluff, 119; Buchanan’s Station in, 130; Coosa River, 169; Ellis Square, 143; Muscogee, 122; Tallapoosa River, 169
• Georgia Council of Safety, 69, 71
• Germain, George, 46, 74, 75, 79
• Gervais, John Lewis, 99, 100, 102
• gift-giving: alcohol, 21, 46, 112, 113, 122; animals, 80, 103, 163–64, 170, 173; food goods, 9, 11, 22, 27–30, 39, 46, 50, 52, 56, 57, 65, 70, 75, 112, 117, 119, 129, 149, 168, 173; trade goods, 25–27, 42–45, 69, 119, 168, 171, 173. See also exchange economies
• Gilbert, Humphrey, 32
• Girty, Simon, 126, 129
• Good Peter, 118
• Grandison, Charles, 104, 105
• Great Lakes, 28, 42, 41, 49, 206
• Great Law of Peace, 23, 49
• Great Tree, 118, 159
• Green, Johnson, 104–5
• Grotius, Hugo, 32–33
• Guinea: Nunez River, 182, 184; Pongo River, 182, 184. See also Sierra Leone; Upper Guinea Coast
• gunpowder, 25, 30, 33, 69, 71, 91, 195
• Guswenta, 23, 28, 49
• Guyasuta, 118

• Haldimand, Frederick, 3, 4, 38, 39, 51, 55–57, 60–61, 107, 112, 113, 116, 141
• Half Town, 118
• Hall, Lyman, 69, 70
• Hamilton College, 161
• Handley, George, 120
• Handley, Scipio, 104
• Hanging Maw, 72
• Hanyery, 52
• Harmar, Josiah, 126
• Haudenosaunee. See Iroquois
• Hawkins, Benjamin, 120–24, 134–35, 168–74
• Hendricks, James, 121–25
• Hessian fly, 46, 115
• Hessians, 16
• Hewson, John, 32
• history: American versions of, 134; British versions of, 21; black versions of, 136, 198; Creek versions of, 135; Iroquois versions of, 2, 23, 62, 62, 118, 134, 135, 160, 176; misrepresentations about, 1, 2, 14, 62, 82, 118, 154, 157, 198, 199, 203, 206
• Hopoie Mico, 173
• Horton, Robert, 187
• hospitality: Creek, 73, 80, 170; Iroquois, 46, 57, 116
• House of Representatives, 173
• Howe, William, 74
• Hundredors and Tythingmen, 190–95, 197
• hunger: creation, 3, 10, 12, 36, 61, 84, 101, 105, 106, 151, 201; endurance, 3, 12, 13, 40, 63, 201; ideas about, 14, 17, 31, 36–40, 56, 63, 64, 117, 165, 206; prevention, 2–15, 22, 31, 36, 39, 63, 67, 70, 74, 77, 79, 84, 85, 90, 91, 94–95, 98, 100–101, 106–7, 109, 113, 120, 124, 134, 135, 137, 139, 153, 154, 158–69, 174, 179, 180, 183, 193, 197, 201
• hunting: for food, 1–2, 7, 30, 35, 36, 37, 47, 48, 57, 58, 71, 73, 121, 123, 126, 128, 157; for furs, 35, 42, 48, 71, 123; habits, 7, 10, 33, 48, 129, 159, 161, 164; territory, 29, 129, 133, 164

• imperialism, 8, 10. See also Empire; victual imperialism
• India, 154
• Indian Affairs: American, 65, 109, 121, 175; British, 21, 24, 25, 26, 43, 44, 45, 60, 66, 67, 74, 75; Middle Department of, 46, 67; Northern Department of, 46, 67; Southern Department of, 46, 67
• Indian-hating, 34
• Indians. See Native Americans
• Intercourse Act, 120
• interpreters, 75, 120, 129
• Ireland: Cork, 47; Drogheda, 32; Dublin, 33, 51; Munster, 32; Tipperary, 32; Wexford, 32; Wicklow, 32
• Irish, 11, 16, 32, 33, 51
• Iroquois: alliances, 11, 40, 42, 46, 49, 50, 55, 62, 70, 105, 112; American attacks against, 12, 38, 53–55, 63, 105; Americans’ diplomacy with, 48, 62, 113–19, 154; attacks against other Iroquois, 52; attacks against non-Natives, 47, 51; Cayugas, 24, 30, 41, 46, 53, 55, 118, 160, 201; Confederacy, 1; Covenant Chain, 62; diets, 55, 60–61, 113; diplomacy, 23–27, 55, 63; domesticated animal use, 47, 53; and enslaved people, 105; factions, 16, 50, 62, 122, 166, 203; food production, 2, 47; kinship, 23; land boundaries, 12, 26, 35, 41, 44, 49, 112, 161; Lower Mohawk Castle, 48, 54; meetings with Americans, 113–14; Mohawks, 26, 28, 30, 35, 41, 42, 46, 48, 52, 55, 61, 76, 105, 112, 113; Mourning Wars, 40; Oneidas, 27, 28, 30, 33, 35, 41, 46, 48, 49, 52, 55, 62, 118, 158, 159, 160, 161, 165; Onondagas, 24, 27, 30, 41, 46, 49, 54, 55, 118, 158, 160; and the Plan of Civilization, 158–63, 167; population, 41; reports of scarcity, 115; Senecas, 1, 28, 30, 41, 42, 43, 46, 50, 53, 54, 58, 59, 112, 116–18, 126, 130, 158, 160, 165, 174, 101; Tiononderoge, 41; Tuscaroras, 30, 41, 46, 48, 55, 62, 119, 159, 165; Upper Mohawk Castle, 51; and usefulness, 56; and the Western Confederacy, 129–30, 166; women, 47, 50, 57, 111, 112, 115. See also food diplomacy; victual imperialism; victual warfare
• Irwin, Jared, 122
• Irwin, Joseph, 181

• Jackson, James, 121
• Jamaica, 47, 138
• Jamaican Maroons, 185, 195
• Jefferson, Thomas, 98, 172
• Johnson, Guy, 45, 58, 61
• Johnson, John, 45, 55
• Johnson, William, 25–31, 37, 42–46, 50, 63, 76

• Kentucky, 44, 67, 162
• King, Boston, 107, 136, 137, 139, 146, 149–53, 181, 188
• King, Violet, 139, 181
• King Jimmy, 181
• King Naimbana, 183
• King’s Proclamation (1763), 44
• King Tom, 192, 193, 195, 196
• King Tom (Pa Kokelly), 181
• kinship, 27, 28, 117, 184, 204. See also metaphor
• Kirkland, Samuel, 48, 159–61, 165
• kitchens, 9, 101, 105
• Kitegiska, 72
• knowledge: acquisition, 13, 91, 105, 110, 152, 160, 202; lack of, 23, 63, 96, 175; starting, 12, 28, 37, 51, 63, 147, 152
• Knox, Henry, 4, 117, 120, 129, 130, 131, 163, 164, 166

• labor: blacksmithing, 154, 173; spinning, 154, 160, 161, 165, 168; and virtue, 53; weaving, 154, 160, 161, 165; women’s, 54. See also agriculture; enslaved people; formerly enslaved people; specific tribes
• land: cessions, 4, 7, 108, 115, 124, 125, 126, 133, 161, 163, 165, 167, 175; grabs, 6, 7, 45, 67, 114, 157, 175, 176, 205
• Laurens, Henry, 65, 71, 74, 93, 94, 98, 99, 100, 103, 104
• Laurens, John, 94, 100
• laws: of nations, 32, 95; of nature, 32; of war, 32
• Le Gris, 132
• Lexington and Concord, 5, 39, 45, 100
• Liele, George, 103
• Lincoln, Benjamin, 128
• Little Billy, 116
• Little Owl, 72
• Little Tracadie, 141
• Little Turtle, 126, 130, 131, 133, 172
• Louisiana: Baton Rouge, 76; Manchac, 76; New Orleans, 76, 143
• Lowcountry, 36, 96, 103
• Loyalists: black, 17, 177, 179–99; terminology, 16–17; white, 12, 14, 47, 68, 77, 90, 91, 102, 105, 113, 137–49, 151, 153, 158
• Ludlum, Thomas, 193, 194

• Macaulay, Zachary, 181, 185, 190, 191, 192, 193, 198
• Maclean, Allan, 113
• March (enslaved man), 99
• Marston, Benjamin, 143
• Martin, John, 83
• Martin, Joseph Plumb, 52
• Martin, Josiah, 120
• Massasoit, 29
• Massey, Samuel, 98
• Mathews, George, 121
• Mathews, John, 121
• McGillivray, Alexander, 73, 163, 167, 168
• McKee, Alexander, 59, 126, 128, 129
• mercantilism, 7
• metaphor: bird, 24; hunger, 28, 164; kinship, 24; nakedness, 24, 28, 69; one dish, 28–29, 65, 69, 83, 123; path, 24
• Miami, 3, 4, 15, 16, 21, 43, 125, 126, 127, 129, 130, 131, 134, 166, 174
• migration, 2, 3, 13, 17, 55, 91, 93, 107, 112, 128–30, 144, 151, 153, 178, 180, 181, 201
• Mississippi: Natchez, 76; River, 24, 55, 63, 76, 107; Valley, 143
• moral economy, 145
• Moria, 196
• The Mortar, 73
• Moultrie, John, 35
• Moultrie, William, 104
• Murray, John. See Dunmore, Lord