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INDEX
Note: Page numbers followed by f refer to figures.
- Adams, Paul L., 187, 190, 195–196, 225
- African Americans: Cold War politics and, 77, 306n17; criminalization of, 230, 253, 261, 350–351n7; Democratic Party and, 36–37, 39, 59, 289; education for, 38–39, 58; electorate of, 20, 36–39, 44, 52–53, 66, 103–104, 180–186, 193, 222; employment for, 61, 310n32; housing for, 33–35, 90–93, 104–105, 311n43; migration of, 31, 35, 214, 347n48; narcotics addiction and, 176, 182, 183, 228–229; in New York City, 33–35, 311n39, 312n50; policing practices and, 167–170, 190, 255, 258–259; in prison system, 262, 266, 267, 270, 271, 295–299, 362n18; Rockefeller family support of, 20, 21, 37–39, 58, 279; unemployment and, 122; welfare programs and, 212–216, 236–238. See also Black Republicans; civil rights movement; discrimination; racism; segregation
- Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 4, 14, 209, 213, 241–242, 265
- Aldrich, Nelson W., 21–22
- American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 167, 178, 247–248
- American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), 77, 106, 220, 221
- American Society of Newspaper Editors (ASNE), 201–202, 205–207, 344n3
- antidiscrimination laws: Black Republicans on, 37, 309n22; Dewey and, 28, 34, 37, 43, 52, 63, 312n54; education and, 28; employment and, 28–31, 312n54; Harriman and, 29, 30, 43; housing and, 28, 30–31, 42–43, 88–101, 116, 139, 216, 313n71; New York Republican Party and, 20, 27–31, 37, 43–44, 76; race and, 28, 34, 309n22, 313n71; racial liberalism and, 6; religion and, 28, 34, 313n71; Rockefeller and, 4, 44, 88–101, 216, 303n7. See also specific laws
- Arden House report (1968), 210–211
- Attica prison rebellion (1971): casualties resulting from, 268–270; McKay Commission on, 272, 357n16; Nixon’s response to, 269–271; precipitating events, 260, 266–268, 271, 272; public response to, 272–273; retaking of prison following, 2, 4, 268–269, 303n9; Rockefeller’s response to, 262, 268–273, 277, 278, 292f, 294
- backlash politics, 147, 173, 197, 220, 344n3
- bias. See discrimination; stereotypes
- Birmingham riots (1963), 121, 130
- Black Americans. See African Americans
- Black nationalism, 184, 186, 287, 301n1, 341n69
- Black Power movement, 287, 301n1
- Black Republicans: on antidiscrimination laws, 37, 309n22; diversity of thought among, 361n2; Mississippi state convention and, 86–87, 143; National Black Republican Council, 289, 360n1; National Negro Republican Assembly, 165, 336n96; outreach to, 53, 117, 169, 180–186, 193; Republican Party hostility toward, 150–151; on vice presidency of Rockefeller, 278
- Bliss, Ray, 162–164, 197
- Brooke, Edward W., 116, 152, 196, 277
- Brown v. Board of Education (1954), 8, 79, 112, 122, 152
- Buckley, James, 225, 280
- Buckley, William F., Jr., 55, 181, 190, 285–286
- Burch, Dean, 162, 335n96
- California Civil Addict Program, 176, 178, 340n41
- Callaway, Howard H. “Bo,” 281–282, 284
- capital punishment, 222, 229, 247, 250, 255, 298, 336n7
- Carlino, Joseph F., 43, 71, 81, 91, 149
- Carter, Elmer A., 116–117, 134, 309n22
- Case, Clifford, 152, 153, 196
- Cassese, John J., 192–193, 195
- Catskill Reformatory, 271–272
- Chicago: anti-Vietnam war protests in, 204; Republican National Convention in (1960), 6, 10, 75–76, 81–88, 84f, 322n43; segregation in, 8–9, 307n24; urban uprisings in, 337n10
- Chisholm, Shirley, 277
- City-Wide Coordinating Committee of Welfare Groups, 211, 347n33
- civil disobedience, 191, 335n82
- Civilian Complaint Review Board (CCRB), 190–196, 198, 343n112
- Civil Rights Act (1957), 123, 124, 141
- Civil Rights Act (1960), 8, 80, 141
- Civil Rights Act (1964), 140–149, 151–153, 162, 331n12
- civil rights movement: backlash politics and, 147, 173, 197, 220, 344n3; Birmingham riots and (1963), 121, 130; civil disobedience in, 191, 335n82; conservatism and, 75, 76, 107, 112, 143, 158; Democratic platform on, 10, 78–81, 83–85, 112, 162; direct-action activism in, 4, 10, 168; fracturing of, 172; Freedom Rides, 111; moderate Republicanism and, 20, 107, 140, 142–145, 153–154; in North, 12, 303n6, 311n38, 320n14; opposition to, 11, 76, 112, 122, 124, 162, 197, 311n38, 361n4; Republican platform on, 10, 75–88, 106–107, 142–149; Rockefeller Republicanism and, 6, 7; sit-ins, 76–79, 82–87, 319n7; symbolic victories in, 99, 180, 184, 301n1; voting rights and, 80–82, 122, 152–153, 171, 279, 281, 290–291. See also antidiscrimination laws; desegregation
- Civil War (1861–1865), 37, 153
- Cold War: arms race during, 4, 26; domestic politics and, 77, 306n17; Law Day created during, 9; national security issues and, 114; Rockefeller Republicanism and, 4, 6
- color-blind liberalism. See racial liberalism
- Commission on Critical Choices for Americans, 275
- Commission to Investigate Alleged Police Corruption (Knapp Commission), 258–259
- communism: anti-communist efforts, 24, 68, 77, 146, 310n34; conspiracies involving, 78, 139; Prospect for America reports on, 26
- Compromise of 1877, 7, 291
- Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 111, 168, 170–172, 174, 184–185, 337n11
- Connor, Bull, 121, 130
- conservatism: ascendance in presidential politics, 164; civil rights movement and, 75, 76, 107, 112, 143, 158; economic, 40, 48, 117; Eisenhower and, 317n63; Goldwater and, 60, 74, 130, 160, 162; law and order agenda and, 169, 173; literature review, 2, 301–302nn3–4; “middling,” 208, 346n25; New York Conservative Party, 305n15; racial, 94, 107, 112, 137, 150, 162; revolutionary nature of, 13; right-wing, 127, 139, 156, 162, 280, 287; Rockefeller and, 3, 8, 42, 198, 203, 207, 220, 223–227, 282–286, 346n25; of southern Democrats, 36; ultra-conservatism, 10, 12, 207, 287; welfare programs and, 56, 212, 217. See also Republican Party
- Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC), 280, 281
- Council of 100, 278–279
- crime: anti-crime bills, 166–169, 183; high-profile cases, 339n32; NAACP anti-crime committee, 343n112; narcotics addiction and, 175–177, 182, 188–189, 235, 243, 247, 255, 339n34; organized, 51, 222, 247, 253; public concerns regarding, 174, 176, 183, 246–247, 354n61; racialization of, 336n4, 350–351n7; war on, 231, 337n10, 351n10; welfare state and, 335n82. See also incarcerated populations; police and policing
- criminal justice system: capital punishment, 222, 229, 247, 250, 255, 298, 336n7; discrimination in, 183, 249–257, 261, 262, 275–276, 296–297; educational programs and, 166; judicial discretion, 228, 242–243, 245, 249–252, 298, 362n18; parole, 243, 246, 247, 250; plea bargaining, 243–253, 260, 275; racialization of, 3, 230, 245, 251, 253–257, 261, 336n4; reform efforts, 249–254. See also incarcerated populations; law and order agenda; police and policing
- death penalty. See capital punishment
- Democratic Party: African Americans and, 36–37, 39, 59, 289; civil rights platform, 10, 78–81, 83–85, 112, 162; Compromise of 1877 and, 7, 291; racism within, 7. See also liberalism
- Dempsey, Oberia, 182, 228–229
- desegregation: Albany movement for, 10, 307n27; of education, 12, 35, 63, 79–80, 112, 116, 122, 148, 283; in housing, 95, 132; opposition to, 35–36, 75, 112, 130; of public sphere, 35, 123
- Dewey, Thomas E.: 1948 presidential election, 25; antidiscrimination laws and, 28, 34, 37, 43, 52, 63, 312n54; moderate Republicanism of, 25, 27, 304n10; as New Deal Republican, 5; progressivism of, 37, 52; voting base for, 32, 316n58
- Dirksen, Everett, 123, 126, 141, 142, 149, 197
- discrimination: in criminal justice system, 183, 249–257, 261, 262, 275–276, 296–297; in education, 28, 33, 63; in employment, 28–31, 63, 272, 307n21, 310n27, 312n54; in policing, 167–170, 190, 255, 258–259; Prospect for America reports on, 26; religious, 28, 106, 310n27, 313n71; urban uprisings resulting from, 201. See also antidiscrimination laws; housing discrimination; racism; segregation
- diversity. See racial and ethnic minorities
- Douglass, Frederick, 116, 134–135, 290, 291
- Eastern Establishment Republicans, 5, 155, 158
- economy: conservatism and, 40, 48, 117; Great Depression, 37, 40; Keynesian policies, 115; Prospect for America reports on, 26; recession (1957–1958), 40, 57, 313n65; Rockefeller Republicanism and, 4
- education: on criminal justice system, 166; desegregation of, 12, 35, 63, 79–80, 112, 116, 122, 148, 283; discrimination in, 28, 33, 63; philanthropy to assist African Americans in, 38–39, 58; Prospect for America reports on, 26; segregation of, 39, 62, 90, 99, 122; state funding for, 68, 69. See also specific institutions
- Eisenhower, Dwight: approval ratings, 57; Black electorate and, 37, 104, 327n115; civil rights record, 12, 62, 81, 123, 124; conservatism adopted by, 317n63; desegregation efforts, 35–36, 63; Law Day created by, 9; moderate (modern) Republicanism and, 5, 55, 60, 304n10, 304n12; political endorsement of Rockefeller, 54; on Prospect for America reports, 26–27; recession and (1957–1958), 40; Rockefeller in administration of, 19, 24–25, 308n1; on sit-in movement, 77, 78; State of the Union Address (1958), 317n63; on urban uprisings, 197
- Emancipation Proclamation, 87, 134, 141
- employment: of African Americans, 61, 310n32; discrimination in, 28–31, 63, 272, 307n21, 310n27, 312n54; for welfare recipients, 210, 211, 237–240, 278. See also unemployment
- enlightened liberalism, 169
- ethnic minorities. See racial and ethnic minorities
- Eve, Arthur O., 256, 275, 277–278
- The Extremists (documentary), 139, 155
- Fifth Avenue compact (1960), 82–83
- Fleary, George, 96, 98–99
- Fleming, George C., 158, 165
- Ford, Gerald: 1976 presidential election, 281–282, 286–287, 290; assumption of presidency, 276; criticisms of, 280–281; moderate Republicanism and, 60; pardoning of Nixon, 278; Rockefeller as vice president of, 15
- Free, Lloyd, 114, 115, 120, 133
- Garnet, Henry Highland, 290–291
- Gaynor, James, 100, 105, 106
- General Education Board (GEB), 38–39, 58
- Gerlach, Herb, 47–48, 314n8
- Gervasi, Frank, 50, 129–131
- Goldberg, Arthur J., 219–224, 226–227, 247, 276
- Goldwater, Barry: 1960 presidential election, 12, 84, 86; 1964 presidential election, 79, 112–115, 121–122, 129–134, 137–141, 158–162, 329n30, 334n73; on civil rights, 112, 124, 141–149, 152, 159, 162; conservatism of, 60, 74, 130, 160, 162; extremist supporters of, 156–157; on Fifth Avenue compact, 82; law and order agenda, 160, 174, 334–335n82; With No Apologies, 145; racism and, 127, 129, 130, 161, 172; Rockefeller and, 2, 305n13; on welfare programs, 216–217
- Goodell, Charles E., 152–154, 224, 225, 334n60
- Great Depression, 37, 40
- Hall, Leonard W., 50–52, 54, 55, 314n13
- Hampton, Lionel, 52–53, 240f, 293, 315n27
- Harriman, W. Averell: antidiscrimination laws and, 29, 30, 43; Black electorate and, 37, 66; on civil rights issues, 62–63; criticisms of, 50–51, 57, 61, 65, 68; electoral strategy of, 25; as NAACP life member, 322n51; public attitudes toward, 32, 40–42; Rockefeller’s gubernatorial victory over, 59–60, 66
- Hatfield, Mark, 60, 113, 126, 140, 304n10
- Hinman, George L., 9–12, 14, 114, 118, 193
- housing: for African Americans, 33–35, 90–93, 104–105, 311n43; desegregation efforts, 95, 132; public, 28, 33, 90, 92, 100–101, 105–106, 258; for Puerto Ricans, 104–105; rent controls, 61, 65; rent subsidies, 105–106, 204; slums, 63, 64f, 90, 203, 263; in urban renewal projects, 204
- housing discrimination: antidiscrimination laws, 28, 30–31, 42–43, 88–101, 116, 139, 216, 313n71; NAACP’s fight against, 96–101; restrictive covenants, 311n43; Rockefeller on, 63, 84, 88–101; segregation, 20, 34–35, 92–93, 311n43; Senate study on, 92–93, 323n68; systemic impacts of, 31–33, 90–91
- human rights, 48, 87, 107, 143, 148, 152–153, 306n17
- incarcerated populations: at Catskill Reformatory, 271–272; drug offenders, 175–179, 189, 228–231, 235, 242–255, 259–262, 294–299, 340n41, 362n18; mass incarceration, 4, 296; overcrowding and, 244, 260, 267; parole opportunities, 243, 246, 247, 250; petition for resentencing, 298, 299; prisoners’ rights movement, 303n9, 351n11; racial disparities and, 251, 253, 267. See also Attica prison rebellion
- Ives-Quinn Anti-Discrimination Bill of 1945 (New York), 28, 34, 312n54
- Javits, Jacob: 1962 Senate election, 101, 102f; civil rights initiatives, 116, 118; on future of Republican Party, 12; as moderate Republican, 27; as NAACP life member, 322n51; on police oversight, 191, 192; progressivism of, 304n10; response to conservative movement, 3; on Rockefeller, 86, 126; on sit-in movement, 78
- Jews, 39, 59, 220, 223–225, 310n27, 343n121
- Jim Crow era, 6–7, 11, 14, 38–39, 77, 111, 113, 128
- John Birch Society, 12, 125–127, 132, 139, 155–157, 160, 163, 329n42
- Johnson, Lyndon: 1964 presidential election, 133, 161, 162; civil rights record, 123, 143, 197; law and order agenda, 174–175, 179, 197; on sit-in movement, 78; on urban uprisings, 172, 197; war on poverty, 206, 214, 217; on welfare programs, 209, 210
- Jones, Howard, 232, 234, 244, 260–261, 356n108
- Jordan, Barbara, 279
- judicial discretion, 228, 242–243, 245, 249–252, 298, 362n18
- Keating, Kenneth, 27, 61, 116, 118, 124, 126, 160, 240f, 317n77
- Kennedy, John F.: 1960 presidential election, 104; approval ratings, 115; assassination of, 133; Black electorate and, 104; civil rights record, 10, 12, 111–112, 117, 119, 121–124, 208; criticisms of, 10, 12, 114–116, 119, 122, 124, 208, 305n13; on narcotics addiction, 177–178; on segregation as moral crisis, 122, 132; on sit-in movement, 78; war on poverty, 214
- Kennedy, Robert, 10, 191, 192, 194, 207–208
- Kerner Commission, 201, 337n10, 344n3
- King, Martin Luther, Jr.: Albany movement and, 10, 307n27; assassination of, 201–205; on desegregation of education, 63; “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” 2; on Republican civil rights platform, 80, 143; Rockefeller and, 4, 10–11, 62, 164f, 204, 303n7, 307n27; sit-in movement and, 77; on urban uprisings, 171. See also Southern Christian Leadership Conference
- Kissinger, Henry, 25, 41, 206, 280, 293
- Ku Klux Klan, 130–132, 150, 155, 160
- Laird, Melvin, 79, 142, 144, 145, 149
- Latinos: in prison system, 262, 267, 295–299, 362n18. See also Puerto Ricans
- law and order agenda: anti-crime bills and, 166–169, 183; conservatism and, 169, 173; Goldwater and, 160, 174, 334–335n82; Johnson and, 174–175, 179, 197; liberalism and, 169, 173, 194; opposition to, 167–168. See also crime; criminal justice system; narcotics addiction; police and policing; urban uprisings
- Lee, George W., 87, 117–118, 131, 150–151, 165, 290
- Levitt, William and Levittown, 34, 311n44
- liberalism: enlightened, 169; law and order agenda and, 169, 173, 194; New Deal and, 72, 164, 227, 318n101; police oversight and, 191–195; rights-based, 306n18; welfare programs and, 47. See also Democratic Party; racial liberalism
- Lincoln, Abraham, 21, 135, 136, 141, 153, 334n60
- Lincoln Day events, 12, 116, 118–119, 134, 136, 136f, 165
- Lindsay, John: anti-crime platform, 176; Black electorate and, 180, 181, 193; on civil rights issues, 118, 152–153; Knapp Commission appointed by, 258; on narcotics sentences, 247, 248; on police oversight, 190–193; response to conservative movement, 3; on urban renewal projects, 204; on welfare programs, 236
- Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr., 85, 138, 143, 154, 334n73
- Lubell, Samuel, 32–44, 310n36, 311n38
- Lucas, Henry, Jr., 289–290, 360–361nn1–2
- Mahoney, Walter J.: budget battle and, 70, 71; conflicts with Rockefeller, 94, 101; on discrimination in New York, 43; on fair housing bill, 91–92, 95, 97, 216; as gubernatorial candidate, 50, 51, 55; on welfare programs, 56, 213, 215
- McCulloch, William M., 144–145, 148, 149, 152
- McKay, Robert, and McKay Commission, 272, 357n16
- Medicaid, 8, 205, 214, 217–219, 222–223, 279, 282
- Metcalf, George R., 92, 178
- Metcalf-Baker Bill of 1958 (New York), 30–31, 88, 90–96
- Metcalf-Volker Narcotic Addict Commitment Act (New York, 1962), 177
- minorities. See racial and ethnic minorities
- moderate Republicanism: civil rights movement and, 20, 107, 140, 142–145, 153–154; dilemma faced by, 157; displacement from presidential politics, 154–165; Eisenhower and, 5, 55, 60, 304n10, 304n12; Ford and, 60; history of, 5, 304n12; ideological divisions within, 154; Javits and, 27; presence in New York, 5, 27, 37; racial liberalism and, 3, 7, 14, 19, 47, 208; Rockefeller and, 21–27, 44, 46–47, 59–60, 208; welfare programs and, 56, 215. See also Rockefeller Republicanism
- Moreland Commission on Welfare, 216, 237
- Morhouse, L. Judson, 45–46, 49–50, 55, 314n13
- Morrow, Hugh, 10, 116, 118, 139, 205, 222, 242, 244–245, 261, 294–295
- Morton, Thruston, 126, 149, 155, 335n96
- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP): anti-crime committee, 343n112; on Civil Rights Act (1964), 144; Department of Housing, 89; on housing discrimination, 96–101; on law and order agenda, 167, 168; life members, 89, 89f, 96, 98, 198, 322n51; on narcotics sentences, 247; Nixon’s dissociation from, 87; on policing issues, 167, 174, 195; on Republican civil rights platform, 143, 148; repudiation of Goldwater campaign, 161; on restrictive covenants, 311n43; Rockefeller and, 7, 83, 88–89, 89f, 96–100, 119, 198, 301n1, 322n51; on urban uprisings, 171, 172, 173, 174, 338n22; on welfare programs, 238
- Narcotic Addiction Control Commission (NACC), 176, 179, 230–235, 242–246, 294, 351n10, 351n16, 353n50
- Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act (1966), 179
- narcotics addiction: crime and, 175–177, 182, 188–189, 235, 243, 247, 255, 339n34; enlightened liberalism and, 169; imprisonment and, 175–179, 189, 228–231, 235, 242–255, 259–262, 294–299, 340n41, 362n18; poverty and, 183, 230, 256; racial/ethnic minorities and, 176, 182, 228–229; stereotypes of, 189; terminology considerations, 337n9, 350n6; treatment programs, 175–179, 182–184, 190, 231–235, 298, 340n41, 351n16, 353n50
- National Black Republican Council, 289, 360n1
- National Negro Republican Assembly (NNRA), 165, 336n96
- New Deal: consensus based on, 14, 44; corporate liberals and, 309n8; government activism and, 20; liberalism and, 72, 164, 227, 318n101; racist policies of, 312n56; Rockefeller’s support for, 5, 19
- New Deal Republicans, 5, 55
- New York (state): anti-crime bills in, 166–169, 183; civil rights movement in, 301n1, 320n14; postwar growth and affluence in, 40–42; racial tensions in, 20, 31–36, 43; suburbanization in, 34, 40–42, 311n46; unemployment in, 101–102, 182, 236, 241, 298; urban renewal projects in, 98–101, 105, 176, 204; urban uprisings in, 159, 170–174, 206, 337n10, 338n22; welfare programs in, 56, 213–219, 235–242, 348n67. See also antidiscrimination laws; narcotics addiction; Rockefeller, Nelson, as governor of New York
- New York City: African Americans in, 33–35, 311n39, 312n50; antidiscrimination laws in, 28, 30, 88; crime rates in, 175–177, 189; moderate Republicanism in, 5; narcotics addiction in, 176, 177, 183, 188, 339n34; Puerto Ricans in, 32–33, 35, 61, 311n50; Rockefeller family philanthropy in, 58, 316n49; unemployment in, 236; urban uprisings in, 159, 170–174; welfare programs in, 218, 236, 239, 348n67, 352n26
- New York Conservative Party: campaign against CCRB, 190–191; electoral victories for, 225; founding of, 72, 102, 305n15, 326n107; on narcotics sentences, 247; statement of principles, 102–103
- New York Republican Party: antidiscrimination laws and, 20, 27–31, 37, 43–44, 76; gubernatorial nominees, selection process for, 47–53; ideological divisions within, 5, 56; resistance to Rockefeller, 54–56, 70–72, 102; on welfare programs, 56, 213
- New York State Commission Against Discrimination (SCAD): budget for, 42, 91, 94; complaints received by, 28–30, 43, 95, 101, 310n27; Division of Research, 311n45; efforts to strengthen, 29–31, 61, 63, 65; enforcement powers, 28–30, 43, 313n71; establishment of, 28; fair housing proposal, 89, 90, 95; limitations of, 28–29, 34; name change proposal, 107; organizational structure, 28
- New York State Committee on Discrimination in Housing (NYSCDH), 89–91, 93
- Nixon, Richard: 1960 presidential election, 6, 12, 75, 81–87, 102, 104, 327nn114–115; 1968 presidential election, 198, 202–203, 207–208, 212, 227; 1972 presidential election, 247; Attica prison rebellion and (1971), 269–271; Black electorate and, 87–88, 104, 327n115; on civil rights platform, 79, 81–85, 107; Ford’s pardoning of, 278; on narcotics sentences, 247; on sit-in movement, 77, 78, 83, 87; on urban uprisings, 207; as vice president, 75, 207; Watergate scandal, 276; on welfare programs, 212
- “no knock” search warrants, 166–168, 198
- parole, 243, 246, 247, 250
- Paterson, Basil, 168, 220, 225, 257–258
- Patrolmen’s Benevolent Association (PBA), 190–192, 195
- Percy, Charles H., 26, 79–81, 83, 107
- Perkins, Roswell B., 63, 65, 79, 142, 317n73
- Persico, Joseph, 244, 282, 284
- Pierce, Lawrence W., 179, 232, 233f
- plea bargaining, 243–253, 260, 275
- police and policing: brutality by, 167, 169, 171, 174, 183, 190, 337n12, 343n112; civilian oversight of, 174, 190–195; corruption in, 258–259; discrimination in, 167–170, 190, 255, 258–259; evidence collection in, 336n2; murder of African Americans by, 170; “no knock” search warrants in, 166–168, 198; “stop and frisk” policy in, 166–168, 198; use of force issues in, 174. See also crime; law and order agenda
- poverty: narcotics addiction and, 183, 230, 256; as presidential campaign issue, 202; private enterprise as solution to, 207; urban uprisings and, 172, 203; war on, 206, 214, 217. See also welfare programs
- prejudice. See discrimination; stereotypes
- prisoners. See incarcerated populations
- progressivism: of Dewey, 37, 52; of Javits, 304n10; racial, 137, 141; of Rockefeller, 4, 57, 223, 304n10; of Roosevelt (Theodore), 4, 21, 22, 304n10
- Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports (Rockefeller Brothers Fund), 26–27
- public housing, 28, 33, 90, 92, 100–101, 105–106, 258
- Puerto Ricans: housing for, 104–105; migration of, 32–33, 35; narcotics addiction and, 176, 182; in New York City, 32–33, 35, 61, 311n50; policing practices and, 167, 190; in prison system, 266, 267, 271; unemployment and, 182; welfare programs and, 238
- racial and ethnic minorities: criminal justice system and, 3, 230, 245, 251, 253–257, 261, 336n4; equality for, 1–2, 6–10, 38, 73, 85, 137, 205, 306nn17–18; incarceration of, 251, 253, 267; narcotics addiction and, 176, 182, 228–229; in New York, 20, 31–36, 43; open society for, 1, 6, 204, 299; policing practices and, 167–170, 190; stereotypes related to, 14, 212–213. See also specific racial and ethnic groups
- racial conservatism, 94, 107, 112, 137, 150, 162
- racial liberalism: antidiscrimination laws and, 6; Black Republicans and, 181; consensus based on, 3, 20, 31; definitions of, 306n18; moderate Republicanism and, 3, 7, 14, 19, 47, 208; opposition to, 31, 107; rejection by Rockefeller, 198, 227; Rockefeller Republicanism and, 6, 7, 205, 285; urban uprisings in undermining of, 344n3
- racial progressivism, 137, 141
- racism: in Chicago, 8; in Democratic Party, 7; economic effects of, 31; Goldwater and, 127, 129, 130, 161, 172; Ku Klux Klan and, 130–132, 150, 155, 160; in New Deal policies, 312n56; in New York, 32, 36, 43; in prison systems, 267, 271–272; in Republican Party, 113, 117–118, 123, 125, 132, 134, 140, 155; systemic, 172, 201, 271, 296, 358n28; in welfare programs, 239. See also discrimination; segregation
- radical right, 125–132, 139, 330n47
- Rangel, Charles, 168, 277, 278, 359n42
- Ray, Sandy F., 150, 181, 257f, 333n49
- Reagan, Ronald, 196, 203, 208, 212–213, 280–281, 287, 290
- Reconstruction, 7, 21, 135, 148, 153, 290
- Reed, Eugene T., 97–100
- religious discrimination, 28, 106, 310n27, 313n71
- Republican National Committee: confrontations with Rockefeller, 75–76, 303n8; on delegate-selection process, 281; director of minorities for, 87; executive committee of, 360n1; Operation Dixie, 117, 118, 162; regional meetings sponsored by, 163; staff specialists for, 335n96
- Republican National Convention (1876), 290–291
- Republican National Convention (1960), 6, 10, 75–76, 79–88, 84f, 322n43
- Republican National Convention (1964), 140, 141, 149–160, 334n73; platform committee meetings, 142–149
- Republican National Convention (1976), 287, 289–290
- Republican Party: calls for unity within, 111, 113, 114; civil rights platform, 10, 75–88, 106–107, 142–154; Compromise of 1877 and, 7, 291; Eastern Establishment, 5, 155, 158; financial support by Rockefeller family, 19; founding of, 6, 7, 135, 290; future of, 12, 46, 165; racism within, 113, 117–118, 123, 125, 132, 134, 140, 150–151, 155; radical right, 125–132, 139, 155–156, 330n47; southern strategy, 76, 86, 148, 202, 281; transformation of, 2, 15, 118, 140, 143, 145, 150, 155, 290. See also Black Republicans; conservatism; moderate Republicanism; New York Republican Party; Rockefeller Republicanism
- Reynolds, Grant, 165, 335n96
- Robinson, Jackie: on antidiscrimination laws, 88; on future of Republican Party, 165; on Goldwater campaign, 161; “In Praise of 2 Brave Senators,” 194; as liaison to Black community, 169, 181, 185, 186, 216, 240f; at Republican National Convention (1964), 156; on welfare programs, 237–238, 265
- Rockefeller, John D., Sr. (grandfather of Nelson), 8, 21, 22, 38
- Rockefeller, John D., Jr. (father of Nelson), 22, 38, 310nn32–33
- Rockefeller, Laura Spelman (grandmother of Nelson), 21, 38, 308n3
- Rockefeller, Margaretta “Happy” (second wife of Nelson), 119, 222
- Rockefeller, Mary Clark (first wife of Nelson), 22, 62f
- Rockefeller, Nelson: 1960 presidential election, 6, 46, 74–75; 1964 presidential election, 111–122, 129–140, 217, 305n13, 329n30, 334n73; 1968 presidential election, 198, 201–213, 217–219, 225–227, 230, 346n24; ASNE speech by (1968), 201–202, 205–207; Black electorate and, 20, 36–39, 44, 52–53, 66–67, 83–84, 103–104, 180–186, 193, 222; confrontations with Republican Party, 10, 75–76, 303n8; conservatism of, 3, 8, 42, 198, 203, 207, 220, 223–227, 282–286, 346n25; death of (1979), 292, 293, 361n8; dilemmas faced by, 39, 205, 210; divorce and remarriage, 119–121, 129; electability of, 20, 27, 39, 74, 217, 226, 249; family’s relationship to Republican Party, 21–22; at Lincoln Day events, 12, 116, 118–119, 136, 136f; memorial service for (1979), 292–293; NAACP and, 7, 83, 88–89, 89f, 96–100, 119, 198, 301n1, 322n51; personality of, 45, 49, 51; pragmatism of, 15, 41, 305n13; progressivism of, 4, 57, 223, 304n10; reputation of, 3, 7–10, 19, 24, 72, 114, 207, 277, 279, 282; South America trip (1937), 22–23, 23f; southern opposition to, 281–286; support for civil disobedience (civil rights), 10, 78–79, 85, 111, 307n27; Unity, Freedom and Peace: A Blueprint for Tomorrow, 225–226; as vice president, 15, 266, 276–287, 284–285f; work in presidential administrations, 19, 24–25, 32, 308n1, 309n9, 310n34. See also civil rights movement; specific causes and political roles
- Rockefeller, Nelson, as governor of New York (1959–1973): 1958 election campaign and results, 47–53, 57–66, 62f, 64f, 73, 213, 313n5; 1962 reelection campaign and results, 101–104; 1966 reelection campaign and results, 169, 180–198, 185f, 217, 224, 343n121; 1970 reelection campaign and results, 203, 219–27, 221f; announcement of campaign, 50–51; anti-crime bills and, 166–169, 183; antidiscrimination laws and, 4, 44, 88–101, 216, 303n7; Attica prison rebellion and (1971), 262, 268–273, 277, 278, 292f, 294; budgetary issues, 46, 68–71; cost of campaigns, 58, 59, 188, 220, 316n57; inaugural speech and festivities, 67–68; political gifts from, 49, 276, 314n8; Republican resistance to, 54–56, 70–72, 102, 294; resignation of, 275, 276; sexual indiscretion with staff members, 328n24; studies commissioned prior to campaign, 20, 31–44; tax increases, 68–72, 102, 318n94; urban renewal projects, 98–101, 105, 176, 204; on urban uprisings, 170–174, 201, 203, 206, 226. See also law and order agenda
- Rockefeller, Steven (son of Nelson), 48, 49, 287–288
- Rockefeller Brothers Fund, 25–27, 54–55, 65, 115, 275, 309n21, 311n45
- Rockefeller drug laws, 4, 14, 230, 254–263, 275–276, 294–300; African American responses to, 228–230, 244, 254–263, 275–276; implementation of, 273–275; initial proposal of, 244–249, long-term impact of, 295–299
- Rockefeller Foundation, 26, 38, 58
- Rockefeller Republicanism: conservatism and, 8, 198; definition and reputation of, 4–8; limitations of, 287; in presidential politics, 3; racial liberalism and, 6, 7, 205, 285; revival of, 203–208; transformation of, 15, 198, 280
- Romney, George, 113, 122, 149, 156, 197–198, 202, 329n30, 334n73
- Roosevelt, Franklin D., 20, 24, 37, 224. See also New Deal
- Roosevelt, Franklin, Jr., 187, 190–192, 195, 343n112
- Roosevelt, Theodore, 4, 21, 22, 126, 225–226, 304n10
- Schlafly, Phyllis, 157, 173
- Scott, Hugh, 60, 142, 149, 151–156
- Scranton, William, 113, 122, 126, 140, 142–145, 149–154, 156–158, 162, 334n73
- segregation: in Chicago, 8–9, 307n24; of education, 39, 62, 90, 99, 122; in housing, 20, 34–35, 92–93, 96, 311n43; in Jim Crow era, 6–7, 11, 14, 38–39, 77, 111, 113, 128; as moral crisis, 122, 129, 131, 132; urban uprisings resulting from, 201. See also desegregation
- Shapiro v. Thompson (1969), 238
- silent majority, 220, 221f
- sit-in movement, 76–79, 82–87, 319n7
- slums, 63, 64f, 90, 203, 263
- socialism, 55, 60, 74, 138, 156, 306n17
- social safety net, 1, 4, 12, 21, 32, 266. See also welfare programs
- Social Security Amendments of 1967, 210
- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 7, 77, 172, 184, 238, 301n1
- Soviet Union: anti-American propaganda, 30–31; influence on underdeveloped nations, 24–25; Sputnik 1 satellite launch, 75. See also Cold War
- Spelman, Harvey Buel, and Spelman College, 21, 38, 78, 312n59
- Standard Oil Company, 21–23, 23f
- stereotypes: of narcotics addiction, 189; of Old Guard Republicans, 60; racialized, 14, 212–213; of welfare recipients, 212–213
- “stop and frisk” policy, 166–68, 198
- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 77, 80, 172, 184
- unemployment, 101–102, 182, 236, 241, 298
- Urban Development Corporation (UDC), 204–205, 294
- Urban League, 7, 31, 93, 172, 238, 310n32
- urban renewal projects, 98–101, 105, 176, 204, 348n52
- urban uprisings: CORE on, 171–172; dismissal as spontaneous incidents, 358n28; initial outbreak of, 159, 170; Kerner Commission on, 201, 337n10, 344n3; NAACP on, 171–174, 338n22; police brutality and, 170, 174, 337n12; as presidential campaign issue, 197, 201; Rockefeller on, 171–174, 201, 203, 206, 226; white backlash against, 344n3
- Wagner, Robert F., Jr., 106, 168, 172
- Walker, Wyatt Tee, 10, 169, 181–186, 204, 222, 257f, 261–262
- Wallace, George, 130, 144, 280, 282–286, 290, 334n82
- welfare programs: AFDC, 4, 14, 209, 213, 241–242, 265; Arden House report on (1968), 210–211; conservatism and, 56, 212, 217; costs of, 31, 210, 236, 282–283; factual malnutrition phenomenon and, 216, 237; hotels as housing sites in, 236, 352n26; liberalism and, 47; Medicaid, 8, 205, 214, 217–219, 222–223, 279, 282; moderate Republicanism and, 56, 215; Moreland Commission on, 216, 237; Newburgh plan, 214–217; punitive approach to, 235–242; reform efforts (including negative income tax), 208–214, 235–242; residency requirements, 56, 95, 213, 215–216, 237–239, 265, 278; Rockefeller on, 56, 209–219, 222–223, 235–242, 265, 278, 282–283, 294; stereotypes of recipients, 212–213; work incentives, 210, 211, 237–240, 278
- White, F. Clifton, 138, 139, 145, 151, 156–157, 280
- white backlash politics, 147, 173, 197, 220, 344n3
- Wilkins, Roy: on Civilian Complaint Review Board and police mistreatment of minorities, 195; on Goldwater, 161; housing discrimination laws and, 97, 99; party convention demonstrations (1960), 80; Republican National Convention and plank (1960) and, 83–85; Republican National Convention and plank (1964) and, 143–144, 148; Rockefeller avoiding, 87; sit-ins and, 77; on urban uprisings, 171
- Wilson, Malcolm, 47–49, 51, 56, 65, 102f, 214, 313n5