INDEX
affirmative action, 8, 94, 103–105, 120, 123, 127–128
African American migrants: downward mobility, 19–21; high hopes for Chicago, 16–18, 98; skilled and educated migrants, 14–15
Alinsky, Saul, 70
Allport, Gordon, 63
Anderson, Bernard, 114
Anderson, L.B., 52
Arvey, Jacob, 10
Bailey, Michael, 126
Baldwin, James, 89
Banks, Ernie, 65
Barnard, Chester,
Black Belt (Chicago): class mixture, 46–47; housing shortage, 29–30, 57; unhealthy conditions, 41–42; vice, 40–45
black middle-class enclaves, 6–7, 46–50, 83–84, 87–91, 125–126
Black Panther Party, 89, 107, 120
boycotts against discriminatory employers, 20, 97
Breckinridge, Sophonisba, 43
Broonzy, Big Bill, 20
Brown v. Board of Education, 127
Browne, Robert Span, 96
Burney, Washington, 61
Burnside Elementary school protests, 77–78
Burrus, Clark, 109
Butler, Joseph J., 77
Caldwell, Lewis, 84
capital flight from black areas, 2, 72, 84–85, 98, 114–115, 118, 125
Carmichael, Stokely, 99
Cayton, Horace, 13, 29, 45, 55, 64
Cermak, Anton, 31
Chatham: black middle-class enclave, 7, 83–90, 125–126; hopes for integration, 7, 61–62, 64–65, 68–73; violence against black pioneers, 67–68
Chatham-Avalon Park Community Council, 68–72, 74–75, 77, 84, 86–89, 97, 125
Chicago Board of Education, 75–78, 80–81
Chicago Housing Authority, 88
Chicago Public Schools, 17, 19, 73, 74, 76–80, 82, 88, 127
Clark, Walter, 116
class divisions among African-Americans, 3, 13–14, 27–29, 31–33, 46–50, 84–90, 94–95, 124–125
Coates, Ta-Nehisi, 129
Cobbs, Reverend Clarence H., 28, 29, 35
Cole, Robert, 24
Colter, Cyrus, 98
Comer, Dr. James, 121
Congress of Racial Equality, 57, 77, 120
Coombs, Orde, 110
Coordinating Council of Community Organizations, 77–78
Corrothers, James D., 35
Daley, Richard J., 76, 80, 86,
Davis, Frank Marshall, 9, 16, 23, 47
deindustrialization, 95, 115, 125, 130
DePriest, Oscar, 30, 31, 35, 52, 53
Dewey, John, 61
Drake, Maryellen, 125
Drake, St. Clair, 13, 45, 55, 64, 83
Du Bois, W.E.B., 5, 15, 18, 27, 53
Dunham, Albert, 54
Eastland, James, 67
Fisher, Rudolph, 53
Fitzgerald, Louis A., 72
Forrest, Leon, 34
Foster, A.L., 85
Frazier, E. Franklin, 13, 89, 105
Frost, Wilson, 88
Gaudette, Kay (Sullivan), 70
Gaudette, Thomas, 64, 68, 70–72, 79, 82, 84, 86–87, 128
Gibson, Truman, 35
Goren, Mike, 82
Goren, Verna Dee, 82
Gregory, Dick, 107
Hansberry, Carl, 30
Hansberry, Nannie, 55
Hansberry family real estate, 89
Harrison, Charles, 93–94, 106, 120
Havighurst, Robert, 74
Hecht, Ben, 43
integration fatigue, 65–67, 90–91, 129
Jackson, Jesse, 100, 102, 118–119
Jackson, Mahalia, 4, 26–27, 67–68, 82
Jackson, Richard, 112
Jefferson, Frederick, 37–39, 55
Johnson, Syl, 93
Jones, Jane, 53
Jordan, Vernon, 126
Keane, Thomas, 86
Kelly, Edward, 10
Kelly, Walter, 10
King, Martin Luther, 99
Kingsley, Reverend Harold, 23, 29
Knight, Mrs. James, 24
Lamb, Milton, 86
landlords: criticism, 31, 33, 83; evictions, 30–31; poor housing conditions, 30, 40, 43–44; route to upward mobility, 12, 30, 48
Latham, William, 14
Laughlin, R. Newton, 119
Leighton, George, 87
Long, Norton, 75
Mann, Eugene, 48
Marynook Plan (Regional High Schools), 75–77, 80
McDowell, Mary, 52
Murray, Albert, 105
Murrow, Edward, 71
Negro Chamber of Commerce, 30, 68
Newhouse, Richard, 89
Obama, Barack, 130
Operation Breadbasket, 100, 118, 120
Ottley, Roi, 43
Our People, 89
Overton, Anthony, 17
Park Forest, 71
Parker, Judge, 35
pioneers (housing): fleeing vice, 45–46; seeking better conditions, 60, 65–67; self-defense, 52–55; violence against, 38–39, 51–52, 55–56, 65, 67–68
pioneers (workplace): difficulty securing promotions, 18–19, 94, 101, 103, 108–110, 114–115, 121, 127–128; identity issues, 89, 111–113, 118–120; implementing affirmative action, 94–95; perseverance, 112, 116–117; networking, 104, 113–115, 117, 120–121; struggles on the job, 104–110, 120
policy gambling, 9–11, 21–26, 31, 33, 34–35, 79, 89
Poole, J. Langston, 27
public housing, 57, 88–89, 125
race riots, 4, 13, 54, 56, 58–59, 68, 74, 98–100, 109
racial discrimination: by banks, 1–2, 51; in Chicago suburbs, 37–39, 52, 54–55, 56–59, 66–67, 82, 128–129; in education, 8, 35, 73, 76–78, 102, 126–127; in employment, 18–21, 93–98, 100–104, 123–124, 128; in organized crime, 10, 26, 44; in real estate, 30, 51–53, 79, 125–126; in unions, 11, 19–20, 95
Rand, Barry, 119
real estate speculation, 6, 11, 21, 29–35, 48, 85
Resakes, John, 48
restrictive covenants, 4, 33, 39, 47, 53–57
Rossi, Peter, 69
Rougeau, Weldon, 109
Rowan, Carl, 66
Royal Coterie of Snakes, 117
Rustin, Bayard, 113
Sampson, Ron, 119
Sancton, Thomas, 41
Sears, Roebuck & Co., 93–94, 106, 120
Shaw, Clifford, 20
Skyles, Robbin, 65
Simmons, Sam, 119
Sloan, John, 61
Smith, Ada “Bricktop”, 43
Smith, Elder Lucy, 28
storefront preachers, 6, 11, 21, 26–29, 33, 35, 45; opposition to, 27–28, 85–86
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 77, 98
subdividing homes (“kitchenettes”), 30–31, 50, 71–72, 79, 83
Sweet, Ossian, 54
taverns, 24, 42–43, 45, 71–72, 84–86
Taylor, Stuart, 113
Tilmon, Jim, 89
Tompkins, Tahani, 123
Townsend, Robert, 102
Turnbull, Arthur, 65
Urban League, 18, 24, 31, 46, 50, 77, 96, 97, 103, 104, 109, 110, 118, 120
vice: and upward mobility, 9–10, 21–26; pushed to black neighborhoods, 40–46, 85; reason to move, 46–47
Waters, Enoch, 54
Watson, S.E.J., 45
Weaver, Robert, 64
Wells, Ida B., 14
white flight, 8, 56, 62, 73, 75, 78–83, 90, 127, 128–129
Williams, Edward, 110
Williams, Fannie Barrier, 46
Willis, Benjamin, 73, 75–78, 80
Wilson, August, 13
Wilson, Robert, 17
Woodfolk, R.W., 51
Wortham IV, Thomas, 126
Wright, Richard, 11, 12, 26, 30
Wyatt, Addie, 98
Young, Whitney, 106
Zuber, Paul, 77