INDEX

abolitionist movement: abstention and, 39–40, 60–61, 62, 64, 123–34, 141–45, 169–70, 179–82, 187; free produce and, 1–3, 123–34, 141–45, 156–64, 166–67, 169–70, 179–82, 187; juveniles and, 115–22, 139–41; opposition to boycott within, 1–3, 10–11, 156–64, 166–67. See also antislavery movement
abolitionists: abstention and, 4–7, 8–9, 11, 36, 38, 60–61, 62, 64; free produce and, 1–3, 4–7, 8–9, 11, 166–67, 169–70, 183, 184, 187, 191; opposition to the boycott, 1–3, 9–10, 166–67, 170, 187, 190
abstention: boycott and, 195n1; free produce and, 73
Adam, William, 152, 154–55, 157–58, 159, 167
Africa, 29, 40, 42, 54, 65, 75, 80, 108; colonization and, 7, 8, 75, 80, 170, 182–83, 187, 191; cotton and, 182–83, 187; slave trade and, 22
African Americans, 78–81, 128; abstention and, 6–7, 81, 131–32, 179–82; activism, 64, 114–15, 131–32, 140, 156; colonization and, 80–81; community building, 79–81; free produce and, 6–7, 114–15, 131–32, 179–82; juvenile antislavery societies, 140; made “commercial commodities” by slave trade and slavery, 81; petitions, 78–79; publications, 79–81, 149, 191; racial equality, 78–81, 128. See also African Methodist Episcopal Church (Bethel); American Moral Reform Society; Annual Conventions for the Improvement of the Free People of Colour in the United States; Colored Female Free Produce Society; Colored Free Produce Society of Pennsylvania
African Civilization Society, 147, 182–83
African Methodist Episcopal Church (Bethel), 7, 80, 114, 115, 131, 132
Allen, Richard, 7, 79, 80, 114, 115, 131
Allen, William, 50
American Anti-Slavery Society, 108, 125, 127, 133, 139, 144, 148, 158
American Colonization Society, 75, 80–81, 88, 124, 125, 131
American Convention for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery and Improving the Condition of the African Race, 78
American Free Produce Association, 143–45, 146, 148–51, 154, 160, 161–68, 182; abolitionist movement and, 166; black abolitionists and, 7, 144; Quakers and, 2, 137, 144, 164–66, 172, 175; women and, 144, 159
American Moral Reform Society, 132
animals, 70
Annual Conventions for the Improvement of the Free People of Colour in the United States, 131–32
Anti-Corn Law League, 167–68. See also British India Society; Thompson, George
The Anti-Slavery Alphabet, 120–21. See also publications
Anti-Slavery Conventions of Women, 127–30, 142
antislavery fairs, 145
antislavery movement: abstention and, 39–40, 60–61, 62, 64, 123–34, 141–45, ; free produce and, 123–34, 141–45, 156–64, 166–67, 169–70, 179–82, 187; juveniles and, 115–22, 139–41; opposition to boycott within, 1–3, 10–11, 156–64, 166–67; parliamentary reform and, 41; women and 113–15. See also abolitionist movement
Association for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery, 137–38
Association of Friends for Advocating the Cause of the Slave, and Improving the Condition of Free People of Colour, 137–38
Atkinson, Edward, 184–86, 187

Ball, Martha, 128, 129–30. See also Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society
Baptist, Edward E., 10, 69, 186–87
Barbados, 13, 25, 88, 94
Barbauld, Anna Laetitia, 53–54, 93
Bassett, William, 142, 143, 149, 151, 174–76
Bates, Elisha, 85–86
Bayard, Ferdinand, 37
Bayles, Thomas, 155
beet sugar, 132
Benedict, Aaron L., 149, 163, 164
Benezet, Anthony, 38, 40, 71, 137
Bethel Church. See African Methodist Episcopal Church (Bethel)
Betts, William C., 137
Bible Association of Friends, 171–72, 173
Birkett, Mary, 50
Birmingham Ladies’ Negro’s Friends Society, 97–101
Birney, James G., 158
blood-stained sugar, 53–56, 110, 119, 188. See also cannibalism; sugar
Boston, Mass., 78–80, 121, 123, 126, 127, 128–29, 129–30, 140, 145–46, 149
Boston Female Anti–Slavery Society, 108, 123, 126, 127, 129–30, 145
boycott, defined, 195n1
boycott of slave labor: economics of, 1–2, 8–9, 12, 96, 173–74; global reach of, 4; morality of, 1–2, 12, 34, 96, 108–13; opposition to, 51–52; public reaction to, 36, 48–49, 51–52, 64, 90, 91, 100; Quaker discipline and, 72–73; reform movements and, 71, 90, 92; registers of supporters, 100; visual representations of, 48–49, 55–56
Bradburn, George, 158
Brissot de Warville, Jacques, 67
British and Foreign Anti–Slavery Society, 147, 156, 179, 192
British Free Produce Association, 168
British India Society, 146, 151–55, 167–68, 182
Brown, Christopher Leslie, 40–41
Buckingham Female Anti-Slavery Society of Pennsylvania, 130–31
Buffum, Arnold, 165
Burleigh, Charles C., 148
Burn, Andrew, 55
Burritt, Elihu, 7–8, 10, 180–82, 186
Buxton, Thomas Fowell, 89, 147, 157

Caln Quarterly Meeting (Hicksite), 135–136
cannibalism, 22, 53–57, 74, 110, 113, 119, 118. See also blood-stained sugar
Carey, Brycchan, 27, 50, 58, 200n6
Carman, Adam, 81
Chandler, Elizabeth Margaret, 88, 106, 107–22, 123, 141, 149, 191
Chapman, Maria Weston, 149, 153
Chester County Anti-Slavery Society, 177
Child, Lydia Maria, 85, 128
Clarkson, Thomas, 41, 86, 89; boycott and, 61, 64, 114, 173; publications, 40, 42–43, 56, 94,
Clarkson Anti-Slavery Society, 132, 141–42
Clothier, Caleb, 137, 161
clothing, 13, 17, 20–21, 23, 31–34
Coates, Benjamin, 182–83
Cobbett, William, 94, 105, 106
Coffin, Levi, 164–65
Colchester Ladies’ Anti-Slavery Association, 97
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 51, 55
colonization, 7, 75, 76, 86; free produce and, 75
Colored American, 119–20, 140, 145. See also publications
Colored Female Free Produce Society, 115. See also African Americans
Colored Free Produce Society of Pennsylvania, 114–15, 125, 132. See also African Americans
Comly, John, 86–87
Committee on Requited Labor, 137–38, 230n58
Committee on the Slave Trade, 38–42. See also slave trade
Constitutional Convention, 68–69
consumer activism, 90, 92; children and, 115–22; conditions of labor and, 94; slaveholders and, 96; women and, 109–13
consumer goods, 14, 44–50; children and, 115–22; morality of, 70; Quakers and, 13–15; slave labor and, 28; women and, 5–6, 109–13
consumer revolution, 5, 14, 23–35, 36–38, 43–50
consumers, 44; abolitionism and, 39–40; slave labor and, 9–10, 12, 17–23, 30, 33–34, 43–44; slave trade and, 21–23, 34
consumption of slave-labor goods as cannibalism, 22. See also blood-stained sugar; cannibalism
Cooper, David, 71
Cooper, Thomas, 55
Cooper, William, 66
Cornish, Samuel, 140, 145
cotton, 10, 149, 155, 162, 182–87; free-grown, 7, 9, 145, 149, 155, 162, 180–81; from Africa, 7, 182–83; from India, 155; from Texas, 183–86; slave-grown, 1, 10
Cotton Supply Association of Manchester, 155, 183, 184
Cowper, William, 44–45, 47, 54
Coxe, Tench, 66
Cropper, James, 101–6, 156
Cruikshank, Isaac, 49

Davis, Edward M., 154, 160
De Cordova, Jacob, 183–84
DeFoe, Daniel, 33, 34
Demerara, 88, 90, 94–95
Derkin, Alex, 172–73
Dillwyn, William, 38–39
domesticity, 128–30, 224n35; abstention and, 44–46, 49–52; free produce and, 109–13, 115–16; slave labor goods and, 70, 109–13
door-to-door canvassing, 97–99
dress. See clothing
Drinker, Henry, 66–67
Duane, William, 69

East Fallowfield Anti-Slavery Society, 132
East India Company, 24, 104–5, 151, 155, 157
Edgerton, Joseph, 174
Embree, Elihu, 69, 73–74
evangelicalism, 64, 81–87
Evans, Jonathan, 84–85, 86, 87
Evans, Joshua, 8, 26, 32, 65, 70–71, 72, 73, 77

Farmington Quarterly Meeting (Orthodox), 136, 171–72, 173
Faulkner, Carol, 3, 160, 169–70, 195n3
Female Association for Promoting the Manufacture and Use of Free Cotton, 113
Female Society for Birmingham, 97–101
Flower, Benjamin, 53
food and diet, 71
Fox, George, 15–16, 18, 200n10
Fox, William, 42–44, 54, 55, 60, 61, 64, 86, 208n22; public reaction to arguments of, 52, 53, 57, 58, 63, 98
France, 53, 54, 60–61, 67, 93, 97, 132, 180
Franklin, Benjamin, 22, 65–66, 68–69
Free African Society, 41, 80. See also African Americans
free labor, 64, 65–69, 74–75; economics of, 65–69, 78, 159–61; morality of, 65–66, 160–61, 162–63
free-labor goods: slave-labor goods and, 9, 144, services provided using 145–46; supplies of 145–46, 149–50
free produce, abstention and, 73
Free Produce Association of Friends: of New England Yearly Meeting, 173; of New York Yearly Meeting, 168; of Ohio Yearly Meeting, 173–74; of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, 162, 168, 179, 180. See also Quakers
Free Produce Association of Green Plain (Ohio), 114
free-produce societies, 114, 181; African American 114–15; Delaware 114; Indiana 163–64; Iowa 163–64; Michigan 163–64; Ohio 114, 163–64; Pennsylvania 1, 113–15, 145, 172. See also entries for individual societies
Free Produce Society of Pennsylvania, 1, 113–14, 145, 172
free-produce stores, 75–76, 145–46, 148–49, 164, 173, 181; African American, 115. See also free-labor goods
The Friend, 119, 136, 173. See also publications; Quakers
Frost, J. William, 20, 27, 202n26, 229n51
Fry, Elizabeth Gurney, 93
Fussell, Edwin, 177

Garnet, Henry Highland, 7, 170, 181–82, 187, 188, 191–92. See also African Americans
Garrison, William Lloyd, 74, 122, 123, 124, 143, 152, 156; initial support of the boycott, 1; opposition to the boycott, 1–3, 9–10, 133–34, 141, 166–67; publications, 1, 3, 81, 116, 119, 121, 125, 141, 154. See also American Anti-Slavery Society; Liberator; publications
gender ideals, 5–6, 37–38, 58–60, 62, 109–13, 128–30, 224n35
Genesee Yearly Meeting, 136, 179
Genius of Universal Emancipation, 74–75, 76, 107, 109, 110, 111, 119, 121, 138, 149; British boycott and, 11, 99. See also publications
Germantown Protest, 17. See also Quakers
Gillray, James, 48–49, 55–56, 188
Goodell, William, 9–10, 143–44
Grew, Mary, 124, 129, 142, 161
Grimké, Angelina, 3, 128–29, 130, 133–34, 154
Grimké, Sarah, 128–29, 130, 142
Gunn, Lewis C., 140, 143, 144, 148. See also Quakers
Gurney, Joseph John, 170–71, 174
Gurney, Martha, 42–43. See also Fox, William

Haiti, 8, 41, 54, 61, 75, 76, 80, 95, 124, 134, 148. See also Saint Domingue
Hale, Sarah J., 110–12. See also women
Hall, Prince, 79–80. See also African Americans
Hanway, Jonas, 26, 46–47
Harrison, George, 38–39
Hepburn, John, 20–23, 202n26. See also Quakers
Heyrick, Elizabeth, 88, 90–96, 97–98, 100, 101, 103–4, 107–8, 125
Hicks, Elias, 64, 72–73, 82–87, 134, 137, 148. See also Quakers
Hillier, Richard, 57–59
historiography of abstention and free produce, 3
Hoare, Samuel, 38–39
Hodgson, Adam, 78
Hopper, Isaac T., 113, 178. See also Quakers
Howitt, William, 147, 153
Hunt, Richard P., 1–2

India, 151–55, 157; labor conditions in, 104–5, 151–52. See also cotton; East India Company; sugar
Indiana Yearly Meeting, 177
Indiana Yearly Meeting of Anti-Slavery Friends, 136, 165–66, 174. See also Quakers
Iowa Free Produce Association, 164

Jay, William, 133, 144
Jenner, Charles, 45–46
Johnson, Oliver, 178
Jones, Absalom, 80. See also African Americans
Jones, Benjamin, 166, 177
juvenile antislavery societies, 139–41
juveniles, free produce and, 139–41. See also publications

Keith, George, 18
Kelley, Abby, 127, 149, 177
Kelley, Florence, 2
Kennett Anti-Slavery Society, 132
Knowles, Thomas, 38–39
Kowaleski-Wallace, Elizabeth, 6, 209n36

labor, 93–94, 102–3, 104–5, 143–44, 151–52, 183–86; abstention and, 65–68; Quakers and, 28–29, 175–76; racial equality and, 131
Ladies’ Association for Liverpool and Its Neighborhoods, 101
Ladies’ New-York City Anti-Slavery Society, 126
Lamb, Michael, 75–76
Lasser, Carol, 90, 100, 104
Lay, Benjamin, 4, 13–14, 23, 26, 27, 32, 134, 202n26
Lewis, Enoch, 69, 73–74, 76–77, 114, 172, 173, 186. See also publications; Quakers
Lewis, Sidney Ann, 125, 195n3
Liberator, 3, 116, 119, 121, 125, 133, 138, 139, 141, 149. See also Garrison, William Lloyd; publications
Lightbody, Samuel, 166
Liverpool, 22, 97, 101, 103, 155, 184
Liverpool Ladies’ Anti-Slavery Society, 97
Liverpool Society for the Amelioration and Gradual Abolition of Slavery, 103
Lloyd, John, 38–40
Logan Female Anti-Slavery Society, 123, 126. See also Chandler, Elizabeth Margaret
London Anti-Slavery Society, 89, 101, 103
London Yearly Meeting, 18, 21, 23, 38–39, 64, 153
Louisiana, 69
Lundy, Benjamin, 69, 73–76, 77–78, 88, 99, 107, 109, 119, 124, 134. See also publications; Quakers

Macaulay, Zachary, 102
Magruder, Alan, 69
Major, Andrea, 104, 105
maple sugar, 63, 145; as alternative to cane sugar, 68, 145. See also sugar
Marriott, Charles, 138–39, 171–72, 178. See also Quakers
May, Samuel J., 9, 124, 170, 192–93
McClintock, Thomas, 1–2, 113. See also Quakers
McCrummell, James, 125, 126. See also African Americans
Mexico, 75, 76
Mifflin, Warner, 64, 71
Miller, Daniel, Jr., 137, 149, 161
Mintz, Sidney, 24–25
Missouri Compromise (1820), 74
Moore, Esther, 125, 169
Moore, Lindley Murray, 173
More, Hannah, 41, 51
motherhood, 117–21
Mott, James, 68, 113, 161, 162
Mott, Lucretia, 113, 125–26, 130, 137, 166, 169–70, 178, 191; American Free Produce Association and, 142–43, 144, 151, 156, 161, 162; free produce and, 127–28, 134, 179; World Anti-Slavery Convention, 159–60
Motteux, Peter, 25, 44, 47

Newcastle Ladies’ Free Produce Association, 168
New England Anti-Slavery Society, 123, 125
New England Yearly Meeting, 171, 177
New Garden Anti-Slavery Society, 114
New York Association of Friends for the Relief of those Held in Slavery and the Improvement of Free People of Color, 138
New York City Anti-Slavery Society, 140
New York Yearly Meeting: Hicksite, 138, 178; Orthodox, 136, 139, 171–72; pre-separation, 72–73, 82. See also Quakers
Nichols, Joseph, 32
Nixon, Esther, 150
Nixon, Phineas, 150
The Non-Slaveholder, 3, 172, 173, 189. See also publications
Northampton Association of Education and Industry, 175
North Carolina, 29, 65, 75, 145, 150, 162
Nuermberger, Ruth K., 3, 13, 192, 195n3, 225n54, 236n69

Ohio Anti-Slavery Society, 114
Ohio Yearly Meeting, 82, 85, 171, 174. See also Quakers
Olive Leaf Circles, 180
Olmstead, Frederick Law, 184
Opie, Amelia, 116–17
Osborn, Charles, 165, 174

Parliament, 93–94, 189, 202n31; abolition of slave trade, 11, 89, 146; boycott and, 36, 44, 64, 106, 146; British India and, 104, 151, 152, 157; debates on slave trade, 41–42, 52–53, 60; debates on slavery, 89–90, 95, 96, 98, 101; House of Commons, 38, 41, 52–53, 56, 58, 60–61; House of Lords, 60; petitions to, 38; sugar duties and, 102, 104, 106; West Indian emancipation, 146, 147, 151
Pease, Elizabeth, 133–34, 152–54, 160, 168, 175
Pease, Joseph, 147, 152–53, 157–58, 168
Pennock, Abraham, 113, 142, 143, 151, 161, 172–73. See also Quakers
Pennsylvania Abolition Society, 41, 68, 80, 142
Pennsylvania Hall, 129, 142–43
Pennsylvania Yearly Meeting of Progressive Friends, 179
Philadelphia, Penn., 22, 66, 75, 79, 84, 88, 113–15
Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society, 2, 3, 7, 127, 128, 169–70; abstention and, 124, 130–31, 142, 148; formation, 126
Philadelphia Yearly Meeting (Hicksite), 136, 137. See also Quakers
Philadelphia Yearly Meeting (Orthodox), 136, 171–72, 182. See also Quakers
Philadelphia Yearly Meeting (pre-separation), 23, 27, 40, 64, 71, 82, 84. See also Quakers
Philbrick, Samuel, 149
Phillips, James, 39, 42–43
Phillips, Wendell, 156–57
Piles, Robert, 18–19
Plank, Geoffrey, 31, 200n6
Providence (Rhode Island) Female Anti-Slavery Society, 126
publications: 72–74, 79–81, 93, 98, 99, 105, 109; aimed at abolitionists, 3, 11, 74, 77, 149, 178, 188–89; aimed at African Americans, 79–81, 149, 191; aimed at children, 98, 116–21, 139, 141, 224n35; aimed at men, 44–52, 52–57, 57–60, 66–68, 98; aimed at Quakers, 17–23, 28–29, 32, 73, 85–87, 136, 137–38, 173–74, 175; aimed at women, 44–52, 52–57, 57–60, 98–99, 107–8, 109–13; on abstention, 34–35, 39–40, 42–44, 74, 95–96; on consumer goods, 32, 34–35, 37–38, 39–40, 44–52, 73, 188–89; on cotton, 76, 182–86, 188–89; on free produce, 3, 7–8, 172, 173–74, 181, 182–86, 188–89; on labor, 28–29, 65–66, 69, 78, 93–94, 154, 157; on reform, 92–93, 143, 149, 152, 154, 157, 167, 181; on slavery, 17–23, 25, 28–29, 78–79, 93–94, 95–96, 102–3, 105, 109–13; on the slave trade, 28–29, 34–35, 39–40, 47–52, 52–60; on sugar, 42–44, 52–57, 63, 66–68, 76, 98–99, 102–3, 105, 119–20; on tea, 25–26, 37–38, 44–52, 54–55, 57–60
Pugh, Sarah, 2, 10, 12; American Free Produce Association and, 2, 142, 143, 144, 151, 155, 161, 163; World Anti-Slavery Convention and, 157, 159

Quakers: abolitionist movement and, 5, 17–23, 26–35, 124, 134–39, 170–79; abstention and, 4–5, 36, 72–73, 114, 124–25, 134–39, 170–79; antislavery and, 17–23, 26–35, 38, 134–39; beliefs and spiritual values 15–17, 82, 134, 174; clothing, 17, 21, 31–33; consumer goods and, 13–15, 21, 26–35, 37; discipline, 72–73, 82, 136, 137, 165–66; disownment, 13, 23, 109, 139; evangelicalism and, 81–87, 165–66; free produce and, 4–5, 124–25, 134–39, 170–79; Golden Rule and, 16–19, 70; Gurneyite, 170–71, 172–74, 179, 187; inward light 16, 29, 82–83, 134; luxury goods and, 14–15, 19–23, 23–35; maple sugar and, 67; opposition to abolitionist movement, 5, 124, 135, 170–79; opposition to slave trade, 40; petitioning activities of, 135–36; publications on slavery, 13, 17–23, 27–28; quietism, 81–82; schism among Hicksite, 171, 176–79; schism among Orthodox, 170–71, 174–75; schism of 1827–28, 134, 138; slave trade and, 30; slaveholders and, 29–30; slavery and, 13–15, 17–19, 27, 29–31, 64, 72–73; wealth and 4, 29–30. See also entries for individual Quakers, Quaker meetings, and Quaker organizations

racial equality, 129; abolitionism and, 143; free produce and, 131–32; women’s rights and, 143; working-class reform and, 143
Requited Labor Convention, 132, 141–45, 148, 175, 231n83
Rhoads, Samuel, 3, 171–72, 180, 186. See also Quakers
Richardson, Anna, 168, 172, 181
Richardson, Henry, 181
Robinson, Rowland T., 2, 133
Ross, Ellen, 70, 73
Rush, Benjamin, 65–67, 69. See also maple sugar

Saint Domingue, 8, 41, 54, 61, 75, 76, 80, 95, 124, 134, 148. See also Haiti
Salem Abolition and Colonization Society, 114
Sams, Joseph, 158
Sandiford, Ralph, 20, 21–23, 27, 32, 55, 202n26. See also Quakers
Shackleton, Elizabeth, 46
Sharp, Granville, 39, 41
Sheffield Female Anti-Slavery Society, 97, 101
silk as alternative to slave-grown cotton, 175–76
The Slave, 181
slaveholders, 76
slave labor, 29, 31, 39–40; as commodity, 20–21, 78–81; described as theft, 20–21, 78–79, 81; as source of slaveholders’ wealth, 20–21, 66
slave-labor goods, 20–23, 28, 31, 70; as “gain of oppression,” 31, 34; as prize goods, 39–40, 73–74; children and, 115–22; free-labor goods and, 9, 103–4; global reach of, 28, 33, 69, 167; immorality of, 7–8, 28; perpetuated by consumer demand, 70
slavery, 29–30; amelioration of, 89–90; described as contrary to divine order of labor, 28–29; described as “man stealing,” 17–19; economic effects 34, 57–58, 102–4; immorality of, 95–96, 97–100; in the West Indies, 90–91, 93–96, 102; state action against, 89–90, 92, 146, 147, 151, 154, 157; women’s action against, 97–100, 109–13
slaves: compared to English working class, 58, 93–94; described as “prize goods,” 18, 73–74; mortality rates on sugar plantations, 25
slave trade, 29, 35, 36, 88, 90, 92, 93–94, 146, 173; British economy and, 22, 23, 24, 33, 34, 57–60; British women and the debate against the slave trade, 44–54, 57–60; described as “gain of oppression,” 30–31; described as “man stealing,” 17–19; described as theft, 7–8, 15, 17–19; domestic consumption and, 20–21, 28, 34, 38, 43, 44, 48, 49, 52, 54–56; economic effects of, 23, 28, 33–34, 39, 43, 54–55, 57–58; gender ideals and, 58–60; global reach of, 23, 28, 33, 39, 81, 202n31; immorality of, 17–19, 22, 28, 30, 33–34, 39, 43, 54–55, 58–60, 81, 86; laws against 86–87; publications against, 39–40, 42–44, 49–51, 52–56, 57–60, 117, 202n26, 208n22; publications supporting, 51–52, 56–60, 93–94; state action against, 11, 41–42, 60, 61, 71, 81, 86–87, 89; sustained by consumer desire, 15, 20–21, 28, 34, 39, 43–44, 54–55, 74; United States and campaign against, 68–69; violation of Golden Rule, 18, 19; violation of Quakers’ peace testimony, 19. See also Committee on the Slave Trade; Pennsylvania Abolition Society; Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade
Smith, Adam, 40, 100, 103
Smith, Gerrit, 133, 144
Smith, William, 71
Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 41, 61, 68, 80. See also slave trade
Southwick, Thankful, 127, 129–30
St. Clair, Alanson, 142
Stedman, John, 25
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 181
Stuart, Charles, 133, 158–59, 160
Sturge, Joseph, 98, 147, 156, 168, 177, 179–80
Sturge, Sophia, 98
sugar, 5, 23–27, 28, 31, 33–34, 37–38, 42–43, 44–62, 120, 160; Africa, 7; as contaminated by slave labor, 7; duties and tariffs on, 101–6; free grown, 7, 8, 61, 98, 101, 102–5, 128, 132, 145, 151, 160; from East India, 8, 61, 98, 101, 102–5, 151; from the West Indies, 101–6; made from beet root, 132; prices of, 61, 101–6; production of, 24–25; Quakers and, 8, 13; riots, 61; slave grown, 25, 43, 54–57, 66–67, 117, 160
sugar consumption, 117; children and, 117; described as cannibalism, 7; morality of 119–20; opposition to, 119–20

Tappan, Lewis, 140, 143
Taylor, George W., 8–9, 86, 172–73, 179, 180, 181, 186, 190, 191. See also Quakers
tea, 23–27, 33–34, 37–38, 44–62; substitutes for, 26
tea consumption, 23–27, 37–38, 44–50; consumer goods and, 24, 44–50; effect on national economy, 46–49; Quakers and, 8, 26–27; ritualized behavior and, 37–38, 44–50; social class and, 46–50; sugar consumption and, 24; women and, 37–38
tea table in popular culture, 37–38, 44–49, 54
Texas, 75, 76, 124, 183–86
Thomas, Nathan, 186
Thompson, George, 2, 147, 152–53, 154–55, 157, 158–59, 167–68, 172
Thorne, J. Williams, 179, 240n33
Thorne, Nathan, 146
Townsend, Hannah, 120–21
Tryon, Thomas, 32, 55

Virginia, 75, 77

Wakefield Priscilla, 116–17. See also publications
Walker, David, 131
Wall, Garrett, 135
Waller, Edmund, 44
Ward, H. G., 76
Watts, Isaac, 155
Wayne County Free Produce Association, 163–64
Webb, Benjamin, 114
Wedgwood, Josiah, 41, 42, 43, 51, 64, 90, 207n19
Weld, Theodore, 124, 128, 141
Wesley, John, 26
West Chester Anti-Slavery Society, 132
Western Anti-Slavery Fair, 145
Western Free Produce Association, 163, 164
Weston, Ann, 126–27
Weston, Deborah, 126
Whipper, William, 115, 132
White, George Fox, 178, 179
White, Lydia, 125, 137, 142, 143, 144, 148–49, 233n5
Wilberforce, William, 41, 53, 60, 89, 94, 102, 103, 114
Williams, Peter, 131
Williams, R. G., 140
Wilmington (Delaware) Society for the Encouragement of Free Labor, 114
Wollstonecraft, Mary, 47–48, 51, 52–53
women: abstention and, 5–6, 97–100, 123, 125–31; antislavery and, 6, 97–100, 125–31, 156–57; consumer goods and, 5–6, 37–38, 44–62, 100; domesticity and, 5, 44–52; free produce and, 5–6, 97–100, 123, 125–31; gender conventions affecting, 5, 44–52, 155–56; morality and, 49–54, 58–62; slavery and, 52–53, 57–60; societal values and, 37–38, 45–60
Woods, Josezph, 34–35, 38–40
wool, as alternative to cotton, 1
Woolman, John, 4, 13–15, 26–35, 36, 64, 70–73, 85–86
workbags, 99–100
working class: activism on behalf of, 92–96; effect of boycott on, 61; reform, 92–96, 143–144
World Anti-Slavery Convention, 1–2, 147, 151, 155, 156–61, 166
Wright, Elizur, 9
Wright, Henry C., 116, 224n32, 224n34

Young, Edward, 47
Young’s Prairie (Michigan) Free Labor Association, 164

Moral Commerce

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