INDEX
Academy of Natural Sciences (Philadelphia), 8
Adams, John Quincy, 17, 21–25, 27–41, 186
Africa, 4, 6, 16, 45, 54, 56, 63, 77, 90–91, 143, 147, 223–230, 238, 245
American Bible Society, 34, 40, 138–139
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), 15; and Armenia, 268; and Charles Stewart, 21; and the Cherokee, 38; in China, 26, 30, 43, 103, 119, 161, 212, 216, 219; and David Greene, 46; and Elijah Bridgman, 26; and Harriet Stewart, 21; and Hiram Bingham, 71; and humanitarianism, 257; and James L. Barton, 247, 251, 255–256; in Japan, 97; and Jeremiah Evarts, 24, 37–38, 113; and John L. Stephens, 107; and Jonas King, 33, 78–79, 89; and Justin Perkins, 52–53; and Mexico, 107–108; and missionary citizenship, 73–75; and missionary literature, 45–46, 53, 55, 77, 119, 139–140; in the Ottoman Empire, 75; and Peter Parker, 103–104; and the Philippines, 190, 193, 203; and religious freedom, 140; and Rufus Anderson, 100, 156; and Samuel Wells Williams, 43, 47; and Spain, 143–146, 149; and Theodore Roosevelt, 176; and Turkey, 110–111, 150, 176, 178; and the US State Department, 74, 113, 141, 143–148; and the US Supreme Court, 39; and women, 153; and World War I, 260–261, 264
American Congo Reform Society, 235
American Ethnological Society, 49
American Geographical Society of New York, 8
American Oriental Society, 8, 45, 59
American Reformed Church, 50
American Tract Society, 34, 40
Anderson, Rufus, 30, 56, 73–74, 80, 100–101, 103–104, 155–156
Armenia, 89, 138, 171, 182, 257, 265–268; and Armenian Christians, 23, 170, 25–52; and the Armenian Church, 253; and Armenian genocide, 246–250, 252, 255–256, 265–267; and humanitarianism, 247–248, 257–258, 261, 266; and massacres, 167–169, 171–172, 256; and missionaries, 247–248; and refugees, 253; and the United States, 186, 257–258
Baptist Home Missionary Society, 40
Baptists, 36, 40, 78, 81, 92, 95, 100, 193, 223, 229–231
Belgium, 109, 227, 234, 238, 240–246; and Belgian Congo, 245–246
Big Sword Society, 209
Boston Herald, 219
Boxer Uprising, 9, 109, 172, 181, 205–217, 219, 222, 226, 234, 238
Bradford, Mary, 124
Brown, Arthur Judson, 183–184, 190, 195–200, 202, 204–205, 217–219, 222, 251–252, 274
Brown, Catherine, 45
Brussels Conference, 225, 228–229, 231, 235–239
Carnegie Hall, 204
Catholicism, 67–68, 70, 132, 197, 227–228; and bishops, 195; and cathedrals, 117; and China, 117, 119, 216; and friars, 142, 188–189, 200; and missions, 40, 50, 209, 231, 239; and persecution, 70–73, 109; and the Philippines, 185, 199, 200–202; and priests, 68, 70–73, 108, 142, 145, 202; and Protestantism, 107, 109, 149, 200; and religious toleration, 82–83; and Spain, 142; and the United States, 193–194, 200–202; and worship, 71–73
Chau, John Allen, 276
China, 1–2; and the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), 43, 143–144, 161, 212; and anti–Christian violence, 115–118; and the Boxer Uprising, 181, 209, 211–212, 216, 226, 238; and Britain, 25–28, 39, 42, 69; and Canton, 28–30; and Chinese exclusion, 270; and Chinese government, 122; and consuls, 88, 106, 128; diplomats in, 3; and Divie Bethune McCartee, 7–8; and Eli Shepherd, 133; and Fouchow (Fuzhou), 89; and France, 119–120; and George Frederick Seward, 93, 117–118, 121, 128–129, 135, 149; and Hangchow, 131; and John Quincy Adams, 24–32, 39–40; and Korea, 160, 162; and medical missionaries, 271; missionaries in, 3–4, 9–10, 12, 43–44, 61–62, 68, 93–94, 96–97, 104, 118–119, 134, 140, 166–167, 214, 216–217, 219–222; and missionary intelligence, 24, 31; and “missionary troubles,” 109; and mission schools, 9; northern, 211–212, 214; and the Opium War, 25, 27, 39; and Peter Parker, 27–30; and Presbyterian missions, 183; and Samuel Wells Williams, 43–45, 47–51, 56, 59, 132; and trade, 215; and treaty rights, 130–131; and Treaty of Wanghia, 31; and the United States, 5–6, 16, 28–31, 42, 59, 69, 90–91, 93–94, 103, 105, 120, 135, 144, 159, 162, 165, 207–208, 216, 272; and William Howard Taft, 205; and William Rankin, 206–209; and Woodrow Wilson, 258–259
Christian Foreign Missionary Society, 19, 244
Christian Herald, 177, 185–187
Christian Missionary Society, 104, 193
church and state (separation of), 4, 65, 129, 135, 184, 197, 199–201, 205
citizenship: meaning of, 69–70; missionary, 69–70, 73–74, 77, 82, 271; rights, 66, 68, 74–75, 77, 122
Civil War (United States), 1, 4–5, 61–66, 85, 95, 109–110, 129, 230
colonialism, 16, 142, 148, 179, 183, 189–190, 193–195, 197, 200–202, 227–228, 238–240; and anti–imperialism, 194; and colonial officials, 57, 203, 223; and colonial subjects, 56, 187, 204, 224; and diplomacy, 242; and governance, 148, 221, 229, 239, 245–246, 299n19; and Spain, 140, 146–147, 185, 202; and the United States, 181, 189, 195, 221, 238; and violence, 40, 304n25. See also imperialism
commerce, 3, 5, 16, 26–27, 32, 47, 49, 56–57, 88, 94, 98, 160, 186, 208, 219–220, 226, 229
Congo Free State: and American diplomacy, 225–226, 237–246; and anti–imperialists, 181; and atrocities, 223, 231–232, 245–246, 303n6; and Congo River, 227–228; and King Leopold II, 223–228; and missionaries, 12, 182, 222–224, 229–230, 233–236, 241–246
Constantinople, 22–23, 33, 82–83, 88, 91–92, 99, 101, 111–113, 115, 137–138, 150, 153, 175, 203, 247, 250, 254–255, 257, 262
consular system, 51, 65, 79, 86–95, 98–102, 104–106, 112, 132, 152, 181, 198, 221–222, 238, 274–275
consulates, 19, 64, 91, 93, 102, 105–106, 128, 252
consuls: in Armenia, 89, 250, 252; in Asia, 7, 93–94, 220; in Athens, 89; in Beirut, 75, 111; in Boma, 241–243; British, 91, 110, 125–126, 167, 223, 241; in the Caroline Islands, 140; in China, 24, 28, 50, 88, 93, 105–106, 117–120, 128–136, 216; in the Congo Free State, 223–225, 229, 234, 239, 243–245; and the consular system, 88–89; and Divie Bethune McCartee, 1, 3; and George Frederick Seward, 105; and George W. Fish, 8; in Hawai‘i, 67, 284n2; in India, 286n58; and Indigenous peoples, 37; and James T. Barclay, 104; in Japan, 96–97; and J. C. Jones, 71; and Jonas King, 80; in Korea, 161; in Manila, 141–142; in the Middle East, 98–102; and missionaries, 3, 12, 66, 76, 90, 101–102, 104–106, 109–110, 144, 252; and Orthodoxy, 101–102; in the Ottoman Empire, 88–91, 99–100; in Persia, 122–123, 275; in Ponape, 144–146; protection of, 105–106; Russian, 92; in Salonica, 91, 175; in Siam, 95–96; in Singapore, 188; and Stephen Mattoon, 62, 95–96, 104; in Syria, 101–102; and treaty rights, 130, 132; in Turkey, 87–88, 175, 110–112, 261; and US trade, 65; and violence, 116, 122; and William Thayer, 85–87. See also consular system
cultural bias, 58
cultural change, 4, 57, 140, 157, 197
cultural influence, 48, 154, 168
cultural institutions, 34
Dean, William, 95
diplomacy: and anti–imperialism, 228; and China, 207, 209, 214; and the Congo Free State, 238; and consuls, 88, 92, 122–123; and diplomatic corps, 11, 129; and diplomatic correspondence, 159, 296n35; and diplomatic crises, 24, 35, 127, 276; and diplomatic missions, 29–30, 76, 95–96; and diplomatic officials, 2, 90, 110, 198, 275; and diplomatic relations, 2, 10, 16, 121–123, 262–263; and diplomatic work, 8, 9, 18, 23–24, 31, 64, 69, 85, 102, 104–106, 115, 119, 151–152, 166, 175, 181, 221–222, 245–246; and missionaries, 207; and power, 249; and Spain, 142–143, 147; and the Vatican, 202
diplomats: 33, 68, 77, 128, 143, 228, 246, 250; in Armenia, 250; British, 51; in China, 2, 42–43, 93, 120–122, 131, 133–136, 140, 148–149, 161, 216; in the Congo Free State, 246; and consuls, 90, 181; in Greece, 69; and humanitarianism, 156, 186; in Japan, 161; and missionaries, 3, 12, 76, 128, 131, 140, 143, 152, 176, 184, 211, 222, 272; missionary, 2, 7–8, 11, 59, 66, 68, 79, 83–84, 116, 127, 129, 192, 207, 219, 225, 273, 276; and mission schools, 154; Russian, 51; in Siam, 94; in Turkey, 112; and violence, 110. See also United States
Downes, John, 72
Dwight, Harrison Otis, 23
Dwight, Henry Otis, 113, 171, 203
East India Company, 16, 56, 84
East India Marine Society, 50
Ellis, William, 55
empire, 30, 40, 58, 63, 111, 142, 154, 179, 181–182, 185, 188, 191–192, 194–195, 198, 208, 217, 252–253; and the British Empire, 16; and capitalism, 5; and the Chinese Empire, 29–30, 43, 59, 118, 121, 130; and the Congo, 226–228; and the Ottoman Empire, 22–23, 33–35, 45, 68, 74–76, 88, 91, 99, 110, 114, 123, 137, 139–140, 143, 152, 162, 168–169, 172, 203, 246, 248–250, 254, 261–262, 265; and the Qing Empire, 1; and race, 4
Episcopal Church, 19, 34, 64, 92, 158, 193, 195
Europe, 12, 16, 18, 24, 42, 52, 63, 92, 146, 208, 214, 228, 230, 248, 263–266
evangelization: and China, 43– 44; and the “civilizing” mission, 181; global, 22; goals of, 179; and medicine, 157; and Persia, 53; reception of, 171, 6; support for, 4, 7, 34, 103, 162; and trade, 61; work of, 18, 22
Evarts, Jeremiah, 24, 37–38, 113
Evarts, William, 113
extraterritoriality, 68–69, 84, 91, 94, 105, 127, 134, 143, 210
Fish, George W., 8
Forsyth, John, 28
Foulk, George, 163
France, 16, 28, 56, 67–69, 80–81, 112, 119, 130, 162, 165, 192, 212, 229, 250, 262
French Revolution, 32
Goodnow, John, 214
Great Britain, 16, 22, 25–26, 28–29, 42, 48, 91, 126, 171; and Armenia, 250; and British Empire, 16, 56–57, 238; and British Legation, 213; and Catholicism, 72; and China, 26–30, 39, 94–95, 106, 122, 208, 212–213, 221; and colonial subjects, 56; and the Congo Free State, 223–225, 229, 235, 242, 245; and consuls, 241, 244; diplomats, 51, 92, 167; and education, 56; and France, 56; and missionaries, 4, 24, 52, 55, 76, 84, 116–120, 235–236, 238, 286n58; and the Navy, 116–117; and Parliament, 233; and Persia, 123–126; and the press, 176, 230, 233, 240; protectorates, 208; and smuggling, 26; and trade, 26–30; and Turkey, 262; and the United States, 29–30, 94, 161, 165, 224–225, 235–236
Greece: and Christians, 32; government of, 34, 78; independence, 35; and Turkey, 33; and War of Independence, 78
Greek Orthodox Church, 23, 69, 78–82, 102
Hall, William, 119
Harrison, Benjamin, 183, 230, 273
Harrison, William Henry, 28–29
Hawai‘i, 5, 21–22, 55, 67–74, 284n9
Hay, John Baldwin, 100, 212, 215, 235
Hill, John, 34
Hogg, John, 85
Horton Underwood, Lillias, 163–164
humanitarianism, 8, 12, 156, 171, 177, 185, 194, 228–229, 231, 238, 243, 255, 275; and aid, 34–35, 78; and Africa, 224; and Armenia, 168; and China, 26; and crises, 169, 171, 182, 222, 226, 233, 239–240, 245–246, 252, 254, 257; and Greece, 32–34; and missionaries, 163; and the United States, 173, 185–189, 252, 262–263, 269, 273, 275; and work, 152, 224, 247–249, 260
imperialism, 5–6, 39, 177, 179, 185, 188–189, 194, 205, 209, 216–217, 221, 228; and anti–imperialism, 156; and governance, 193; and Great Britain, 46, 57; and Spain, 192; and the United States, 3, 39, 195, 200. See also colonialism
international commerce, 5, 88, 130
international crises, 6, 80, 169, 225, 239
international intervention, 172, 224, 249
international law, 3, 8, 31, 68, 98, 117, 206–207, 241
international relations, 3, 11, 31–32, 59, 126, 169, 181, 204, 242, 261, 264
Japan, 3, 5, 109; and missionaries, 9–10, 157, 159–161, 165–166, 183, 206, 208, 220, 274; and the United States, 7–10, 59, 94, 96–98, 159–160, 270–272
Jennings Bryan, William, 189, 194, 252
Jessup, William, 197
Journal of the American Oriental Society, 45
Kasai Herald, 239
King, Jonas, 22–23, 31, 33–34, 69, 78–84
King Leopold II, 223–227, 230–231, 233–235, 242
Knight, Mary, 5
Lansing, Gulian, 85
Manila (Philippines), 141–145, 187–191, 197–198
Maronite Church, 75
McCartee, Divie Bethune, 1–11, 93, 98, 104–105, 206–207, 222, 270–272
McKinley, William, 166, 172, 183–184, 186–187, 189–192, 197–198, 201, 273
Medical Missionary Society, 27
Meriam, William, 111
Methodist Episcopal Church, 64, 92, 158, 193, 195, 300n67
Methodist Episcopal Missionary Society, 40
Methodist Foreign Missionary Society, 199, 244, 260
Mexico, 16, 39–40, 107–109, 126, 258
missionaries, xi; in Africa, 6, 223–226; and the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), 52, 55, 73–77, 79, 97, 100, 110–111, 113, 140, 143–144, 146–149, 176, 212; and American diplomacy, 3, 7, 9–10, 13, 16, 20, 23–27, 32, 95–99, 110, 141, 143–144, 184, 234, 245–246; and anti–Catholicism, 108–109, 141–142, 197–198; in Armenia, 167–170, 267–268; and the Armenian Genocide, 249–258; in Asia, 6, 87–88, 93–94; attacks on, 131–133; Baptist, 231; beginnings of, 16; and the Boxer Uprising, 209–217; British, 4, 52, 286n58, 293n32; in the Caroline Islands, 140–142; in China, 25–27, 30–31, 42–48, 59, 61–63, 96–97, 115–118, 121–122, 128–136, 206–216, 221, 271–272; and citizenship, 63, 65, 68–70, 75–76, 88; and the “civilizing” mission, 15–16, 87, 203–204; in the Congo Free State, 227–246; and consuls, 12, 65, 88–91, 93–94, 99–100, 105–106, 127; critics of, 216–219, 274; in Cuba, 185–188; and cultural bias, 58; and cultural influence, 48, 55; defense of, 219–222; as diplomats, 23–24, 59; Dutch, 97; and education, 156; and Elijah Bridgman, 26; Episcopalian, 135; and evangelization, 4, 6, 18; and Faris-el-Hakim, 85–86; and George Frederick Partridge, 96; and George F. Seward, 128–130; in Greece, 33–35, 81–82; and humanitarian aid, 34, 78; and humanitarianism, 185–186, 246–258; and imperialism, 5, 184–185, 193–195; and Indigenous peoples, 35–39; in India, 16, 57, 84; influence of, 40; as informants, 27; and Jackson G. Coffing, 110–111; in Japan, 96, 98, 157–160; and John L. Stephens, 107–109; and John Quincy Adams, 23–24, 40–41; and Justin Perkins, 51–53; in Korea, 160–167; in Latin America, 6; and legal problems, 69, 71–73, 81–82, 87–88, 239–246; and the Levant, 5; and local politics, 167; medical, 103, 154–157, 160; and memoirs, 4–5, 45, 56, 139, 205; in the Middle East, 6, 98–100; missionary expertise, 41, 46, 54–58; missionary intelligence, 5, 53–54, 63; and the missionary movement, 4, 6, 9, 11, 16, 18, 23–25, 38, 40–41, 58, 63, 65–66, 87, 90, 103, 110, 124, 152, 156, 177, 181, 185, 192, 204, 209, 215–217, 245, 249, 260, 264, 269, 272–275; and mission schools, 9, 34, 36, 52, 57, 65, 78, 103, 107, 130, 140–142, 151, 154–160, 170–171, 220, 250–251; and secular work, 152, 154; and murder, 110–111; and Muslims, 23; and Orthodoxy, 100–101; in the Ottoman Empire, 99–100, 137–138, 175–176; in the Pacific Islands, 6; and patriotism, 102; perception of, 107, 129–130, 133–134, 169, 177, 179–182, 206–207, 274; in Persia, 51–52, 122–126, 275; in the Philippines, 12, 141–146, 188–193, 197–204; Presbyterian, 232; and priorities, 7, 18; protection of, 79–84, 91, 101–102, 105–106, 112–115, 171–172; Protestant, 2–4, 18, 38, 68–72, 79, 81, 101, 108, 140, 157, 181, 184, 190, 199–204, 273, 275; and religious toleration, 98, 137–140, 157–158, 199; returning, 22; rights of, 12, 68–69, 75–76, 88, 139; and Rufus Anderson, 100; safety of, 65, 67; and Samuel Reynolds House, 95; and Samuel Wells Williams, 46–48, 52, 58; in Siam, 95–96, 104; and Spain, 141–148; spread of, 19–20, 92; and the State Department, 2–3, 11–12, 16, 66, 74, 79, 100, 126–127, 146, 166, 239, 242; and Stephen Mattoon, 62; success of, 23; and Syria, 99, 126; in Texas, 280n64; in Tientsin, 119–120, 133; and Townsend Harris, 94–97; and trade, 2, 26, 30, 94; as translators, 12; in Tunchow, 120; in Turkey, 110–114, 176, 178, 252, 256, 262; and the US government, 64–66, 72–74, 79–80, 84, 92–93, 109–110, 126, 140–141, 143, 181, 184, 205, 237, 275–276; use of, 9, 13, 18, 32; violence against, 122–125; and William Thayer, 85–88; women, 153, 259–262; and World War I, 258–269; writings of, 45–47, 54, 58, 169–172
Missionary Herald, 31, 40, 46, 55, 77, 97–99, 111, 113, 142, 219, 228, 258, 260–261, 265, 267
missionary labor, 66, 104–105, 138, 142, 191, 205
Morrison, Robert, 4
Morrison, William, 233–237, 239–242, 244, 246
Mott, John, 259–260, 263, 300n67
New England, 52
New York Missionary Society, 4
Ningpo (Ningbo), 1–2, 5, 9, 93, 98, 105, 130–131
Oldham, William, 190, 199, 263
Parker, Peter, 27–31, 93, 103, 105
Partridge, George Frederick, 96
Perkins, George, 82
Perkins, Justin, 51–53, 56–58, 82
Persia, 51–53, 56, 91, 109, 122–126, 275
the Philippines, 12; and Arthur Judson Brown, 183–184; and Catholicism, 185, 193–194, 199–202; and China, 208, 217; and Cuba, 185, 188, 226; and humanitarianism, 226; and imperialism, 179, 185, 193–194, 203–205, 217, 265; and missionaries, 184, 188–198, 203–204, 221; and the Moro Province, 203–204; and Spain, 181; and the Spanish American War, 179, 188; and Theodore Roosevelt, 183; and the United States, 191–192, 197–198, 203–205, 217, 238, 265; and William Howard Taft, 199–202, 205; and William McKinley, 172, 189–194, 197–201; and William Rankin, 208
Presbyterian Church, 2, 23, 64, 89, 92, 101–102, 127; and Armenians, 23; and Arthur Judson Brown, 190, 195, 205, 274; and Board of Foreign Missions, 104, 166, 184, 190–191, 195, 252; and China, 183, 212; and Divie Bethune McCartee, 270; and Faris-el-Hakim, 85; and India, 183; and Iraq, 114; and James Rodgers, 201; and Japan, 97, 183; and John Wright, 124–125; and J. T. Barclay, 89; and Korea, 183; and missionaries, 161, 232, 264; and the Philippines, 183, 191, 201, 205; and Reformed Presbyterian Church, 127; and Robert Speer, 10, 275; and Samuel Chester, 234, 241; and slavery, 230; and Stephen Mattoon, 95, 104; and violence, 232; and William Morrison, 233; and women, 179, 259; and Woodrow Wilson, 249
Protestantism, 2, 57, 68–72, 82–83, 100–102, 115–116, 140–142, 180–181, 201–205, 274
race, 4, 53, 58, 63, 117, 189, 191, 195, 221, 247–248, 255, 265, 272
Rankin, Henry William, 5–6, 9–11, 206–209, 220–222
Read, George C., 73
religion: and China, 43, 49, 105, 134, 219; and diplomacy, 4, 12; freedom of, 199–200, 228; and governance, 205; and Greece, 78, 81; and humanity, 229; and imperialism, 198; and Islam, 137, 177–178; and John Quincy Adams, 30–31; and Korea, 162, 164; and missionaries, 2, 49, 116, 197; and Orthodoxy, 102; and the Ottoman Empire, 33; and Persia, 52; and the Philippines, 141, 191, 199, 201; and Protestantism, 102, 109, 197; and the Sandwich Islands, 72; and secularism, 47; and slavery, 63; and Spain, 141, 146; and tolerance, 96–97, 199–200; and the United States, 54; and William Howard Taft, 189
religious freedom: and Armenia, 265–266; and the Caroline Islands, 140; and China, 96–98; and the Congo Free State, 239; and France, 67; and Greece, 79–80, 82; and Japan, 157; and Korea, 162; and Persia, 275–276; and the Philippines, 184, 193, 199–201, 204; and Turkey, 137; and the United States, 12, 68, 73–76, 84, 98, 177–178, 184, 193, 199–201. See also religious toleration
religious persecution, 32, 70–71, 73, 75, 83, 85, 87, 121, 156, 253, 284n10
religious toleration, 72–73, 83–84, 86–87, 98, 112, 137, 275. See also religious freedom
rights, 259, 265; of citizenship, 66, 69–70, 75–77, 81–82, 122, 143–144, 148, 239–241, 243–244; civil, 84; in the Congo Free State, 245–246; human, 238, 246; Indian, 39; missionary, 12, 65–66, 68–70, 73–77, 83, 114, 129, 134, 139, 144, 229, 238, 245–246; natural, 27; and neutral nations, 16; in the Ottoman Empire, 137; religious, 100, 178, 275; trading, 27, 48; treaty, 116, 122, 130, 132, 170–171; and US citizens, 68, 81–82, 88, 91, 99–100, 258; of women, 159
Rockhill, William W., 133, 214–215, 230, 232–240, 242, 244–246
Roman Catholic Church, 71, 109, 132, 199
Royal Geographical Society, 230, 244
Sale, George, 56
Sandwich Islands, 5, 21–25, 37, 45, 55–56, 70–75, 84, 88, 145. See also Hawai‘i
scientific knowledge, 8, 10, 46, 94, 138, 151, 156, 160
Seward, George Frederick, 93, 105, 117, 128–131, 135–137, 149, 219
Seward, Henry, 150
Seward, William, 2, 85, 111–112, 120–121, 151
Sheppard, William, 230, 232, 234–240, 244–246
Siam (Thailand), 62, 94–96, 104, 127, 183, 219–220
slavery, 4, 39, 62–63, 223–225, 228–230, 239
Spain, 28; and Catholicism, 72, 141–142, 146, 189, 201–202; and colonial government, 140, 142–144, 184–189, 194, 197, 199, 202; and Cuba, 185–188; and missionaries, 138, 141–144, 147–148; and the Philippines, 141, 145–146, 179, 188–189, 192; and the United States, 144, 147–149, 177, 187–188, 197
Spanish–American War, 6, 179, 181
State Department (United States): and the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), 140–141, 143–144, 146–148, 255–256; and Armenia, 247–248, 251; and Beirut, 75; and Benjamin Avery, 134; centralization of, 6; and Charles Hughes, 275; and China, 118, 122, 128, 135, 166, 211–212, 216; and the Congo Free State, 225–226, 237–242, 244; and the consular system, 87–88, 93–94, 152; and Cuba, 186–187; and Daniel Webster, 28, 79, 82, 94; and Edward Everett, 100; and Elihu Root, 236; and Europe, 12, 24; and Frederick Frelinghuysen, 226; and Hamilton Fish, 108, 116, 133; and Henry Seward, 150; and India, 16; and Indian Affairs, 37; and John Chandler, 94–95; and John Forsyth, 28; and John Foster, 219; and John Hay, 212, 235; and John Sherman, 186; and John L. Stephens, 109; and John Quincy Adams, 23, 25, 32–33, 35; and Jonas King, 82; and Korea, 160–161, 164, 165–166; and Latin America, 11–12, 24; and missionaries, 2–3, 7, 24, 62, 64, 66, 74, 92, 101, 108, 113, 127, 140, 152, 170, 176, 204, 214, 222, 250, 260, 275–276; and missions, 11–12, 17, 109–111; and Persia, 122, 126–127; and the Philippines, 184, 197–198, 204; and Richard Olney, 170; and Robert Lansing, 261; and Samuel Wells Williams, 43, 230; and Spain, 147–148; and Theodore Roosevelt, 176; and Turkey, 115, 137, 139, 178, 255–256, 258; and William Evarts, 113–114; and William Jennings Bryan, 252; and William Marcy, 59, 96; and William H. Seward, 85, 111, 120, 136; and William Wharton, 144
Stephens, John L., 107–109, 126
Taft, William Howard, 183, 189, 193–195, 199, 201–202, 204–205, 236, 244
Tientsin (Tianjin), 117–122, 130–133, 213, 271
Treaty of Berlin, 177
Treaty of Paris, 188, 199, 202
treaty ports, 30, 130, 132, 134
treaty rights, 122, 130, 132, 170–171
Turkey, 12, 16, 88, 91; and Christians, 137, 139, 177–178; government of, 111; and Islam, 178; law of, 113; missionaries in, 109–110, 113–114, 123, 150, 175, 247–252, 254; and Robert College, 151; and the United States, 139, 169–170, 255–256, 261–263, 265, 276; and violence, 110, 114, 226; and Western Turkey Mission, 111; and women, 159
Underwood, Horace Grant, 164–166
Underwood, Lillias Horton, 163–167
United States: and citizenship, 62–63, 71, 171, 270–271; diplomacy, 2–3, 7, 9–12, 24, 173, 179, 204, 207, 225, 265, 274; diplomats, 3, 12, 42–43, 69, 76, 94, 110, 112, 122, 128, 131, 134–135, 140, 152, 186, 228, 246, 250; foreign relations, 3–7, 11, 23, 32, 48, 59, 88, 165, 188, 204, 209, 216–217, 220, 222, 243, 259, 275; interests, 2–3, 7, 12, 25, 66, 89, 165, 170, 182, 254, 256, 265, 273; military, 16, 37, 166, 189, 191, 198, 250, 255, 261, 264; territories, 39–40, 179, 188, 194, 265. See also State Department (United States)
violence, 1–2; anti–Christian violence, 115–116, 208–209, 248, 251; in Armenia, 168–169, 248, 251–253; in China, 209; and the Civil War, 63; and colonialism, 40; in the Congo Free State, 223–226, 232–233, 238; in Greece, 34; Islamic, 256; in Korea, 163, 167; against missionaries, 12, 99, 109, 111–112, 114, 119–122, 126, 203, 212, 249, 252; in Persia, 122, 126; in the Philippines, 172
Washington, DC, 22, 33, 204, 230, 247, 273
Weeks, John, 236
Western culture, 58, 159, 167, 274, 276
Western powers, 8, 25–27, 46, 75, 91, 93–94, 98, 130, 157, 207, 214, 216–218, 221, 228
Western trade, 2, 26, 30, 91, 94, 121
Wharton, William, 126, 144, 147
Williams, George Washington, 230–231
Williams, Samuel Wells, 27, 42–54, 56–59, 61, 93, 105, 120, 131, 133, 272
Williams, Thomas Scott, 74
Wilson, John Leighton, 45, 77, 230
Wilson, Woodrow, 248–249, 252, 254–256, 258–259, 261, 263, 265–269
Woman’s Foreign Missionary Society, 158, 190
women: African, 226; American, 38, 154; and Armenia, 169, 171, 253–254, 256–257; attacks against, 32, 116; and Bible Women, 157; and China, 121–122, 136, 205, 213–214, 270–272; and the Congo Free State, 233, 239–240; and Cuba, 185; and Hawai‘i, 71; and Japan, 158–159; and Korea, 164; and medical care, 163–164; as missionaries, 4, 6–7, 47, 96, 121–22, 152, 159, 214, 220, 239–240, 250, 261, 264–265, 267, 273; and modesty, 32; in the Ottoman Empire, 153–154; in the Philippines, 145, 147–148; in Turkey, 175–177, 248; unmarried, 65; white, 38; and the Women’s Mission Board, 179