Notes

Introduction

1.Christine Stansell, American Moderns: Bohemian New York and the Creation of a New Century (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2000), 199.

2.For a comprehensive history of little magazines and their impact see Peter Brooker and Andrew Thacker, eds., North America 1894–1960, vol. 2 of The Oxford Critical and Cultural History of Modernist Magazines (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).

3.Jane Heap, “Lost a Renaissance,” Little Review (1929), 5–6.

4.Margaret Anderson, “Editorial,” Little Review (Fall 1929), 3–4.

5.Hugh Kenner, The Pound Era (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971), 281.

6.Jayne Marek, Women Editing Modernism: “Little” Magazines and Literary History (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1995), 60–61.

7.Brooker and Thacker, North America 1894–1960, 1.

8.Mark S. Morrisson, The Public Face of Modernism: Little Magazines, Audiences and Reception, 1905–1920 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2001), 133.

9.Robert Crunden, Body and Soul: The Making of American Modernism (New York: Basic Books, 2000), 400.

10.Crunden, Body and Soul, xvii.

11.Roger Lipsey, The Spiritual in Twentieth Century Art (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, Inc., 1988), 463.

12.Henry Miller quoted in Fritz Peters, My Journey with a Mystic (Laguna Niguel, CA: Taylor Weber, 1986), 6.

13.See Pierre Bourdieu and Chris Turner. “Legitimation and Structured Interests in Weber’s Sociology of Religion,” In Max Weber, Rationality and Modernity, ed. Sam Whimster and Scott Lash (London: Routledge, 2014), 119–36.

14.Tom Gibbons, Rooms in the Darwin Hotel: Studies in Literary Criticism and Ideas 1880–1920 (Nedlands: University Press of Western Australia, 1973), 79.

15.Margaret Anderson, “Sentence Reviews,” Little Review (January 1915), 55.

16.Margaret Anderson, The Fiery Fountains: Continuation and Crisis until 1950 (New York: Horizon Press, 1969), 108.

17.Edmund Wilson, Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1985), 494.

18.Malcolm Cowley, Exile’s Return: A Literary Odyssey of the 1920s (New York: Penguin, 1994), 61.

19.Theodore Roszak, Unfinished Animal: The Aquarian Frontier and the Evolution of Consciousness (New York: Harper Colophon, 1977), 147.

20.Roszak, Unfinished Animal, 137.

21.For an accessible introduction to Hermes and the Emerald Tablet see Gary Lachman, The Quest for Hermes Trismegistus: From Ancient Egypt to the Modern World (Edinburgh: Floris Books, 2011).

22.For the impact of second Great Awakening evangelism see Paul E. Johnson, A Shopkeeper's Millennium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815–1837 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1978) and Ann Braude, Radical Spirits: Spiritualism and Women's Rights in Nineteenth-Century America. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001.)

23.Peter Washington, Madame Blavatsky’s Baboon: A History of the Mystics, Mediums, and Misfits Who Brought Spiritualism to America (New York: Schocken 1995), 256.

24.Arthur Versluis, “What is Esoteric? Methods in the Study of Western Esotericism,” accessed June 25, 2020, http://www.esoteric.msu.edu/VolumeIV/Methods.htm.

1. The Buzz and the Sting

1.Janet Flanner, “Life on a Cloud,” New Yorker, June 3, 1974, 44–53.

2.Margaret Anderson, My Thirty Years’ War (New York: Horizon Press,1969), 108.

3.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 5.

4.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 3.

5.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 4.

6.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 3.

7.Julia K. Willis, “ ‘Critics and Connoisseurs,’ Editors and Aesthetes: Marianne Moore, Margaret Anderson, and the Aesthetic” (PhD diss., Rutgers: The State University of New Jersey–New Brunswick, 1996), 190.

8.Michelle Erica Green, “Margaret Anderson Quotes,” The Little Review, http://www.littlereview.com/mca/mcaquote.htm. (Accessed July 28, 2016).

9.Eunice Tietjens, The World at My Shoulder (New York: Macmillan, 1938), 64.

10.Janet Flanner, “Life on a Cloud,” New Yorker, June 3, 1974, 44–67.

11.Floyd Dell, The Homecoming (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1933), 228.

12.Ben Hecht, Child of the Century (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1954), 233.

13.M. Anderson, Thirty Years War, 15

14.A profile of Arthur Anderson can be found in Indianapolis and Its Resources: A Souvenir of the Indianapolis Sentinel (Indianapolis: Indianapolis Sentinel, 1896), 26.

15.Indianapolis and Its Resources, 9–12.

16.Catherine Tumber, American Feminism and the Birth of New Age Spirituality: Searching for the Higher Self, 1875–1915 (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield), 2002.

17.M. Anderson, Fiery Fountains, 106.

18.M. Anderson, Fiery Fountains, 106–7.

19.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 11.

20.M. Anderson, Fiery Fountains, 20.

21.M. Anderson, Thirty Years War, 33.

22.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 34.

23.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 35.

24.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 23.

25.Kathleen McCarthy, Noblesse Oblige: Charity and Cultural Philanthropy in Chicago,1849–1929 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 75.

26.Bernard Duffey, The Chicago Renaissance in American Letters (East Lansing: Michigan State College Press, 1954), 130; Sue Ann Prince, The Old Guard and the Avant-Garde: Modernism in Chicago, 1910–1940 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990); Liesl Olson, Chicago Renaissance: Literature and Art in the Midwest Metropolis (New Haven: Yale University Press), 2017.

27.Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz, Culture and the City: Cultural Philanthropy in Chicago from the 1880’s to 1917 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1976), 189.

28.Monroe has been traditionally described as old-fashioned and stodgy compared to the Little Review and other little magazines, an unfair characterization according to John Timberman Newcomb, who views Poetry as an example of avant-garde modernism in “Poetry’s Opening Door: Harriet Monroe and American Modernism,” in Little Magazines and Modernism: New Approaches, ed. Suzanne Churchill and Adam McKibble (New York: Routledge Press, 2016).

29.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 43–44.

30.Sherwood Anderson, Memoirs (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1942), 24.

31.Chad Heap, Slumming: Sexual and Racial Encounters in American Nightlife (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), 161.

32.Chad Heap, Slumming, 64.

33.Dell, Homecoming, 242.

34.S. Anderson, Memoirs, 234–35.

35.Estelle Freedman and John D’Emilio, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 288.

36.Chicago Vice Commission, “The Social Evil in Chicago,” The Rise of Urban America (New York: Arno Press, 1970), 297.

37.Nancy Sahli, “Smashing: Women’s Relationships before the Fall,” Chrysalis (Summer, 1979): 17–27.

38.Margaret Anderson, “Mrs. Ellis’s Failure,” Little Review (March 1915), 18.

39.M. Anderson, “Mrs. Ellis’s Failure,” 18.

40.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 33.

41.Margaret Anderson in a letter to Allen Tanner, August 9, 1964, Allen Tanner Collection, Harry Ransom Center for the Humanities, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

42.Emma Goldman, Living My Life (Salt Lake City: Peregrinne Smith, 1982), 531.

43.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 68.

44.Maxwell Bodenheim, Blackguard (Chicago: Covici-McGee, 1923), 136–37.

45.Bodenheim, Blackguard, 136–37.

46.Floyd Dell, Letter to Jackson Bryer, April 8, 1964, Private Collection; Maurice Browne, Too Late the Lament (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1956), 128.

47.Hecht, Child of the Century, 233.

48.Hecht, Child of the Century, 235.

49.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 4.

50.Margaret Anderson, The Strange Necessity: The Autobiography, Resolutions and Reminiscences to 1969 (New York: Horizon Press, 1969), 135.

51.Nina Van Gessel, “Margaret Anderson’s Last Laugh: The Victory of My Thirty Years’ War,” ESC: English Studies in Canada 25, no. 1 (1999): 69.

52.Margaret Anderson, “Conversation,” Prose (Spring 1971): 6.

53.Archivist, Office of the Registrar, Art Institute of Chicago, letter to the author, September 28, 1989.

54.“Honors for Jane Heap,” Topeka Capitol, December 5, 1915.

55.Heap to Reynolds, August 18, 1908, in Dear Tiny Heart: The Letters of Jane Heap and Florence Reynolds, ed. Holly A. Baggett (New York: New York University Press, 2000), 23.

56.Heap to Reynolds, August 25, 1908, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 25.

57.Heap to Reynolds, September 2, 1908, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 27.

58.Heap to Reynolds, July 20, 1909, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 38.

59.Heap to Florence Reynolds, August 26, 1908, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 27.

60.Heap to Reynolds, July 19, 1909, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 35.

61.Heap to Reynolds, August 18, 1908, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 24.

62.Heap to Reynolds, July 20, 1909, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 38.

63.Heap to Reynolds, August 22, 1909, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 41.

64.Heap to Reynolds, July 26, 1909, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 40.

65.Box 5, The Florence Reynolds Collection Related to Jane Heap and the Little Review, Special Collections, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.

66.Harriet Monroe, “Water Color Exhibition Shows Many Exquisite Bits,” Chicago Sunday Tribune, May 14, 1911.

67.“Honors for Jane Heap”; “About Miss Jane Heap, Artist,” Topeka Capitol, October 25, 1914.

68.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 103.

69.Robert McAlmon, Being Geniuses Together, 1920–1930, revised with additional material by Kay Boyle (San Francisco: North Point Press, 1984), 37.

70.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 122–23.

71.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 122.

72.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 187.

73.Duffey, The Chicago Renaissance, 177.

2. Temples of Tomorrow

1.Margaret Anderson, “Announcement,” Little Review (March 1914), 2–3.

2.M. Anderson, “Announcement” (1914), 2–3.

3.M. Anderson, “Announcement” (1914), 2–3.

4.See Alan C. Golding, “The Dial, The Little Review, and the Dialogics of Modernism,” American Periodicals 15, no. 1 (2005), 42–55.

5.John Galsworthy, “A Letter,” Little Review (March 1914), 1.

6.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 46–47.

7.Margaret Anderson, “The Dark Flower and the Moralists,” Little Review (March 1914), 6–7; Marguerite Swawite, “The Dark Flower,” Little Review (May 1914), 30–33.

8.M.M., “Two Views of H. G. Wells,” Little Review (April 1914); Francis Trevor, “Two Views of H. G. Wells,” Little Review (April 1914), 1–14.

9.Sade Iverson, “Letters to the Little Review,” Little Review (April 1914), 49. Iverson, in recognizing the pagan qualities of the journal, was in fact mocking Anderson, indicating her amusement at Anderson’s enthusiasm.

10.See Alan Golding, “The Little Review,” in The Oxford Critical and Cultural History of Modernist Magazines: Volume II, North America, 1894–1960, ed. Peter Brooker and Andrew Thacker (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 61–84.

11.Michael H. Levenson, A Genealogy of Modernism: A Study of English Literary Doctrine, 1908–1922 (Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1984), xi.

12.Dell, Homecoming, 19.

13.Margaret Anderson, “Home as an Emotional Adventure,” Little Review (December 1914), 51–54; Thirty Years’ War, 38.

14.M. Anderson, “Announcement” (1914), 2.

15.Margaret Anderson, “Ethel Sidgwick’s Succession,” Little Review (March 1914), 34.

16.Sherwood Anderson, “The New Note,” Little Review (March 1914), 23. “The New Note” was Sherwood Anderson’s first piece of published writing. Years later, he credited Margaret Anderson as being the person who introduced him to the literary world.

17.S. Anderson, “New Note,” 23.

18.S. Anderson, “New Note,” 23.

19.Other titles include “The Prophet of a New Culture,” “The Salvation of the World,” “The Revolt of the Once Born,” “Armageddon,” “The Nietzschean Love of Eternity,” “The Gospel According to Moore,” “To The Innermost,” “The Spiritual Dangers of Vers Libre,” “The Sermon in the Depths,” “Soul Sleep and Modern Novels,” “The Dionysian Dreiser,” “Hellencia,” and “A Sorrowful Demon,” all of which ran in the Little Review from 1914 to 1916.

20.Jennifer Rosenhagen-Ratner, American Nietzsche: A History of an Icon and His Ideas (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011), 21.

21.Margaret Anderson, ed., The Little Review Anthology (New York: Hermitage House, 1953), 18.

22.George Foster Burnham, “The Prophet of a New Culture,” Little Review (March 1914), 15–17.

23.Burnham, “Prophet,” 15–17.

24.Rosenhagen-Ratner, American Nietzsche, 103. Rosenhagen-Ratner notes the importance of Anderson’s role in inviting Foster, which resulted in “cultivating new audiences for his Nietzschean religion,” 104.

25.Melvin Drimmer, “Nietzsche in American Thought, 1895–1925” (PhD diss., University of Rochester, 1965). vii-ix.

26.Duffey, The Chicago Renaissance, 139.

27.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 36.

28.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 158.

29.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 37.

30.Margaret Anderson, “The Artist in Life,” Little Review (June–July 1915), 20.

31.George Allen Morgan Jr., What Nietzsche Means, (New York: Harper Torch Books, 1941), 206.

32.M. Anderson, “Announcement” (1914), 2.

33.M. Anderson, Fiery Fountains, 104.

34.Frank Kermode, quoted in James McFarlane, “The Mind of Modernism,” in Modernism, 1890–1930, ed. Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane (London: Penguin Books, 1976), 82.

35.Llewellyn Jones, “The Meaning of Bergsonism,” Little Review (March 1914), 11.

36.M. Anderson, “Announcement” (1914), 2.

37.M. Anderson, Little Review Anthology, 11.

38.M. Anderson, “Announcement” (1914), 2.

39.Frederick Burwick and Paul Douglass, eds., The Crisis in Modernism: Bergson and the Vitalist Controversy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 1.

40.Margaret Anderson, “aloof from natural laws,” from Thirty Years’ War, 5; Emerson, “aloof from all moorings,” quoted in Alex Zakaras, Individuality and Mass Democracy: Mill, Emerson, and the Burdens of Citizenship (New York: Oxford University Press: 2009), 77.

41.Quoted in Little Review (March 1914), 2.

42.DeWitt Wing, “The Jewels of Lapidary,” Little Review (March 1914), 42.

43.Arthur Versluis writes: “More than anyone else of his time, Whitman represented an antinomian, world-embracing mysticism of the kind that had a fair number of European manifestations but was in Whitman made particularly American.” The Esoteric Origins of the American Renaissance (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 148.

44.Little Review (May 1914), 51.

45.Michael Robertson, Worshipping Walt: Whitman’s Disciples (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008), 99.

46.Linda Dowling, Hellenism and Homosexuality in Victorian Oxford (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994), xi–xvi. Heather Love argues that Pater actually invested in the status of failure and victimization. Love, “Forced Exile: Walter Pater’s Queer Modernism,” in Bad Modernisms, eds. Douglas Mao and Rebecca L. Walkowitz (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006).

47.Douglas Mao and Rebecca L. Walkowitz, eds., Bad Modernisms (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006), 163.

48.Robertson, Worshipping Walt, 182–84.

49.John Addington Symonds actually collaborated with Ellis on Sexual Inversion, but their partnership was not revealed until years later.

50.Antony Copley, A Spiritual Bloomsbury: Hinduism and Homosexuality in the Lives and Writings of Edward Carpenter, E. M. Forster, and Christopher Isherwood (Oxford: Lexington Books), 68. In a series of essays and books—Towards Democracy (1883), Homogenic Love (1896), The Art of Creation (1904), The Intermediate Sex (1908), and Intermediate Types Among Primitive Peoples (1914)—Carpenter, like Whitman, entwined spirituality, sexuality, and democracy. His book Intermediate Types Among Primitive People argued that intermediate types in the past were priests and prophets who could function in the same roles in modern times. In other words, according to Robertson, “he produced a series of works that argued Urnings [the term Carpenter used for homosexuals] could serve as pathfinders on the way to a democratic socialist millennium.” Robertson, Worshipping Walt, 182–84.

51.Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics, and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality Since 1800 (London: Longman, 1981), 261.

52.Ellis was also the author of Three Modern Seers, a triple biography of Nietzsche, Hinton, and Carpenter, as well as a playwright, her play “Heaven’s Jester” was published in the Little Review.

53.Mary Stearns, “Mrs. Ellis’s Gift to Chicago,” Little Review (March 1915), 13.

54.M. Anderson, “Mrs. Ellis’s Failure,” 18.

55.M. Anderson, “Mrs. Ellis’s Failure,” 19.

56.Jonathan Katz, Gay/Lesbian Almanac: A New Documentary (New York: Harper and Row, 1983), 363–64.

57.M. Anderson, “Announcement” (1914), 2.

58.M. Anderson, “Announcement” (1914), 16.

59.Margaret Anderson, “To the Innermost,” Little Review (October 1914), 2. It may not have been a concern to Anderson because women in Illinois acquired presidential suffrage in 1912.

60.Margery Currey, “A Feminist of One Hundred Years Ago,” Little Review (March 1914), 25.

61.Cornelia Anderson, “Some Contemporary Opinions of Rachel Varnhagen,” Little Review (March 1914), 28.

62.Floyd Dell, “The Lost Joy,” Little Review (March 1914), 10.

63.M. H. Partridge, “The Feminist Discussion,” Little Review (March 1914), 22.

64.Clara Laughlin, “Women and the Life Struggle,” Little Review (April 1914), 20–24.

65.Margaret Anderson, “A New Winged Victory,” Little Review (April 1914), 9.

66.M. Anderson, “New Winged Victory,” 9.

67.Margaret Anderson, “Incense and Splendor,” Little Review (June 1914), 1–2.

68.Margaret Anderson, “The Renaissance of Parenthood,” Little Review (July 1914), 6.

69.Ellen Key, The Renaissance of Motherhood (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1914), v.

70.M. Anderson, “Renaissance,” 12–13.

71.Margaret M. Caffrey, Ruth Benedict: Stranger in This Land (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2013).

72.Caffrey, Ruth Benedict, 115. For a variety of perspectives on the question of Nietzsche and Women, see Paul Patton, ed., Nietzsche, Feminism and Political Theory (New York: Routledge, 1993); Pauline Johnson, “Nietzsche Reception Today,” Radical Philosophy 80 (1996): 24–33; Kelly A. Oliver and Marilyn Pearsall, eds., Feminist Interpretations of Friedrich Nietzsche (State College: Penn State Press, 2010).

73.M. Anderson, “Renaissance,” 14.

74.Key, The Renaissance, 183

75.Ellen Key, The Woman Movement (New York: Putnam and Sons, 1912), 79.

76.Key, The Renaissance, 10–11.

77.Key, The Renaissance, 153.

78.M. Anderson, “Mr. Comstock and the Resourceful Police,” Little Review (April 1915), 3–4.

79.Madeline Gray, Margaret Sanger: A Biography of the Champion of Birth Control (New York: Marek, 1970), 115.

80.M. Anderson, Little Review Anthology, 12.

3. Political and Literary Radicals

1.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 129.

2.Margaret Anderson, “The Challenge of Emma Goldman,” Little Review (May 1914), 6–9.

3.M. Anderson, “Emma Goldman,” 6.

4.M. Anderson, “Emma Goldman,” 9.

5.Llewellyn Jones, “The Russian Novel,” Little Review (April 1914); George Soule, “The Possessed,” Little Review (June 1914); Maurice Lazar, “Dostoevsky’s Novels,” Little Review (July 1914); Alexander Kaun, “Two Biographies: Verlaine and Tolstoy,” Little Review (July 1914); Maximilian Voloshin, “Birth of a Poem,” Little Review (November 1914); Alexander Kaun, “Sanin,” Little Review (April 1915); George Soule, “Pavlowa,” Little Review (April 1914); Kaun, “Ante-Bellum Russia,” Little Review (October 1915).

6.Maria Carlson, No Religion Higher Than Truth: A History of the Theosophical Movement in Russia, 1875–1922 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), 3.

7.Carlson, Theosophical Movement in Russia, 5.

8.Carlson, Theosophical Movement in Russia, 3.

9.Kaun, “Verlaine and Tolstoy,” Little Review (July 1914), 53–58.

10.V. I. Lenin, “Proletary No. 35 (September 11, 1908),” Lenin Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1973).

11.Emma Goldman, The Social Significance of the Modern Drama (New York: Cosimo, Inc., 2005), 152.

12.Margaret Anderson, “The Immutable,” Little Review (November 1914), 22.

13.Emma Goldman, Living My Life: An Autobiography of Emma Goldman (Salt Lake: Peregrine Smith, 1982), 530.

14.Goldman, Living My Life, 530.

15.Goldman, Living My Life, 350.

16.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 70–71.

17.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 70–71.

18.Goldman, Living, 351.

19.Goldman, Living My Life, 548.

20.M. Anderson, “The Immutable,” 19.

21.M. Anderson, “Armageddon,” Little Review (September 1914), 3.

22.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 75. The FBI acknowledges having a file on Anderson as a result of her editorials during this period but refused a request to see the files under the Freedom of Information Act on the grounds of “invasion of privacy,” and the revelation of a “confidential source.” FBI, Chicago Field Office, letter to author, September 13, 1989. An appeal of the decision was denied by the Department of Justice, Office of Information and Privacy: Letter to author, March 27, 1990.

23.M. Anderson, “Toward Revolution,” Little Review (December 1915), 5.

24.M. Anderson, “The Labor Farce,” Little Review (September 1916), 17.

25.M. Anderson, “Labor Farce,” 17.

26.Goldman, Living My Life, 577.

27.M. Anderson, “The Labor Farce,” 19.

28.Lillian Heller Udell, “The Philosophy of Voltairine de Cleyre,” Little Review (October 1914), 44–45.

29.M. Anderson, “The Challenge of Emma Goldman,” 9; M. Anderson, “The Immutable,” 22.

30.M. Anderson, “The Immutable,” 19.

31.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 81.

32.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 81.

33.Harry Hansen, Midwest Portraits: A Book of Memories and Friendships (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1923), 105.

34.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 92.

35.Lawrence Langner, The Magic Curtain: The Story of a Life in Two Fields, Theatre and Invention (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1951), 84.

36.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 92; Chicago Daily News, August 5, 1915.

37.M. Anderson, Little Review (June–July 1915), 62.

38.Hi Simmons to Margaret Anderson, September 3, 1915, Hi Simmons Papers, Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library, Chicago, Illinois.

39.Margaret Anderson to Hi Simmons, September 5, 1915, Simmons Papers.

40.Anderson to Simmons, September 5, 1915, Simmons Papers.

41.Anderson to Simmons, September 5, 1915, Simmons Papers.

42.Anderson to Simmons, September 5, 1915, Simmons Papers.

43.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 100.

44.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 101–2.

45.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 101–2. Mark S. Morrisson argues that Anderson’s use of advertisers in the first two years reflects a “mass consumer culture” that existed in the Little Review in spite of the otherwise elite content of the journal. As advertisers began to dry up she shifted to a heavier use of subscriptions. The circulation figures for the Little Reviewhave been estimated between 1,500 to 3,000. Morrisson, “The Public Face of Modernism,” 243n22; Brooker and Thacker, North America 1894–1960, 17.

46.Bernard Duffey, The Chicago Renaissance in American Letters: A Critical History (East Lansing: Michigan State College Press, 1954), 139.

47.Goldman, Living My Life, 531.

48.For this analysis of Anderson, see Margaret S. Marsh, Anarchist Women, 1870–1920 (Philadelphia: Temple Press, 1981), 42.

49.Marsh, Anarchist Women, 42.

50.Margaret Anderson, “Art and Anarchy,” Little Review (March 1916), 3–6.

51.Candace Falk, Love, Anarchy, and Emma Goldman: A Biography (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2019), 170–71.

52.Terence Kissack, Free Comrades: Anarchism and Homosexuality in the United States, 1895–1917 (Oakland, CA: AK Press, 2008), 12.

53.Kissack, Free Comrades, 4.

54.Falk, Emma Goldman, 180.

55.Falk, Emma Goldman, 181. See also C. Brid Nicholson, Emma Goldman: Still Dangerous (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 2010) for the argument that Goldman was bisexual.

56.Candace Falk, Love, Anarchy and Emma Goldman: A Biography (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1984), 99.

57.Kissack, Free Comrades, 134.

58.Margaret Anderson, “Challenge,” Little Review (May 1916), 6.

59.See Steven Quincey-Jones, “Dora Marsden and the “WORLD-INCLUSIVE I”: Egoism, Mysticism and Radical Feminism,” in Modernist Women Writers and Spirituality, ed. Elizabeth Anderson, Andrew Radford, and Heather Walton (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), 185–99.

60.M. Anderson, “Art and Anarchy,” 5.

61.David Weir, Anarchism and Culture: The Aesthetic Politics of Modernism (Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 1997), 156. See also Alan Antliff, Anarchist Modernism: Art, Politics, and the First American Avant-Garde (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).

62.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 126.

63.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 127, 133–34.

64.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 134.

65.Margaret Anderson, “Home as an Emotional Adventure,” Little Review (December 1914), 51–54. In 1929 Anderson wrote Goldman while she was in exile in St. Tropez and awaiting the publication of her autobiography Living My Life. Anderson’s anarchism had clearly waned by that point—she exclaimed to Goldman, “You’ll probably be very rich in a few months!!” Margaret Anderson to Emma Goldman, 1929, Emma Goldman Papers, UC Berkeley Library, Berkeley, CA.

66.Paul Bradley Bellew, “ ‘At the Mercy of Editorial Selection’: Amy Lowell, Ezra Pound, and the Imagist Anthologies,” Journal of Modern Literature 40, no. 2 (2017): 22–40; Andrew Thacker, “Amy Lowell and H. D.: The Other Imagists,” Women: A Cultural Review, 4 (1), (1993), 49–59; Helen Carr, The Verse Revolutionaries: Ezra Pound, HD and the imagists (New York: Random House, 2013); A. David Moody, Ezra Pound: Poet: I: The Young Genius 1885–1920, Vol. 1, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007); Jean Gould, Amy: The World of Amy Lowell and the Imagist Movement (New York: Dodd Mead, 1975).

67.Margaret Anderson, letter to Amy Lowell, May 1914, Amy Lowell Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

68.Amy Lowell, “Miss Columbia: An Old-Fashioned Girl,” Little Review (June 1914), 36.

69.Anderson to Lowell, July 1914, Lowell Collection.

70.Anderson to Lowell, August 1914, Lowell Collection.

71.Lowell to Anderson, October 1914, Lowell Collection.

72.Lowell to Anderson, October 5, 1914, Lowell Collection.

73.Lowell to Anderson, November 1914, Lowell Collection.

74.Lowell to Anderson, November 29, 1914, Lowell Collection.

75.Charles Ashleigh, “Des Imagistes,” Little Review (July 1914), 17.

76.Ashleigh, “Des Imagistes,” 16.

77.Aldington, “A Young American Poet,” Little Review (March 1915), 23.

78.Eunice Tietjens, “The Spiritual Dangers of Vers Libre,” Little Review (November 1914), 25–29.

79.Tietjens, “Spiritual Dangers,” 25–29.

80.Arthur Ficke, “In Defense of Vers Libre,” Little Review (December 1914), 19–20.

81.Llewellyn Jones, “Aesthetics and Common Sense,” Little Review (December 1914), 18. Charles Hinton was the son of James Hinton, who was such a prominent spiritual influence on Havelock and Edith Ellis.

82.Margaret Anderson, “Editor’s Note: ‘Poetry versus Imagism,’ ” Little Review (September 1916), 27.

83.Margaret Anderson, “Amy Lowell’s Contribution,” Little Review (December 1914), 29.

84.Anderson published H. D.’s “At Croton” in the Spring Issue of 1923.

85.Timothy Materer, Modernist Alchemy: Poetry and the Occult (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995), 91. See his chapter “H. D.’s Hermeticism: Between Jung and Freud.” Also see Susan Stanford Friedman, Psyche Reborn: The Emergence of H. D. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981); Cassandra Laity, HD and the Victorian fin de siècle: Gender, Modernism, Decadence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009); Kendra Langeteig, “Visions in the Crystal Ball: Ezra Pound, HD, and the Form of the Mystical,” Paideuma 25, no. 1–2 (1996), 55–81; Elizabeth Anderson, HD and Modernist Religious Imagination: Mysticism and Writing (London A&C Black, 2013); Diana Collecott, HD and Sapphic Modernism 1910–1950 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). See also H. D.’s Notes on Thoughts and Visions (San Francisco: City Lights Publishers, 2001), which addresses Greek, Christian, Egyptian, Hebrew, and pagan themes.

86.Materer, Modernist Alchemy, 91.

87.George Lane, “Some Imagist Poets,” Little Review (May 1915), 30.

88.John Gould Fletcher, “Three Imagists Poets,” Little Review (May 1916), 33.

89.Collecott, H. D. and Sapphic Modernism, 3.

90.Lowell to Anderson, December 18, 1914, Lowell Collection.

91.Lowell to Anderson, December 18, 1914, Lowell Collection.

92.Lowell to Anderson, December 18, 1914, Lowell Collection.

93.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 60.

94.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 60.

95.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 60.

96.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 61.

97.Amy Lowell to Jane Heap, March 15, 1915, Lowell Collection.

98.Margaret Anderson, “The Poet Speaks,” Little Review (April 1916), 11–12.

99.M. Anderson, “Poet Speaks,” 11–12.

100.Anderson to Lowell, December 1915, Lowell Collection.

101.Lowell to Anderson, February 17, 1916, Lowell Collection.

102.Lowell to Anderson, April 10, 1916, Lowell Collection.

103.Lowell to Anderson, April 10, 1916, Lowell Collection.

104.Lowell to Anderson, April 10, 1916, Lowell Collection.

105.Lowell to Anderson, April 10, 1916, Lowell Collection.

106.Lowell to Anderson, August 1916, Lowell Collection.

107.Gould, Amy, 82, 352.

108.See Lillian Faderman, “Which, Being Interpreted Is as May Be, or Otherwise: Ada Dwyer Russell in ‘Amy Lowell’s Life and Work,’ ” in Amy Lowell, American Modern, eds., Adrienne Munich and Melissa Bradshaw (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2004), 59–76; Jaime Hovey, “Lesbian Chivalry” in Amy Lowell’s Sword Blades and Poppy Seed,” in Amy Lowell, American Modern, 77–89; Jean Radford, “A Transatlantic Affair: Amy Lowell and Bryher,” in Amy Lowell, American Modern, 43–58.

109.Lowell to Anderson, April 10, 1916, Lowell Collection. Lowell wrote to Anderson, “I have already got a new subscriber for you in Mrs. Lionel Marks (Josephine Preston Peabody), who tells me she has subscribed to The Little Review on the strength of seeing a copy here.”

110.Lowell to Anderson, April 10, 1916, Lowell Collection.

111.Amy Lowell, Tendencies in Modern American Poetry (Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1917), v.

112.Lowell, Modern American Poetry, vi.

113.Lowell, Modern American Poetry, v–vi.

114.Quoted in Diana Collecott, “ ‘Another Bloomsbury’: Women’s Networks in Literary London,” in Maria Camboni, ed., Networking Women: Subjects, Places, Links Europe-America; Towards a Re-writing of Cultural History 1890–1939. Proceedings of the International Conference, Macerata, March 25–27, 2002 (Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 2004), 17. For Sinclair see Suzanne Raitt, May Sinclair: A Modern Victorian (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000).

115.Collecott, “Another Bloomsbury,” 17.

4. Interregnum

1.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 110.

2.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 107. Gabriele D’Annunzio was an Italian playwright involved with Eleanor Duse and Sarah Bernhardt, both actresses. After writing four plays for Duse, he promised her the leading role in La Città Morta—but reneged and gave it to Bernhardt.

3.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 107.

4.Jane Heap (R.G.), “Potatoes in the Cellar,” Little Review (May 1916), 25–26.

5.Heap, “Potatoes,” 25–26.

6.Heap, “Potatoes,” 25–26.

7.Heap to Reynolds, July 20, 1909, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 38.

8.Jane Heap, “And,” Little Review (October 1916), 6–8. Ignacy Paderewski was a famous Polish virtuoso pianist highly popular in both Europe and the United States.

9.Heap, “And” (October 1916), 6–8.

10.Heap, “And” (October 1916), 6–8.

11.Heap, “And” (October 1916), 6–8.

12.Jane Heap, “And,” Little Review (November 1916), 6–7.

13.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 115.

14.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 118.

15.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 120.

16.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 120–21.

17.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 115–29.

18.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 120.

19.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 124.

20.This aspect of Heap’s teaching has been emphasized in interviews I conducted in May 1996 with two of her former students—Anna Lou Stalevey at the Two Rivers Gurdjieff commune, Aurora, Oregon; and John Lester, Heap’s physician in Bend, Oregon. The British film director Peter Brook writes of his memories as a Heap pupil in post-war London in his autobiography Threads of Time (Washington, DC: Counterpoint, 1998). The letters of Michael Currier Briggs to Jane Purse in the Florence Reynolds Collection, University of Delaware, also reveal detailed memories of Heap as a Gurdjieff leader.

21.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War,’ 131

22.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 144.

23.Margaret Anderson, “A Real Magazine,” Little Review (August 1916), 1, 2.

24.M. Anderson, “Real Magazine,” 1, 2.

25.Goldman, Living My Life, 580.

26.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 120

27.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 126.

28.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 128.

29.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 136.

30.Sue Anne Prince, in The Old-Guard and the Avant-Garde: Modernism in Chicago (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1990), also points out a remarkable group of “organizations, clubs and societies.” For a direct comparison see Eric Homberger, “Chicago and New York: Two Versions of American Modernism,” in Modernism: A Guide to European Literature, 1890–1930, ed. James McFarlane, 156; Leslie Fishbein, Rebels in Bohemia: The Radicals of the Masses, 1911–1917 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Margaret C. Jones, Heretics and Hellraisers (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1993); Mabel Dodge Luhan, Movers and Shakers (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1985); Chad Heap, Slumming (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010); Stansell, American Moderns; Steven Watson, Strange Bedfellows: The First American Avant-Garde (New York: Abbeville, 1991); Casey Blake Nelson, Beloved Community: The Cultural Criticism of Randolph Bourne, Van Wyck Brooks, Waldo Frank, and Lewis Mumford (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990).

31.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 115.

32.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 143.

33.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 140–43; William Carlos Williams, I Wanted to Write a Poem, ed. Edith Heal (Boston: Beacon Press, 1958), 33.

34.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 156.

35.Susan Glaspell, The Road to the Temple (New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1941), 235–36.

36.Jane Heap, “The Caliph’s Design,” Little Review (December 1919), 39.

37.Heap to Reynolds July 1917, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 51.

38.Margaret Anderson, “War,” Little Review (April 1917), 24.

39.Jane Heap, “The Foes of Our Household,” Little Review (October 1917), 42.

40.Jane Heap, “The War, Madmen!,” Little Review (March 1917), 15; Jane Heap, “The Price of Empire,” Little Review (March 1917), 17.

41.Jane Heap, “Reader Critic,” Little Review (August 1917), 23.

42.Jane Heap, “Push-Face,” Little Review (June 1917), 4–7.

43.Fishbein, Rebels in Bohemia; Thomas A. Maik, The Masses Magazine (1911–1917): Odyssey of an Era (New York: Garland Publishing, 1994).

44.For background on the Comstock Law see Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz, Rereading Sex: Battles over Sexual Knowledge and Suppression in Nineteenth-Century America (Vintage Press: New York, 2002). For analysis of the Little Review’s later collision with the Comstock Law and Ulysses see Kevin Birmingham, The Most Dangerous Book: The Battle for James Joyce’s Ulysses (New York: Penguin, 2014).

45.Ezra Pound, “The Classics Escape,” Little Review (March 1918), 32–34.

46.Margaret C. Anderson v. Thomas G. Patten 247 F. 382 (1917) (Postmaster of the City of New York), United States District Court, Southern District of New York, November 2, 1917, https://cite.case.law/f/247/382/ accessed December 22,2022.

47.Margaret Anderson, “Judicial Opinion (Our Suppressed October Issue),” Little Review, (December 1917), 46–49.

48.M. Anderson, “Judicial Opinion,” 46–49.

49.Heap to Reynolds, July 1917, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 48.

50.Heap to Reynolds, July 1917, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 48.

51.Heap to Reynolds, July 1917, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 48.

52.Heap to Reynolds, July 1917, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 48.

53.Heap to Reynolds, July 1917, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 48.

54.Margaret Anderson, “Announcement,” Little Review (April 1917), 24.

55.M. Anderson, Thirty ’Years’’ War, 190.

56.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 191.

57.Pound to Anderson, February 2, 1918, in Pound/The Little Review: The Letters of Ezra Pound to Margaret Anderson, ed. Thomas L. Scott, Melvin Friedman, with the assistance of Jackson Bryer (New York: New Directions, 1988), 181–82.

58.M. Anderson, Thirty ’Years’’ War, 206.

59.M. Anderson, The Fiery Fountains, 108–9.

60.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 186.

61.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 186–87.

62.Anderson to Djuna Barnes, November 29, 1951, Djuna Barnes Papers, Special Collections and Archives, Hornbake Library, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.

63.Anderson to Tanner, September 23, 1959, Allen Tanner Collection, Harry Ransom Center for the Humanities, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

64.Heap to Reynolds, July 1917, Reynolds Collection.

65.Heap to Reynolds, August 18, 1918, Reynolds Collection.

66.Heap to Reynolds, August 28, 1918, Reynolds Collection

67.Heap to Reynolds, October 21, 1918, Reynolds Collection

68.Heap to Reynolds, October 21, 1918, Reynolds Collection.

69.Edmund Wilson, The Twenties, Leon Edel, ed., (New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux, 1975), 85; Field, 192–93.

5. Pound, Yeats, Eliot, and Joyce

1.Margaret Anderson, ed., Little Review Anthology (New York: Hermitage House, 1953), 12.

2.Thomas Scott and Melvin Friedman, “Introduction,” in Ezra Pound, Pound/The Little Review, ed. Scott and Friedman (New York: New Directions, 1988), xviii.

3.Pound to Anderson, November 29, 1916, in Pound/The Little Review, 4.

4.Pound to Anderson, January 26, 1917, in Pound/The Little Review, 6, 8.

5.Pound to Anderson, January 26, 1917, in Pound/The Little Review, 6, 8.

6.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 136.

7.M. Anderson, “Announcement” (1917), 1.

8.Pound’s other major contributors were Wyndham Lewis and Ford Madox Ford. However, their fictional work was primarily based on social commentary issues, (e.g., gender relationships) not relevant to the esoteric discussion in the Little Review.

9.There is disagreement over the precise focus of Pound’s intellectual and creative interest in esoteric schools. Demetres Tryphonopoulos defines Pound’s poetry as “metaphysical occultism” and therefore “very different from theurgy or the practice of the occult arts.” Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos, The Celestial Tradition: A Study of Ezra Pound’s Cantos (Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1992), 53.

10.Materer, Modernist Alchemy, 50–57.

11.Materer, Modernist Alchemy, 35.

12.James Longenbach, “Pound Among the Women,” Review (1990), 147.

13.M. Anderson, Little Review Anthology, 232. Pound’s prose pieces published in the Little Review include “Jodindranath Mawhwor’s Occupation” (May 1917), “An Anachronism at Chinon” (June–July 1917), “Aux Étuves de Wiesbaden A. D. 1451” (August 1917), and “Stark Realism This Little Pig Went to Market (A Search for a National Type).” His poems include “L’Homme Moyen Sensuel,” “Das Schöne Papier Vergeu Det,” and “Moeurs Contemporaines” (Nov 1918).

14.Pound to Anderson, June 11, 1917, in Pound/The Little Review, 65

15.Pound to Anderson, June 11, 1917, in Pound/The Little Review, 69.

16.Pound to Anderson, June 11, 1917, in Pound/The Little Review, 69.

17.Pound, “Modern French Poets,” Little Review (February 1918), 10. See also Jane Hoogestraat, “ ‘Akin to Nothing but Language:’ Pound, LaForgue, and Logopoeia,” English Literary History (Spring 1988): 259–85. The article addresses Pound’s coining of the word “logopoeia” after discovering Jules Laforgue (1860–1887).

18.Pound, “Modern French Poets,” 54–55, 58–59.

19.Pound, “The Chinese Character as Written Medium for Poetry,” Little Review Anthology, 198.

20.W. B. Yeats, “William Butler Yeats to American Poets,” Little Review (April 1914), 47–48.

21.James Longenbach, Stone Cottage: Pound, Yeats and Modernism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), xii.

22.Longenbach, Stone Cottage, 77.

23.Longenbach, Stone Cottage, 258.

24.Heap to Reynolds, November 5, 1918, in Dear Tiny Heart, 65.

25.Longenbach, Stone Cottage, 54.

26.Peter Ackroyd, T. S. Eliot: A Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984), 81.

27.Lyndall Gordon, Eliot’s Early Years (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), 15.

28.Donald J. Childs, “Fantastic Views”: T. S. Eliot and the Occultation of Knowledge and Experience,” Texas Studies in Literature and Language (December 22, 1997), 360.

29.Ackroyd, T. S. Eliot, 113. The “asylum” was Gurdjieff’s Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man; dancing was a Gurdjieffian technique designed to elevate consciousness

30.T. S. Eliot, “Commentary,” Criterion 14, no. 55 (January 1935), 261.

31.Ezra Pound, “Editorial,” Little Review (May 1918), 30.

32.Ezra Pound, “Unanimism,” Little Review (April 1918), 26.

33.Mrs. O. D. J., “Reader Critic,” Little Review (June 1917), 27.

34.Louis Puttelis, “Reader Critic,” Little Review (July 1917), 28.

35.I. E. P., “Reader Critic,” Little Review (July 1917), 25.

36.H. C. L. “Reader Critic,” Little Review (September 1917), 33.

37.V. H. “Reader Critic,” Little Review (September 1917), 24.

38.An Old Reader, “Reader Critic,” Little Review (September 1917), 31–32.

39.Maxwell Bodenheim, “Reader Critic,” Little Review (June 1917), 28.

40.Amy Lowell to Anderson, May 1917, Lowell Collection.

41.Heap, “Reader Critic” (August 1917), 104.

42.Heap, “Reader Critic” (June 1917), 27.

43.Margaret Anderson, “What the Public Doesn’t Want,” Little Review (August 1917), 21.

44.Anderson to Lowell, May 14, 1918, Lowell Collection.

45.Jane Heap, letter to Mitchell Dawson, March 2, 1918, Mitchell Dawson Papers, Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois.

46.“XT” and Morris Reisen, “Reader Critic,” Little Review (July 1918), 59–60.

47.Ezra Pound, “Cooperation,” Little Review (July 1918), 54–56.

48.Pound, “Cooperation,” 54–56.

49.Pound to Anderson, April 30, 1918, Pound/The Little Review, 212.

50.Harriet Monroe, “An International Episode,” Little Review (November 1918), 35.

51.Edgar Jepson, “The Western School,” Little Review (September 1918), 4–5.

52.Monroe, “An International Episode,” 34–35.

53.Jane Heap, “The Episode Continued,” Little Review (November 1918), 35–37.

54.Heap, “Episode Continued,” 35–37.

55.Ben Hecht [Unsigned], “Pounding Ezra,” Little Review (November 1919), 37–40.

56.Jane Heap, “Notes on Books and Plays,” Little Review (December 1917), 15–17.

57.See Holly Baggett, “Lesbian Modernism and Mysticism: How the Trial of Joyce’s Ulysses Led Two Lesbians to God,” Sapphist and Sexologists: Histories of Sexualities, Volume II, edited by Mary McAuliffe and Sonja Tiernan (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009), 26–40.

58.See Holly Baggett, “The Publication of Ulysses: The Trials of Margaret Anderson and Jane Heap” in A Living of Words: American Women in Print Culture, edited by Susan Albertine (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1995), 169–88.

59.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 208.

60.Quoted in B. L. Reid, The Man from New York: John Quinn and His Friends (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968), 285.

61.John Quinn to Ezra Pound, June 2, 1917, John Quinn Memorial Collection, New York City Public Library, New York, New York.

62.Quinn to Pound, October 31, 1917, Quinn Memorial Collection.

63.Quinn to Pound, October 31, 1917, Quinn Memorial Collection.

64.James J. Wilhelm, Ezra Pound in London and Paris, 1908–1925 (University Park: Penn State University Press, 1990), 194.

65.Margaret Anderson, “James Joyce in the Little Review,” Little Review (January 1918), 2. It is important to note differences in the Little Review text of Ulysses and the 1922 book published by Sylvia Beach. For studies of “genetic criticism” of the journal text, see Clare Hutton, Serial Encounters: Ulysses and the Little Review (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019) and Mark Gaipa, Sean Latham, and Robert Scholes, eds., The Little Review Ulysses (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015).

66.Quinn to Pound, March 14, 1918, Quinn Memorial Collection.

67.Quinn to Pound, March 14, 1918, Quinn Memorial Collection.

68.R. McC., “Reader Critic,” Little Review (June 1918), 65.

69.S. S. B., “Reader Critic,” Little Review (June 1918), 57.

70.Helen Bishop, “Reader Critic,” Little Review (May–June 1920), 73–74.

71.Jane Heap, “Reader Critic,” Little Review (May–June 1920), 73–74.

72.Margaret Anderson, “To the Book Publishers of America,” Little Review (December 1919), 65.

73.Heap to Joyce, January 9, 1920, James Joyce Collection, Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library, Ithaca, New York.

74.Heap to Joyce, February 1920.

75.Kimberly Devlin, “The Romance Heroine Exposed: ‘Nausicaa’ and The Lamplighter,” James Joyce Quarterly (Summer 1985): 383.

76.Devlin, “Romance Heroine Exposed,” 383. For additional scholarship on Gerty exploring gender and sexuality, see Suzette Henke’s “Gerty MacDowell: Joyce’s Sentimental Heroine,” in Women in Joyce, eds. Suzette Henke and Elaine Unkeless (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982), where Gerty is viewed as a victim of gendered commercial culture; and a reworking of that same article in “Joyce’s Naughty Nausicaa: Gerty MacDowell Refashioned,” Papers on Joyce 10/11 (2004–5): 85–103. In the abstract for her later article, Henke writes, “This paper extends and significantly reshapes” her previous essay and “ultimately sees Joyce unmask consummate fakery on both sides of the gender divide.” John Bishop goes further beyond the binary of Bloom’s masculinity and Gerty’s femininity, arguing their difference is not one of an “oppositional relation,” but rather “sequential compliments or asymmetrical reflections—everything that might be said about Gerty during her spectacular coitus with Bloom might also be said of Bloom as well.” Bishop, “A Metaphysics of Coitus in ‘Nausicaa,’ ” in Ulysses En-Gendered Perspectives: Eighteen New Essays on the Episodes, ed. Kimberly Devlin and Marilyn Reizbaum (Columbia: University of South Carolina, 1999), 198. See also Jules David Law, “ ‘Pity They Can’t See Themselves’: Assessing the ‘Subject’ of Pornography in ‘Nausicaa,’ ” James Joyce Quarterly (Winter 1990): 219–39; Phillip Sicker, “Unveiling Desire: Pleasure, Power and Masquerade in Joyce’s ‘Nausicaa’ Episode,” Joyce Studies Annual 14 (2003): 92–131; Adam Parkes, “Literature and Instruments for Abortion: ‘Nausicaa’ and the ‘Little Review’ Trial,” James Joyce Quarterly 34, no. 3 (1997): 283–301.

77.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 215.

78.John Quinn to Ezra Pound, October 16, 1920, John Quinn Papers, Special Collections, Northwestern University Library.

79.Quinn to Pound, October 21, 1920, Quinn Papers.

80.Quinn to Pound, October 21, 1920, Quinn Papers.

81.Quinn to Pound, October 21, 1920, Quinn Papers. Timothy Materer, ed., The Selected Letters of Ezra Pound to John Quinn: 1915–1924 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1991), 9, 174.

82.Quinn to Pound, October 21, 1921, Quinn Papers.

83.Richard Ellmann, James Joyce (New York: Oxford Press, 1959), 502. As an interesting sidebar as to what constitutes obscenity, the 1933 trial Judge John H. Woosley established an “erection test,” where he and two friends read the book to see if they were aroused—if that was the case, the book could be judged obscene. “Fortunately,” writes Eric Berkowitz, “for subsequent generations of literature students and professors, Ulysses had no visible effect on the three readers, although Woolsey wrote it sometimes made him nauseous.” Eric Berkowitz, The Boundaries of Desire, A Century of Bad Laws, Good Sex and Changing Identities (Berkeley: Counterpoint, 2015), 163.

84.Pound to Joyce, October 28, 1920, in Pound/Joyce: The Letters of Ezra Pound to James Joyce, ed. Forrest Read (New York: New Directions, 1967), 184–85.

85.Jane Heap, “Art and the Law,” Little Review (September–December 1920), 5–6.

86.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 219–21.

87.Margaret Anderson, “Ulysses in Court,” Little Review (January–March 1921), 24.

88.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 226.

89.M. Anderson, “Ulysses in Court,” 24.

90.Heap, “Art and the Law,” 5.

91.Wilhelm, Ezra Pound in London and France, 198.

92.Materer, Ezra Pound to John Quinn, 9, 174.

93.Jane Heap, “Ulysses Again,” Little Review (Autumn 1922), 34. Histories of Ulysses and obscenity law include Birmingham, The Most Dangerous Book; Paul Vanderham, James Joyce and Censorship: The Trials of Ulysses (London: Macmillan, 1998); and Edward De Grazia, Girls Lean Back Everywhere: The Laws of Obscenity and the Assault on Genius (New York: Random House, 1992). The title “Girls Lean Back” was taken from Heap’s 1920 editorial “Art and the Law,” 6. She wrote, “Girls lean back everywhere, showing lace and silk stockings; wearing low cut sleeveless blouses, breathing bathing suits; men think thoughts and have emotions about these things everywhere—seldom as delicately and imaginatively as Mr. Bloom—and no one is corrupted.”

94.Stuart Gilbert, James Joyce’s Ulysses: A Study (New York: Vintage Books, 1955), 42–43.

95.Enrico Terrinoni, Occult Joyce: The Hidden in Ulysses (Newcastle Upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009), 141, 143.

96.Richard Ellmann, Eminent Domain: Yeats among Wilde, Joyce, Pound, Eliot, and Auden, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967), 36. He wrote, “Joyce rooted his work in natural acts as intently as Yeats in esoteric experience. Yet the arc of each man was wide enough to include the other, and neither escaped the other’s gravitational pull,” 29.

97.William York Tindall, “James Joyce and the Hermetic Tradition,” Journal of the History of Ideas (January 1954): 23–39.

98.M. Anderson, Fiery Fountains, 111.

99.Ralph Jenkins, “Theosophy in Scylla and Charybdis,” in Modern Fiction Studies (1969), 35–48.

100.Crunden, Body and Soul, 395. For other works examining Joyce and the esoteric see John Coggrave, “Joyce and the Occult,” in Literary Modernism and the Occult Tradition, ed. Leon Surette and Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos (Orono, ME: National Poetry Foundation, 1996); Robert D. Newman “Narrative Transgression and Restoration: Hermetic Messengers in Ulysses,” James Joyce Quarterly 29, no. 2 (1992): 315–37, and “Transformatio Coniunctionis: Alchemy in Joyce’s Ulysses,” in Ulysses: The Larger Perspective, ed. Robert D. Newman and Weldon Thornton (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1987):168–86; John S. Rickard, “Isis on Sandymount,” James Joyce Quarterly 20, no. 3 (Spring 1983): 356–58; Hayward Ehrlich, “Joyce, Yeats, and Kabbalah,” in Joyce on the Threshold, ed. Anne Fogarty and Timothy Martin (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005), 60–87; and Colleen Jaurretche, The Sensual Philosophy: Joyce and the Aesthetics of Mysticism, (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997).

6. Lesbian Literature, Women Writers, and Modernist Mysticism

1.The other “man” of 1914, Wyndham Lewis, was also well represented in the Little Review. While foreign editor, Pound sent Lewis’s “Imaginary Letters” in a series lasting several months.

2.Terry Castle, The Apparitional Lesbian, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 2.

3.Heather Ingman, “Religion and the Occult in Women’s Modernism,” in The Cambridge Companion to Modernist Women Writers, ed. Maren Tova Linett (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 200.

4.Lillian Faderman, “Lesbian Magazine Fiction in the Early Twentieth Century,” Journal of Popular Culture (Spring 1978): 800–801. Faderman’s argument is based on Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, “The Female World of Love and Ritual,” Signs, 1, no. 1 (1975), 1–24.

5.The examples Faderman gives are Jeannette Lee, “The Cat and the King,” Ladies Home Journal, October 1919, 67–68; Helen Hull, “The Fire,” Century, November 1917, 105–13; and Catherine Wells, “The Beautiful House,” Harper’s, March 1912, 503–10.

6.Christina Simmons, “Companionate Marriage and the Lesbian Threat,” Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 4, no. 3 (1979), 56.

7.Simmons, “Companionate Marriage,” 54–55.

8.See Lillian Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth Century America, (New York: Penguin Press, 1992), and Chad Heap, Slumming, for a comparison of Chicago’s Towertown and Greenwich Village.

9.Quoted in Jeanette Foster, Sex Variant Women in Literature: A Historical and Quantitative History (Tallahassee, FL: Naiad Press: 1985), 246.

10.Foster, Sex Variant Women, 261.

11.Jane Heap, “I, Mary MacLane,” Little Review (April 1917), 1–2.

12.Jane Heap, “I Cannot Sleep,” Little Review (Winter 1922), 3.

13.Heap to Reynolds, June 27, 1922, Reynolds Collection.

14.Jane Heap, “Karen,” Little Review (Spring 1922), 23.

15.Faderman, “Lesbian Magazine Fiction,” 811–12.

16.Winifred Bryher was the pen name of Annie Winifred Ellerman. The daughter of the wealthy British shipping magnate, John Ellerman, Bryher was a popular author of historical novels. She assisted artists in need such as Joyce and the Baroness Freytag von Loringhoven. Her memoir The Heart to Artemis describes the social circles of Paris in the twenties and thirties.

17.Winifred Bryher, “Chance Encounter,” Little Review (Autumn–Winter 1924–25), 37.

18.Richard Aldington, “Myrrhine and Konallis,” Little Review (November 1916), 1.

19.Quoted in Richard Eugene Smith, Richard Aldington (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1977), 53.

20.Jane Heap, “So This is Art!”, Little Review (January 1917), 27.

21.Muriel Ciolkowski, “Chana Orloff,” Little Review (May–June 1920), 52.

22.Gertrude Stein, “Vacation in Brittany,” Little Review (Spring 1922), 6.

23.Elizabeth Fifer, “Is Flesh Advisable? The Interior Theater of Gertrude Stein,” Signs (Spring 1979), 472–83; Linda Simon, The Biography of Alice B. Toklas (New York: Avon Books, 1978), 316.

24.Other Little Review contributions by Stein include “B. B., or the Birthplace of Bonnes” (Autumn 1922); “Idem the Same—A Valentine to Sherwood Anderson” (Spring 1923); “Juan Gris” (Autumn and Winter 1924–25); and her answer to “Confessions and Questions” (Spring 1929).

25.Margaret Anderson, The Strange Necessity (New York: Horizon Press, 1969), 39.

26.Margaret Anderson, letter to Solita Solano, Sept. 7, 1972, Janet Flanner and Solita Solano Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.

27.Gertrude Stein, The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (New York: Vintage Books, 1960), 221.

28.Shari Benstock, Women of the Left Bank: Paris, 1900–1940 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986), 232.

29.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 181.

30.Philip F. Herring, Djuna: The Life and Work of Djuna Barnes (New York: Viking Adult, 1995), 127. There is a note from Heap to Barnes saying, “Mart doesn’t know you stayed here once. Hurrah.” Jane Heap to Djuna Barnes, n.d., Barnes Papers.

31.David Weir, Decadent Culture in the United States: Art and Literature against the American Grain, 1890–1926 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2008), 151, 183.

32.Djuna Barnes, “Oscar,” Little Review (April 1920), 15.

33.Djuna Barnes, “Beyond the End,” Little Review (December 1919), 11.

34.Djuna Barnes, “Katrina Silverstaff,” Little Review (January 1921), 32.

35.Louis F. Kannenstine, The Art of Djuna Barnes: Duality and Damnation (New York: New York University Press, 1977), 78, 95.

36.Djuna Barnes, letter to Margaret Anderson, April 30, 1952, Barnes Papers.

37.Anderson to Barnes, May 8, 1952, Barnes Papers.

38.Thea Lenarduzzi, “The Many Faces of Mina Loy,” Times Literary Supplement, September 11, 2011. Billy Corgan of Smashing Pumpkins and Thurston Moore of Sonic Youth have penned odes to Loy.

39.For a study of the influence of location and exile on Loy’s work see Cristanne Miller, Cultures of Modernism: Marianne Moore, Mina Loy, & Else Lasker-Schüler: Gender and Literary Community in New York and Berlin (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007).

40.Mary Galvin’s Queer Poetics includes a chapter on heterosexual Loy alongside lesbians Lowell, Barnes, H.D., and Stein. Mary Galvin, Queer Poetics: Five Modernist Women Writers (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999).

41.Mina Loy, “Feminist Manifesto,” in The Last Lunar Baedeker: Poems of Mina Loy, ed. Roger Conover (Highlands, North Carolina: The Jargon Press, 1982), 269–70.

42.Loy, “Feminist Manifesto,” 269–70.

43.Rachel Potter, Modernism and Democracy: Literary Culture, 1900–1930 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 167. For another view see Natalya Lusty, “Sexing the Manifesto: Mina Loy, Feminism and Futurism,” Women: A Cultural Review (November 2008), 245–60.

44.Loy, “Feminist Manifesto,” 271.

45.Loy, “Feminist Manifesto.”

46.Loy, “Feminist Manifesto,” 269–71.

47.Lara Vetter, “Theories of Spiritual Evolution, Christian Science, and the ‘Cosmopolitan Jew’: Mina Loy and American Identity,” Journal of Modern Literature (Fall 2007), 49.

48.See Richard Cook, “ ‘The Infinitarian and Her Macro-Cosmic Presence’: The Question of Mina Loy and Christian Science,” in Mina Loy: Woman and Poet, ed. Maeera Schreiber and Keith Tuma (Orono, ME: National Poetry Foundation, 1998).

49.Carolyn Burke, “The New Poetry and the New Woman: Mina Loy,” Diane Wood Middlebrook, and Marilyn Yalom, eds., Coming to Light: American Women Poets in the Twentieth Century (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1985), 38.

50.Quoted in Roger Conover, The Last Lunar Baedeker: Poems of Mina Loy (Highlands, NC: Jargon, 1982), xv-xvi. For a study of Loy that also includes Stein and Barnes, see Alex Goody, Modernist Articulations: A Cultural Study of Djuna Barnes, Mina Loy and Gertrude Stein (New York: Palgrave, 2007).

51.Quoted in Thomas F. Staley, Dorothy Richardson (Boston: Twayne Publishers, G. K. Hall & Co., 1976), 13.

52.May Sinclair, “The Novels of Dorothy Richardson,” Little Review (April 1917), 5–7.

53.Quoted in Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The War of the Words, Vol. 1 of No Man’s Land: The Place of the Woman Writer in the Twentieth Century (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988), 248.

54.Gilbert and Gubar, War of the Words, 227.

55.Gilbert and Gubar, War of the Words, 258.

56.Gillian Hanscombe and Virginia Smyers, Writing for their Lives: The Modernist Women, 1910–1940 (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1987), 52.

57.Staley, Dorothy Richardson, 79.

58.Randolph Bourne, “An Imagist Novel,” The Dial (May 1918), 451–53.

59.Dorothy Richardson, “Interim,” Little Review (August 1919), 19.

60.Dorothy Richardson, “Interim,” Little Review (October 1919), 46.

61.Gloria Fromm, Dorothy Richardson: A Biography (Urbana, University of Indiana Press, 1977), 29.

62.Howard Finn, “ ‘In the Quicksands of Disintegration Faiths’: Dorothy Richardson and the Quakers,” Literature and Theology (March 2005), 35.

63.Finn, “Dorothy Richardson and the Quakers,” 39.

64.Quoted in Eva Tucker, “Dorothy Richardson and the Quakers,” Pilgrimages: The Journal of Dorothy Richardson Studies, 1 (2008), 25, 128–29.

65.Winifred Bryher, The Heart to Artemis: A Writer’s Memoirs (Ashfield, MA: Paris Press, 2006), 34.

66.Joanne Winning, The Pilgrimage of Dorothy Richardson (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2000), 24.

67.Winning, Dorothy Richardson, 9, 133.

68.May Sinclair, “Two Notes,” The Egoist (June 1915), 88.

69.Andrew Kunka and Michele K. Troy, May Sinclair: Moving Towards the Modern (Hampshire, England: Ashgate, 2006), 4. They add that this review alone demonstrates that “Sinclair is essential to our historical understanding of modernism’s development,” 3–4.

70.Babette Deutsch, “Freedom and the Grace of God,” The Dial (November 1919), 441.

71.Quoted in Foster, Sex Variant Women, 100–101.

72.Katherine Mansfield, “The New Infancy,” Athenaeum (June 1919), 493.

73.Jane Heap, “May Sinclair’s Mary Olivier,” Little Review (December 1919), 31.

74.May Sinclair to Jane Heap, April 22, 1920, Little Review Collection, Archives, University of Wisconsin Libraries, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

75.May Sinclair, “How it Strikes a Mere Novelist,” Votes for Women (December 24, 1908), 211.

76.Jim Gough, “May Sinclair: Idealism-Feminism and the Suffragist Movement,” Rhetor: Journal of the Canadian Society for the Study of Rhetoric, 3 (2009), 14.

77.Deutsch, “Grace of God,” 443.

78.Deutsch, “Grace of God,” xvi.

79.Rebecca Kinnamon Neff, “May Sinclair’s Uncanny Stories as Metaphysical Quest,” English Literature in Transition 1880–1920, 26, no. 3 (1983), 187.

80.Neff, “May Sinclair’s Uncanny Stories,” 189. See also Richard Bleiler, “May Sinclair’s Supernatural Fiction” in Moving Towards the Modern.

81.Neff, “May Sinclair’s Uncanny Stories,” 187.

82.Two other short stories—“Jones’s Karma” and “The Mahatma’s Story”—demonstrate Sinclair’s interest in Eastern religions, specifically Hinduism.

83.May Sinclair, A Defence of Idealism: Some Questions and Conclusions, x.

84.Nathalie Blondel, Mary Butts: Scenes from the Life—A Biography (Kingston, NY: McPherson & Company, 1998), xv.

85.Quoted in Roslyn Reso Foy, Ritual, Myth, and Mysticism in the Work of Mary Butts: Between Feminism and Modernism (Fayetteville: The University of Arkansas Press, 2000), 5. See also Amy Clukey, “Enchanting Modernism: Mary Butts, Decadence, and the Ethics of Occultism,” Modern Fiction Studies 60, no. 1 (Spring 2014), 78–107.

86.Hanscombe and Smyers, Writing for their Lives, 47.

87.Quoted in Colin Wilson, Aleister Crowley: The Nature of the Beast (London: The Aquarian Press, 1987), 127–145.

88.Foy, Ritual, Myth, and Mysticism, 146n14.

89.Blondel, Mary Butts, 141.

90.Blondel, Mary Butts, 181.

91.Mary Butts, The Crystal Cabinet: My Childhood at Salterns (London: Methuen & Co., 1937), 266; Ingman, “Religion and the Occult.”

92.Foy, Ritual, Myth, and Mysticism, 42.

93.Mary Butts, “Lettres Imaginaires,” Little Review (Oct.–Nov.), 1.

94.Butts, “Lettres Imaginaires,” 193.

95.Ingman, “Religion and the Occult,” 197.

96.For other scholarship on Butts see Robin Blaser, “Imaginary Letters by Mary Butts: Afterword,” The Fire: Collected Essays of Robin Blaser, ed. Miriam Nichols (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000); Andrew J. Radford, “Defending Nature’s Holy Shrine: Mary Butts, Englishness, and the Persephone Myth,” Journal of Modern Literature 29, no. 3 (Spring 2006): 126–49; Bradley Buchanan, “Armed with Questions: Mary Butts’s Sacred Interrogative,” Twentieth Century Literature 19, no. 3 (Autumn, 2003): 360–87; Jane Garrity, “Selling Culture to the ‘Civilized’: Bloomsbury, British Vogue, and the Marketing of National Identity,” Modernism/Modernity 6, no. 2 (1999): 29–58; Jennifer Kroll, “Mary Butts’s ‘Unrest Cure’ for the Waste Land,” Twentieth Century Literature, 45, no. 2 (Summer, 1999): 159–73.

97.Pound to Anderson, April 20, 1921, Pound/The Little Review, 265.

98.Quoted in Dawn Ades, “Dada and Surrealism,” in Concepts of Modern Art: From Fauvism to Postmodernism, ed. Nikos Stangos (New York: Thames and Hudson, 1990), 114.

99.Tristan Tzara quoted in George Heard Hamilton, Painting and Sculpture in Europe, 1880–1940 (Kingsport, TN.: Kingsport Press, 1983), 365.

100.Anderson to Jackson Bryer, April 3, 1964, Private Collection of Jackson Bryer.

101.M. Anderson, Little Review Anthology, 341.

102.Irene Gammel, Baroness Elsa: Gender, Dada, and Everyday Modernity–A Cultural Biography (The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2002), 168.

103.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 178.

104.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 179.

105.Robert Reiss, “ ‘My Baroness’: Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven,” in New York Dada, ed. Rudolf E. Kuenzli (New York: Willis, Locker, & Owens, 1986), 81.

106.Baroness Freytag Loringhoven, “Love—Chemical Relationship,” Little Review (June 1918), 58–59.

107.William Carlos Williams, The Autobiography of William Carlos Williams (New York: New Directions, 1967), 165.

108.Williams, Autobiography, 169.

109.Williams, Autobiography, 168.

110.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 210.

111.Reed Whittemore, William Carlos Williams: Poet from Jersey (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1975), 162.

112.Jane Heap, “Dada,” Little Review (Spring 1922), 46.

113.Freytag-Loringhoven, “Thee I Call ‘Hamlet of the Wedding Wing’: Criticism of William Carlos Williams’s ‘Kora in Hell,’ ” Part 1, Little Review (January–March 1921), 48–49.

114.Quoted in Gammell, Baroness Elsa, 271.

115.For example, see “King Adam,” “Cathedral,” “History Dim,” and “Moving Picture and Prayer,” among others, in Body Sweats: The Uncensored Writings of Elsa von Freytag- Loringhoven, ed. Irine Gammell and Suzanne Zelazo (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011).

116.F.E.R., “Reader Critic,” Little Review (October 1919), 56.

117.Jane Heap, “Reader Critic,” Little Review (October 1919), 56.

118.F.E.R., “Reader Critic,” Little Review (November 1919), 64.

119.Evelyn Scott, “Reader Critic,” Little Review (December 1919), 48.

120.Jane Heap, “Reader Critic,” Little Review (December 1919), 49.

121.Evelyn Scott, “The Art of Madness,” Little Review (January 1920), 26.

122.Jane Heap, “The Art of Madness,” Little Review (January 1920), 26.

123.Else Freytag-Loringhoven, “The Art of Madness,” Little Review (January 1920), 28.

124.Evelyn Scott, “The Last Word,” Little Review (March 1920), 43.

125.Jane Heap, “The Last Word,” Little Review (March 1920), 47.

126.Heap, “Dada,” 46.

127.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 182.

128.Else Freytag-Loringhoven, “Confessions and Questionnaire,” Little Review (Spring 1929), 34–35.

7. George Ivanovich Gurdjieff

1.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 228.

2.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 230.

3.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 231.

4.Anderson to Jackson R. Bryer, April 3, 1964, Private collection of Jackson R. Bryer.

5.Brom Weber, ed., The Letters of Hart Crane, 1916–1932 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2020), July 21, 1921, 61.

6.Crane to Munson, July 21, 1921, in Weber, Letters of Hart Crane, 61.

7.Crane to Munson, July 21, 1921, in Weber, Letters of Hart Crane, 61.

8.Crane to Munson, July 21, 1921, in Weber, Letters of Hart Crane, 64.

9.Patrick Mahoney, Maurice Maeterlinck: Mystic and Dramatist; A Reminiscent Biography of the Man and His Ideas (Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of Man, 1984), 25.

10.M. Anderson, Fiery Fountains, 6.

11.M. Anderson, Fiery Fountains, 6.

12.M. Anderson, Fiery Fountains, 59.

13.M. Anderson, Fiery Fountains, 9.

14.Anderson to Allen Tanner, Tanner Collection, nd.

15.Peters later wrote two autobiographies combined in My Journey with a Mystic. While grateful for his introduction to Gurdjieff that remained with him throughout his adult life, Peters writes an unflattering portrait of Heap, who abandoned him to his father; the father also avoided taking any responsibility for his son. Peters went on to become a novelist, writing one of the earliest gay novels, Finistère, published in 1951, which received a favorable review by Gore Vidal (“Murder of Innocence,” Saturday Review of Literature 34, no. 8 (February 1951), 13–14). The novel was about a young American who travels to France after his mother’s divorce and begins to investigate his sexuality. It was republished in 2006.

16.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 256.

17.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 257–58.

18.M. Anderson, Thirty Years’ War, 243.

19.James Webb, The Harmonious Circle: The Lives and Work of G. I. Gurdjieff, P. D. Ouspensky, and Their Followers (Boston: Shambhala Press, 1987), 266.

20.M. Anderson, Fiery Fountains, 109.

21.Heap to Reynolds, January 1924, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 90.

22.Peters, My Journey with a Mystic, 6.

23.K. Paul Johnson, Initiates of Theosophical Masters (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995), 158.

24.The most significant contemporary author who is a Gurdjieffian but who writes about the “Work” through a scholarly prism in a variety of forms (monographs as well as works of fiction) is Jacob Needleman, professor of philosophy at San Francisco State University. See Needleman and George Baker, eds., Gurdjieff: Essays and Reflections on the Man and His Teaching (New York: Continuum Press, 1996). Paul Beekman Taylor, whose mother was a Gurdjieff disciple and who was raised in part by the Gurdjieffian poet Jean Toomer, has written several scholarly works, most important here Gurdjieff and Orage: Brothers in Elysium (York Beach, ME: Samuel Weiser, 2001) and Gurdjieff’s America: Mediating the Miraculous (Lighthouse Editions LTD, 2004). James Moore, a lifelong Gurdjieffian and the author of two monographs, Gurdjieff: A Biography (Shaftesbury: Element Books, 1999) and Gurdjieff and Mansfield (Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981), as well as an autobiography that is quite forthright about the internecine warfare within Gurdjieffian circles, Gurdjieffian Confessions: A Self Remembered (Hove, UK: Gurdjieff Studies, LTD, 2005), is a valuable resource. For an opposite viewpoint, see all the work of William Patrick Patterson, one of the more prolific Gurdjieffian authors, especially Patterson and Barbara C. Allen, Ladies of the Rope: Gurdjieff's Special Left Bank Women's Group (Fairfax, CA: Arete Communications, 1999). Patterson’s work is slavishly devotional, while Peter Washington’s widely reviewed book Madame Blavatsky's Baboon: A History of Mystics, Mediums and Misfits Who Brought Spiritualism to America (New York: Schocken Books, 1995), is palpable in its contempt for Gurdjieff. One of the earliest accounts of Gurdjieff's life, work, and followers, James Webb’s The Harmonious Circle, still stands as a balanced, well-researched monograph. Sophia Wellbeloved's Gurdjieff: The Key Concepts (London: Routledge, 2003) is an accessible resource for explaining Gurdjieff's most basic ideas. Recent fields of inquiry address specific aspects or influences of Gurdjieff's thought, such as Mohammad Tamdgidi’s Gurdjieff and Hypnosis: A Hermeneutic Study (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009) and Anna T. Challenger’s Philosophy and Art in Gurdjieff's Beelzebub: A Modern Sufi Odyssey (Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, 2002). For the most recent complete bibliography of Gurdjieff works see J. Walter Driscoll, Gurdjieff: A Reading Guide, 4th Edition, 2017, http://www.gurdjieff-bibliography.com, accessed December 29, 2022.

25.Anderson to Solita Solano, October 21, 1964, Flanner and Solano Papers.

26.Anderson to Solano, July 11, n.y., Flanner and Solano Papers.

27.M. Anderson, Fiery Fountains, 119

28.See Theodore Roszak, Unfinished Animal, 137–151.

29.George Gurdjieff, Beelzebub's Tales to His Grandson: All and Everything, First Series, Second Book, EP Dutton & Company, 1973. 83.

30.Gary Lachman, In Search of P. D. Ouspensky: The Genius in the Shadow of Gurdjieff (Quest Books: Wheaton IL 2004), 307, ft 13.

31.Beelzebub's Tales, Book One, 2.

32.M. Anderson, Fiery Fountains, 109. Orage arrived in the United States in December of 1923 and, according to Louise Welch, “went straight from the boat to the office of the Little Review on East 11th Street, near Fifth Avenue, where its founders and editors, Margaret Anderson and Jane Heap awaited him … Soon telephones began ringing at studios and literary warrens in Greenwich Village and Chelsea to inform the world of arts and letters that Orage had arrived.” Louise Welch, Orage with Gurdjieff in America (Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1982), 1.

33.Gorham Munson, The Awakening Twenties: A Memoir-History of a Literary Period (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985), 209.

34.M. Anderson, Fiery Fountains, 112.

35.Munson, The Awakening Twenties. 255.

36.Weber, Letters of Hart Crane,177.

37.Heap to Reynolds, February 1, 1924, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 93.

38.Heap to Reynolds, February1, 1924, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 93.

39.M. Anderson, Fiery Fountains 110–11.

40.M. Anderson, Fiery Fountains, 111.

41.M. Anderson, Fiery Fountains, 114.

42.Heap to Reynolds July 19, 1924, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 98.

43.E. C. Bowyer, "New Life Cult: 'The Master' on His Forest School, Daily News, February 1923.

44.P. D. Ouspensky, In Search of the Miraculous (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1949), 386.

45.Mansfield to Murry October 23, 1922, The Collected Letters of Katherine Mansfield, vol. 5, ed., Vincent O’Sullivan and Margaret Scott (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 307.

46.See Roger Friedland and Harold Zellman, The Fellowship: The Untold Story of Frank Lloyd Wright and the Taliesin Fellowship (New York: Harper Perennial, 2007).

47.C. E. Bechhofer Roberts “The Forest Philosophers,” Gurdjieff International Review 1, no. 4 (Summer 1998), https://www.gurdjieff.org/roberts.htm (accessed April 12, 2021).

48.Mary Butts, The Journals of Mary Butts, ed. Nathalie Blondel (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002), 212, Mabel Dodge Luhan, Lorenzo in Taos (London: Secker Press, 1933), 128.

49.See Roszak, Unfinished Animal, 6.

50.Peters, My Journey with a Mystic, 26.

51.Learning Institute for Growth, Healing and Transformation, “Drugs, Alcohol and Food,” Gurdjieff and the Fourth Way: A Critical Appraisal, http://gurdjiefffourthway.org/pdf/drugs.pdf (accessed April 21, 2021.)

52.Quoted in Moore Gurdjieff, 352.

53.M. Anderson, Fiery Fountains, 124.

54.M. Anderson, Fiery Fountains, 134.

55.Jane Heap, The Notes of Jane Heap (Aurora OR :Two Rivers Press, 1994) and Jane Heap/Notes (Aurora OR: Two Rivers Press, 2003.

56.Heap, Jane Heap/Notes, 89, 95.

57.Margaret Croyden, “Getting in Touch with Gurdjieff,” New York Times Magazine, July 29, 1979, 30.

58.Katherine Hulme, Undiscovered Country: In Search of Gurdjieff, (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1966,) 64.

59.Frank Lloyd Wright, “Gurdjeef at Taliesin”, Gurdjieff International Review 8, no. 1 (Fall 2004).

60.James R. Lewis, “Introduction,” in Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science, Vol. 3 of Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion, ed. James R. Lewis and Olav Hammer (Leiden: Brill, 2010), 5.

61.M. Anderson, The Fiery Fountains, 112.

62.Taylor, Gurdjieff's America, 240.

63.Roger Lipsey, “Gurdjieff Observed,” Gurdjieff International Review 3, no. 1 (Fall 1999).

64.Gurdjieff has also found his way into popular culture. Some Gurdjieffian discussion boards have also mentioned the films The Matrix and Groundhog Day as examples of his ideas in popular culture—though it is unlikely the creators made any Gurdjieffian connections. Many also point to John Fowles’ novel The Magus as an example of Gurdjieff's philosophy. Jazz great Keith Jarrett was a serious follower; the British pop singer Kate Bush referred to Gurdjieff in her 1991 hit song, “Them Heavy People.”

65.M. Anderson, Fiery Fountains, 103–104.

66.M. Anderson, Strange Necessity, 130.

8. The Heap Era

1.Celia Swanson, “Conversation Pieces: Circulating Muriel Draper’s Salon,” Journal of Modern Literature 36, no. 4 (Summer 2013): 24.

2.Darwin T. Turner, ed., The Wayward and the Seeking: A Collection of Writings by Jean Toomer (Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1980), 130.

3.Turner, Writings by Jean Toomer, 131.

4.Jean Toomer, “Fern,” Little Review, (Autumn 1922), 28.

5.Brian Joseph Benson and Mabel Mayle Dillard, Jean Toomer (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1980), 110.

6.Jean Toomer, “Oxen Cart and Warfare,” Little Review (Autumn–Winter 1924–25), 44, 48.

7.Guillaume Apollinaire, “Aesthetic Meditations,” Little Review (Spring 1922), 7.

8.Apollinaire, “Aesthetic Meditations,” 17.

9.Apollinaire, “Aesthetic Meditations,” 14.

10.Marjorie Perloff, review of Guillaume Apollinaire, The Cubist Painters, trans. Peter Read, Modernism/modernity 12, no. 5 (January 2005), 523. For more about the fourth dimension in the avant-garde, see Bohn, “Probing the Fourth Dimension,” chap. 2 in The Rise of Surrealism: Cubism, Dada, and the Pursuit of the Marvelous (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002); Linda Henderson, The Fourth Dimension and Non-Euclidean Geometry in Modern Art, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983.)

11.Guillaume Apollinaire, Little Review (Winter 1922), 56.

12.Celia Rabinovitch, Surrealism and the Sacred: Power, Eros, and the Occult in Modern Art (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2002), 5.

13.André Breton, Manifestoes of Surrealism, trans. Richard Seaver and Helen R. Lane (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1974), 25.

14.Matthew Josephson, Life Among the Surrealists: A Memoir (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1962), 147–51.

15.Louis Aragon, “A Man,” Little Review (Autumn–Winter, 1923–1924), 18.

16.G. Ribemont-Dessaignes, “In Praise of Violence,” Little Review (Spring–Summer 1926), 40–41.

17.Matthew Josephson, “A Letter to My Friend,” Little Review (Spring–Summer 1926),17–18.

18.Josephson, Life, 291–92.

19.Quoted in Bryer, “Trial-Track,” 442.

20.Heap to Reynolds, July 15, 1925, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 106.

21.Heap to Reynolds, August 15, 1925, Reynolds Collection.

22.2 Susan Noyes Platt, “Mysticism in the Machine Age: Jane Heap and the Little Review,” Twenty/One 1, no. 1 (Fall 1989): 33.

23.Kiesler, “Debacle of the Modern Theatre,” 61.

24.Alfred Orage, “A Theatre for Us,” Little Review (Winter, 1926), 30–32.

25.Orage, “Theatre for Us,” 30–32.

26.Jane Heap, “The Machine Age Exposition,” Little Review (Spring 1925), 22.

27.Heap, “Machine Age Exposition,” 22.

28.Heap, “Machine Age Exposition,” 22.

29.Susan Noyes Platt, Modernism in the 1920s: Interpretations of Modern Art in New York from Expressionism to Constructivism (Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, 2002), 126.

30.Goldman, “Confessions and Questions,” Little Review (Spring 1929), 36–37.

31.T. S. Eliot, “Confessions and Questions,” Little Review (Spring 1929), 90.

32.Djuna Barnes, “Confessions and Questions,” Little Review (Spring 1929), 17.

33.Stein, “Confessions and Questions,” 10.

34.M. Anderson, “Editorial,” 3–4.

35.Anderson, “Editorial,” 3–4.

36.Jane Heap, “Lost: A Renaissance,” Little Review (1929), 5–6.

37.Heap, “Lost: A Renaissance,” 5–6.

Epilogue

1.Anderson’s lesbian novel was not published until 1999. Anderson, Forbidden Fires, ed. Mathilda M Hills (Tallahassee: Naiad Press, 1999).

2.Descriptions of her life in these dwellings appear in M. Anderson, The Fiery Fountains and The Strange Necessity.

3.Georgette Leblanc, Souvenirs: My Life with Maeterlinck, trans. Janet Flanner (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1932); M. Anderson, My Thirty Years’ War. Anderson’s contract with Covici, Friede, Inc. for Thirty Years’ War states she would receive five hundred dollars in advance and ten percent of the retail price for the first five thousand copies sold. August 30, 1929, Allen Tanner Collection.

4.Reynolds to Heap, November 9, 1941, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 150.

5.Reynolds to Heap, February 25, 1941, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 142.

6.Heap to Reynolds, March 29, 1938, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 130.

7.Heap to Reynolds, March 29, 1938, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 130.

8.Heap to Reynolds, March 29, 1938, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 129.

9.Heap to Reynolds, February 27, 1941, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 143.

10.Heap to Reynolds, February 27, 1941, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 143.

11.Heap to Reynolds, December 1941, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 136–37.

12.Heap to Reynolds, October 6, 1940, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 133.

13.Nesta Brooking, Richard Lester, Annie Lou Staveley, Jane Heap as Remembered by Some of Those She Taught (Aurora, Oregon: Two Rivers Press, 1988), 11–12.

14.Brooking et al., Jane Heap, 10.

15.Brook, Threads of Time, 60.

16.M. Anderson, The Strange Necessity, 180.

17.Solano letter to Anderson, n.d., Flanner and Solano Papers.

18.Reynolds to Heap, February 26, 1944, in Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart,167.

19.Baggett, Dear Tiny Heart, 174.

20.See Pound, Pound/The Little Review, 316–30.

21.Anderson to Tanner, April 2, 1960, Tanner Collection.

22.M. Anderson, The Strange Necessity, 19.

23.Anderson to Flanner, January 7, 1956, Flanner and Solano Papers.

24.Anderson to Solano, June 21, 1961, Flanner and Solano Papers.

25.M. Anderson, The Strange Necessity, 219.

26.Anderson to Tanner, July 15, 1964, Tanner Collection.

27.Barnes to Anderson, June 23, 1964, Barnes Papers.

28.M. Anderson, The Strange Necessity, 23.

29.M. Anderson, The Fiery Fountains, 18.

30.M. Anderson, “Chambre d’hôtel,” Prose, Fall 1973, 9.

31.Alfred Kazin, “A Life Led as a Work of Art” New York Times, August 16, 1970.

32.Anderson to Kazin, August 15, 1970. Anderson sent a copy of her letter to Solano. Flanner and Solano Papers.

33.Anderson to Solano, July 11, 1972, Flanner and Solano Papers.

34.M. Anderson, Forbidden Fires, 33.

35.M. Anderson, Forbidden Fires, 37.

36.M. Anderson, Forbidden Fires, 48.

37.M. Anderson, Forbidden Fires, 108.

38.Jeanette Foster to Margaret Anderson, June 8, 1960, printed in the appendix to M. Anderson, Forbidden Fires, 157.

39.The Daughters of Bilitis published The Ladder and The Mattachine Society published One.

40.Anderson to Solano, February 1, 1972, Flanner and Solano Papers.

41.Anderson to Lois Karinsky, October 3, 1972, Little Review Collection.

42.Anderson to Solano, March 12, 1972, Flanner and Solano Papers.

43.Anderson to Solano, October 19, 1973, Flanner and Solano Papers.

44.Anderson to Solano, September 21, 1973, Flanner and Solano Papers.

45.Anderson to Solano, October 19, 1973 Flanner and Solano Papers; Solano to Jean Palmer, October 1973, Little Review Collection.

46.Solano to Jean Palmer, October 1973, Little Review Collection.

47.Solano to Palmer, October 1973, Little Review Collection.

48.Flanner, “Life on a Cloud,” 44–53.

49.Flanner, “Life on a Cloud,” 44. Solano died in 1975 and Flanner three years later.

50.Bertha Harris, “The More Profound Nationality of Their Lesbianism: Lesbian Society in Paris in the 1920’s,” in Amazon Expedition: A Lesbian Feminist Anthology, ed. Phyllis Birkby, Bertha Harris, Jill Johnston, Esther Newton, and Janet O. Wyatt (New York: Changing Times Press, 1973), 79.

51.Anderson used the word “transformational,” M. Anderson, The Unknowable Gurdjieff (London: Arkana, 1991), 30.

52.M. Anderson, The Strange Necessity, 222.