Index
alchemy, 130
Aldington, Richard, 76–77, 78–79, 99, 160
American artists, versus European artists, 136–37, 143–44
American Society for Psychical Research, 14
anarchism
and Anderson’s relationship with Goldman, 65–67, 247n65
in Little Review, 3–4, 62–64, 67–69
Lowell and, 76
modernism and, 75
Nietzscheans and, 74
Anderson, Arthur Aubrey, 19–20, 27, 232
Anderson, Cornelia, 56
Anderson, Jean, 232
Anderson, Jessie Shortridge, 19, 20, 27
Anderson, Lois, 22, 69, 70, 191–92, 232
Anderson, Margaret
adopts nephews, 192
animal types of, 196
appearance of, 19
on art and anarchism, 75
autobiographies of, 6, 18, 19–20, 32, 230, 231, 237
and censorship of Little Review, 100–101
and Chicago Literary Renaissance, 25–26
considers ending Little Review, 188–90
and content of Little Review, 3–4
conversion to Gurdjieff, 11–13, 185, 193, 199–200, 237
death of, 233
difficulties between Heap and, 104–7, 189–90
dissatisfaction with Little Review, 93–94
early time in Chicago, 33
education of, 21
on Ellis’s “The Love of Tomorrow” lecture, 54–55
and end of Little Review, 220–22
FBI file on, 246n22
financial difficulties of, 69, 70–71, 103–4
on Freytag-Loringhoven, 179, 180
on Freytag-Loringhoven and Williams, 181
on function of criticism, 44–45
on Goldman and anarchism, 63–64
Goldman’s disagreements with, 76, 95
Gurdjieff’s influence on, 2, 5–6, 196, 207–8, 234–35
on Heap’s arrival at Little Review, 86–87
images of, 108f, 110f, 113f, 115f, 121f, 122f
individualism of, 48–49, 71–72
love of music, 21
Lowell and, 62–63, 76, 77–78, 81–84, 86
media and scholarly portrayals of, 153
mental health struggles of, 189–90
and mission of Little Review, 41–42, 43
moves Little Review to New York, 96–99
Nietzsche’s influence on, 46–50
on Pater, 45
post-Little Review life of, 224–32
and Pound as Little Review’s foreign editor, 128–29, 130, 138–39
and Pound’s departure from Little Review, 136
and promotion of female modernists, 156–57, 186
and publication of Ulysses, 146–47, 148, 151
on Sanger and contraception, 60–61
scholarship on, 234
similarities between Heap and, 39–40
Sinclair and, 171
spirituality of, 11, 14–15, 20–21, 235
starts Little Review, 3, 17, 18–19, 23–27, 40
Stein and, 161
studies at Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man, 201–2, 203
supports Goldman and Berkman during trial, 101–3
travels to Paris, 192
Ulysses trial’s impact on, 4–5, 12
See also Little Review; Ulysses trial
Anderson, Sherwood, 27, 29, 46, 69, 90, 243n16
animal types, in Gurdjieff’s psychological scheme, 196
antiwar sentiment, 84–85, 99, 100, 101
Apollinaire, Guillaume, 212–14
Arp, Hans, 177
art
Art Institute of Chicago, 88–89
Ashleigh, Charles, 78
Barnes, Djuna, 98, 106–7, 156–57, 161–64, 165, 185–86, 221, 229, 256n30
Barney, Natalie, 221
Barnsdall, Aline (“Nineteen Millions”), 87, 91
Beach, Sylvia, 153
Beaumont, Etienne de, 217
Beecher, Lyman, 21
Beelzebub’s Tales (Gurdjieff), 197–99
Benedict, Ruth, 58
Benstock, Shari, 161
Bergson, Henri, 50–51, 86, 235
Berkman, Alexander, 68, 69, 95, 101–3
Berkowitz, Eric, 254n83
Bishop, John, 254n76
Blanke, Marie, 36
Bloom, Leopold, 155
Bodenheim, Maxwell, 31, 69, 79, 138
Bosschere, Jean de, 132
Bourne, Randolph, 167
Brook, Peter, 227
Browne, Francis, 23
Browne, Maurice, 31
Bryher, Winifred (Annie Winifred Ellerman), 160, 167, 168–69, 256n16
Bucke, R. M., 52
Bufano, Remo, 217
“Bundles for Them: A History of Giving Bundles” (Stein), 161
Burke, Carolyn, 166
Burke, Kenneth, 212
Caffrey, Margaret, 58
“Cantleman’s Spring-mate” (Lewis), 100–101
Carlson, Maria, 64
Carpenter, Edward, 30, 52, 53, 73, 236, 244n50
Caruso, Dorothy “Duffy,” 6, 227–28, 229
“Cast-Iron Lover” (Freytag-Loringhoven), 183
Castle, Terry, 156
Champcommunal, Elspeth, 225, 228
“Chance Encounter” (Bryher), 160
Chicago
Chicago Literary Renaissance, 3, 24–26, 40, 45
Chicago Vice Commission, 29
Childs, Donald J., 135
“Chinese Written Character as a Medium for Poetry, The” (Fenollosa), 132
Christianity, 59–60, 65, 68, 74, 204
Ciolkowski, Muriel, 160
“Comstock Law,” 101
Constructivists, 220
Continent, 23
“Cooperation” (Pound), 140
Copley, Antony, 53
Cowley, Malcolm, 12
Crane, Clara, 69
Dada/Dadaism, 177–86, 214, 215, 216
Daedalus, Stephen, 155
dances, of Gurdjieff, 199–200, 204
D’Annunzio, Gabriele, 88, 249n2
Dark Flower, The (Galsworthy), 43
Daumal, Rene, 215
Dawson, Mitchell, 139
Dean, Harriet, 30–31, 69, 71, 72, 91, 102
de Cleyre, Voltairine, 68
Defense of Idealism (Sinclair), 173
Dell, Floyd, 19, 25, 28–29, 31, 44–45, 56
D’Emilio, John, 29
De Salzmann, Alexander, 118f
Dial, 23
“Dreaming of the Bones, The” (Yeats), 134
Dreier, Katherine, 180
Dreiser, Theodore, 90
Drimmer, Melvin, 48
Eastman, Max, 102
“Eeldrop and Appleplex” (Eliot), 135
Eliot, T. S., 9, 134–35, 170, 221
Ellis, Havelock, 28, 30, 53, 73, 147, 157, 244n49
Ellmann, Richard, 151, 154, 255n96
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 14, 51–52, 72, 235
esotericism, 2, 11, 13–15, 252n9. See also mysticism; occultism; spiritualism
eugenics, 60
Falk, Candance, 73
Fellowship of New Life, 53
feminism, 55–59, 72, 144–47, 165, 172–73
Fenollosa, Ernest, 132
Ficke, Arthur Davison, 79
Finn, Howard, 168
Flanner, Janet, 16, 19, 227, 232, 233
Foes of Our Threshold, The (Roosevelt), 99
Forbidden Fires (Anderson), 6, 231–32
Foster, George Burman, 47
fourth dimension, 213
Fourth Way, The (The Work), 120f, 155, 194, 195, 199, 204
Frank, Florence Kiper, 70
Freedman, Estelle, 29
French poets, 9, 131–32, 133, 135, 212–14, 236
Freud, Sigmund, 12–13, 29, 157
Freytag-Loringhoven, Elsa von, 156–57, 177, 178–86
Fromm, Gloria, 168
Gilbert, Stuart, 153
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 58
Gilmore, Inez Haynes, 56–57, 59
Gladys (Anderson’s mistress), 106
Glaspell, Susan, 98
Golden Dawn, The, 11
Goldman, Emma
on Anderson and Dean, 30–31, 72, 73
Anderson and Heap meet, 3
Anderson’s disagreements with, 76, 95
and Anderson’s editorship of Little Review, 86
and Anderson’s interest in anarchy, 63–64, 65–67, 68
and final issue of Little Review, 221
on homosexuality, 236
reaction to Heap, 95
Gordon, Lyndall, 135
Gurdjieff, George Ivanovich, 119f
Anderson and Heap meet, 200–201
Anderson and Heap’s conversion to, 11–13, 185, 193, 199–200, 237
and Anderson and Heap’s post-Little Review life, 225
Anderson and Heap study with, 200–201
concept of humans as “three centered beings,” 218
followers of, published in Little Review, 210–13
Heap as student of, 205
Heap as teacher of ideas of, 92–93, 205, 226
Heap’s notes on Fourth Way, 120f
influence on Heap and Anderson, 2, 5–6, 207–8, 234–35
and Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man, 118f, 201–4, 206
interpretation of human psychology, 196–97
mechanical metaphors of, 219
and music, 21
in popular culture, 262n64
scholarship on, 206–7, 260–61n24
teachings of, 10–11, 12–13, 20, 195–96
and Theosophy, 155
Hackett, Francis, 26
Hand, Augustus, 101
Hansen, Harry, 69
Harris, Bertha, 233
Harrison, Jane Ellen, 176
Hartley, C. Gasquoine, 56
Hartmann, Thomas de, 204
Haywood, Big Bill, 66
H. D. (Hilda Doolittle), 76–77, 78–79, 80–81, 85, 170
Heap, Jane
adopts Anderson’s nephews, 192
on Anderson and Leblanc, 191
on Anderson’s mental health struggles, 189
arrives at Little Review, 86–89
and censorship of Little Review, 100–101
and content of Little Review, 4
conversion to Gurdjieff, 11–13, 185, 193, 199–200, 237
dark side of, 93
death of, 229
difficulties between Anderson and, 104–7, 189–90
and end of Little Review, 220–22
and financial troubles of Little Review, 104
on Freytag-Loringhoven, 183–85
Goldman’s reaction to, 95
Gurdjieff’s influence on, 2, 5–6, 196, 234–35
as Gurdjieff student, 205
on Hemingway, 193
images of, 109f, 110f, 111f, 113f, 114f, 123f
interest in theater, 37
and International Theatre Exposition, 217
and lesbian themes in Little Review, 158–60, 161
and Little Review Gallery, 218
and Little Review’s move to New York, 96, 97–99
as Little Review’s primary editor, 4–5, 143–44, 208, 209–23
and Machine Age Exposition, 218–20
media and scholarly portrayals of, 153
notes on Fourth Way, 120f
Peters’ depiction of, 260n15
post-Little Review life of, 224–29
and Pound as Little Review’s foreign editor, 128, 129, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141–42
and Pound’s departure from Little Review, 136
and promotion of female modernists, 156–57, 186
and publication of Ulysses, 147–48
resists ending Little Review, 189
scholarship on, 234
similarities between Anderson and, 39–40
spiritual aspect of life of, 14–15
spirituality in works of, 11
studies at Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man, 201–2, 203
and success of Little Review, 17
supports Goldman and Berkman during trial, 101–3
as teacher of Gurdjieff’s ideas, 92–93, 205, 226
“The Light Occupations of the Editor while There is Nothing to Edit,” 112f
travels to Paris, 192
Ulysses trial’s impact on, 4–5, 12
and Yeats, 133
See also Little Review; Ulysses trial
Hecht, Ben, 19, 31–32, 69, 96, 142, 231
Henke, Suzette, 254n76
Hermes Trismegistus, 10, 11, 80
Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, The, 11, 194
Hill, Joe, 67
Hinton, Charles, 53–54, 79, 213
Hinton, James, 53
Hinton, Margaret, 53
Hinzenberg, Olga Ivanovna Lazovich, 202
Hochstein, David, 102
homosexuality
changing attitudes toward, 27–29
and influences on Anderson and Heap, 235–36
LGBTQ subculture in Chicago, 3
spirituality and, 52–55, 59, 60
See also lesbianism
Hoyt, Helen, 94
“I Cannot Sleep” (Heap), 159
imagism, 4, 62–63, 76–81, 85, 170
“Incense and Splendor” (Anderson), 57
individualism, 48–49, 51, 60, 71–72, 75
Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man, 118f, 201–4, 206
International Theatre Exposition, 125f, 217–18
Iverson, Sade, 242n9
James, Henry, 141
James, William, 206
Japanese Noh plays, 134
Jenkins, Ralph, 155
“Jodindranath Mawhwor’s Occupation” (Pound), 130–31
Jowett, Benjamin, 52
Joyce, James, 148, 151, 154–55, 167, 199, 221. See also Ulysses (Joyce); Ulysses trial
Kahn, Otto, 189
Kandinsky, Wassily, 65
Katz, Jonathan, 55
Kaun, Alexander, 65
Kazin, Alfred, 230
Kenner, Hugh, 7
Kennerley, Mitchell, 70
Kiesler, Frederick, 217
Kime-Scott, Bonnie, 154
Kirstein, Lincoln, 204
Kuenzli, Rudolf E., 182
Kunka, Andrew, 170
Lachman, Gary, 198
Laforgue, Jules, 131
Lane, David C., 195
“Lane, George,” 80
Lawrence, D. H., 203
Leblanc, Georgette, 5, 6, 190–91, 201, 224, 225
lesbianism
in Forbidden Fires, 231
references to, in Little Review, 8, 157, 158–61, 237
social tensions concerning, 144–47, 149–50, 158
See also homosexuality
Leslie-Jones, Vera, 169
“Lettres Imaginaires” (Butts), 176
Levenson, Michael, 44
Levy, Edna, 18
Lewis, James R., 206
advertisers in, 70, 148, 246n45
All-American editions of, 139–40, 142–43, 144
anarchism and imagism in, 62, 67–69
Anderson considers ending, 188–90
Anderson’s dissatisfaction with, 93–94
censorship of, 100–101, 148–49
covers of, 116f, 117f, 124f, 125f, 126f, 127f
Dadaist works in, 178
Emerson and Whitman’s influence on, 51–52
financial difficulties of, 69, 70–71, 103–4
as force for modernism, 44, 156–57
founding of, 3, 17, 18–19, 23–27, 40
Freytag-Loringhoven published in, 181, 182, 183–85
Goldman and Lowell and, 63
Gurdjieff followers published in, 210–13
Gurdjieff’s impact on, 188
Heap as primary editor of, 4–5, 143–44, 208, 209–23
Heap’s critical articles in, 89–90
Heap’s influence on, 33
lesbian themes in, 8
Machine Age Exposition (1927), 126f, 218–20
Nietzsche’s influence on, 46–50
Picabia as foreign editor of, 210
Pound as foreign editor of, 128–30, 136–43
Pound’s departure from, 136, 143, 177
and Preparedness Parade bombing, 68, 94
promotion of, 86
and promotion of female modernists, 186, 237
published from San Francisco, 91–96
references to feminism in, 55–58
references to lesbianism in, 157, 158–61, 237
religiously suggestive titles in, 46
reviews of Ellis’s “The Love of Tomorrow” lecture, 54–55
Richardson published in, 166–67
Rodker as foreign editor of, 143
spiritualism and contributions to, 9
World War I articles in, 99–101
See also Ulysses trial
Little Review Gallery, 218
Logan, Robert Fulton, 182
“Love—Chemical Relationship” (Freytag-Loringhoven), 181
“Love of Tomorrow, The” (E. Ellis), 54–55
MacAlmon, Robert, 38
Machine Age Aesthetics, 183, 185
Machine Age Exposition (1927), 126f, 218–20
Maeterlinck, Maurice, 190
Mahoney, Patrick, 190
Mansfield, Katherine, 171, 201–2
Marek, Jayne, 7
marriage, companionate, 157–58
Marsden, Dora, 74
Mary Olivier (Sinclair), 170–72, 173
Materer, Timothy, 80, 130, 153
McBride, Henry, 220
McCarthy, Kathleen, 24
McKay, Nellie, 212
McPherson, Aimee, 17
Mead, G. R. S., 130
Merrill, Stuart, 132
Mew, Charlotte, 85
Mill Valley, California, 91–93
modernism
and anarchism, 75
and Anderson and Heap’s conversion to Gurdjieff, 2, 234–35
connection between esoteric schools and, 144
debate as earmark of, 44
development of, 35
“dialogics of,” 42
little magazines and establishment of, 7–8
Little Review as force for, 44, 156–57
Lowell and, 85
Nietzsche’s influence on, 46–49
as reactionary or progressive force, 137
Modernist Journals Project, 8
modernity, 7
Moffitt, John, 180
Monroe, Harriet, 3, 26, 140–41, 185, 241n28
Morrisson, Mark S., 246n45
music, 21
“Myrrhine and Konallis” (Aldington), 160
mysticism, 10–11, 13–14, 237. See also esotericism; Gurdjieff, George Ivanovich; occultism; spiritualism
My Thirty Years’ War: Beginnings and Battles to 1930 (Anderson), 18, 19–20
Neff, Rebecca, 173
New Age, 194
Newcomb, John Timberman, 241n28
“New Note, The” (S. Anderson), 46
New Woman, 19
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 46–50, 51, 58–59, 63, 194, 196, 235
Nietzscheans, 74
Noh plays, 134
obscenity trial. See Ulysses trial
occultism, 10–11, 64–65, 80, 130, 133–36, 153–54, 236, 252n9. See also esotericism; mysticism
Orage, A. R., 5, 135–36, 194, 199, 202, 204, 217–18, 261n32
Order of the Golden Dawn, The, 133
Orloff, Chana, 160
Orphism, 213
Ouspensky, P. D., 9–10, 65, 92, 135, 193–94, 201–2, 206, 213
“Oxen Cart and Warfare” (Toomer), 212
Paderewski, Ignacy, 89–90, 249n8
Partridge, M. H., 56
Pater, Walter, 44, 45, 86, 235
Peabody, Josephine Preston, 249n109
Péladan, Joséphine, 130
Periodical Studies, 8
Perloff, Marjorie, 213
Peters, Fritz, 69, 191–92, 201, 203, 260n15
Pilgrimage (Richardson), 166–68, 170
Plows-Day, Josephine, 231
“Potatoes in the Cellar” (Lowell), 88–89
Potter, Rachel, 165
Pound, Ezra
analysis of French poets, 9
Anderson’s correspondence with, 228
on “Cantleman’s Spring-mate,” 101
critical commentary of, 130–32
on Dadaism, 177
departure from Little Review, 136, 143, 177
as Little Review’s foreign editor, 4, 128–30, 136–43
and occultism, 130, 236, 252n9
and publication of Ulysses, 146
returns to Little Review, 209–10
on typographical errors in Little Review, 104
and Ulysses trial, 151
Preparedness Parade bombing (1916), 68, 94
psychoanalysis, 12–13, 29, 105, 196
Puttelis, Louis, 136
Rabinovitch, Celia, 214
Ray, Man, 177
Reisen, Morris, 140
Reiss, Robert, 180
religion, 59–60, 64, 65. See also Christianity
Reynolds, Florence, 33–36, 103, 183, 225, 227–28
Rhymers’ Club, The, 133
Ribemont-Dessaignes, G., 216
Richardson, Dorothy, 166–69, 170
Ridge, Lola, 183
Rimbaud, Arthur, 131
Robertson, Michael, 52
Rodker, John, 143
Roosevelt, Theodore, 99
Rosenhagen-Ratner, Jennifer, 46–47
Roszak, Theodore, 13, 197, 203
Rothermere, Lady, 135
Russell, Ada Dwyer, 84
Russian Constructivists, 220
Sanger, Margaret, 3, 59, 60–61
Schenck, Celeste, 85
Schreiner, Olive, 56
secret societies, 11, 130, 133–34, 236
Seekers of Truth, 195
sexuality
Anderson on women and, 57
and influences on Anderson and Heap, 235–36
intersection of art and spirituality and, 8
in Mary Olivier, 172
of Richardson, 169
spirituality and, 52–55, 59, 60
See also homosexuality; lesbianism
Simmons, Christina, 157
Sinclair, May, 85, 160, 167, 169–74, 176, 258n69
Sinclair, Upton, 95
Sister Carrie (Dreiser), 23
Society for Psychical Research, 13–14
Solano, Solita, 6, 227, 229, 232, 233
Some Imagist Poets (Lowell), 80
Soupault, Philippe, 214
Sperry, Almeda, 73
spiritualism, 9, 14, 64–65, 135, 173. See also esotericism; mysticism; occultism
spirituality
Stearns, Mary Adams, 54
Stein, Gertrude, 156–57, 161, 221
“Study of Modern French Poets, A” (Pound), 131–32
Surette, Leon, 130
Swawite, Marguerite, 43
Tanner, Allen, 105
Taylor, Paul Beekman, 207
Tenney, Daniel, 21
Terrinoni, Enrico, 154
Tertium Organum (Ouspensky), 193–94, 213
Thacker, Andrew, 8
theater
“Thee I Call Hamlet of the Wedding Ring” (Freytag-Loringhoven), 182
Tietjens, Eunice, 18–19, 27, 79
Tilden, Gladys, 231
Tolstoy, Leo, 65
Travers, Pamela, 205
Trevor, Frances, 43
Troy, Michele, 170
Tryphonopoulos, Demetres, 252n9
Tucker, Benjamin, 72
Udell, Lilian Heller, 68
and Anderson and Heap’s conversion to Gurdjieff, 9
Gurdjieff’s writings compared to, 199
obscenity test for, 254n83
and Pound’s departure from Little Review, 136
publication of, in Little Review, 116f, 148, 151
scholarship on, 254n76
See also Ulysses trial
Ulysses trial
Unanimism, 131
Uncanny Stories (Sinclair), 173
Upward, Allen, 130
Watson, J. S., 103
Webb, James, 193
Welch, Louise, 261n32
Wells, H. G., 43
Western College for Women, 21, 29–30
“Western School, The” (Jepson), 140–41
Wexler, Alice, 73
Whitman, Walt, 51, 52–53, 72–73, 235, 244n43
“Wife Has a Cow, A” (Stein), 161
Wilde, Oscar, 44, 45, 72, 85–86, 133, 235–36
Williams, William Carlos, 98, 180, 181, 182
Willis, Julia, 18
Wing, Dewitt C., 26, 51–52, 69
Winning, Joanne, 169
Woman and Labor (Schreiner), 56
Woolsey, John H., 254n83
Work, The (The Fourth Way), 120f, 155, 194, 195, 199, 204
Zwaska, Caesar, 91