Index
Abdelwahed, Youssri, 16, 159, 262, 324, 332, 335
access, 89n37, 89n39, 89n41, 324; consequences of changing systems, 85–87; house access plans, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78; neighborhood interproperty access points, 78; space syntax analysis (SSA), 73, 74, 76, 76–77; supernatural and, 257, 261–263; temporary vs. permanent, 82; tower house, 104–105
actor-network theory, 4, 29n130
agency, 222; architecture and, 28n104, 275–276; concept of, 14, 16; domestic agency, 23, 185, 325; material agency, 15, 16, 275–276; political agency, 19; supernatural and, 263–264
aithrion,62
Akhetaten, 218
Alexander, Rani, 25n26
Alexandria Museum, 107
Alston, Richard, 6, 20, 139, 181, 264, 324, 333, 334, 337
Amheida, 54, 55, 62, 67n55, 203. See also Serenos’house; Trimithis
animals as household members, 17, 211, 221
Ankhsheshonq, 2, 130, 131, 138
Annales school, 10
anthropocentrism, 9–10; anthroprocentric models, 9–10; vs. non-anthropocentric archaeology, 14, 276
anthropology, 7, 9–10, 160, 193n11
Apa Paul monastic community, 273–290
apotropaic practices. See supernatural, the
archaeology as a field, 7, 14; archaia vs. logos, 15, 29n128; balancing textual and material sources, 337–338; emic archaeology, 275, 276, 291n18; excavation disparities, 92; flat ontology and, 14; gender inferences, 27n67; geomagnetic surveys, 92, 93, 95, 99; GIS3-D, 13; interpreting archaeological data with SSA, 73–74; ladder of inference, 27n60; microarchaeology, 11, 326, 328; non-anthropocentric archaeology, 14, 276; origins of, 7–8; research trends, 327–328; satellite imaging, 93; scale of inquiry, 18, 140, 199, 202, 229, 239, 333, 337; stratigraphic analysis, 66n39; use of rubbish disposal, 199, 217–220. See also specific types of archaeology
archaeology of dwelling: as a discipline, 1; domestic impact of imperialism, 1; dwelling as fuzzy set, 20; dwelling perspective, 2, 19–22; history of, 8–9; intersection of domestic material culture and larger cultural phenomena, 2, 22; research, 2, 9–10, 13–14, 17–18, 64, 107–115, 125–140 (see also research sources); research trends, 327–328; stratigraphic analysis, 66n39; use of rubbish disposal, 199, 217–220. See also dwellings; households
architecture, 107; agency and, 28n104; as communication, 10, 11, 28n90; domestic architecture, 28n102, 49–67; vernacular, 93, 112; verticalization, 114. See also houses
archival archaeology, 28n92
Ashmore, Wendy, 288
Ault, Bradley, 5
Bagnell, R.S., 160
Bailey, D.M., 226
Baird, Jen, 182
Bakchias, 95; house foundations, 97
Barrett, Caitlín Eilís, 1
Barrie, Thomas, 275
Battle-Baptiste, Whitney, 20
behavior: aberrant behavior, 16; adaptation, 8, 336–337; discard behavior, 200, 206, 215, 216–217, 221; hoarding behavior, 220; patterning, 10, 13; speaking through the nose, 167–168; violent behavior, 16–17, 29n139, 159–173, 190
Bender, Donald, 10
Berenike port, 133
Bes, 231, 233, 233, 234, 235, 239
Besa, 277
bia (violence against property), 161–163, 169
biaioi (those who died violently), 162
Binford, Lewis, 8
Bi’r Samut fort, 6, 22, 297–315, 298, 300, 303, 304, 307, 325; abandonment deposits, 316n17, 339; architectural overview, 299–302; bathing complex, 302, 302–307; bread stamp, 304, 305; compared to houses in Syene, 308–310; courtyard, 301; dates of, 300; distribution of activities, 302–307, 339; domesticity, 314–315; food preparation, 299, 304, 305, 306; gates, 301; multifunctional spatial configuration, 299, 339; network of suppliers, 306; population of, 298, 307; production activities of, 298, 339; roofing, 316n18; storage, 299, 303; stratigraphic overview, 299–302; transience, 314–315; vessels of, 298, 303, 305, 306, 314
Blanton, Richard, 11
Bollnow, Otto Friedrich, 288
Boozer, Anna, 4, 20, 21, 182, 184, 199, 325, 333, 339
Bourdieu, Pierre, 10, 20, 182–183, 333
Braudel, Fernand, 10
bread ovens, 78–79, 79, 80, 204, 205, 325
British Museum, 107, 108–109, 231, 232, 233, 235, 236, 237, 239, 248n50, 248n50; figurines of, 233; map of, 232. See also museums
Bryen, A.Z., 160
Building Z (Athenian Kermeikos), 5, 26n42
built space as communication, 10, 11, 28n90. See also architecture
Cairo Museum, 107
Cannon, A., 202
Cassian, John, 276
Çatalhöyük, 12
census, 128, 154–155n9, 185; occupational record, 129–130
ceramics, 133, 200, 201, 203, 281, 305, 309, 310; ceramic reuse, 206, 215, 215; production, 316n19
Chesson, Meredith, 20
children, 141n16, 246n3; child abuse, 161; childbirth, 238; child care, 27n67; illness, 259
Chrysostom, John, 169
“City of the Dead” (Cairo), 5
civic organizations, 71–89passim
cleanliness, 200, 204–206, 214, 218–219, 221; animals and, 211; streets and, 209. See also rubbish disposal
Cobb, Charles, 19
colonization, 24n6, 107, 182, 191; categories of the colonial, 182, 193n6. See also imperialism
community, 30n149, 30n156, 277, 288, 336; dispersal of, 186; epistolary function, 186; rural villages, 181–193; spatial organization of community, 49
Conference of 2018 (Cornell University), xii, 24n1
cooking, 30n167, 184, 205, 206, 280, 299, 301, 302, 304, 306, 311, 314, 328; diet, 245; eating, 30n167. See also bread ovens; courtyards
Coptic monks, 7, 284. See also monks and monastic communities
Coptic practices, 256, 259–260, 277
courtyards, 53, 58, 60, 67n56, 76, 77–79, 175n126, 183–184, 221; domestic discard, 199–222; domestic production and, 184; forts, 301, 313; tower house, 104–105; at Trimithis, 211–212
creditor-debtor arrangements, 151–153, 333
cults. See religion
Dakhla Oasis, 133, 184; rubbish disposal, 202–214
Daniel, R.W., 62
Davoli, Paola, 12, 15, 49, 204, 336, 337
Depraetere, David, 204
Dime, 52, 53, 54, 59; tower house, 59
Dimeh, 95
Dionysos, 236
dispositions, 20
distribution function of household, 8
domestic, the: abuse, 16–17, 29n139, 159–173 (see also violence); activities, 4, 18, 23, 30n167, 77–79, 117n53, 184, 206; activities in alternate settings, 5, 22, 23, 297–315; agency, 23, 325; cults (see religion); discard, 199–222 (see also rubbish disposal); domestic architecture, 28n102, 49–67; domestic figurines, 16, 224n65, 226–246passim; domestic rituals, 21, 50, 229, 335 (see also religion); domestic vulnerability, 255–264, 324; as fuzzy category, 6; limits of the domestic, 5; volition of, 16. See also household; houses; space
dovecotes, 184
dwellings: adaptation and, 19, 63–65, 336; definitions, 288; dwelling as fuzzy set, 20; dwelling as place-making, 20; dwelling as spectrum, 6; dwelling perspective, 2, 19–22, 23; meaning of dwelling, 19; semisubterranean dwellings (Upper Egypt), 278, 281–284, 283; temporary habitation, 5. See also archaeology of dwelling
economics, 77–79; bread ovens, 78–79, 79, 80; economic privilege in Ptolemaic Egypt, 125; economic structures, 76; middle class, 194n32
Egypt: Archaic period, 217; Byzantine Egypt, 19, 273–290; Egyptian gods, 231–238, 242, 243, 247n18, 247n31, 248n38; Eighteenth Dynasty, 217; festivals, 233, 234, 236, 238, 242, 244, 245, 248n39, 249n63; Lagid rulers, 95; Late Period, 93, 95, 107; map of, 230; Middle Kingdom, 92, 326; New Kingdom, 92, 217, 326; Nile Delta, 93, 95, 96, 234, 287, 328; Nile River, 114, 126, 217, 231, 233, 236, 242, 245, 249n63, 279; Nile Valley, 16, 114, 133, 245, 287, 299; Pharaonic Egypt, 217–220, 323–328 (see also Pharaonic Egypt); physical environment, 12, 15, 49–67 (see also physical environment); Ptolemaic era, 1 (see also Ptolemaic Egypt); Roman period, 1 (see also Roman Egypt); Saite Period, 93; Twelfth Dynasty, 217; urban pressures, 92–115; Western Oases, 92
Egyptian Museum, 108–109, 110, 236, 240
Elephantine, 96, 218–219, 326, 329n6; house foundations, 100
enslaved, the, 3, 127, 132, 139, 149, 168; violence against, 162, 166
environment. See physical environment
Esna (Upper Egypt), 278, 281–284, 283
ethnic identity, 125; artifacts and, 133; houses and, 133; labeling ethnicity, 182; names and, 130; status and, 133
ethnoarchaeology study (Kalinga Province, Philippines), 217, 219
everyday, concept of, 183, 193n11
exogamy, 188
family, 23, 25n24, 155n11, 155n17, 185; Cambridge family typology, 132; conflicts, 186–190; coresidential group and, 192; definition, 3, 7, 128; division of assets, 126–127; familial power, 186–190; family-based networks, 185, 194n32; fictive family, 19; Greek vs. Egyptian, 131–132; incest, 189–190; kinship relations, 12, 25n24; life cycle of, 126; members away from family unit, 192, 195n61; military families, 186; mothers-in-law, 150–151; relationships among families, 10, 186–190; relationships to house, 191–193; relationships within families, 10, 186–190; reproduction function of household, 8, 26n46 (See also households)
Fayum, 92, 95; colonization, 107; house foundations, 97; houses, 15, 49, 58–60; settlements, 17; settlements on outskirts, 50–54; tower house foundations, 97; tower houses, 92–115passim. See also Karanis
feminist archaeology, 11
fertility, 185, 229, 236, 238, 248n42
figurines, 16, 221–222, 224n65, 226–246passim; functions of, 246; Greek figurines, 247n24; Naukratis, 231–239, 233, 235, 240, 242–246, 243, 244; Ptolemaic Egypt, 234–246, 235, 243, 244; Roman Egypt, 238–241, 240, 243, 244
Fisher, N.R.E., 164
Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, 232, 233, 235
forthold, concept of, 22, 299, 307, 325; military families, 186
foundations, 58–59, 100; casement, 93; cellular, 93, 116n15; house foundations, 97; tower house, 96, 97, 99, 100
garbage: meaning of term, 200, 218. See also rubbish disposal
garbology project (University of Arizona), 217, 220
Gates-Foster, Jennifer, 22, 297, 325, 339
gender, 183; cleanliness and, 206; gendered use of space, 327; males in family unit, 185–186; patriarchy, 188–189; pregnant women, 259; sexual relations, 26n46, 30n167; violence and, 159, 160, 169; woman as house, 259; women as assets, 189, 190; women’s labor, 8
Gibson, James, 10
Giddens, A., 13
Gillespie, Susan, 12
globalization, 2; as glocalization, 19
Godsey, Melanie, 22, 297, 325, 339
Goldberg, M.Y., 19
Goody, Jack, 10
Great Oases: houses in, 60–63; settlements in, 54–58
Greco-Roman Egypt. See Ptolemaic Egypt; Roman Egypt
Greece, archaeology of, 331–338
Grenfell, B.P., 216
Gurob, 217
habitatio, 6, 145–154, 324, 334; creditors, 151–153; definitions, 145–146; mothers-in-law, 150–151; widowers, 149–150; widows, 147–149
habitus, 20; material habitus, 30n166
Hanson, J., 10
Harpocrates, 231, 233, 233, 234, 235, 236, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 245
Hartman, Saidiya, 22
Hayden, B., 202
Hedstrom, Darlene Brooks, 7, 12, 15, 22, 273, 324, 336
Heidegger, Martin, 288
Hellenistic Egypt. See Ptolemaic Egypt
Hendon, Julia, 4
Hillier, B., 10
historical models of household, 10; microscale vs. macroscale, 18
Hobson, Deborah, 139
home, 30n168; contextualizing, 331–339; versus dwelling, 22; emic vs. etic concepts, 5, 13, 20–21, 275, 276, 335–336; homespace, 20, 30n174; houseful, 3; house vs. home, 275; objects from home, 22, 222 (see also households)
homemaking, 19–22; description of, 20–21; gender and, 21
household archaeology, 25n26, 275, 276, 338–339. See also archaeology of dwelling
households, 155n17, 155n18; as abstraction, 4; activities inside vs. outside, 4, 6–7, 18, 336 (see also domestic, the); adults in, 131, 136; animals in, 17, 211; anthropological models, 9–10; as complex assemblage, 15–18, 192; contextualizing households, 331–339; definitions of, 2–3, 10, 23, 26–27n57, 30n149, 30n156, 128, 331–334; distribution function of, 8, 189, 298, 299, 302–307, 314; economics and, 8, 9, 21; with “faces,” 11–12; family in, 3, 190–193 (see also family); Greek vs. Egyptian, 131–132; historical models of, 10; intersection of domestic material culture and larger cultural phenomena, 2, 22, 199–222, 287, 336; link to house, 3–4, 16, 191–193; material objects of, 4, 12–15, 16, 199–222, 287–290, 335; membership of, 3, 17, 127, 128, 131, 132, 136, 136, 139, 149, 190–193, 192, 211; multiscalar household, 18–19; as network, 4, 15–18, 19, 192, 333; pigeoncotes, 17; plants as household members, 17; production function of household, 8, 183–186; reproduction function of household, 8, 182, 183, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193; role of food, 5–6, 30n167, 206 (see also cooking); servants in, 3, 128; as set of relations, 4, 15–18, 19, 192, 287, 333; size of, 131; slaves in, 3, 127, 132, 139, 149; supernatural members of, 16; textual records of (see research sources); transmission function of household, 8; urban vs. rural, 139
household studies, 7, 21. See also archaeology of dwelling
houses, 76, 88n23, 133–139, 206; abandonment, 206–207, 213, 214–216; access plans, 73, 74, 76, 76–77, 78 (see also access); banquet halls, 59–60; cellars, 59; central rooms, 204, 206; circulation patterns, 53, 62, 77; as closed system, 58; as cognitive construct, 11; communication between houses, 18; construction, 206, 213, 215; contextualizing, 331–339; couches as measurement, 134; courtyards, 53, 58, 60, 67n56, 76, 77–79, 175n126, 183–184; definitions, 3, 25n20; domestic discard, 199–222; domestic vulnerability, 255–264, 324; doorways, 53, 61, 63, 66n30, 71, 171 (see also access); emic vs. etic concepts, 5, 13, 275, 276, 335; enjoined with settlement, 18; façade, 170–171; fireplaces, 61, 204; floors and flooring, 76, 205, 206–207, 207, 328; foundations, 58–59, 60, 97, 99, 100 (see also foundations); house as asset (see habitatio); houses in arid environments, 60–63; house vs. home, 275; interiors, 172–173, 336; Jewish, 183, 194n14; kitchens, 30n167; link to household, 3–4, 16, 191–193; as location of production, 183–186, 206; location of violence in, 170–173, 332; material form of, 18, 58, 159; monastic houses, 273–290; monastic terminology for, 276, 285; mud-brick houses, 12, 134; multistory, 58, 66n40, 76, 97; nostalgia and, 191; peristyle house, 64, 67n57, 74; as private property, 190–193; pylons, 171–172; as reflection of cultural decorum, 71; reuse of houses, 4, 207–211, 213; roofing and roofs, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 65n17, 204; safety issues, 159–173, 334–335 (see also violence); self-standing, 58, 66n40, 76, 77; shape of, 58, 59, 60; sizes of, 184; social dimension of, 71, 133, 159, 181–193; as symbolic, 28n99, 181, 182–183, 194n14, 255, 334; terrace, 58; thresholds, 72, 288, 339; transfer of ownership, 145–154, 190–193 (see also habitatio); tripartite, 311, 312; use of figurines in, 238–241; ventilation, 62, 107; walls, 59, 60, 71, 76, 88n23; windows, 58, 59, 60, 66n43, 67n51. See also tower house
Hue-Arcé, C., 159
Huebner, Sabine, 6, 145, 324, 333
Hunt, A.S., 216
Husselman, Elinor, 74
identity, 2, 13–14, 20, 335; Egyptian vs. Greek, 234; intersectionality and, 335; monastic, 282; objects and, 213–214, 222, 234
imperialism, 12; domestic impact, 1
inheritance, 145–154, 190–193, 194n43, 324, 326. See also habitatio
Instruction of Ankhsheshonq, The, 2
Isis, 236, 236, 237, 238, 239, 245; Isis-Hathor, 231, 233, 234, 235, 241, 242
Kabyle households (Algeria), 10, 20, 182–183, 333
Kamoution family, 187, 187–188
Karanis, 13, 53, 59, 65n17, 75, 93, 107, 223n35, 324; bread ovens, 78–79, 79, 80; consequences of changing systems of access, 85–87; courtyards, 183; economic downturn, 82–83; economic structures, 76; history of, 214–215; house foundations, 97; houses, 76, 88n23, 184 (see also houses); houses as middens at, 214–216, 215; Karanis Central (KAC), 75, 85; military families, 186; neighborhood networks, 71–89; occupation dates, 75; private property rights, 77 (see also private property); settlements, 75–76; shortcuts through private property, 79–83, 80, 81; SSA and, 74–77; street layout, 71, 79–83; windbreak walls, 53
Karnak, 96; house foundations, 100
Kelsey Museum, 215
Kestner Museum, 109t.3.1
Kôm el-Loli, 95
Kôm Gamman rubbish mound, 217
labor, 185–186, 189, 287; migration and, 185–186, 194n36; pooling of, 8. See also production function of household
landfills, 201
Lawrence, J., 160
Lefebvre, H., 13
legal issues, 324; contracts, 85, 88n35; creditor-debter arrangements, 151–153, 333; habitatio, 145–154, 334; inheritance, 145–154; loan contract, 151–152; private property rights, 77, 83, 88n35; retirement contracts, 151; Roman law, 145–146; succession, 145–154; taxation, 128–129, 132, 134, 139; trespassing, 170, 171, 324, 326
Lehner, M., 19
Leonard, Jr., A., excavations of, 235, 238nn48–49
Leontius (saint), 255
Lévi-Strauss, C., 10
lighting, 107; lamp holders, 112
literature, Greek and Roman, 338
loans, 151–152; antichretic loan, 152–153, 156n34; interest, 152; loan contract, 151–152; mortgage, 152
loidoria (verbal abuse), 161, 164, 169
Lynch, K.A., 1
ma nshõpe, 5
Marcellus, 146
Marouard, Gregory, 15, 92, 324
marriage, 194n30; age of male partner, 186; dowry, 147–148, 150, 186; familial conflict, 186–188, 187, 188; habitatio, 145–154; sibling marriage, 188, 195n48; virilocal vs. uxorilocal, 125, 135; wife beating, 169
material agency, 15, 16; rubbish disposal, 199–222
material culture. See households, material objects of
material habitus, 221, 222, 333. See also rubbish disposal, discard behavior
Medinet Habu, 96; house foundations, 100
Memphis, 217, 229, 239, 240, 242–246, 243, 244
Mendes, 105
middens, 201, 214–218; definition, 201; location of, 201, 214–216, 216–218, 219–220. See also rubbish disposal
middle-range theory, 13
Mission Archéologique Française du Désert Oriental, excavations of, 297, 300, 315n1
Monastery of Apa Jeremias (Saqqara), 278, 284–285, 285
Monastery of Apa Thomas (Wadi Sarga), 278–280, 279, 280, 284, 324; letters of monks, 280–281; physical remains, 280–281
monks and monastic communities, 6, 22, 30n167, 256, 273–290, 326, 336; cells, 273–275; defining monastic households, 273–276; monastic terminology for houses, 276, 285; objects in, 287–290; settlements, 276–287; solitary vs. communal, 277–278
Mons Claudianus, 229, 240–241, 242–246, 243, 244
Mountain of Cells (Jabal Nalqun), 278, 285–287, 286
mud bricks, 12; mud-brick houses, 134; mud-brick tower houses, 96
mummies, 26n35; record of mummies, 126
museum archaeology, 126
Museum of Classical Archaeology, Cambridge, 232, 233, 237
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 236, 237
museums, 107–110, 126, 215, 231, 261–262, 278. See also specific museums
Myos Hormos, 133, 229, 239, 240, 241, 242–246, 243, 244; trench, 244
Naukratis, 93, 229, 240; Kom Hadid, 238–239; map of, 232; South Mound, 238, 239
neighborhoods, 18, 107, 324, 326, 337; abandoned, 212; Byzantine neighborhoods, 19; interproperty access points, 78; networks, 71–89; shortcuts through private property, 79–83, 80, 81
New Archaeology. See processualist archaeology
new materialism, 12, 13, 29n124; Xenophon and, 13
New Year’s festival, 233, 234, 236, 238, 242, 244, 245, 249n63
New York University excavations of, 54
Oasean houses, 15
Oasean settlements, 17
oasis, 49
Olabarria, Leire, 12
Olsen, Bjørnar, 275
On the Cell (Paul of Tamma), 274
ontology, 8; flat ontology, 14
Osirian triad, 234
Osiris, 234. see also religion
ostraka, 66n31, 204, 206, 212, 245, 278, 280, 298, 300, 305, 307, 316n21
Oxyrhynchus, 127, 152, 220, 262; houses as property, 191; Kôm Gamman rubbish mound, 217; legal petitions from, 160, 162; middens of, 216, 216–217
Özbal, Rana, 12
Pachomian monastic community, 277, 288, 290
papyrus: as fuel, 219; papyri textual evidence (see research sources)
Parca, M., 160
Paul of Tamma, 274
per, 5
pharaoh, meaning of term, 19
Pharaonic Egypt: garbage disposal, 217–220; household studies, 325–327; perspective of Greco-Roman households, 323–328; research trends, 327–328
Philadelphia, 80, 95, 107, 133, 151, 171163; house foundations, 97
physical environment, 12, 15, 16, 77, 325; adaptation to, 63–65; building and, 49–67; houses in arid environments, 58–63; Mediterranean settings, 67n61; settlements in arid environments, 49–58; sun, 15, 53, 57, 58; wind, 52–53, 67n58
plants as household members, 17
Pompeii, 338
postprocessual archaeology, 11
privacy, 16–17, 71, 77, 107; monks and, 287; private space and social interaction, 77–79
private property, 82, 82, 324; houses as, 190–193; interproperty access points, 78; invasion of, 168; perimeter walls, 77–78; rights, 77, 83, 88n35; shortcuts through private property, 79–83, 80, 81
private vs. public space, 7, 71, 79–83, 83–85, 183, 194n12, 335–336
processualist archaeology, 8–9, 11; middle-range theory, 13
production function of household, 8, 183–186; animals, 184; cooking, 30n167, 184, 205, 206, 245, 280, 299, 301, 302, 304, 306, 311, 314; granary, 76, 82, 184, 185; weaving equipment, 184
Ptolemaic Egypt, 1–3, 24n6; adults in households, 131; Christian period, 256–264; ethnicity in, 2, 125, 130; figurines, 234–246, 235, 243, 244; forts, 22, 297–315; goblets, 236–238, 237, 247; Greek/Hellenic identity, 2, 125, 130; habitatio, 147–153; house-by-house survey, 18 (See also research sources); houses, 133–139; kings, 162; lamps, 236, 236, 244; multidisciplinary study of households, 2 (see also research sources); nomenclature, 125, 130; population growth, 140; privilege in, 125; research trends, 327–328; social difference, 125; textual sources of research, 125–139 (see also research sources); tower house, 16, 29n138, 29n141, 92–115 (see also tower house). See also specific settlements
public space, 183, 194n12; encroachment, 83–85; private vs. public space, 7, 71, 79–83, 83–85, 183, 194n12, 335–336
Redon, Bérangère, 22, 297, 325, 339
refuse, 218; de facto refuse, 201, 202, 206; meaning of term, 200; primary refuse, 201, 202, 206; secondary refuse, 201, 208; tertiary refuse, 201. See also rubbish disposal
religion, 23, 50, 226–246, 325; chapels, 246n13; Christianity, 273–290passim; cult of Horus, 231–234, 245; cult of Osirian triad, 234; cult of Serapis, 241, 247n27; domestic figurines of supernatural beings, 16, 221–222, 226–246passim; Egyptian gods, 231–238, 242, 243, 246n12, 247n16, 247n18, 247n31, 248n38; Greek gods, 247n26; Greek sanctuaries, 247n15; masks, 239, 245, 248n50, 249n52; New Year’s festival, 233, 234, 236, 238, 242, 244, 245, 249n63; ritual, 21, 50, 229, 242, 246, 256–264, 335; ritual lists, 259–261; ritual specialists, 255–256; supernatural beliefs, 16, 23, 255–264 (see also supernatural, the). See also monks and monastic communities
research sources, 14, 17–18, 64, 125–140, 134–135, 332; balancing textual and material sources, 337–338; cartonnage, 127; census, 128–130, 154–155n9, 185; dipinti, 277; garbage dumps, 127 (see also rubbish disposal); geomagnetic surveys, 92, 93, 95, 99, 105, 106; granary ownership document, 184–185; on habitatio, 145–154, 156n31; house-by-house survey, 18, 136–138; household database, 130; house ownership document, 184–185; house sale documents, 190; individual database, 130; magical texts, 256–264; Nemesion archive, 194nn38–39; papyri petitions regarding domestic violence, 159, 161; Princeton University papyrus collection, 151; record of mummies, 126; Sakaon archive, 186–189; tax records, 128–129; texts re. Ptolemaic houses and households, 125–140; texts re. Roman houses and households, 125–140; village registrar, 134–135. See also museums
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, excavations of, 75
Roman Egypt: Christian period, 256–264; figurines, 238–241, 240, 243, 244; forts, 22; habitatio, 147–153; houses as modes of production, 183–186; houses in environmental context, 49–67; houses in urban context, 49–67; lamps, 236, 244; multidisciplinary study of households, 2; population ethnicities, 2; research trends, 327–328; Roman houses, 12; Roman atrium house, 74; Roman wall paintings, 12; rubbish disposal, 199–222; rural villages, 181–193; social organizations, 71–89; taxation, 139; textual sources of research, 139–140 (see also research sources); tower houses, 103–104. See also specific settlements
Roman Italy, 338
Roman Trimithis (Amheida), 133
Roman wall paintings, 12
roofing and roofs, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 65n17; flat roof as active area, 78, 108; materials, 138, 220, 305, 316n18
rubbish: construction, use for, 206, 215; land reclamation and, 220; meaning of term, 200. See also rubbish disposal
rubbish disposal, 199–222, 325; in abandoned house, 212, 214–216; Archaic period, 217; case studies, 217–220; connectivity between households and society, 201–222; discard behavior, 200, 206, 215, 216–217, 221; efficiency, 219, 221; Kôm Gamman rubbish mound, 217; multiscalar approach to, 201–202; occupational history and, 206–211; Pharaonic Egypt rubbish disposal, 217; removal costs, 213; terminology, 200–201, 218; utility concepts, 220. See also middens; refuse
Sakaon of Theadelphia, 186–187, 189
Sayings of the Desert Fathers, 22, 273, 276
scavenging, 208, 213; pigs, 208, 210, 219, 221; zabbaleen, 208
Schiffer, Michael, 201, 202, 217
Schlanger, Sarah, 288
Schulz, D., 62
semisubterranean dwellings (Upper Egypt), 278, 281–284, 283
Serenos’ house, 54–57, 56, 60, 61, 61, 66n31, 67n51; reproduction as information center, 62, 62–63, 64
settlement: taverns, 5
settlement archaeology, 8, 18, 49–58, 288; expansion due to population, 65n9; multistratified sites, 65n9; shortcuts through private property, 79–83, 80, 81. See also settlements
settlements, 324–325; alleys, 54–57; density of buildings, 54–57; fences, 52; inns, 5; monastic, 276–287; outskirts of Fayum, 50–54; settlements in arid environments, 49–58; streets, 54–57, 208–211; windbreak walls, 52, 53, 54–57; workmen’s settlements, 326
Shaw, I., 218
Shenoutean monastic community, 277, 288, 290
Shenoute of Atripe, 277
Simpson, Bethany, 13, 16, 71, 215, 324, 333
singletons, 128, 141n24, 195n61
slaves. See enslaved, the
Serapis, 234, 239, 247n27. see also religion
social groups: houses and, 133; violence and, 160
social organization, 71–89passim; fluidity of social relations, 181; private space and social interaction, 77–79; social roles, 23, 71
Soknopaiou Nesos, 50, 51, 51, 52, 53, 92, 107; house foundations, 97; houses as middens at, 214–216
Sothis (Dog Star), 236, 237, 240, 241
South Abydos, 326
Souvatzi, Stella, 287
space, 324; ambitis, 106; domestic space, 23, 49–67, 255–264, 339 (see also habitatio); gendered use of space, 327; Hippodamian grid, 80; limited space for building, 16; multifunctional spatial configuration, 299, 339; negotiation of, 326; private space and social interaction, 77–80, 191, 333; rubbish disposal and, 218 (see also rubbish disposal); social construction of, 13; social interaction and, 77; space syntax analysis (SSA), 10, 13, 28n104, 71–89passim (see also space syntax analysis (SSA)); space vs. place, 25n17; spatial organization of community, 49; vulnerability and, 255–264, 324. See also private vs. public space; public space
space syntax analysis (SSA), 10, 13, 28n104, 71–89passim, 73, 74, 76, 76–77, 87; access plans, 73, 74, 76, 76–77; connectivity, 72; depth, 72; interpreting archaeological data with, 73–74; local vs. global measures, 72; mathematical probability and, 72; networks, 72, 85; real relative asymmetry (RRA), 72, 85; relative ringyness, 72, 81, 85, 86; symmetry, 72
Spencer, N., 18
storage, 28n102, 184, 299, 303; Roman storage practices, 12–13
streets and street layouts, 54–57, 81, 326; alleys, 54–57; consequences of changing systems of access, 85–87; Hippodamian grid, 80, 107; shortcuts through private property, 79–83, 80, 81
succession, 145–154. see also habitatio
supernatural, the, 16, 23, 326–327; access and, 257, 261–263; agency and, 263–264; apotropia, 255, 256, 257, 261; Aramaic incantation bowls, 257; charms, 258, 261, 262; curses, 262–263; demonology, 256–264; domestic figurines of supernatural beings, 16, 226–246passim; domestic vulnerability and, 255–264, 324; evil eye, 256, 265n12; rituals against pests, 17; scorpion, 258, 261; sorcery and, 261–264, 266n39
Syene (Aswan): cookware, 309, 310; houses of, 308–310, 309; supply sources, 310; tableware, 309; vessels, 309
symmetrical archaeology, 16
Tanis. See Naukratis
taxation, 128–129, 132, 134, 139; oil tax, 160; salt tax, 128, 132, 134
Tebtynis, 50, 51, 92, 95, 103, 103, 105, 107, 133, 301, 316n19; courtyards, 53; domestic quarter, 96; house foundations, 97; house sale, 190–191; legal petitions from, 160, 162; weaving equipment, 184
Tell Dafana, 106
Tell Edfu, 96, 103; house foundations, 100; mud-brick tower houses, 102
Tell el-Balamun, 92, 93, 96, 106
Tell el-Dab’a, 18, 92, 95, 326
Tell el-Herr fort, 310–314, 312, 313
Tell el-Iswed, 96
Theophilos, 133
thing theory, 15
Thomas, Ross I., 16, 221, 226, 229, 246n1, 325, 335
Thompson, Dorothy, 3, 6, 18, 125, 324, 332, 335, 336
tower house, 16, 29n138, 29n141, 59, 92–115, 94, 308, 324–325; access, 104–105; circulation patterns, 104–105; courtyard, 104, 104–105, 114; distribution of weights and forces, 102; domed silos, 103; doorways, 113; Egyptian compared to Yemenite, 113–114; foundation, 97, 99, 100, 112; foundations, 96, 97, 99, 100; freestanding facades, 105; house plan, 112; identifying criteria, 93–104; limestone models, 110, 111, 112–113; location of, 94, 94–95, 114; main entrance, 105; models of, 108–109; mud-brick tower houses, 96, 102; privacy vs. public interaction, 114; purpose and location of rooms, 115–116; reconstruction models, 93; roof, 113; stairs, 104, 104–105, 113; terracotta, 111, 112–113; upper stories, 112; urban organization and, 106–107; vaulted cellars, 103; windows, 111, 113
transfer of houses. See habitatio
trash: meaning of term, 200, 218. See also rubbish disposal
Trimithis, 55, 57, 182, 203, 325; abandoned houses of compared to other sites, 214–216; area 1, 203–206, 204, 211; courtyard C2, 211–212, 212; feasting event, 213; house B-1, 209, 210, 212, 213–214; house B-2, 203–206, 206–207, 206–211, 207, 211, 212, 213–214, 220–221; house B-9, 211; lack of middens, 202–203; rubbish disposal, 202–214; street S1, 208–211; street S2, 213
Tringham, Ruth, 8, 11, 19, 25n17
Tsakirgis, B., 19
University of Auckland, excavations of, 75
University of Michigan, excavations of, 52, 52, 53, 58, 59, 74–75
University of Munich, excavations of, 95
urban space, 10, 17; changes in urban layouts, 50; orthogonal organization, 52; tower house and, 92–115; town organizing, 106–107
urine, 165–166, 174n65, 174n68
Uronarti, 326
usufruct, 146
values: cultural, 2, 15, 16, 29n138, 182, 183, 191, 334; religious, 264, 274, 276; worldview, 23
Van Oyen, Astrid, 12
verbal assault, 167. See also loidoria (verbal abuse)
Vindolanda, 22
violence, 16–17, 29n139, 159–173, 190; acceptable violence in Greco-Roman Egypt, 161; agents, 163; compensation, 163; definitions, 160; forms of domestic violence, 160–170; gender and, 159, 160; legal protection, 160; locations of domestic violence, 170–173; status and, 160, 162, 169; stripping of clothes, 166–167
Warner, N., 62
water management, 65n9, 201, 282, 298, 299, 301, 302, 311, 314, 315
Webmoor, Timothy, 275
widows, 30n147, 147, 148–149, 154n9, 155n11, 155n18; dowry, 147–148; remarriage, 147. See also habitatio
Xenophon, 13
Yanagisako, S.J., 5