Index

• Abrams, Herbert, 77–85, 98, 152, 177n36
• access to information: asymmetrical, 2, 101, 122; bureaucratic infighting over, 4, 35–36, 38, 53–57, 170n38; democratization of, 4, 11, 40, 88, 141, 153; PHS on, 4, 20, 38–39, 47, 50–51, 87–88, 91; for prevention of hazards, 10–12, 43–45, 52; state regulations on, 40–48, 87, 88, 90, 96–97; in workers’ compensation cases, 19, 46–55, 87, 167n18. See also right to know; transparency
• ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists), 67–68, 76, 86–87, 93, 111, 121, 146, 180n2, 182n14
• AFL-CIO (American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations), 54, 74, 115, 118, 146
• African American workers. See workers of color
• Agriculture Department (USDA), 68–70, 103, 120
• Ahern, Larry, 123–24
• Albrecht, C. Earl, 91
• Aldrich, Mark, 22
• AMA (American Medical Association), 16–17, 49, 64, 71–75, 77–78, 83, 98
• American Chemical Society, 18, 32, 44, 60–61
• American Public Health Association, 49, 78, 146
• Andrews, John, 17, 18, 158n18
• Apfelbach, George, 10
• arsenic, 4, 8, 13, 16–17, 41, 60, 68, 120
• asbestos: carcinogenicity of, 108, 114–19, 189n20, 188n14, 189–90n23; ignorance of hazards, 2, 118; OCAW request for investigation of, 133; OSHA standard for, 5, 115–19; product liability lawsuits by victims of, 149; pulmonary function tests and, 135; warning labels for, 115–18
• asbestosis, 46, 115, 116, 118, 149
• Ashford, Nicholas, 102

• Baier, E. J., 92–94
• Baker, Harvey, 81
• Baliff, Jack, 115
• Baskerville, Charles, 61
• Bates, Josephine, 20
• benzene, 16, 25–26, 32, 41, 45, 52, 61, 66, 93, 121
• Berman, Daniel, 125, 136–37, 139–42, 149, 152
• Beyer, Clara, 58
• Bhopal disaster (1984), 149–50, 199n4
• Bingham, Eula, 145, 146, 148, 151, 152
• Bingham, Hiram, 61
• Black, John, 46–47
• black lung disease. See pneumoconiosis
• Bliss, W. L., 12
• Bloomfield, J. J., 51, 87
• Bohme, Susanna, 60
• Bowditch, Manfred, 87
• Boyle, Thomas, 102
• Bremner, Robert, 38
• Brennan, Marlin, 91
• Brodeur, Paul, 132–33, 149
• Brown, George, 74
• Buchanan, Louis, 123
• Buff, I. E., 139, 142
• Burdge, Dudley, 145
• Burke, Frank, 86, 92, 105
• Burke, Walter, 103
• Burke, William, 41
• Burnham, David, 133, 194n17
• Burnham, Grace, 31
• Button, Art, 138

• CACOSH (Chicago Area Committee on Occupational Safety and Health), 138–39, 141, 143, 145
• Campbell, R. W., 29
• cancer and carcinogens: bladder cancer, 83, 108; coke oven emissions as, 92, 95, 96, 123; education on, 109–10; exhibit at ICWU convention, 84; identification of, 2, 63–65, 108, 173n11; leukemia, 121; lung cancer, 1, 63–64, 95, 115, 122, 133; OSHA standards for, 5, 119–21, 133–34, 190n24; right to know and, 108–10, 133–34, 148; warning labels for, 63–65, 115–19. See also specific substances
• capitalism, 3, 18, 22, 28–29, 60, 156n5, 158n21
• Carnegie, Henry, 13
• Carson, Rachel: Silent Spring, 89, 99, 181n6
• Chandler, W. L., 59
• Chaney, Lucian, 28
• Chapman, Willie, 123
• Chavez, Cesar, 99–100
• chemical industry, 12–13, 18, 23, 26, 31, 41, 43–44, 59–62, 65
• Chesley, A. J., 50
• Chess, Caron, 150
• Clark, Marion, 23
• class-bridging process, 5, 77, 127, 150, 193n4
• coal mining, 31, 36, 39, 90–95, 126, 134, 137, 139
• Cohen, Jerry, 99–101, 104
• Commoner, Barry, 88
• confidentiality, 48, 50–51, 88, 168n24. See also trade secrets
• Conley, Bernard, 71, 77
• Conner, John, 70
• Cope, George, 102
• Cornely, Paul, 110
• COSH (coalitions on occupational safety and health), 125–27, 134–48, 150–52
• COVID-19 pandemic, 2, 155n3
• Craig, Jeff, 95
• Cumming, Hugh, 49–50
• Curtis, Thomas, 74

• Daniel, Pete, 69
• Darlington, Thomas, 21
• Daum, Susan, 129–30, 142
• Davidson, Ray, 130–31
• Davis, Michael, 21–22
• Davis, Morris, 136
• DeBlois, L. A., 28, 33
• discrimination. See nativism; racism
• DLS (Division of Labor Standards), 49, 52–58, 171n41
• DoL (Labor Department), 35–36, 38–40, 57, 102–3, 105, 128
• Doyle, Henry, 82
• Dublin, Louis, 41–42
• DVTC (Delaware Valley Toxics Coalition), 150, 151

• Eastman, Crystal, 28
• Eckardt, Robert, 109
• education and training: on cancer, 109–10; in chemical industry, 18, 41, 44, 62; by company doctors, 37, 42, 46, 56; dust hazard campaign, 52; employer responsibility for, 53, 62, 72, 172n6; English language classes, 22–25, 29, 41; by health stewards, 76; on industrial hygiene, 9, 18, 40–41, 54; by labor unions, 56, 84–85, 129; on lead poisoning, 14, 31; New Directions program, 150–51; OSHA on, 109–10, 113, 119–20, 143; on personal hygiene, 21; on pesticides, 89, 99, 100, 104; PHS endorsement of, 171n41; on prevention of hazards, 55; Read the Label program, 72; of workplace committees, 84
• Egilman, David, 60
• Elkins, Hervey, 67
• engineering controls, 10, 16, 27–29, 37, 53, 55, 93–94, 97, 171n41
• Engler, Rick, 142–43, 152
• environmental movement, 88–89, 126, 129, 131

• Falk, Leslie, 90
• FIFRA (Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1947), 68–69, 78, 103
• Fineman, Herbert, 95
• Finklea, John, 107
• Fishbein, Morris, 54
• Fletcher, Joseph, 110
• Flexner, Jean, 53
• Florio, James, 146
• FOIA (Freedom of Information Act of 1966), 88, 128
• Ford, C. E., 21
• Ford Motor Company, 23–24
• Fowler, Bob, 136
• Frear, Donald, 76–77
• French, Chester, 74
• Fuess, J. T., 73

• Gafafer, W. M., 51
• Gernon, James, 40
• Gibbons, Harold, 136
• Goe, Robert, 79–80
• Gordon, Newell, 44
• Govea, Jessica, 99
• Graff, Wesley, 48–49
• Graham-Rogers, Charles, 12–14
• Granch, A. G., 59
• Gray, Albert, 47–49, 55
• Greenburg, Leonard, 52, 54
• Greene, Peter, 125, 127, 146
• Guenther, George, 116

• Haas, Andrew, 116
• Haines, Walter, 10
• Hamilton, Alice, 4, 8–11, 19–22, 26–28, 32–35, 42, 46, 57, 63, 138, 147, 152
• Hanna, Hugh, 28
• Hannan, Daniel, 94–96, 102–3, 105, 121, 123, 142, 152, 186n35
• Hanson, William, 8, 17
• Hardage, Harold, 130
• Hayes, Wayland, Jr., 72
• Hayhurst, Emery, 9–10, 14–17, 32
• Heagy, Albert, 69–70
• health hazards. See occupational health hazards
• Health Research Group, 114, 117, 119, 125, 133, 144, 146
• Hechler, Kenneth, 139
• Henderson, Charles, 10
• Higgins, Edwin, 37
• Hill, Sanford, 66, 67, 70
• Hitchner, L. S., 72
• Holmes, Howard, 95
• Holt, Bob, 145
• Hotchkiss, Samuel, 36
• Howell, Roger, 90
• Hricko, Andrea, 110, 136
• Hueper, Wilhelm, 63–64, 82, 84, 95, 179n50
• Huerta, Dolores, 100, 104
• human rights, 77–78, 152. See also MCHR
• Hunter, O. Benwood, Jr., 74
• hygiene. See industrial hygiene; personal hygiene

• ICWU (International Chemical Workers Union), 80–84, 102, 123, 144
• ignorance of hazards: in chemical industry, 31, 43; dangers resulting from, 1, 110; friends and enemies of, 2–3; Hamilton on, 33–35; immigrant workers and, 8, 9, 12–13; medical profession and, 16–17, 19; perpetuation of, 2, 33, 36, 37, 99, 133
• Illinois Commission on Occupational Diseases, 8–11, 16, 17, 29, 33
• immigrant workers: advocacy for, 3, 9; agricultural, 72, 98, 120; Americanization of, 21–25, 27, 159–60n29; in chemical industry, 12–13, 23; English language classes for, 22–25, 29, 41; ignorance of hazards, 8, 9, 12–13; illiteracy of, 11, 23, 24, 30, 72, 113, 120; interpreters for, 16, 26, 29; labor unions and, 18, 31; language barrier for, 7, 10, 13, 15, 22, 26, 41, 71–72, 98, 120; mining and, 23, 31; nativism and, 7–8, 15, 33; as service workers, 85; in steel industry, 29–30; turnover rates among, 32–33; victim blaming and, 28, 29
• industrial hygiene: education on, 9, 18, 40–41, 54; investigations into, 17, 86–87, 122; model regulatory code for, 76; preventive medicine in relation to, 78; state programs for, 46–47, 50–56, 101, 168n24; trivialization of, 22, 54
• industrialization, 7, 11, 16, 33, 36. See also specific industries
• information access. See access to information
• Inland Steel Company, 1, 122, 123
• International Brotherhood of Teamsters, 136–39, 195n23
• International Ladies Garment Workers Union, 18, 31, 158n20

• Jennings, Paul, 103
• Johns, Roosevelt, 122
• Johns Manville Corporation, 79–80, 83, 110, 118, 149
• Joint Board of Sanitary Control, 18, 31, 37, 43, 158n20
• Jones, Roy, 49
• Jordan, Frieda, 138

• Kane, Bill, 151
• Karasek, Matthew and Stella, 10
• Kelley, Florence, 33
• Kerr, Lorin, 181n7
• Kohn, Howard, 133
• Kotin, Paul, 110

• labels. See warning labels
• labor unions: decline of, 149; education by, 56, 84–85, 129; immigrant workers and, 18, 31; membership growth, 57, 171n40; occupational health expertise for, 80, 178n43; in OSHA standard-setting process, 130; right to know and, 5, 80, 84–97, 99–103, 122, 127–33, 139–41; strikes, 54, 80, 97–101, 129, 132, 134, 143–45. See also workers; specific unions
• Lanza, Anthony, 37–38
• Latinx workers. See workers of color
• lead poisoning: ignorance of, 4, 9, 12, 19, 35; investigations of, 78–79; personal hygiene and, 22; PHS secrecy on diagnoses of, 39; prevalence of, 8, 9, 157n3; prevention of, 12, 21, 37, 52; reporting requirements, 17, 42; Standard Oil (1924), 44, 167n16; warnings about, 11, 14, 16, 25–26, 31, 40–41, 45
• Legge, Robert, 79, 98
• Lieben, Jan, 91, 182n10
• Lloyd, William, 96
• LOHP (Labor Occupational Health Project), 136
• Lynch, James, 14

• Mackison, Frank, 112
• Maguire, Andrew, 125, 127, 144
• Marco, Richard, 110–11
• Markowitz, Gerald, 35, 53, 57, 114, 176n31
• Mawhinney, W. C., 93
• Mayers, May, 42
• Mazzocchi, Anthony, 103, 117, 127–30, 133, 139, 142–43, 152
• MCA (Manufacturing Chemists’ Association), 4, 61–74, 112–13, 119, 130, 173n7, 173n11, 188n11
• McBride, Andrew, 44
• McCord, C. P., 54, 56
• McGorkey, Mary, 54
• MCHR (Medical Committee for Human Rights), 137–42, 195n24
• Meeker, Royal, 27
• Mellon, Andrew, 39
• mercury, 16–17, 20, 41–42, 120, 128, 135
• Michaels, David, 2, 117
• Milby, Thomas, 104
• mining industry, 23, 31, 36–37, 79–81, 90–91. See also coal mining
• Mitchell, Walter, 82
• Mizrahi, Lee, 101
• Mock, Harry, 19
• Monsanto Chemical Company, 83, 84, 179n48
• Moran, Jim, 145, 146, 197n38
• Morley, Sheldon, 99, 100
• Moses, Marion, 68
• Murphy, Walter, 70–71
• Murray, James, 55
• Murray, Raymond, 75

• NACA (National Agricultural Chemical Association), 69, 71, 72, 77
• Nader, Ralph, 102–3, 125, 127–28, 131–33, 186n34, 194n14, 194n18
• Nale, Thomas, 67–68
• National Cancer Institute, 64, 82, 84, 109
• National Safety Council, 20, 26–30, 39
• nativism, 7–8, 15, 33
• Nelson, Harry, 52
• Neumann, Charles, 117–18
• Newman, Bernard, 27
• Newton, Byron, 38
• New York Division of Industrial Hygiene, 14, 31, 40–44, 47, 52, 61
• New York State Factory Investigating Commission, 11–14, 18, 61
• NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health), 105–6, 108–13, 115, 120–22, 143, 149

• O’Brien, Mary-Win, 131–32
• OCAW (Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers Union), 91, 103, 109, 117, 119, 127–33, 142, 186n35
• occupational health hazards: confidentiality of study results, 48, 50–51; industrialization and, 7, 11, 16, 33, 36; investigations of, 4, 8–18, 23, 25, 38–39, 47–54, 78–79, 86–96; NIOSH evaluation of, 105, 109–11; prevention of, 10–12, 19–26, 29, 31, 36–38, 43–45, 52, 55, 94, 164n4; reporting requirements, 16–17, 42; self-regulatory regimes, 59, 65, 110; transparency and, 7, 14, 34, 40, 53, 106–8; vernacular terminology used for, 32; victim blaming and, 22, 28–29, 37–38, 56, 72, 109. See also access to information; engineering controls; ignorance of hazards; right to know; warnings about hazards; specific industries, substances, and conditions
• Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 5, 104–5, 107, 127, 128
• Osborn, Stanley, 47, 49
• OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration): asbestos standard, 5, 115–19; business community's antagonism toward, 190n23; on carcinogens, 5, 119–21, 133–34, 190n24; citations issued by, 105, 109, 128; coke oven emissions standard, 1, 5, 121–23; criticisms of, 134, 135, 140, 141; education and, 109–10, 113, 119–20, 143; functions of, 104–5, 132; Hazard Communication Standard, 5, 114, 144, 148, 152; pesticide standard, 120; right to know and, 109–10, 113, 119–23, 125, 144; Standards Completion Program, 111; trade secret protection by, 186n38; union involvement in standard-setting process, 130; warning labels and, 113–15, 118, 119
• Overlock, M. G., 26

• Page, Joseph A., 131–32
• Parran, Thomas, 54, 62
• Patterson, Francis, 45
• Pawel, Miriam, 99–100
• Peirce, Paul, 16
• Perkel, George, 118
• Perkins, Elna, 56
• Perkins, Frances, 49, 52, 55, 168n25
• personal hygiene, 15, 21–22, 36–37, 144
• pesticides, 60, 68–72, 76–78, 88, 98–101, 103–4, 120, 184n26
• PhilaPOSH (Philadelphia Area Project on Occupational Safety and Health), 110, 125, 142–46, 150, 151
• Phillips, Bruce, 117
• PHS (Public Health Service): on access to information, 4, 20, 38–39, 47, 50–51, 87–88, 91; ACGIH and role of, 180n2; Chemical Products Agreements Committee, 61–62, 65; Chemical Products Labeling Committee, 65; on confidential reporting practices, 168n24; corporatism and, 47, 168n21; on education of workers, 171n41; on industrial hygiene, 35, 56; investigations by, 38–39, 47–51, 81–82, 90–91; on nonoccupational health problems, 55–56; on prevention of hazards, 36–38; proposal for expanded powers, 101–2; relationship with DoL, 35–36, 38–40; scientific research by, 35, 38–39, 82, 165n6; Social Security Act and, 49–50
• Plasterer, James, 93, 94
• pneumoconiosis: activism and, 134, 137, 139; diagnostic findings, 79, 83, 91, 95, 181n7; ignorance of hazards, 36, 37; prevalence study of, 90; preventive measures, 31; workers’ compensation and, 122
• pollution, 82, 93, 95, 129–31, 150, 179n47
• Posada, Jose Guadalupe, 100, 185n28
• Powell, Charles, 112
• Pratt, Edward, 12, 14
• Price, George, 12–14, 18, 21, 37
• privacy. See confidentiality
• Proctor, Robert, 2
• Pughsley, Eugene, 1, 122–23, 191n29
• Pundsack, Fred, 118

• racism, 7–8, 33, 103
• Randall, Willard, 133–34
• right to know: ACGIH endorsement of, 76; AMA ethical code on, 83; carcinogens and, 108–10, 133–34, 148; COVID-19 pandemic and, 155n3; environmental movement and, 88–89; hazard data and, 38–39, 47–54, 79, 86–96, 116, 122–23, 131, 141, 151; labor unions and, 5, 80, 84–97, 99–103, 122, 127–33, 139–41; legislation on, 5, 88, 96–97, 105, 107, 148, 150–52; medical exams/records and, 1, 19–21, 39, 78–79, 97, 103, 115–19, 122–23, 131, 141, 151, 165n7; origins and expansion of, 14, 16, 40, 43, 59, 88; OSHA regulations and, 109–10, 113, 119–23, 125, 144; pesticide use and, 99–101, 104; warning labels and, 74, 75, 78, 98–99. See also access to information
• right-to-know movement, 125–53; alt-labor groups in, 126, 147, 191–92n1; blended strategy of, 127, 193n5; class-bridging process in, 5, 127, 150, 193n4; COSH groups and, 125–27, 134–48, 150–52; emergence of, 4, 5, 125–27, 192–93nn2–3; Hamilton and, 4, 8, 9, 147, 152; infrastructure of, 150–51; legal assistance in, 141, 196n30; mobilizing support for, 130–34, 138; OCAW and, 127–33, 142; political and economic environment for, 149; tactical repertoire of, 151–52; unfinished business of, 153
• Roberts, Floyd, 71
• Roberts, Norbert, 117
• Roberts, Peter, 24, 29, 160n32
• Robinson, Wayne, 122
• Rodrigues, John, 80
• Rollins, Robert, 98–99
• Roos, Lester, 41
• Roosevelt, Franklin, 49.54, 55
• Root, E. K., 46–47
• Rosenau, Milton, 78
• Rosencrantz, Esther, 79
• Rosner, David, 35, 53, 57, 114, 176n31
• Rostand, Jean, 89
• Rudman, Frank, 92, 94

• Safety First movement, 23, 24, 29, 31
• Samuels, Sheldon, 118
• Schereschewsky, Joseph, 20, 27, 37
• Schudson, Thomas, 88
• Scott, Rachel, 132
• Scott, William, 95
• Selby, C. D., 20–21, 39
• Selikoff, Irving, 101
• Sellers, Christopher, 38
• Sellers, Gary, 131, 136
• Sexton, Richard, 75–76
• Shafer, Raymond, 97
• Shaffer, C. Boyd, 112, 113
• Shapp, Milton, 97
• Sheehan, John, 102, 140
• Shortell, Will, 141
• Sido, G. Robert, 112
• silicosis, 13, 15, 32, 36–37, 41, 48, 52–53, 79, 95
• Silkwood, Karen, 133
• Silverman, Harriet, 31
• Simons, Herbert, 110
• Smith, Charles, 77
• Smith, Edward, 89
• Smith, Gordon, 90
• Smith, James, 122
• Social Security Act of 1935, 36, 49–50, 103, 168n26
• Solomon, Stephen, 133–34
• Stagner, Jack, 130
• Standard Oil tetraethyl lead disaster (1924), 44, 167n16
• steel industry, 1, 5, 10–11, 29–30, 37, 91–97, 102, 121–23. See also US Steel
• Stella, Antonio, 13
• Stellman, Jeanne, 129–30, 136, 142
• Sterner, J. H., 73
• Swetonic, Matthew, 118

• Tarrow, Sidney, 126
• Tetrick, Lain, 117
• Textile Workers Union, 115, 116, 118, 132
• Thompson, Frank, 24
• Thompson, R. L., 47
• Thompson, W. Gilman, 18, 29, 60–61
• Tompkins, Bobby, 122
• trade secrets, 67–68, 88, 91–92, 99, 101, 104, 110, 138, 184n26, 186n38
• training. See education and training
• transparency: advocacy for, 3–5, 53, 58, 77, 87–88, 147–52; managerial, 76, 176n31; occupational health hazards and, 7, 14, 34, 40, 53, 106–8; in public policy, 76, 88, 102; resistance to, 42, 46, 48, 57; trade secrets as barrier to, 88. See also access to information; right to know
• Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire (1911), 11
• Triggs, Matt, 103–4
• Tyler, D. A., 93

• UAW (United Auto Workers), 87, 102, 131, 138, 143–45, 151
• Uehlein, Julius, 96–97
• UFWOC (United Farm Workers Organizing Committee), 5, 97–101, 104, 127, 184n26
• UMW (United Mine Workers), 89–91, 181n7
• unions. See labor unions
• UPA (Urban Planning Aid), 134–36, 139, 142
• URW (United Rubber Workers), 132, 144, 145
• US Steel, 10, 11, 28–30, 90, 92–94, 97, 103, 123
• USW (United Steelworkers), 5, 86, 92–97, 102–3, 108, 121–23, 127, 142, 190–91n27

• van den Bosch, Robert, 100
• Van Duuren, Benjamin, 109–10
• Vela, Marcos, 149
• Vogt, John, 12–14

• Wagoner, Joseph, 108
• Walker, Nicholas, 74
• Wallick, Franklin, 131, 136, 140
• Walworth, Herbert, 87
• warning labels: ACGIH on, 111; advocacy for, 83; for carcinogens, 63–65, 115–19; expansion of scope, 62–63, 68; legislation on, 60, 65–66, 75, 152, 172n2; OSHA and, 113–15, 118, 119; for pesticides, 68–72, 78, 98–99, 103–4, 120; privatization of, 4–5, 59, 61, 65, 75; Read the Label program, 72; symbols on, 61, 71–72, 74, 75, 113; trade secrets and, 67, 68; uniformity of, 66–74
• warnings about hazards: by company doctors, 19; duty to warn and, 60, 61; employer responsibility for, 11; limitations of, 11, 26, 27, 30–31, 45; multilanguage, 9–11, 14, 16, 23–27, 29, 40–41, 45, 98, 120–21, 161n35; NIOSH on, 112–13, 115, 120–21; oral messages, 22, 24, 46, 120; pictorial, 26, 30, 113, 188n11; placement of, 5, 8, 116; in safety rule books, 26, 29. See also warning labels
• Washburn, Elliott, 8
• Watkins, James, 37
• Watson, C. H., 20
• Watson, Lani, 6
• Watson, Warren, 62
• Weaver, Isaac, 115–16, 119
• Wegman, David, 110
• West, Irma, 87, 98, 99, 152
• White, Joseph, 37–38
• Whorton, Donald, 136, 138, 139, 142
• Williams, Haven, 92
• Williams, Lionel, 139
• Wilson, Nolie, 123
• Windfelder, John, 145
• Winslow, C.-E. A., 18
• Wodka, Steven, 128, 133
• Wolfe, Sidney, 117, 125, 127
• Woll, Matthew, 54
• workers: agricultural, 72, 97–101, 103, 120, 186n36; alt-labor groups, 126, 147, 191–92n1; carelessness of, 22, 23, 28, 29, 37, 43, 109; participation in hazard-control programs, 80–81, 86, 87; personal hygiene of, 15, 21–22, 36–37, 144; self-help and, 5, 128–29, 132, 136–37, 143, 151; social rights and protections for, 103, 126, 186n36; turnover rates among, 32–33; women, 17, 32, 133, 135, 136. See also access to information; education and training; immigrant workers; labor unions; occupational health hazards; right to know; workers of color
• Workers’ Bill of Rights, 131, 136
• workers’ compensation cases: access to information in, 19, 46–55, 87, 167n18; agricultural workers and, 103; labor union advocacy and, 31; legislation on, 22, 24, 44–46; mining and, 31, 79–80, 90–91; in steel industry, 97, 122, 123
• Workers’ Health Bureau, 31, 61, 127
• workers of color: activism of, 123; advocacy for, 3; agricultural, 101, 103, 186n36; coke oven emissions and, 1, 92, 95, 96; COVID-19pandemic and, 2; mining and, 79, 81; racism and, 7–8, 33, 103; as service workers, 85; turnover rates among, 32–33; victim blaming and, 28

• Yaffe, Charles, 88
• Young, Arthur, 28
• Young, Quentin, 138
• Young, Robert, 29

• Zemprelli, Edward, 94
• Zimmer, Verne, 49, 53, 55