INDEX

Note: Paul Nitze is simply “Nitze” in subheadings. Italicized page numbers refer to photographs.

“ABM Treaty and the SDI Program” (NSDD-192, 1985), 222
ABM Treaty (Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 1972): congressional approval of, 160, 161, 165–66; drafting of, 157–59; interim agreement, 146; interpretations, 222; signing of, 159–60; Soviet violation, 216; START and, 226–27, 241–42. See also NST (Nuclear and Space Arms Talks)
ABMs. See missile defense systems
Absolute Weapon (Brodie), 108
academia: Cold War studies, 257; Nitze’s views of, 15, 17, 19, 27, 88–89; strategic studies, 92
ACDA (Arms Control and Disarmament Agency), 105, 118, 141, 208
Acheson, Dean: Nitze, association with, 51, 56, 60, 81, 91, 147; strategic policy, 65–66, 90
Acheson-Lilienthal Report (1946), 214, 218, 226
Adenauer, Konrad, 117
Advisory Commission to the Council of National Defense, 29
Afghanistan: Soviet invasion, 14, 171–72, 189, 190; US war on terror, 259, 260–61
Africa, 75, 101, 105, 109
aircraft. See bomber aircraft; U-2 spy plane
Air Force Advisory Board, 99–100
air power: national security impacts, 32–33, 34–36, 55, 93; as strategic revolution, 45; in WWII, 41, 42–43, 47
Akhromeyev, Sergei, 221, 227–28, 230, 235–36, 241
Allison, Royal, 154, 162
Alsop, Joseph, 89–91
Alsop, Stewart, 99
anti-ballistic missile (ABM) launchers. See missile defense systems
“Apes on a Treadmill” (Warncke article), 175
aquarator venture, 24
arms control: bargaining without sacrificing, 133, 142–43; congressional approval, 160, 161, 165–66; leverage, 140, 148, 180, 220; moratorium on testing, 117, 150, 151, 154; nuclear crises and, 116–17, 123–25; political will for, 153, 213, 234; qualitative vs. quantitative, 150–51. See also specific arms talks and treaties
arms race: evolution of, 93; missile gap, 100, 101; nuclear freeze, 192, 194, 201–2, 211; US inferiority, 116–17, 162, 204
Arnold, Henry (Hap), 38, 41
Asia, US nuclear policy toward, 131–32. See also specific countries
Aspen Corporation, 7–8, 188, 239
assured destruction, 132–33. See also MAD (mutual assured destruction)
“Assuring Strategic Stability in an Era of Détente” (Nitze article, 1976), 172–74, 175, 183–84, 190, 233
Atlas missiles, 100
atomic bomb, use in Japan, 41–42, 43–44, 45. See also nuclear weapons
Atomic Energy Act (1946), 103
Atomic Energy Commission, UN, 58, 214, 218, 226

Bacon, William, 21, 22
Baker, James, 5–6, 238, 240, 242, 248
Ball, George, 122, 178
Barnes, C. Tracy, 109
Baruch Plan (1946), 214, 218, 226
“Basic Strategic Judgments” (Nitze report), 105
“Basic War Aims.” See NSC-79 (unfinished)
“Basis for Substantive Negotiations” (memorandum, 1962), 124–25
Bay of Pigs invasion (1961), 108–10
Berlin Crisis (1961): development and resolution, 110–16; impacts on security policy, 116–19; lessons from, 104–5, 125–26
Berlin Task Force, 114, 115, 121
Berlin Wall, 114, 115, 116, 243
Bessmertnykh, Alexander, 226–27
Big Four summit (Geneva, 1955), 93
Bissell, Richard, 92, 109
Black Tom explosion (1916), 28, 29, 79
Blessing, Lee (“Walk in the Woods” play), 250–51
Bohlen, Charles (Chip), 20, 79, 93–94
bomber aircraft: B-1s, 177, 178, 180; B-2s, 255; B-52s, 100, 137, 180, 246; Backfires, 183, 231
Boverie, Richard, 203
Brezhnev, Leonid: policies, 190, 204, 243; US and, 166, 197, 199
“Brilliant Pebbles” program, 249
Brodie, Bernard, 92, 108
Brown, Harold, 154, 174–75, 180, 187
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 174, 178, 181–83, 185
Buckley, William F. (Firing Line), 184, 193–95, 225, 253
budget. See defense spending
Bulganin, Nikolai, 94
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 247, 253–54
Bullitt, William, 200
Bundy, McGeorge (Mac), 106–9, 119, 156, 185, 201, 204
Bureau of Economic Warfare, 37–38
Burke, Arleigh, 95, 110
Bush, George H.W. administration, 5, 177, 237, 238–41, 244–49
Bush, George W., administration, 3, 259–61, 263–64

Cahill, John T., 29
Carlucci, Frank, 231–32, 234, 236
Carnegie Endowment for Peace, 96, 101
Carnegie Foundation, 84
Carter, Jimmy, 171, 174–77, 180–81, 189, 285n6
Carter administration: Afghanistan, 189–90; arms control policies, 171, 176–80; Nitze’s role in, 178–79, 180; policy planning, 174–77; Presidential Directive-58, 13; SALT II, 176, 180–83, 189; strategic stability and, 172–77, 178–79; Team B exercise, 177–78
Casey, William, 148, 193, 204
Castro, Fidel, 108–10, 123, 125
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 72, 92, 144, 167, 193–94
CFR. See Council on Foreign Relations; Senate: Committee on Foreign Relations
Chace, James, 253
“Chance for Peace” (Eisenhower speech), 79
Cheney, Richard, 174, 258
Chernenko, Konstantin, 213–14
Chiang Kai-shek, 54, 242
Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, 185–86
Chicago, Illinois, 16, 17, 22
China (People’s Republic of China): civil war, 54, 57; offshore island crisis, 101; Soviet Union and, 94–95; threat from, 73, 86, 136, 247; US and, 131–32, 147
Chomsky, Noam, 143, 144
Church, Frank, 167, 187
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 72, 92, 144, 167, 193–94
civil defense network, US, 77
classified information, Nitze’s access to, 91–93, 171, 181–82, 185, 194
Clayton, Will, 35, 50, 51–52
Clifford, Clark, 106, 137, 139, 140, 142–43, 253
climate change, 6, 239, 255–56, 258–59
Clinton administration, 248, 252, 256, 257–58, 259
Cold War: in Asia, 134, 138; bipolar era, 82–83, 108; chess metaphor, 95; free world coalition, 87–88; geopolitics and ideology, 67, 199; objectives, Nitze’s, 11, 13, 14, 80; objectives, Soviet, 66–67, 86, 94–95; objectives, US, 72, 74, 193–94; reflections on, 253–55; SALT as venue for, 152; winning the, 90–91, 108, 191; winning without war, 62, 70
Cold War, end of: arms negotiation, 241–42, 243–44; political order, 5, 244–49
command and control (C2), 182, 187–88, 195–97
Committee on the Present Danger (CPD), 177–78, 180–82, 188–89
Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy (CMPDP), 147–48
Communist Manifesto (Marx), 267
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), 256
Conant, James, 68, 178
Congress, US. See specific committee names
congressional testimonies, Nitze’s, 24–25, 27, 139, 160
“Considerations Involved in a Separable First Stage Disarmament Agreement” (long paper, 1963), 132
Constitution, US, 2, 64
Container Corporation of America, 20
containment policy, 74, 86, 105
contingency plans: Berlin, 111–12; Cuba, 119, 123–25; in general, 128; MIRVs and, 156–57
contracting and consulting work, Nitze’s, 81, 85, 91–93, 96–97, 103
conventional forces: in Cold War, 80, 255; as deterrent, 104, 113, 131, 195; Europe, defense of, 57, 73, 110, 116–17, 241; force structures, 76, 101, 194; massive retaliation, 86; in Persian Gulf War, 245, 254; post-Cold War, 254–55; smart weapons, 6, 238–39; Soviet Union, 97, 201; strategic conventional weapons, 254
Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty, 241
Council on Foreign Relations, 85–86, 97, 101, 164
counterforce strike: damage limitation and, 115, 133; defense against, 140; first strike vs., 131; minimal deterrent, 247; MIRVs, 149, 156–57; Nitze Scenario, 172, 183; strategic vulnerability, 13, 187. See also first-strike capability
Crowley, Leo, 38
Cuba, 108–10, 204
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962): events of, 119–23; impacts of, 14, 121, 129, 136; lessons from, 11–12, 104–5, 160, 189; nuclear strategy after, 130–33, 146; resolution of, 123–26
Czechoslovakia, Soviet invasion of (1968), 142–43

Dam, Kenneth, 209, 213
de Gaulle, Charles, 113, 136
Deadly Gambits (Talbott), 210
Declaration of Independence, 2, 64
Decline of the West (Spengler), 26, 27, 58–59, 230
Defense Department (DOD): Berlin Task Force, 114, 115, 121; Office of International Security Affairs (ISA), 79–80, 106–8, 152, 165
defense spending: arms race and, 194, 200, 207; congressional approval, 160, 189; containment policy, 74, 86; Gramm-Rudman, 224–25; Korean War and, 72–73; leverage for negotiations, 201, 225; massive retaliation, 86, 91; NSC-68 and, 70, 71, 79–80; SALT and, 166, 184–85; taxes and, 79–80, 86, 111, 173, 225
democracy, 2, 3, 30–31, 53, 91, 267
Democratic Advisory Council, 167–68
Democratic Party, 80, 87–88, 91, 167, 174, 189
Democrats’ Advisory Committee on Foreign and Defense Policy, 97
Department of Defense. See Defense Department (DOD)
Department of State. See State Department (DOS)
Department of Treasury, 105
détente: instability in era of, 184–85; perception of, 113; Soviet attitude toward, 94, 163, 172
“Deterrence and Survival in the Nuclear Age” (Gaither Report, 1957), 98–101
deterrence policy: conventional weapons, 104, 113, 131, 195; massive retaliation and, 86; NATO and US policy, 112–13, 114–15; in nuclear era, 195–96, 247, 254–55; nuclear weapons, 57–60, 116; in peacetime, 68; retaliatory capability, 129, 130–31; strength as deterrent, 11–12, 90–91, 116–19, 190, 195; tension between opposites, 9, 113
Dillon, C. Douglas, 102
Dillon, Clarence, 15, 21, 22–24, 31
Dillon, Read and Co., 22–26, 27–29
diplomacy, 14, 34, 43, 50
Dobrynin, Anatoly: arms negotiations, 199–200, 221; Kissinger back-channel, 153, 157, 160, 166–67; nuclear crises, 115, 123
D’Olier, Franklin, 39, 43
domestic politics: elections, 209, 214, 267–68; geopolitical impacts of, 166–67; impacts on democracy, 267; NSC-68 and, 66; Soviet vs. US, 150, 201–2; treaty negotiations and, 159–60, 161, 164, 169, 229–31
Draft Act (Selective Service Act, 1940), 29, 35
Draper, William, 25, 29, 35
DST (Defense and Space Talks), 220–21, 232, 236
Dual Track decision (NATO), 190, 197, 211
Dulles, Allen, 92
Dulles, John Foster: career, 77–80, 92; massive retaliation policy, 85–86, 87; Nitze, views of, 81, 99–100, 103

early warning systems, 77, 93, 99
Economic Consequences of the Peace (Keynes), 74
Economic Cooperation Administration, 53
Economic Defense Board (Bureau of Economic Warfare), 37–38
economic policy, US, 51–53, 55–56. See also defense spending
“Effect of New Weapons Systems on Our Alliances” (Nitze speech), 97
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 78–79, 91, 99–100, 102
Eisenhower administration: Gaither Committee, 98–101; New Look, 85–86, 89, 100; Nitze’s role in, 81, 85–88, 91–93, 95–96; policies, 80, 111; transition period, 76–79; Vietnam, 89
elections. See domestic politics; specific presidential administrations
Endgame (Talbott), 210
Enewetak Atoll, 76
Estonia, 157
Europe: conventional defense of, 57, 73, 110, 116–17, 241; economic restoration of, 6, 52, 56; independent nuclear arsenals, 113, 223–24; INF deployment, 201–2; US commitment to, 59–60, 73–74, 109, 113, 211. See also NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Europe, Eastern. See Warsaw Pact
ExComm (Executive Committee of the National Security Council), 104, 119–25, 124, 142, 181
Experts Group (INF and START negotiations), 227–29, 228, 230, 235, 237, 248–49
extended deterrence, 11–12. See also NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

Fair Deal policy, 54
false alarms, MIRVs and, 156
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 29
Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, West Germany), 112–13, 208
Finland, 94
Finletter, Thomas, 85
Firing Line (television program), 184–85, 193–95, 225, 253
first-strike capability: counterforce vs., 131; MIRVs and, 155, 223; opposition to, 201; preemptive strike vs., 195; SALT and, 176, 225–26; Soviet Union, 146–47, 161, 168, 190; stability and, 12, 173–74, 184; survivability, 163, 183. See also “Nitze Scenario”; nuclear policy, US; preemptive strike
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 3
Ford administration, 166, 174
Foreign Affairs (magazine), 172–74, 175, 183–84, 190, 201
Foreign Affairs Research Center at SAIS, 106
Foreign Economic Administration, 38
foreign policy discussion group (New York City), 85
Foreign Policy Institute (FPI), 92. See also SAIS (School of Advanced International Studies)
Foreign Policy (magazine), 97, 175
Foreign Service Educational Foundation, 84
Forrestal, James: career, 28, 33–35, 52; death, 55; N and, 21, 23, 25, 29
Foster, William, 105
FPR (Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research), 96–97
“Framework of Theory Useful to the Practice of Politics” (Nitze paper), 88
France, 21, 113, 136, 223–24
freedom of action, US, 12, 261
freeze, nuclear, 192, 211. See also nuclear policy, US
From Hiroshima to Glasnost (Nitze book), 230, 231–32, 240, 249–53
Fulbright, William, 101, 109

Gaither Report (“Deterrence and Survival in the Nuclear Age,” 1957), 98–101
Gaither, Rowan, 98
Galosh (Soviet missile defense system), 130, 151, 157, 158
Garrison Rail Mobile, 231, 246
Gates, Thomas, 105–6
General Theory (Keynes), 26, 92
Geneva Summit (1985), 221–22, 223–25
Geneva talks: aims, evolution of, 216; central concept, 215, 225–26; DST, 218, 220–21, 232, 236; resumption of, 213–14, 217–18; strategic concept, 215–16, 221
Germany, 17, 21, 26–27, 32, 39–41
Germany, West (FRG, Federal Republic of Germany), 112–13, 208
Gilpatrick, Roswell (Ros), 18, 106, 128, 133
Glassboro, New Jersey, summit, 136
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 8
Goldwater, Barry, 165
Goodpaster, Andrew, 102–3
Gorbachev, Mikhail: impressions of, 217, 223, 224; INF treaty rejection, 229; Nitze’s views of, 212, 225, 241, 242–43; perestroika and glasnost, 13, 240
Gore, Al, 258–59
government contractor work, Nitze’s, 81, 85, 91–93, 96–97, 103
Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Balanced Budget Act (1985), 224–25
grand package. See strategic concept (Nitze Criteria)
Great Depression, 15, 22–24
Gromyko, Andrei, 198, 221
Groton School, 1953 speech, 9, 40, 82–83
Gulf War (1990–91), 244–49

Haig, Alexander, 159, 196, 197, 198, 200
Halberstam, David, 135
Hammarskjöld, Dag, 50, 71
Harmel Report (1967), 137
Harriman, Averell, 167
Harvard University, 19–20, 27
heavy bombers, 100, 227
heavy missiles. See SS-18 “Satan” missiles (Soviet Union)
Helms, Richard, 144
Helsinki. See names of specific arms limitation talks
hemispheric defense, 33, 34–35, 36
Henderson, Loy, 50
Heraclitus (philosopher), 8–9, 82, 250
Herter, Christian, 81, 83–84, 100, 101, 105–6
High Frontier (lobby group), 214–15, 220
Hilken, Henry (grandfather), 19
Hilken, Paul (uncle), 28, 29, 79
Hiroshima. See Japan
“History and Our Democratic Tradition in the Formulation of the United States Foreign Policy” (Nitze speech), 87–88
history of strategic arms competition (ONA paper), 10
Hitler, Adolph, 26, 37
Hoover, Herbert, 30
Hotchkiss School (Connecticut), 18–19
House of Representatives, US: Pike Committee, 166–67; Un-American Activities Committee, 54
Humphrey, Hubert, 105
Hussein, Saddam, 244–45, 259
hydrogen bomb, 56–62, 65, 71, 76. See also nuclear weapons

ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles): arms race, 93; arms talks, 141, 153, 183, 239, 243, 246; basing of, 239; budget issues, 164, 194, 234; MIRV issue, 207, 223; Soviet capabilities, 99, 100, 146, 150, 172; survivability, 239. See also throw weight
ideological struggles, Nitze’s caution about, 67, 261
“ ‘Impossible’ Job of Secretary of State” (Nitze article), 97
India, 123
INF (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces) Treaty (1987), 5, 206, 230
INF talks: criteria for limits, 199, 235; European independent forces, 200–201; leadership of, 198, 200, 202, 208–9; no first-use, 200–201; suspension of, 207–11; throw weight reductions, 199–200; zero option, 198–99, 203, 206. See also Experts Group (INF and START negotiations); strategic concept (Nitze Criteria)
Institute for Strategic Studies (UK), 116
intelligence community, 151, 166–67
intelligence estimates, 72, 118–19, 142, 151–52
interagency working group on defense policy, Nitze’s, 118–19
intercontinental ballistic missiles. See ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles)
Interim Agreement. See SALT I (Interim Agreement, 1972)
interim INF (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force) Treaty, 5, 206. See also INF talks
Iran, 75–76, 242–43
Iran-Contra scandal, 212, 229–30
IRBMs (intermediate-range ballistic missiles): arms talks, 5, 157, 192, 199, 204, 209; budget issues, 179; in Europe, 190, 206
ISA (Defense Department, Office of International Security Affairs), 79–80, 106–8, 152, 165

Jackson, Henry (Scoop), 148, 160–62, 169, 174, 182–83
Japan, 11, 32, 41–46, 198
Javitz, Jacob, 187
Jervis, Robert, 12, 131, 168, 190
Johns Hopkins University. See SAIS (School of Advanced International Studies)
Johnson, Lyndon B. (LBJ), 128, 137, 139
Johnson administration: “Daisy Ad,” 165; Nitze’s role in, 127–29, 130, 134, 137, 143–44; policy priorities, 133; San Antonio formula, 138; Vietnam task force, 135, 136
Johnson, Alexis, 120, 125, 164
Johnson, Louis, 55–56, 66, 69
Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS): on arms control, 151–52, 205, 232, 234–36; budget, 71; on force requirements, 132–33
Joint Strategic Bomber Study (Team B exercise), 177–78
Joint Strategic Target Selection Board, 41
Jupiter missiles, 121–23, 125, 202

Kampelman, Max, 218, 227, 234
Keating, Frank, 119
Kennan, George: career, 54–56, 60, 65, 70; Nitze, shared stance, 14; retirement, 62; Vietnam opposition, 135
Kennedy, John F. (JFK), 102, 105, 110–11, 123, 128
Kennedy administration: Berlin Crisis response, 116–19; cabinet selection, 106; CMC response, 119–23, 124; Nitze’s role in, 105–6, 125
Kennedy, Paul (Rise and Fall of the Great Powers), 230
Kennedy, Robert F., 104, 119, 120, 123, 139
Keynes, John Maynard, 26, 74, 92
Khrushchev, Nikita: 1961 Vienna Summit, 110–11; domestic politics, 94–95, 136; letter to JFK, 123; US, confrontations with, 110, 116
Kido, 43, 44
Kissinger, Henry A.: career, 149–50; Dobrynin back-channel, 153, 157, 160, 166–67; Nitze, rivalry with, 97–98, 164, 168, 185
Knox, Frank, 33, 37
Knudsen, William S., 38
Korea, North, 137–38
Korean War (1950–1953), 64, 72–73, 79, 85–86
Kosygin, Alexei, 136, 142–43
Kunsberg, Philip, 222
Kvitsinsky, Yuli, 192, 198, 199, 202–5

Laird, Melvin, 148, 162
Landon, Truman, 69
Landsdale, Edward, 109
Larocque, Eugene, 184
Lawrence, Ernest, 68
LeMay, Curtis, 108, 122
Lenin, Vladimir, 86
Leningrad, Russia, 94–95
lessons learned: on clear statement of threats, 100; from CMC and Berlin Crisis, 125–26, 127–28, 144, 160; from Korean War, 85–86; on preparedness, 12–13; from SALT I, 210; from WWII, 41, 45–48
levers of influence, Nitze and: early interest in, 15, 17, 19; ideas about, 31, 32, 89; proximity to power, 81–82, 100–101, 103, 106
Lilienthal-Acheson Report (1946), 214, 218, 226
Lilienthal, David, 58
Limited Test Ban Treaty (1963), 141, 155
limited war, 74, 108, 115, 116, 250
Linhard, Robert, 227, 231
linkage, 153, 209–10, 240
Lippmann, Walter, 122
logic-driven rationality, Nitze and: logic chains, 3, 29–30, 44, 90, 202; policy making, 59, 130, 219–20; problem-solving and, 50–51, 52, 73, 222; USSBS reports, 42, 43–44, 47; writing style, 97–98. See also Nitze, Paul, character traits
“Long Telegram” (Kennan), 55, 260
Lovett, Robert, 68, 106, 148

MacArthur, Douglas, 42–43, 47, 72, 73
MAD (mutual assured destruction): central tenet, 131; Nitze’s rejection of, 12, 148; SDI and, 216–17; US acceptance of, 160, 161
Manhattan Project, 58
Mao Zedong, 57, 73
Marshall, Andrew, 10, 169
Marshall, Charles Burton, 85, 152
Marshall, George, 35–36, 51–52, 53–54
Marshall Plan (Economic Recovery Act, 1948), 51–52, 53, 113
Marx, Karl (Communist Manifesto), 267
Marxism-Leninism, 67, 143, 241
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 93
massive retaliation, 85–86, 87, 91, 97, 111
Master of the Game (Talbott), 249–50, 253
McCarthy, Eugene, 139
McCarthy, Joseph, 66, 79, 84, 231
McCone, John, 120
McFarlane, Robert (Bud), 209, 213–14, 217, 221–22
McGovern, George, 184
McNamara, Robert: career, 115, 137, 147; on Cuba, 109, 124; on deterrence, 130–31; Nitze’s work with, 106, 107–8; on peace in nuclear age, 126
Menshikov, Mikhail, 112
Midgetman missiles, 206–8, 231, 236–37, 246. See also Minuteman missiles
militarization. See outer space, militarization of
military-industrial complex, 14
military spending. See defense spending
Millikan, Max, 17, 92
Minuteman missiles: limitation of, 132–33, 142–43, 150–51, 186–87; MIRVs and, 130, 156; production, 12, 180; silos, 136, 140, 161; vulnerability of, 151, 172, 173, 185. See also Midgetman missiles
mir, meaning of, 94
MIRVs (multiple independent reentry vehicles): cost-benefit of, 200; problems with, 156–57, 164; restrictions on, 163, 165; US and, 149–51, 155–56
missile defense systems: area vs. point defense, 130, 140; problem of, 156–59. See also Galosh (Soviet missile defense system); Sentinel (US missile defense system); Talinn (Soviet missile defense system)
Missile Experimental (MX, Peacekeeper), 161, 185, 186, 205, 206–7, 236
missile gap, Soviet-US, 100, 101
Missile X, road-mobile system, 105–6
MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), 93
modernization, strategic, 160–61, 171, 178, 187, 206
“Monday Package” (Nitze criteria), 10–11, 218–20, 226–27
moratorium on testing, 117, 150, 151, 154
Morgenthau, Hans, 88–89
Mosaddegh, Mohammad, 75
Moscow, Russia, 93–95, 152, 157–58, 159–60, 227
Moscow Summit (1972), 159–60, 230
Moscow Summit (1988), 232–35
Moses, Robert, 25, 40
“Mr. X” (Kennan article), 55
Multilateral Force (NATO), 125
Munich Conference (1938), 32–33
Mutual Defense Assistance Act (MDAA, 1949), 56
mutual destruction. See MAD (mutual assured destruction)
MX missile (Peacekeeper), 161, 185, 186, 205, 206–7, 236

Nagasaki. See Japan
National Defense Authorization Act (1997), 258
national emergencies, US, 74, 112
National Press Club, 198
National Security Study Directive 6–83 (NSSD 6–83, 1983), 207
National Security Act (1947), 48, 52–53, 56, 65
National Security Action Memorandum-109 (NSAM-109, 1961), 114–16
National Security Commission, Special Committee, 58
National Security Council. See ExComm (Executive Committee of the National Security Council)
National Security Council Reports (NSCR): NSC-20/4, 54–56, 70; NSC-79, 64, 79, 80, 90; NSC-135/3, 75; NSC-141, 75–76. See also NSC-68 (1950)
National Security Decision Directive (NSDD): NSDD-160, 218–19; NSDD-192, 222
National Security Decision Memorandum (NSDM): NSDM-148, 213; NSDM-242, 183
National Security Planning Group (NSPG), 209–10, 215, 219, 234
national security policy: definition, 7; policymaking, 65–66, 107–8, 167–68; politics of, 229–31, 264; security risks in general, 87–88; shortcomings of, 75, 77
National War College, 6, 252
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): alliance deterioration, 136–37, 142–43; Dual Track decision, 190, 197, 211; expansion of, 239, 258; extended deterrence, 112–13; founding of, 56; FRG membership, 112–13; independent nuclear arsenals, 113, 223–24; Multilateral Force, 125; US commitment to, 73, 114–15, 121, 211. See also Europe
Navy, Office of the Secretary, 128–29, 129
Nazis, 26–27, 34, 40
negotiations. See arms control; names of specific tracks or treaties
New Deal policy, 24
New Look policy, 85–86, 89, 100, 245
New START (2011), 5
“New World Order,” 5, 245
New York City: Council on Foreign Relations, 85–86, 101; foreign policy discussion group, 85; Wall Street, 22–26, 27, 50, 51, 68
New York Herald Tribune, 122
newspapers and journals, 99, 135, 152, 168, 180. See also specific publication titles
9/11 Commission, 260
9/11 terror attacks, 1, 4, 259, 263, 267
1976 Foreign Affairs article on strategic stability, 172–74, 183–84, 190
Nitze, Anina Sophia Hilken (mother), 16, 17–18
Nitze, Charles (grandfather), 16
“Nitze Criteria” for strategic defense. See strategic concept (Nitze Criteria)
Nitze, Elizabeth Hilken (sister), 16, 18
Nitze, Paul: academia, views of, 15, 17, 19, 88–89; childhood, 16–18; death, 6, 262; denunciations against, 29, 79, 128, 231; dinner party incident, 28, 29, 30; economics, gravitation toward, 19, 20–26; education, 18–20; expertise, 10–13, 170, 181–82, 200; on ideological struggles, 67, 261; on interim agreements, 149, 153, 202, 210, 213; Kissinger, rivalry with, 97–98, 164, 168, 185; legacy, 5, 14, 48, 62–63, 103, 264–68; marriage, 24, 249; memoir, 230, 231–32, 240, 249–53; original idea, goal of, 27; patriotism, 30, 35–36, 178–79; policy objectives, 11, 13, 14; politics, views on, 37, 97; on public service, 239; security clearances, 91–93, 181–82, 185, 194; Tension between Opposites (book), 7, 8–9, 253; tension between opposites (concept), 82–83, 113, 167, 265; theory of international politics, 7, 8, 9, 35, 81; wealth, 7, 25, 63, 264–65; worldview formation, 15, 30–31, 36–37, 53. See also levers of influence, Nitze and; Nitze, Paul, career moves; Nitze, Paul, character traits; “Nitze Scenario”; strategic concept (Nitze Criteria); titles of specific documents and publications
Nitze, Paul, career moves: overview, 2–3, 4–8, 10–13, 14, 103, 259; Wall Street, 22–28; move to Washington, DC, 28–30; S/P deputy director, 56; S/P director, 60, 61; NSC-68, drafting of, 65–69; ISA nomination, 79–80; SAIS, 81–82, 84–85; contracting and consulting, 91–93, 96–97, 98–101, 181–82, 190; ISA, policy and diplomacy, 106–8, 114–15, 125; ExComm, 104, 120–24; secretary of navy, 127, 128, 134; deputy secretary of defense, 136, 143–44; SALT delegation, 148, 149, 165–66; Democratic Advisory Council, 168–69; INF talks, 192–93, 198; arms negotiations, 212, 217, 227, 238; retirement, 238–41
Nitze, Paul, character traits: action orientation, 38–40, 82, 212, 250–51; ambition, 95, 253; appetite for risk, 26, 217; argumentative tendency, 29; competition, 53; confidence, 18, 23, 47; decisiveness, 22, 38, 40, 53; efficiency, 38, 40–41; Kissinger, compared with, 97; political acumen, 54; problem-solving, 49–51, 128; self-view, 53, 100, 189; stubborn convictions, 20, 43–44. See also logic-driven rationality, Nitze and
Nitze, Phyllis Pratt (wife), 24, 83, 230
“Nitze Scenario”: central issue, 223, 239, 244; legacy of, 258; preemptive strike, 3, 195–96; Soviet first-strike, 3–4, 183, 185; strategic stability, 172–76, 204
Nitze, William (father), 16–17, 18
Nixon, Richard, 148, 153, 155, 159
Nixon administration: attitudes toward Soviets, 151; détente strategy, 146; Nitze’s resignation, 165–66; Nitze’s role in, 146, 147–48, 149, 159–60; power dynamics of, 149–50; reelection campaign, 159–60, 161, 162–63; Vietnam, 148, 153, 155, 159, 167; Watergate scandal, 163–66, 167
Nobel Institute (Norway), 239–40
nonproliferation, nuclear, 105, 118, 133
Norstad, Lauris, 113, 114
North Atlantic Council, 151
North Atlantic Treaty Organization. See NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
NPT. See Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT, 1968)
NSAM-109 (1961), 114–16
NSC-20/4 (1948), 54–56, 70
NSC-68 (1950): content of, 65, 69–72, 128, 268; defense spending, 70, 71, 79–80, 178; drafting of, 2, 64, 65–69; Korean War, 64, 72–73; speech about, 6, 252; war on terror, 260–61. See also State Department, Policy Planning Staff (S/P)
NSC-79 (unfinished), 64, 79, 80, 90, 245, 247
NSC-135/3 (1952), 75
NSC-141 (1953), 75–76
NSC (National Security Council): Principals Committee, 116–19. See also ExComm (Executive Committee of the National Security Council)
NSDD-160 (1985), 218–19
NSDM-148 (1984), 213
NSDM-242 (1974), 183
NSPG (National Security Planning Group), 215
NSSD 6–83 (1983), 207
NST (Nuclear and Space Arms Talks): DST, 218, 220–21, 232, 236; “Monday Package,” 218–20; obstacles, 235; zero option, 220
nuclear balance. See arms control; MAD (mutual assured destruction); strategic stability
nuclear crises, 11, 101, 104. See also Berlin Crisis (1961); Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
nuclear disarmament. See arms control
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT, 1968), 133, 140, 141, 161
nuclear policy, US: toward arms talks, 101, 140–43; toward Asia, 131–32; capabilities vs. commitments, 99; critiques of, Nitze’s, 168–69; difficulty of, 265–66; initial debates on, 59–60; methodology for crafting, 219–20; minimal deterrent, 247–48; “no cities” plan, 130–31; peace in nuclear age, 126, 132; post-Cold War, 247–49; Soviet policy vs., 11; theory vs. practice, 89–91; unilateral freeze debate, 192, 211. See also first-strike capability; preemptive strike
nuclear superiority. See strategic superiority, US
nuclear “theology,” 11, 150
nuclear war, limited vs. total, 11, 152, 157–58, 172–73, 175–76
nuclear weapons: effects of, 41–42, 43–44, 45, 57; elimination of, 101–2, 216–17, 225, 226; geopolitical impacts, 10–13, 76, 81, 151, 163; hydrogen bomb, 56–62, 65, 71, 76; as leverage, 140, 148, 180, 220; role after Cold War, 6, 247; theater nuclear forces, 197–98. See also strategic superiority
Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy (Kissinger), 97, 98

Odom, William, 182, 183, 185
Office of Net Assessment (ONA), 10
Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs (OCIAA), 29, 34–36
Offshore Islands Crisis (China-Taiwan, 1958), 101
oil industry, 25
on-site inspections. See verification
Operation Zapata (Bay of Pigs invasion), 108–10
Oppenheimer, Robert, 58–59, 68
Osgood, Robert, 96
outer space, militarization of, 209, 213. See also NST (Nuclear and Space Arms Talks)
Outer Space Treaty (1967), 141

Paepcke, Walter (brother-in-law), 18, 20, 260, 264
Pan American Airways, 34
parity. See strategic stability
Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963), 125
Paul Nitze and Company (New York), 27
Paul Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, 240, 253. See also SAIS (School of Advanced International Studies)
Pax Americana, 74, 90, 91, 246
peace movements, 137, 143, 201–2
Peacekeeper (MX missile), 161, 185, 186, 205, 206–7, 236
Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack on (1941): lessons from, 36–37, 44–45, 47–48, 59, 125–26; Nitze’s recollections, 36, 42
Pecora, Ferdinand, 24–25
Pentagon, protest at, 137, 143
Perera, Guido, 38
Perle, Richard, 148, 198, 212, 227
Pershing II missiles, 197–98, 202, 206, 208
Persian Gulf War (1990–91), 244–49
Philadelphia World Affairs Council (speech, 1985), 219–20
photographic intelligence, 92, 119, 159
“Plan Dog” (memorandum), 33
Poland, 28, 72, 193–94, 196–97, 200, 243
Polaris submarines, 100, 142, 178
“Policy for Planning the Employment of Nuclear Weapons” (NSDM-242, 1974), 183
Policy Planning Staff. See State Department, Policy Planning Staff (S/P)
“Poodle Blanket” (NSAM-109, 1961), 114–16
Porter, Elizabeth Scott (wife), 249
Potsdam Conference (1945), 40
Powell, Colin, 262
Pratt, Ruth, 24, 30
preemptive strike: counterforce capability, 131, 151; first-strike vs., 195; Nitze Scenario, 3, 195–96; option of, 115, 156–57, 181; strategic balance, 129. See also first-strike capability; nuclear policy, US
“Preparing for Negotiations with the Soviet Union” (NSDD-160, 1985), 218–19
Present at the Creation (Lovett), 148
Presidential Directive 58 (1980), 13
Presidential Medal of Freedom, 223
President’s Commission on Strategic Forces, 205–6
preventive war, 89–91
Project for a New American Century, 258
Project Lamplight, 93
Project Nobska, 95–96

RAND Corporation, 90, 92
Reagan, Ronald: assassination attempt, 196–97; letter to Gorbachev, 225–26, 227; N as link to Truman, 188–90, 205, 211; Nitze’s alignment with, 10–11, 189
Reagan administration: arms buildup, 204, 210–11; Nitze’s role in, 192–93, 212, 213–14; SDI, 205–8, 229–30; strategic forces commission, 205–6. See also INF talks
“Recent Soviet Moves” (Nitze study), 66
“Red Team” exercise, 152
“Report by the Committee on Nuclear Proliferation” (1965), 133
Republic of China (Taiwan), 91
Republican Party, 30, 53, 61, 80, 257
research and development. See technology
retaliation. See counterforce strike; second-strike capability
Revlon, 25
Reykjavik Summit (1986): agreements, 235, 241; Experts Group, 227, 228; “Monday Package,” 11; reflections on, 14, 227–29
Rice, Condoleezza, 1, 263
Richardson, Elliot, 163
Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (Kennedy), 230
risk-taking behavior: Soviet Union, 146–47, 162, 164, 171–72, 173; strength as deterrent, 13, 67–68, 108, 110–11, 120–21
RISOP (Red Integrated Strategic Offensive Plan), 188
Roberts, Chalmers, 99
Rockefeller Foundation, 96
Rockefeller, Nelson, 29, 35, 36
Roosevelt, Franklin D. (FDR), 20, 30, 40
Roosevelt administration: hemispheric defense, 34–35; national security approach, 32–33; New Deal, 24; war and defense preparation, 28–29, 33, 36
Rostow, Eugene, 189, 197–98, 200, 202–4
Rostow, Walt, 107, 109, 141
Rowny, Edward, 219
Rumsfeld, Donald, 6, 128, 258, 260, 262
Rusk, Dean, 96, 106, 115, 118–19, 142

S/P. See State Department, Policy Planning Staff (S/P)
Safeguard (US missile defense system), 147–48, 150, 153, 157, 224
SAIS (School of Advanced International Studies): Foreign Affairs Research Center, 106; Foreign Policy Institute, 92; founding and mission, 6, 81, 83–85; Nitze’s instruction at, 88–89, 96; proximity to power, 100–101, 103; S/P, parallels with, 81, 85, 92, 96; Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research, 96–97
SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks): early stages, 149–50, 153–54; failure to stop Soviet activity, 162, 164, 173, 213; INF and, 199; Kissinger-Dobrynin back channel, 153, 157, 159; leverage, 133, 192; MIRV ban, 163; Nixon’s goals for, 153, 155; Soviet position, 158; SS-9 missiles and, 151–52, 153; survivability, 159, 163; undersea testing, 140, 141, 164; US delegation, 148, 154; US goals for, 140–43, 152–54, 155; Verification Panel, 155, 158, 160, 162, 163–64; Vienna Option, 157
SALT I (Interim Agreement, 1972): congressional approval of, 160, 161–62, 165–66; imperfections of, 159–61; Jackson Amendment, 162, 163, 169; Nitze’s opposition to, 146, 149, 182
SALT II Treaty (1979): opposition to, 162–63, 180, 183, 184–86, 199; original objectives, 161–62, 186; signing and ratification, 180–83, 186–88; Watergate scandal and, 164
San Antonio formula, 138
Savage, Carlton, 77
SBSC. See Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS)
Schelling, Thomas, 11, 114, 121
Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 89–91, 164
Scowcroft, Brent, 165, 205, 241, 242, 245
Scowcroft Commission, 206–7
SDI (strategic defense initiative): arms talks and, 205–8, 216, 229; criteria for, 219–20; as destabilizing, 217; importance of, 239; Nitze’s formulas for, 214, 221–22
second-strike capability, 99, 129, 142, 168
Securities Act (1933), 24
“Security Challenges Facing NATO in the 1990s” (Nitze speech), 239–40
security dilemma, model of, 68
security studies (academic field), 90
Selective Service Act (Draft Act, 1940), 29, 35
Senate, US: Church Committee, 166–67; Committee on Banking and Currency, 24–25; Committee on Foreign Relations, 99–100, 139, 153; Subcommittee on African Affairs, 105
Senior Arms Control Policy Group, 209
Sentinel (US missile defense system), 136, 147
September 11 terrorist attacks (2001), 1, 4, 259, 263, 267
Shevardnadze, Eduard, 221
Shultz, George: arms talks, 209, 222, 223–24, 227–30, 235–37; Dobrynin and, 221; Gromyko and, 214, 218; JCS meetings, 232; Nitze, bond with, 208, 211–12, 215, 257; role, Reagan administration, 205, 217, 219
Sino-Soviet cooperation, 94–95
SIOP (Single Integrated Operations Plan), 113, 188
SLBMs (submarine-launched ballistic missiles), 100, 164, 168, 180, 187
Smith, Gerard, 151, 157, 158, 159, 162
Sorokin, Pitirim, 27
Souers, Sidney, 52, 65
Soviet Union: atomic pursuit, 56, 67; buildup, analysis, 12–13, 133; civil defense system, 94, 158, 172, 176; collapse of, 5, 238, 244–49; coup attempt, 246–47; loss, capacity for, 152, 157–58; political system, 150; Supreme Soviet, 94–95; threat analysis of, 14, 243–44; treaty noncompliance, 215. See also Cold War, end of; Moscow, Russia
space, 209, 213. See also NST (Nuclear and Space Arms Talks)
Speer, Albert, 40–41
Spengler, Oswald (Decline of the West), 26, 27, 58–59, 230
Sputnik I and II, 98
SS Lutzo, 19
SS-9 missiles (Soviet Union), 136, 151–52, 153
SS-20 missiles (Soviet Union), 197–98
SS-18 “Satan” missiles (Soviet Union): capabilities, 146–47, 168, 169, 190–91; psychological consequences, 172; US focus on, 182, 244
stability. See strategic stability
Stages of Economic Growth (Rostow), 107
Stalin, Joseph, 40, 79, 92
Star Wars (defense system). See SDI (strategic defense initiative)
Star Wars (movie), 7–8, 188
Stark, Harold, 33
START (Strategic Arms Reduction Talks): basic formula, 230; Nitze’s advocacy for, 216, 235–36, 239; obstacles, 231–36, 241–42; ratification, 5, 245, 246. See also Experts Group (INF and START negotiations)
START I, 6, 246
START II (1993), 248–49, 256–57
State Department (DOS), Nitze’s early career, 34, 49–53, 66
State Department, Policy Planning Staff (S/P): deputy director, 56–60; director, 10, 60–63, 78; SDI infighting, 229–30. See also NSC-68 (1950)
Stevenson, Adlai, 75–77, 85, 91, 96
Stimson, Henry, 33, 36, 38
Strategic Air Survey for the Pacific, 59. See also Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS)
strategic arms competition. See arms race
Strategic Arms Reduction Talks. See START (Strategic Arms Reduction Talks)
Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS): conclusions, 43–46, 59, 76, 98; creation of, 38–39; Germany, 39–41; Japan, 11, 41–46; Pacific campaign, 108, 128
strategic concept (Nitze Criteria): central goals, 212–13, 216–17; concerns over, 224; end of, 238; Gorbachev and, 225–27; Midgetman missiles, 231; as negotiating position, 223, 227–29
strategic forces. See nuclear weapons
strategic policy. See nuclear policy, US
strategic stability: CMC as turning point, 126; importance of, 160, 172–77, 179; logic of, 12; 1976 article on, 183–84; nuclear balance and, 10, 129, 159, 175; post-Soviet, 247–48
strategic superiority, US: after Cold War, 247; credibility of, 11–12; decline of, 12, 110–11, 125–26, 173, 190–91; geopolitical stability, 76, 90–91, 108, 126, 129–32, 144; net assessment on, 193; parity, 152; Soviet buildup, 12–13, 133
strategic triad, 100, 239. See also heavy bombers; ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles); submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs)
strength. See deterrence policy; strategic superiority, US
“Study on Eliminating the Threat Posed by Ballistic Missiles” (NSSD 6–83, 1983), 207
submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), 100, 164, 168, 180, 187
submarines, nuclear, 95–96, 128–29, 150. See also Polaris submarines
Summary Report (Pacific War), 43–46, 76, 98. See also Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS)
Supreme Soviet, 94–95
survivability: of C2, 182, 186, 196–97; as deterrence, 99, 175–76, 195; nuclear submarines, 128–29
Sweden, 50, 71
Symington, Stuart, 53

Taiwan (Republic of China), 91, 101
Talbott, Strobe, 210, 230–31, 249–50, 253
Talinn (Soviet missile defense system), 157
Taylor, Maxwell, 124, 131
Team B exercise, 177–78
technology: Nitze’s study of, 56, 58–59; role in national defense, 48, 93, 95–96
Teller, Edward, 58
tension between opposites (concept), 82–83, 113, 167, 265
Tension between Opposites (Nitze book), 7, 8–9, 253
terrorism. See September 11 terrorist attacks (2001); war on terror
Thatcher, Margaret, 217
theater nuclear forces, 197–98
theory of international politics, Nitze’s, 7, 8, 9, 35, 81
think tanks, 81, 92, 96, 241–42
Thompson, Kenneth, 242
Thompson, Llewellyn E. (Tommy), 59–60, 72
Thompson, Nicholas (grandson, biographer), 124, 170, 178, 259
303 Committee, 144
throw weight: criterion for control, 141, 162, 164, 178; INF talks and, 199–200; trends in Soviet-US ratios, 173; Vladivostok formula, 166
Thurmond, Strom, 128
Timbie, James, 210
“To Cap the Volcano” (Bundy article), 156
Treasury Department, 105
Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space, and Under Water (1963), 125
Trinity Test (1945), 58
Truman, Harry S., 5, 75, 80, 167
Truman administration, 83, 88; aid to free peoples, 50, 74; budget policies, 55; Cold War policy, 50, 74, 188–89; Fair Deal, 54; hydrogen bomb, 10, 56–62, 65, 71, 76; Marshall Plan, 53, 54; NSC-68 approval, 64
Tsongas, Paul, 210–11
Turkey, 121–23, 125, 202

U-2 spy plane, 92, 119, 123, 124
UN (United Nations): Atomic Energy Commission, 58, 214, 218, 226; Charter, 55; 1960 conference on disarmament, 101–2; police force, 96
Undersea Long-Range Missile System (ULMS) and ULMS II, 164
undersea nuclear testing, 140, 141
United Kingdom (UK), 50, 56–57, 113, 223–24
United Nations. See UN (United Nations)
“United States Objectives and Programs for National Security.” See NSC-68 (1950)
United States (US). See Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Defense Department (DOD); FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation); House of Representatives, US; Senate, US; State Department (DOS); Treasury Department
Ural Mountains, 198, 204, 208
“US Policy on Military Actions in a Berlin Conflict” (NSAM-109, 1961), 114–16
USS Pueblo incident (1968), 137–38
USSBS. See Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS)
USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). See Soviet Union

Vance, Cyrus, 180, 186–87
verification: as criterion for control, 141; inspections, 123, 141; mobile missiles, 183, 233; monitoring vs., 187; obstacles, 231, 235; proliferation problem, 118; technicalities of, 169, 185, 223; test limitations, 110
Verification Panel, 155, 158, 160, 162, 163–64. See also SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)
Vienna Option (1970), 157. See also SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)
Vienna Summit, Kennedy-Khrushchev (1961), 110–11
Vienna talks, 158, 210, 228
Vietnam War (1954–1975), 89, 134–35, 138–39, 143, 148, 159
Vladivostok formula (1974), 166, 183
Vladivostok Summit (1975), 182–83

Wagenfuhr, Rolf, 40
walk in the woods, Nitze-Kvitsinsky (1982), 192, 202–5, 211. See also INF (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces) Treaty (1987)
Wall Street (New York City), 22–26, 27, 50, 51, 68
Wallace, Henry, 34
“war aims” paper (NSC-79), 64, 79, 80, 90, 245, 247
war on terror, 256–59, 260–61, 263, 267. See also September 11 terrorist attacks (2001)
Warnke, Paul, 174, 178
Warsaw Pact, 124, 201, 215, 243, 257. See also Czechoslovakia, Soviet invasion of (1968); Poland
Washington Ambassadorial Group, 114–15
Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research (FPR), 96–97
Washington, DC, Nitze’s early career, 28–29, 32–33
Washington Post, Gaither Report in, 99
Washington Summit (1987), 230
Watergate scandal (1972), 163–66, 167
Webb, James, 59
Weinberger, Caspar, 198, 212, 214–15, 221–22
Western Europe. See Europe
“Why Nuclear Superiority Doesn’t Matter” (Jervis article), 190
Wiesner, Jerome, 93
Wilson, Charles, 79
Winthrop, Frederick (Freddie), Jr., 20
Wohlsetter, Albert, 100, 140, 148
Wolfers, Arnold, 96, 100
Wolfowitz, Paul, 148, 257–58, 259, 260–61
World Bank, 137, 147
World War I (WWI), 1, 17, 183–84
World War II (WWII), 33–38, 41, 62–63. See also Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS)
World War III (WWIII), 70, 91

Yale Political Union, debate at, 184–85
Yasuhiro Nakasone, 198
Yom Kippur War (1973), 163

zero option. See INF talks
Zumwalt, Elmo (Bud), 132–33, 168, 177, 181, 188

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