NOTES
Introduction
1. Paul H. Nitze, with Ann M. Smith and Steven L. Rearden, From Hiroshima to Glasnost: At the Center of Decision—A Memoir (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1989), xii.
2. Memorandum from Colby Cooper to Condoleezza Rice, September 11, 2001, National Security Council—Media Communications and Speechwriting, Gina Wolford Files, SAIS Speech, September 11, 2001, George W. Bush Presidential Library, https://
www .georgewbushlibrary .gov /research /finding -aids /foia -requests /2014 -0508 -f -condoleezza -rices -cancelled -speech -johns -hopkins -school -ofadvanced -international -studies 3. Charles Hill, Grand Strategies: Literature, Statecraft, and World Order (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010), 3.
4. S. Nelson Drew, ed., NSC-68: Forging the Strategy of Containment (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1994), https://
www .files .ethz .ch /isn /139678 /1994 -09 _NSC68 _Forging _Strategy .pdf. 5. Bruce Kuklick, Blind Oracles: Intellectuals and War from Kennan to Kissinger (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), 43.
6. Paul H. Nitze, Tension between Opposites: Reflections on the Practice and Theory of Politics (New York: Scribner, 1993).
7. Melvyn P. Leffler, Safeguarding Democratic Capitalism: U.S. Foreign Policy and National Security, 1920–2015 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017), 318.
8. On the social world of Nitze and his associates in Washington, DC, see Gregg Herken, The Georgetown Set: Friends and Rivals in Cold War Washington (New York: Knopf Doubleday, 2015).
9. Securities and Exchange Commission News Digest, January 5, 1966, https://
www .sec .gov /news /digest /1966 /dig010566 .pdf. 10. Nitze, Tension between Opposites, 14.
11. Nitze, Tension between Opposites, 15.
12. Nitze, Tension between Opposites, 15.
13. Nitze, Tension between Opposites, 15.
14. Nitze, Tension between Opposites, 15.
15. Nitze, Tension between Opposites, 17.
16. Nitze, Tension between Opposites, 19.
17. Nitze, Tension between Opposites, 3.
18. Nitze, Tension between Opposites, 3.
19. Nitze, Tension between Opposites, 3.
20. Robert Jervis, The Meaning of the Nuclear Revolution (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989).
21. Presidential Directive 58, “Continuity of Government/C3I,” June 30, 1980, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, https://
www .jimmycarterlibrary .gov /assets /documents /pd58 .pdf. 22. Campbell Craig and Fredrik Logevall, America’s Cold War: The Politics of Insecurity, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2020), 6.
23. SAIS Talking Points, December 15, 1986, box 161, Paul H. Nitze Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC (hereafter Nitze Papers).
24. Craig and Logevall, America’s Cold War, 2.
1. Men of Action
1. Paul H. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 4, box 117, Nitze Papers.
2. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 5, box 117, Nitze Papers.
3. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 21, box 117, Nitze Papers.
4. Nicholas Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove: Paul Nitze, George Kennan, and the History of the Cold War (New York: Henry Holt, 2009), 27.
5. Thompson, Hawk and the Dove, 27.
6. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, xi.
7. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, xii–xiii.
8. Thompson, Hawk and the Dove, 12.
9. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, xii.
10. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 27, box 117, Nitze Papers.
11. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 27, box 117, Nitze Papers.
12. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 27, box 117, Nitze Papers.
13. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, xiii.
14. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, xiii.
15. Thompson, Hawk and the Dove, 27.
16. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 13, box 117, Nitze Papers.
17. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 18, box 117, Nitze Papers.
18. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 32, box 117, Nitze Papers.
19. Thompson, Hawk and the Dove, 28–29.
20. Thompson, Hawk and the Dove, 28–29.
21. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 19, box 117, Nitze Papers.
22. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 20–21, box 117, Nitze Papers.
23. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 22, box 117, Nitze Papers.
24. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 22–23, box 117, Nitze Papers.
25. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 34, box 117, Nitze Papers.
26. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 36, box 117, Nitze Papers.
27. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 39, box 117, Nitze Papers.
28. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 38, box 117, Nitze Papers.
29. “Frederic Winthrop, 72, Founder of Organization to Aid the Deaf,” New York Times, February 20, 1979, https://
www .nytimes .com /1979 /02 /20 /archives /frederic -winthrop -72 -founder -of -organization -to -aid -the -deaf .html. 30. Thompson, Hawk and the Dove, 29.
31. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 39, box 117, Nitze Papers.
32. Thompson, Hawk and the Dove, 32–33.
33. Draft Chapter 1, 1, box II:64, Nitze Papers.
34. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 41, box 117, Nitze Papers.
35. Draft Chapter 1, 1, box II:64, Nitze Papers.
36. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, xvi.
37. Paul H. Nitze, Tension between Opposites: Reflections on the Practice and Theory of Politics (New York: Scribner, 1993), 88.
38. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 49, box 117, Nitze Papers.
39. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, xviii.
40. Draft Chapter 1, 14, box II:64, Nitze Papers.
41. Draft Chapter 1, 15, box II:64, Nitze Papers.
42. Draft Chapter 1, 16, box II:64, Nitze Papers.
43. Draft Chapter 1, 1, box II:64, Nitze Papers.
44. Draft Chapter 1, 1, box II:64, Nitze Papers.
45. Draft Chapter 1, 17, box II:64, Nitze Papers.
46. Draft Chapter 1, 17, box II:64, Nitze Papers.
47. Draft Chapter 1, 18, box II:64, Nitze Papers.
48. Draft Chapter 1, 20, box II:64, Nitze Papers.
49. Draft Chapter 1, 19–20, box II:64, Nitze Papers.
50. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, xviii.
51. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, xviii–xix.
52. Caroll Quigley, Tragedy & Hope (New York: Macmillan, 1962), 62.
53. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, xix.
54. Draft Chapter 1, 24, box II:64, Nitze Papers.
55. Draft Chapter 1, 25–26, box II:64, Nitze Papers.
56. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 81, box 117, Nitze Papers.
57. Draft Chapter 1, 26–27, box II:64, Nitze Papers.
58. Draft Chapter 1, 27, box II:64, Nitze Papers.
59. Draft Chapter 1, 27–28, box II:64, Nitze Papers.
60. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 82, box 117, Nitze Papers.
61. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 83, box 117, Nitze Papers.
62. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 83–84, box 117, Nitze Papers.
63. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 86, box 117, Nitze Papers.
64. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, xx.
65. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 62–63, box 117, Nitze Papers.
66. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 88–89, box 117, Nitze Papers.
67. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 89, box 117, Nitze Papers.
68. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 89–90, box 117, Nitze Papers.
69. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 92–93, box 117, Nitze Papers.
70. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 94, box 117, Nitze Papers.
71. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 3–4.
72. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 7.
73. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost. 7.
74. Thompson, Hawk and the Dove, 38–40.
75. Thompson, Hawk and the Dove, 11.
76. Paul Nitze FBI file, November 4, 1940, 5, https://
archive .org /details /PaulNitze /1368656 -0 _ - _File _1 _ - _Section _1 / 77. Nitze FBI file, 49.
78. Nitze FBI file, 45.
79. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, xix.
80. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 106–7, box 117, Nitze Papers.
2. The Levers of Influence
1. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 13.
2. Minutes of a Meeting in Northeast Harbor, August 17–18, 1987, 2, box II:64, Nitze Papers.
3. David Reynolds, From Munich to Pearl Harbor: Roosevelt’s America and the Origins of the Second World War (Chicago: Ivan Dee, 2001), 4.
4. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, July 11, 1985, 13, box I:119, Nitze Papers.
5. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, January 30, 1986, 9, box I:119, Nitze Papers.
6. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, July 11, 1985, 13, box I:119, Nitze Papers.
7. See Walter Isaacson and Evan Thomas, The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986).
8. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 8–9.
9. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 9.
10. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 9.
11. See Reynolds, Munich to Pearl Harbor.
12. Oral History Interview with Paul H. Nitze, by Richard D. McKinzie, June 11, 1975, 19, Arlington, VA, Harry S. Truman Presidential Library, https://
www .trumanlibrary .gov /library /oral -histories /nitzeph1. 13. Draft Post—1939 Chapter, 18, box II:64, Nitze Papers.
14. Oral History Interview with Paul H. Nitze, June 11, 1975, 19.
15. See, for instance, John M. Schuessler, Deceit on the Road to War: Presidents, Politics, and American Democracy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015).
16. Paul H. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 147, box 117, Nitze Papers.
17. See Brendan Simms and Charles Laderman, Hitler’s American Gamble: Pearl Harbor and Germany’s March to Global War (New York: Basic Books, 2021).
18. Oral History Interview with Paul H. Nitze, June 11, 1975, 25.
19. Oral History Interview with Paul H. Nitze, June 11, 1975, 28.
20. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 18–19.
21. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, June 4, 1985, 25, box I:119, Nitze Papers.
22. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, June 4, 1985, 29, box I:119, Nitze Papers.
23. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 23.
24. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 23.
25. Oral History Interview with Paul H. Nitze, by Richard D. McKinzie, June 17, 1975, 63, Arlington, VA, Harry S. Truman Presidential Library, https://
www .trumanlibrary .gov /library /oral -histories /nitzeph1. 26. David Callahan, Dangerous Capabilities: Paul Nitze and the Cold War (New York: HarperCollins, 1990), 39.
27. Callahan, Dangerous Capabilities, 39.
28. Callahan, Dangerous Capabilities, 39–40.
29. United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS), Summary Report (European War) (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1945), 15.
30. USSBS, Summary Report (European War), 37.
31. Oral History Interview with Paul H. Nitze, June 17, 1975, 84–85.
32. Callaway, Dangerous Capabilities, 30–31.
33. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, June 4, 1986, 14, box I:119, Nitze Papers.
34. Paul Nitze, “The Role of Learned Man in Government,” in Paul Nitze on Foreign Policy, ed. Kenneth Thompson and Steven Reardon (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1989), 24.
35. Minutes of a Meeting in Northeast Harbor, 3.
36. Oral History Interview with Paul H. Nitze, June 17, 1975, 87.
37. Robert P. Newman, “Ending the War with Japan: Paul Nitze’s ‘Early Surrender’ Counterfactual,” Pacific Historical Review 64, no. 2 (May 1995): 172.
38. Callahan, Dangerous Capabilities, 47.
39. Oral History Interview with Paul H. Nitze, June 17, 1975, 90.
40. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 37.
41. Oral History Interview with Paul H. Nitze, June 17, 1975, 99.
42. See John W. Dower, War without Mercy: Race & Power in the Pacific War (New York: W. W. Norton, 1986).
43. United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS), Summary Report (Pacific War) (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1946), 87.
44. Newman, “Ending the War,” 189.
45. USSBS, Summary Report (Pacific War), 52.
46. USSBS, Summary Report (Pacific War), 69.
47. USSBS, Summary Report (Pacific War), 69.
48. USSBS, Summary Report (Pacific War), 69.
49. USSBS, Summary Report (Pacific War), 56.
50. USSBS, Summary Report (Pacific War), 56.
51. USSBS, Summary Report (Pacific War), 111.
52. USSBS, Summary Report (Pacific War), 112.
53. USSBS, Summary Report (Pacific War), 114.
54. USSBS, Summary Report (Pacific War), 116.
55. USSBS, Summary Report (Pacific War), 119.
56. USSBS, Summary Report (Pacific War), 119.
57. USSBS, Summary Report (Pacific War), 120.
58. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 42.
59. USSBS, Summary Report (Pacific War), 111.
60. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 43–44.
3. Cold Warrior
1. Foreign Relations of the United States (hereafter FRUS), 1947, General; The United Nations, volume I, document 459, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1947v01 /d459. 2. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 47.
3. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, March 30, 1982, 4, box I:118, Nitze Papers.
4. Quoted in Richard Crowder, Aftermath: The Makers of the Postwar World (London: Bloomsbury, 2015), 179.
5. FRUS, 1947, The British Commonwealth; Europe, volume III, document 136, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1947v03 /d136. 6. FRUS, 1947, The British Commonwealth; Europe, volume III, document 136, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1947v03 /d136. 7. See Benn Steil, The Marshall Plan: Dawn of the Cold War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018).
8. Quoted in Steil, Marshall Plan, 232.
9. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost.
10. FRUS, 1947, The British Commonwealth; Europe, volume III, document 214, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1947v03 /d214. 11. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 53.
12. Paul H. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1981, 441–42, box 117, Nitze Papers.
13. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 66.
14. FRUS, 1948, The Far East; China, volume VIII, document 111, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1948v08 /d111. 15. FRUS, 1948, General; The United Nations, volume I, part 2, document 60, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1948v01p2 /d60. 16. FRUS, 1948, General; The United Nations, volume I, part 2, document 60, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1948v01p2 /d60. 17. FRUS, 1948, General; The United Nations, volume I, part 2, document 61, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1948v01p2 /d61. 18. FRUS, 1949, National Security Affairs, Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 148, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1949v01 /d148. 19. FRUS, 1949, National Security Affairs, Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 148, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1949v01 /d148. 20. FRUS, 1949, National Security Affairs, Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 148, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1949v01 /d148. 21. FRUS, 1949, National Security Affairs, Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 148, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1949v01 /d148. 22. FRUS, 1949, National Security Affairs, Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 212, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1949v01 /d212. 23. FRUS, 1949, National Security Affairs, Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 212, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1949v01 /d212. 24. FRUS, 1949, National Security Affairs, Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 148, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1949v01 /d216. 25. Paul H. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 233–34, box 117, Nitze Papers.
26. FRUS, 1950, National Security Affairs, Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 64, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1950v01 /d64. 27. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 90.
28. FRUS, 1949, National Security Affairs, Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 220, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1949v01 /d220. 29. FRUS, 1949, National Security Affairs, Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 156, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1949v01 /d156. 30. FRUS, 1949, National Security Affairs, Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 156, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1949v01 /d156. 31. FRUS, 1949, National Security Affairs, Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 224, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1949v01 /d224. 32. FRUS, 1949, National Security Affairs, Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 225, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1949v01 /d225. 33. Nitze, Tension between Opposites, 139.
4. NSC-68
1. FRUS, 1950, National Security Affairs, Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 4, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1950v01 /d4. 2. FRUS, 1950, National Security Affairs, Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 160, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1950v01 /d160. 3. FRUS, 1950, National Security Affairs, Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 85, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1950v01 /d85. 4. FRUS, 1950, National Security Affairs, Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 56, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1950v01 /d56. 5. FRUS, 1950, National Security Affairs, Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 57, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1950v01 /d57. 6. FRUS, 1950, National Security Affairs, Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 59, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1950v01 /d59. 7. FRUS, 1950, National Security Affairs, Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 59, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1950v01 /d59. 8. On Acheson’s speech, which generated little attention at the time, see Robert Beisner, Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 327–29.
9. FRUS, 1950, National Security Affairs, Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 59, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1950v01 /d59; see also documents 64, 65, 69, 70, and 71; https:// history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1950v01 /d64; https:// history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1950v01 /d65; https:// history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1950v01 /d69; https:// history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1950v01 /d70; https:// history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1950v01 /d71. 10. On the culmination of the NSC-68 and the showdown between Acheson and Johnson, see Beisner, Dean Acheson, 236–51.
11. FRUS, 1950, National Security Affairs, Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 72, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1950v01 /d72. 12. FRUS, 1950, National Security Affairs, Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 73, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1950v01 /d73. 13. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 95.
14. FRUS, 1950, National Security Affairs, Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 85, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1950v01 /d85. 15. FRUS, 1950, National Security Affairs; Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 85, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1950v01 /d85. 16. FRUS, 1950, National Security Affairs; Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 85, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1950v01 /d85. 17. FRUS, 1950, National Security Affairs; Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 85, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1950v01 /d85. 18. Transcript of Princeton Seminars Discussion, reel 3, track 1, October 10, 1953, National Archives, https://
catalog .archives .gov /id /75850809. 19. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, March 30, 1982, 21, box I:118, Nitze Papers. Following Douglas MacArthur’s dramatic landing in Inchon in September 1950, he admitted: “My judgment was wrong.”
20. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 104–5.
21. FRUS, 1950, Korea, volume VII, document 349, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1950v07 /d349; see also document 365, https:// history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1950v07 /d365. 22. FRUS, 1950, National Security Affairs; Foreign Economic Policy, volume I, document 120, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1950v01 /d120. 23. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992), 371.
24. FRUS, 1950, Western Europe, volume III, document 212, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1950v03 /d212. See also document 215, https:// history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1950v03 /d215. 25. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 109.
26. FRUS, 1950, Korea, volume VII, document 745, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1950v07 /d745. 27. See David Alan Rosenberg, “The Origins of Overkill: Nuclear Weapons and American Strategy, 1945–1960,” International Security 7, no. 4 (Spring 1983): 14.
28. FRUS, 1952–1954, National Security Affairs, volume II, part 1, document 38, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1952 -54v02p1 /d38. 29. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 118–19.
30. Quoted in Leffler, Preponderance of Power, 402.
31. FRUS, 1952–1952, National Security Affairs, volume II, part 1, document 40, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1952 -54v02p1 /d40. 32. FRUS, 1952–1952, National Security Affairs, volume II, part 1, document 40, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1952 -54v02p1 /d40. 33. FRUS, 1952–1952, National Security Affairs, volume II, part 1, document 40, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1952 -54v02p1 /d40. 34. FRUS, 1952–1954, National Security Affairs, volume II, part 2, document 65, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1952 -54v02p2 /d65. 35. Public Papers of the Presidents: Harry S. Truman, 1952–53 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1966), 366.
36. FRUS, 1952–1954, National Security Affairs, volume II, part 2, document 34, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1952 -54v02p1 /d34. 37. Paul H. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 186–87, box 117, Nitze Papers.
38. FRUS, 1952–1954, Eastern Europe; Soviet Union; Eastern Mediterranean, volume VIII, document 542, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1952 -54v08 /d542. 39. FRUS, 1952–1954, Western Europe and Canada, volume VI, part 1, document 273, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1952 -54v06p1 /d273; FRUS, 1952–1954, Indochina, volume XIII, part 1, document 236, https:// history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1952 -54v13p1 /d236; FRUS, 1952–1954, National Security Affairs, volume II, part 1, document 61, https:// history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1952 -54v02p1 /d61. 40. FRUS, 1952–1954, East Asia and the Pacific, volume XII, part 1, document 99, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1952 -54v12p1 /d99. 41. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, June 3, 1986, 4, box I:120, Nitze Papers.
5. No Exile
1. “Groton Commencement Address,” in Paul H. Nitze on Foreign Policy, ed. Kenneth W. Thompson and Steven L. Rearden (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1989), 7.
2. “Groton Commencement Address,” 9.
3. Tammi Gutner, The Story of SAIS (Washington, DC: School of Advanced International Studies, 1987), 4–5.
4. Gutner, Story of SAIS, 7.
5. Gutner, Story of SAIS, 15.
6. Gutner, Story of SAIS, 17.
7. Gutner, Story of SAIS, 21–22.
8. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, May 7, 1982, 4, box I:118, Nitze Papers.
9. A version of this speech was published as John Foster Dulles, “Policy for Security and Peace,” Foreign Affairs, April 1954, 353–64.
10. Paul Nitze, “Critique of Dulles’ ‘Massive Retaliation’ Speech,” Paul H. Nitze on National Security and Arms Control, ed. Kenneth W. Thompson and Steven L. Rearden (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1990), 41.
11. Nitze, “Critique of Dulles’ ‘Massive Retaliation’ Speech,” 41.
12. Nitze, “Critique of Dulles’ ‘Massive Retaliation’ Speech,” 43.
13. Nitze, “Critique of Dulles’ ‘Massive Retaliation’ Speech,” 44.
14. Nitze, “Critique of Dulles’ ‘Massive Retaliation’ Speech,” 44.
15. Nitze, “History and Our Democratic Tradition in the Formulation of United States Foreign Policy,” in Thompson and Rearden, Nitze on Foreign Policy, 150.
16. Nitze, “History and Our Democratic Tradition,” 151.
17. Nitze, “History and Our Democratic Tradition,” 151.
18. Nitze, “History and Our Democratic Tradition,” 152.
19. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, May 28, 1986, 2–3, box I:120, Nitze Papers.
20. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, April 20, 1982, 17, box I:118, Nitze Papers.
21. For a succinct summary of the RAND’s work during the period 1949–60, see Andrew Krepinevich and Barry Watts, The Last Warrior: Andrew Marshall and the Shaping of Modern American Defense Strategy (New York: Basic Books, 2015), 15–50.
22. Nitze, “Letter to Joseph Alsop on Preventive War,” in Thompson and Rearden, Nitze on National Security, 49.
23. Nitze, “Letter to Joseph Alsop on Preventive War,” in Thompson and Rearden, Nitze on National Security, 50.
24. Nitze, “Letter to Joseph Alsop on Preventive War,” in Thompson and Rearden, Nitze on National Security, 50.
25. FRUS, 1955–1957, China, volume II, document 9, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1955 -57v02 /d9. 26. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, May 28, 1986, 10–11, box I:120, Nitze Papers.
27. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, April 20, 1982, 10–11, box I:118, Nitze Papers.
28. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 162.
29. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 162.
30. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 163–64.
31. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, April 20, 1982, 8, box I:118, Nitze Papers.
32. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, April 20, 1982, 10, box I:118, Nitze Papers.
33. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, April 20, 1982, 22, box I:118, Nitze Papers.
34. Paul Nitze, “Atoms, Strategy and Policy,” Foreign Affairs, January 1956.
35. Gutner, Story of SAIS, 43.
36. FRUS, 1955–1957, United Nations and General International Matters, volume XI, document 72, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1955 -57v11 /d72. 37. See Nitze, “The Effect of New Weapons Systems on Our Alliances,” in Thompson and Rearden, Nitze on Foreign Policy, 153–66.
38. On the consequences of the Soviet space test, see Yanek Mieczkowski, Eisenhower’s Sputnik Moment: The Race for Space and World Prestige (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2013).
39. FRUS, 1955–1957, National Security Policy, volume XIX, document 156, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1955 -57v19 /d156; see also David Snead, The Gaither Committee, Eisenhower, and the Cold War (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1999). 40. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 167.
41. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 168.
42. “NATO Heads of Government Meeting, Paris, December 1957,” box I:118, Nitze Papers.
43. Strobe Talbott, The Master of the Game: Paul Nitze and the Nuclear Peace (New York: Vintage Books, 1988).
44. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, February 25, 1986, 34, box I:119, Nitze Papers.
45. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, February 25, 1986, 23, box I:119, Nitze Papers.
46. Nitze, Hiroshima to Pearl Harbor, 169.
47. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, February 25, 1986, 25, box I:119, Nitze Papers.
48. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, March 30, 1982, 40, box I:118, Nitze Papers.
49. Paul H. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1981, 423, box I:117, Nitze Papers.
50. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1981, 424, box I:117, Nitze Papers.
51. FRUS, 1958–1960, Berlin Crisis, 1959–1960, Germany, Austria, volume IX, document 264, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1958 -60v09 /d264.
6. Nuclear Crises, 1961–1963
1. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, July 22, 1982, 4, box I:118, Nitze Papers.
2. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 177.
3. FRUS, 1961–1963, volume VIII, National Security Policy, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v08 /d1. 4. Harold Brown, “US National Security: The Next 50 Years,” Paul H. Nitze Award Lecture, April 2000, https://
www .cna .org /CNA _files /PDF /D0001565 .A1 .pdf. 5. Paul H. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1977, 296, box I:117, Nitze Papers.
6. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 180–81.
7. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1981, 302–3, box I:117, Nitze Papers.
8. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1981, 427, box I:117, Nitze Papers.
9. Talbott, Master of the Game, 78–79.
10. Talbott, Master of the Game, 79.
11. FRUS, 1961–1963, volume X, Cuba, January 1961–September 1962, document 24, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v10 /d24. 12. FRUS, 1961–1963, volume XXIV, Laos Crisis, document 10, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v24 /d10. 13. FRUS, 1961–1963, volume XX, Congo Crisis, document 16, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v20 /d16. 14. FRUS, 1961–1963, American Republics; Cuba 1961–1962; Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath, volumes X/XI/XII, Microfiche Supplement, document 244, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v10 -12mSupp /d244. 15. FRUS, 1961–1963, volume X, Cuba, January 1961–September 1962, document 80, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v10 /d80. 16. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 184.
17. FRUS, 1961–1963, volume X, Cuba, January 1961–September 1962, document 172, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v10 /d172. 18. FRUS, 1961–1963, volume X, Cuba, January 1961–September 1962, document 204, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v10 /d204. 19. FRUS, 1961–1963, volume X, Cuba, January 1961–September 1962, document 206, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v10 /d206. 20. FRUS, 1961–1963, volume XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961–1963, document 32, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v14 /d32. 21. Thompson, Hawk and the Dove, 173.
22. “President John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address (1961),” National Archives, last reviewed February 8, 2022, https://
www .archives .gov /milestone -documents /president -john -f -kennedys -inaugural -address. 23. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 196.
24. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 200.
25. FRUS, 1961–1963, volume XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961–1963, document 69, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v14 /d69. 26. FRUS, 1961–1963, volume XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961–1963, document 70, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v14 /d70. 27. FRUS, 1961–1963, volume XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961–1963, document 76, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v14 /d76. 28. Walter S. Poole, The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, vol. VIII, 1961–1964 (Washington, DC: Office of Joint History, 2011), https://
www .jcs .mil /Portals /36 /Documents /History /Policy /Policy _V008 .pdf. 29. On de Gaulle’s Cold War maneuvering, see Garret Joseph Martin, General de Gaulle’s Cold War: Challenging American Hegemony, 1963–1968 (New York: Berghahn Books, 2013).
30. FRUS, 1961–1963, volume XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961–1963, document 56, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v14 /d56. 31. FRUS, 1961–1963, volume XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961–1963, document 166, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v14 /d166. 32. Thompson, Hawk and the Dove, 177.
33. Thompson, Hawk and the Dove, 178.
34. FRUS, 1961–1963, volume XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961–1963, document 173, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v14 /d173. 35. FRUS, 1961–1963, volume XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961–1963, document 185, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v14 /d185. 36. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 204.
37. See Matthew Kroenig, The Logic of American Nuclear Strategy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018); see also Todd Sechser and Matthew Furhman, Nuclear Weapons and Coercive Diplomacy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017).
38. See Francis Gavin, Nuclear Weapons and American Grand Strategy (Washington, DC: Brookings Institute Press, 2020).
39. Quoted in Talbott, Master of the Game, 81.
40. FRUS, 1961–1963, volume VII, Arms Control and Disarmament, document 141, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v07 /d141. 41. FRUS, 1961–1963, volume VII, Arms Control and Disarmament, document 148, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v07 /d148. 42. FRUS, 1961–1963, volume XV, Berlin Crisis, 1962–1963, document 34, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v15 /d34. 43. FRUS, 1961–1963, volume VIII, National Security Policy, document 89, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v08 /d89. 44. FRUS, 1961–1963, volume VII, Arms Control and Disarmament, document 206, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v07 /d206. 45. FRUS, 1961–1963, volume XV, Berlin Crisis, 1962–1963, document 107, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v15 /d107. 46. FRUS, 1961–1963, volume XV, Berlin Crisis, 1962–1963, document 107, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v15 /d107. 47. FRUS, 1961–1963, volume VIII, National Security Policy, document 103, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v08 /d103. 48. Heiko Henning, “Senator Keating’s Source: How West German Intelligence Discovered Soviet Missiles in Cuba,” February 21, 2017, Wilson Center, https://
www .wilsoncenter .org /blog -post /senator -keatings -source. 49. FRUS, 1961–1963, volume X, Cuba, January 1961–September 1962, document 430, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v10 /d430. 50. Thompson, Hawk and the Dove, 183–84.
51. FRUS, 1961–1963, volume XI, Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath, document 31, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v11 /d31. 52. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, April 1, 1986, 21, box I:120, Nitze Papers.
53. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, April 1, 1986, 21–22, box I:120, Nitze Papers.
54. FRUS, 1961–1963, American Republics; Cuba 1961–1962; Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath, volumes X/XI/XII, Microfiche Supplement, document 334, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v10 -12mSupp /d334. 55. Quoted in Sheldon M. Stern, Averting “the Final Failure”: John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003), 146.
56. See Serhii Plokhy, Nuclear Folly: A History of the Cuban Missile Crisis (New York: W. W. Norton, 2021).
57. FRUS, 1961–1963, American Republics; Cuba 1961–1962; Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath, volumes X/XI/XII, Microfiche Supplement, document 424, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v10 -12mSupp /d424. 58. FRUS, 1961–1963, American Republics; Cuba 1961–1962; Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath, volumes X/XI/XII, Microfiche Supplement, document 496, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v10 -12mSupp /d496. 59. FRUS, 1961–1963, American Republics; Cuba 1961–1962; Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath, volumes X/XI/XII, Microfiche Supplement, document 503, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v10 -12mSupp /d503. 60. FRUS, 1961–1963, American Republics; Cuba 1961–1962; Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath, volumes X/XI/XII, Microfiche Supplement, document 529, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v10 -12mSupp /d529. 61. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 208.
62. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, April 1, 1986, 20, box I:120, Nitze Papers.
63. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, April 1, 1986, 21, box I:120, Nitze Papers.
64. See Martin Sherwin, Gambling with Armageddon: Nuclear Roulette from Hiroshima to the Cuban Missile Crisis (New York: Knopf, 2020).
65. Quoted in Charles Bohlen, Witness to History 1919–1969 (New York: Norton, 1973), 495.
66. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1981, 489, box 118, Nitze Papers.
7. Preponderance Lost
1. Paul H. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1981, 323, box 118, Nitze Papers.
2. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, December 22, 1982, 14, box I:118, Nitze Papers.
3. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 262.
4. Thompson, Hawk and the Dove, 198.
5. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, December 10, 1982, 5, box I:118, Nitze Papers.
6. Talbott, Master of the Game, 89.
7. See James Cameron, The Double Game: The Demise of America’s First Missile Defense System and the Rise of Strategic Arms Limitation (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017).
8. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 248.
9. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 248.
10. FRUS, 1961–1963, volume XXII, Northeast Asia, document 177, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1961 -63v22 /d177. 11. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 250.
12. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 252.
13. “Considerations Involved in a Separable First Stage Disarmament Agreement,” National Security Files, box 383: Disarmament, 7/63-10/63, box 4, October 1, 1963, https://
www .archives .gov /files /research /jfk /releases /2018 /docid -32626321 .pdf. 14. FRUS, 1964–1968, volume X, National Security Policy, document 131, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1964 -68v10 /d31. 15. FRUS, 1964–1968, volume XI, Arms Control and Disarmament, document 64, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1964 -68v11 /d64. 16. On the “Long 1964,” see Frederik Logevall, Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).
17. FRUS, 1964–1968, volume II, Vietnam, June–December 1965, document 76, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1964 -68v03 /d76. Biographer Nicholas Thompson points out that, in his own memoir Nitze recorded his prediction for success as 40:60—not 60:40. Thompson, Hawk and the Dove, 202. 18. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1981, 355, box 118, Nitze Papers.
19. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1981, 358, box 118, Nitze Papers.
20. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1981, 359–60, box 118, Nitze Papers.
21. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1981, 406, box 118, Nitze Papers.
22. See Francis Gavin, Nuclear Statecraft: History and Strategy in America’s Atomic Age (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2012), 102.
23. Talbott, Master of the Game, 94.
24. On the politics of succession within the Kremlin, see Vladislav Zubok, A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009).
25. FRUS, 1964–1968, volume XIII, Western Europe Regional, document 271, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1964 -68v13 /d271. 26. Talbott, Master of the Game, 99.
27. FRUS, 1964–1968, volume XXIX, part 1, Korea, document 213, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1964 -68v29p1 /d213. Clifford responded: “May I leave now?” 28. FRUS, 1964–1968, volume XXIX, part 1, Korea, document 217, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1964 -68v29p1 /d217. 29. FRUS, 1964–1968, volume XXIX, Part 1, Korea, document 226, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1964 -68v29p1 /d226. 30. FRUS, 1964–1968, volume VI, Vietnam, January–August 1968, document 156, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1964 -68v06 /d156. 31. FRUS, 1964–1968, volume VI, Vietnam, January–August 1968, document 156, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1964 -68v06 /d156. 32. Quoted in Callaghan, Dangerous Capabilities, 321.
33. FRUS, 1964–1968, volume XI, Arms Control and Disarmament, document 238, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1964 -68v11 /d238. 34. FRUS, 1964–1968, volume XI, Arms Control and Disarmament, document 242, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1964 -68v11 /d242. 35. FRUS, 1964–1968, volume XI, Arms Control and Disarmament, document 244, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1964 -68v11 /d244. 36. FRUS, 1964–1968, volume XI, Arms Control and Disarmament, document 252, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1964 -68v11 /d252. 37. FRUS, 1964–1968, volume XI, Arms Control and Disarmament, document 273, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1964 -68v11 /d273. 38. FRUS, 1964–1968, volume XI, Arms Control and Disarmament, document 275, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1964 -68v11 /d275. 39. FRUS, 1964–1968, volume XI, Arms Control and Disarmament, document 275, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1964 -68v11 /d275. 40. FRUS, 1964–1968, volume VII, Vietnam, September 1968–January 1969, document 15, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1964 -68v07 /d15. 41. FRUS, 1964–1968, volume VII, Vietnam, September 1968–January 1969, document 180, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1964 -68v07 /d180. 42. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 269–70.
43. FRUS, 1964–1968, volume XXXIII, Organization and Management of Foreign Policy; United Nations, document 279, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1964 -68v33 /d279.
8. Negotiating from Weakness, 1969–1975
1. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 293.
2. Cameron, Double Game, 107–24.
3. FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XXXIV, National Security Policy, document 25, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v34 /d25. 4. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 294.
5. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969).
6. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 299.
7. These personal dynamics are well established in John Newhouse, Cold Dawn: The Story of SALT (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1973).
8. Callahan, Dangerous Capabilities, 329.
9. FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XXXII, SALT I, 1969–1972, document 39, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v32 /d39. 10. On Kissinger’s extraordinary rise to fame, see Thomas A. Schwartz, Henry Kissinger and American Power: A Political Biography (New York: Hill & Wang, 2020).
11. See FRUS, 1969–1976, volume II, Organization and Management of US Foreign Policy, 1969–1972, chapter 1, The NSC System, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v02 /ch1. 12. On the US decisions for ICBM basing, see Gretchen Heefner, The Missile Next Door: The Minuteman in the American Heartland (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012).
13. FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XXXII, SALT I, 1969–1972, document 39, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v32 /d39. 14. FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XXXII, SALT I, 1969–1972, document 39, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v32 /d39. 15. See John D. Maurer, Competitive Arms Control: Nixon, Kissinger, & SALT, 1969–1972 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2022).
16. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 300–301.
17. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 301.
18. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 301.
19. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 302.
20. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 302–3.
21. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 304.
22. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 305.
23. FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XXXII, SALT I, 1969–1972, document 42, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v32 /d42. 24. FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XXXII, SALT I, 1969–1972, document 58, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v32 /d58. 25. FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XXXII, SALT I, 1969–1972, document 59, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v32 /d59. 26. FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XXXII, SALT I, 1969–1972, document 59, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v32 /d59. 27. FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XXXII, SALT I, 1969–1972, document 59, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v32 /d59. 28. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 307–8.
29. McGeorge Bundy, “To Cap the Volcano,” Foreign Affairs, October 1969.
30. On domestic opposition to Sentinels being placed in Seattle, Boston, and Chicago, see Cameron, Double Game, 104–5.
31. FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XXXII, SALT I, 1969–1972, document 85, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v32 /d85. 32. FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XXXII, SALT I, 1969–1972, document 170, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v32 /d170. 33. FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XXXII, SALT I, 1969–1972, document 202, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v32 /d202. 34. FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XXXII, SALT I, 1969–1972, document 281, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v32 /d281. 35. FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XXXII, SALT I, 1969–1972, document 328, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v32 /d328. 36. FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XXXII, SALT I, 1969–1972, document 322, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v32 /d322. 37. John Finney, “Senate Approves Pact with Soviet on Nuclear Arms,” The New York Times, September 15, 1972.
38. FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XXXIII, SALT II, 1972–1980, document 2, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v33 /d2. 39. On the first “purge” of ACDA, see Michael Krepon, Winning and Losing the Nuclear Peace: The Rise, Demise, and Revival of Arms Control (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2021), 135–36.
40. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 335.
41. FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XXXIII, SALT II, 1972–1980, document 34, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v33 /d34. 42. On the intersection between US–Soviet détente and the Middle East, see Craig Daigle, The Limits of Détente: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1969–1973 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012).
43. See Kroenig, American Nuclear Strategy; see also Sechser and Fuhrmann, Nuclear Weapons.
44. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 337.
45. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 337.
46. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 338.
47. FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XXXIII, SALT II, 1972–1980, document 43, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v33 /d43. 48. FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XXXIII, SALT II, 1972–1980, document 45, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v33 /d45. 49. FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XXXIII, SALT II, 1972–1980, document 51, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v33 /d51. 50. FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XXXIII, SALT II, 1972–1980, document 37, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v35 /d37. 51. FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XXXIII, SALT II, 1972–1980, document 64, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v33 /d64. 52. FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XXXIII, SALT II, 1972–1980, document 64, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v33 /d64. 53. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 341.
54. See FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XXXVIII, part 1, Foundations of Foreign Policy, 1973–1976, document 37, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v38p1 /d37. 55. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 342–43.
56. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 346.
57. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 347.
58. FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XVIII, China 1973–1976, document 82, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v18 /d82. 59. Robert Jervis, “Why Nuclear Superiority Doesn’t Matter,” Political Science Quarterly 94, no. 4 (Winter 1979–1980): 617–33, https://
www .jstor .org /stable /2149629. 60. Kissinger background briefing, December 3, 1974, republished in “The Vladivostok Accord,” Survival 17, no. 4 (1975): 195, https://
doi .org /10 .1080 /00396337508441560. 61. Schwartz, Henry Kissinger.
62. Thompson, Hawk and the Dove.
9. The Nitze Scenario
1. Paul Nitze, “Assuring Strategic Stability in an Era of Détente,” Foreign Affairs 54, no. 2 (January 1976): 207.
2. Nitze, “Assuring Strategic Stability,” 214.
3. Nitze, “Assuring Strategic Stability,” 215.
4. Nitze, “Assuring Strategic Stability,” 227.
5. Nitze, “Assuring Strategic Stability,” 229.
6. “Collection: Records of the 1976 Campaign Committee to Elect Jimmy Carter,” Jimmy Carter Library, last reviewed September 13, 2023, https://
www .jimmycarterlibrary .gov /digital _library /campaign /564806 /86 /76C _564806 _86 _07 .pdf. Even before Jackson made it official, Nitze donated $500 (about $2,400 in 2022 dollars) to the senator’s presidential aspirations. 7. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, July 15, 1986, 16, box I:120, Nitze Papers.
8. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, July 15, 1986, 16, box I:120, Nitze Papers.
9. Undated Memorandum, Richard Cheney Files, Box 16, “Carter, Jimmy,” Gerald Ford Presidential Library, last reviewed September 13, 2023, https://
catalog .archives .gov /id /1561621. 10. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, September 10, 1985, 7, box I:119, Nitze Papers.
11. Jimmy Carter Papers—Pre Presidential, 1976 Presidential Campaign Issues Office—Stuart Eizenstat, box 9, Defense, 7/27/76–87/76, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library.
12. Jimmy Carter Papers—Pre Presidential, 1976 Presidential Campaign Issues Office—Stuart Eizenstat, box 9, Defense, 7/27/76–87/76, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library.
13. Paul C. Warnke, “Apes on a Treadmill,” Foreign Policy, no. 18 (Spring 1975): 12–29, https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1147960.pdf?seq=1.
14. Jimmy Carter Papers—Pre Presidential, 1976 Presidential Campaign Issues Office—Stuart Eizenstat, box 9, Defense, 7/27/76–87/76, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library.
15. Jimmy Carter Papers—Pre Presidential, 1976 Presidential Campaign Issues Office—Stuart Eizenstat, box 9, Defense, 7/27/76–87/76, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library.
16. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 349.
17. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 349.
18. Telnet Message From Nick Macneil to Richard Holbrooke, September 20, 1976, Records of the 1976 Campaign Committee to Elect Jimmy Carter, Container 95, Telnet Messages, last reviewed September 13, 2023.
19. FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XXXV, National Security Policy, 1973–1976, document 104, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v35 /d104. 20. FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XXXV, National Security Policy, 1973–1976, document 171, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v35 /d171. 21. Undated Memorandum for President-Elect Jimmy Carter, Office of Staff Secretary Series: 1976 Transition Series File, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, https://
www .jimmycarterlibrary .gov /digital _library /sso /148838 /1 /SSO _148838 _001 _03 .pdf. 22. Edward C. Keefer, Harold Brown: Offsetting the Soviet Military Challenge 1977–1981 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2017), 660, fn. 7.
23. Thompson, Hawk and the Dove, 264.
24. According to biographer Nicholas Thompson, “Nitze’s description of the incident, in his memoirs, is perhaps the most tortured and absurd paragraph he ever wrote.” Thompson, Hawk and the Dove, 265.
25. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 355.
26. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, June 24, 1986, 19, box I:120, Nitze Papers.
27. Letter from Paul Nitze to President Jimmy Carter, March 16, 1977, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, last reviewed September 11, 2023.
28. Letter from Paul Nitze to President Jimmy Carter, March 16, 1977, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, last reviewed September 11, 2023, https://
www .jimmycarterlibrary .gov /sites /default /files /pdf _documents /digital _library /sso /148878 /11 /SSO _148878 _011 _09 .pdf. 29. Memorandum from Secretary of Defense Harold Brown to President Jimmy Carter, July 8, 1977, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, last visited September 11, 2023, https://
www .jimmycarterlibrary .gov /digital _library /sso /148878 /30 /SSO _148878 _030 _04 .pdf. 30. Memorandum From National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski to President Jimmy Carter, August 5, 1977, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, last visited October 19, 2023, https://
www .jimmycarterlibrary .gov /digital _library /sso /148878 /36 /SSO _148878 _036 _08 .pdf. 31. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010), 76.
32. Memorandum For the President, August 19, 1977, Office of Staff Secretary, Presidential Files, 8/22/77 [1], Container 37, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, last reviewed September 13, 2023, https://
www .jimmycarterlibrary .gov /digital _library /sso /148878 /37 /SSO _148878 _037 _08 .pdf. 33. National Security Affairs, Brzezinski Material, subject file, box 47, Nuclear War Doctrine: Limited Nuclear Options (LNO), Regional Nuclear Options (RNO), 3/77–1/80, 36, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library.
34. See William E. Odom, “The Origins and Design of PD-59: A Memoir,” in Getting MAD: Nuclear Mutual Assured Destruction, Its Origins and Practice, ed. Henry D. Sokolski (Washington, DC: Strategic Studies Institute, 2004), 175–96.
35. FRUS, 1969–1976, volume XXXIII, SALT II, 1972–1980, document 188, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1969 -76v33 /d188. 36. National Security Affairs, Brzezinski Material, subject file, box 52, SAC and NORAD 8/20–21/78 Brzezinski Trip, 7–9/78, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library.
37. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, March 30, 1982, box I:118, Nitze Papers. The quotation is from Letter, March 24, 1978, PHN Personal File, Kim, Young-shik.
38. “Yale Debate,” Firing Line, with William F. Buckley, September 19, 1978, 6, Hoover Institution Archives.
39. “Yale Debate,” 7.
40. “Yale Debate,” 8.
41. National Security Affairs, Brzezinski Office File, Country Chron file, box 124, Weapons Systems, 4–9/78, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library.
42. Stansfield Turner to Paul Nitze, November 20, 1978, box I:160, Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT) Verification, 1978–79, n.d., Nitze Papers.
43. Paul Nitze, “SALT II: The Objectives v.s. The Results,” Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, Chicago, December 5, 1978, Committee on the Present Danger, Paul Nitze Office File, Box 75, Hoover Institution Archives.
44. Paul Nitze, “SALT II: The Objectives v.s. The Results,” Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, Chicago, December 5, 1978, Committee on the Present Danger, Paul Nitze Office File, Box 75, Hoover Institution Archives..
45. Memorandum of Conversation with Secretary Vance, June 5, 1979, 3, box I:160, Nitze Papers.
46. Memorandum of Conversation with Secretary Vance, June 5, 1979, 5, box I:160, Nitze Papers.
47. “Verification,” June 11, 1979, 1, box I:160, Nitze Papers.
48. Paul Nitze, “Will SALT II Do What Is Claimed for It?” July 20, 1979, Commonwealth Club of California Records, https://digitalcollections.hoover.org/objects/1236/will-salt-ii-do-what-is-claimed-for-it?ctx=aa01933f-435b-45dc-a537-84b4e422083a&idx=0.
49. Letter from Paul Nitze to Senator Jacob Javits, September 24, 1979, box I:2, Nitze Papers. Nitze enclosed in his letter to Senator Javits his reply to Senator Church.
50. Kiron Skinner, Annelise Anderson, and Martin Anderson, eds., Reagan, In His Own Hand: The Writings of Ronald Reagan That Reveal His Revolutionary Vision for America (New York: Touchstone, 2001), 111–12.
51. Skinner, Anderson, and Anderson, eds., Reagan, In His Own Hand, 111–12.
52. Ronald Reagan, “Peace: Restoring the Margin of Safety,” August 18, 1980, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum, https://
www .reaganlibrary .gov /archives /speech /peace -restoring -margin -safety. 53. Ronald Reagan, “Peace: Restoring the Margin of Safety,” August 18, 1980, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum, https://
www .reaganlibrary .gov /archives /speech /peace -restoring -margin -safety. 54. Jervis, “Why Nuclear Superiority Doesn’t Matter.”
10. A Walk in the Woods, 1981–1984
1. “The Debate on American Security,” June 12, 1981, Firing Line broadcast records, Hoover Institution Library & Archives, https://
digitalcollections .hoover .org /objects /6642 /the -debate -on -american -security. 2. “Debate on American Security.”
3. “Debate on American Security.”
4. “Debate on American Security.”
5. “Debate on American Security.”
6. Paul H. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1981, 490–91, box 118, Nitze Papers.
7. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume III, Soviet Union, January 1981–January 1983, document 39, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v03 /d39. 8. Paul H. Nitze, US Air Force Oral History Interview, 1981, 419–20, box 118, Nitze Papers.
9. Talbott, Master of the Game, 168.
10. Interview with Thomas Graham Jr., May 15, 2001, Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, Foreign Affairs Oral History Project, https://
adst .org /OH%20TOCs /Graham -Thomas .pdf. 11. On the importance of the relationship between Reagan and Nakasone, see William Inboden, The Peacemaker: Ronald Reagan, the Cold War, and the World on the Brink (New York: Penguin, 2022).
12. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume III, Soviet Union, January 1981–January 1983, document 89, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v03 /d89. 13. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume III, Soviet Union, January 1981–January 1983, document 92, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v03 /d92. 14. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume III, Soviet Union, January 1981–January 1983, document 92, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v03 /d92. 15. Ronald Reagan, “Remarks to Members of the National Press Club on Arms Reduction and Nuclear Weapons,” November 18, 1981, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, https://
www .reaganlibrary .gov /archives /speech /remarks -members -national -press -club -arms -reduction -and -nuclear -weapons. 16. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume III, Soviet Union, January 1981–January 1983, document 104, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v03 /d104. 17. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume III, Soviet Union, January 1981–January 1983, document 104, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v03 /d104. 18. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume III, Soviet Union, January 1981–January 1983, document 104, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v03 /d104. 19. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume III, Soviet Union, January 1981–January 1983, document 104, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v03 /d104. 20. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume III, Soviet Union, January 1981–January 1983, document 118, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v03 /d118. 21. Reagan Diary, January 7, 1982, in Douglas Brinkley, ed., The Reagan Diaries, vol. 1, January 1981–October 1985 (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), 99.
22. Thomas Graham Jr. and Damien J. LaVera, Cornerstones of Security: Arms Control Treaties in the Nuclear Era (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2011), 513.
23. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume III, Soviet Union, January 1981–January 1983, document 153, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v03 /d153. 24. David Shribman, “How the Call for Shift in Nuclear Strategy Evolved,” New York Times, April 9, 1982, https://
www .nytimes .com /1982 /04 /09 /world /how -the -call -for -shift -in -nuclear -strategy -evolved .html. 25. See Thomas Rid, Active Measures: The Secret History of Disinformation and Political Warfare (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020).
26. Paul Montgomery, “Throngs Fill Manhattan to Protest Nuclear Weapons,” New York Times, June 13, 1982, https://
www .nytimes .com /1982 /06 /13 /world /throngs -fill -manhattan -to -protest -nuclear -weapons .html; see also Stephanie L. Freeman, Dreams for a Decade: International Nuclear Abolitionism and the End of the Cold War (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2023). 27. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 374–75.
28. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 378.
29. Undated Paper, box 119, Nitze Papers.
30. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 386.
31. Memorandum from Richard Boverie to Robert “Bud” McFarlane, July 29, 1982, 1, box 119, Nitze Papers.
32. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume III, Soviet Union, January 1981–January 1983, document 211, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v03 /d211. 33. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume III, Soviet Union, January 1981–January 1983, document 242, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v03 /d242. 34. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, December 10, 1982, 10, box I:118, Nitze Papers.
35. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, December 10, 1982, 10, box I:118, Nitze Papers.
36. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, December 10, 1982, 10, box I:118, Nitze Papers.
37. Bernard Gwertzman, “U.S. Aide Reached Arms Agreement Later Ruled Out,” New York Times, January 16, 1983, https://
www .nytimes .com /1983 /01 /16 /us /us -aide -reached -arms -agreement -later -ruled -out .html. 38. Bernard Gwertzman, “U.S. Aide Reached Arms Agreement Later Ruled Out,” New York Times, January 16, 1983, https://
www .nytimes .com /1983 /01 /16 /us /us -aide -reached -arms -agreement -later -ruled -out .html. 39. Reagan Diary, January 21, 1983, in Brinkley, ed., The Reagan Diaries, vol. I, 191.
40. Reagan Diary, February 11, 1983, in Brinkley, ed., The Reagan Diaries, vol. I, 196.
41. Ronald Reagan, “Address to the Nation on Defense and National Security,” March 23, 1983, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, https://
www .reaganlibrary .gov /archives /speech /address -nation -defense -and -national -security. 42. Reagan, “Address to the Nation.”
43. Public Papers: Reagan, 1983, Book I (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1984), 474.
44. “Report of the President’s Commission on Strategic Forces,” April 6, 1983, HathiTrust, http://
web .mit .edu /chemistry /deutch /policy /1983 -ReportPresCommStrategic .pdf. 45. Paul Nitze, “Assuring Strategic Stability in an Era of Détente,” Foreign Affairs 54, no. 2 (January 1976): 214.
46. Correspondence with Gregg Herken, box II:2, General Correspondence, 1984 He-Hy, Nitze Papers.
47. Correspondence with Gregg Herken, box II:2, General Correspondence, 1984 He-Hy, Nitze Papers.
48. Reagan Diary, May 12, 1983, in Brinkley, ed., The Reagan Diaries, vol. I, 225.
49. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 390.
50. For Nitze’s statement, see Documents on Disarmament, 1983 (Washington: United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 1986), 1000–1001.
51. The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour, December 8, 1983, American Archive of Public Broadcasting, https://
americanarchive .org /catalog /cpb -aacip _507 -0p0wp9tm76. 52. Reagan Diary, January 17, 1984, in Brinkley, ed., The Reagan Diaries, vol. I, 309.
53. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 87, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d87. 54. McFarlane’s summary of Nitze’s proposal is laid out in FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 88, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d88. 55. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 89, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d89. 56. Minutes of a National Security Planning Group Meeting, March 27, 1984, last reviewed September 13, 2023, https://
www .thereaganfiles .com /19840327 -nsc -104 -arms -contr .pdf. 57. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 96, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d96. 58. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 402.
59. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 97, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d97. 60. Minutes of a National Security Planning Group Meeting, September 18, 1984, last reviewed September 13, 2023, https://
www .thereaganfiles .com /19840918 -nspg -96 -arms -contr .pdf. 61. Bernard Gwertzman, “Books of the Times: Arms and Reagan,” New York Times, September 29, 1984, https://
archive .nytimes .com /www .nytimes .com /books /98 /12 /06 /specials /talbott -gambits .html. 62. Strobe Talbott, Deadly Gambits (New York: Knopf, 1984).
63. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, April 13, 1983, 17, box I:118, Nitze Papers.
64. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, April 13, 1983, 17, box I:118, Nitze Papers.
11. The Strategic Concept
1. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 99, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d99. 2. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 99, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d99. 3. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 99, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d99. 4. Memorandum from Jack Matlock to Robert McFarlane, Executive Secretariat, NSC Country File, Europe and Soviet Union, USSR (10/15/84–10/23/84), Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.
5. Serge Schmemann, “Soviet Congratulatory Message to Reagan Looks to Better Relations,” The New York Times, November 8, 1984, A18.
6. George P. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph: Diplomacy, Power, and the Victory of the American Deal (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010), 495.
7. Letter from President Ronald Reagan to Chairman Konstantin Chernenko, November 16, 1984, last reviewed September 13, 2023, https://
www .thereaganfiles .com /19841116 .pdf. 8. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 489–90.
9. Memorandum From Robert McFarlane to President Reagan, November 18, 1984, Executive Secretariat, NSC Country File, Europe and Soviet Union, USSR (11/16/84–11/25/84), Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.
10. Memorandum From Secretary of State Shultz to President Reagan, December 27, 1984, Sven Kraemer Files, Geneva—NSDD Package, 12/31/1984–01/01/1985 (3), Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.
11. “A Suggestion as to How to Present the Offense–Defense Interaction to Gromyko,” Robert McFarlane Files, subject file, Geneva Talks Background Notebook, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.
12. Memorandum From Secretary of State Shultz to President Reagan, December 27, 1984, with attached paper by Nitze, “A Suggestion as to How to Present the Offense-Defense Interaction to Gromyko,” Sven Kraemer Files, Geneva—NSDD Package, 12/31/1984–01/01/1985 (3), Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.
13. Memorandum From Secretary of State Shultz to President Reagan, December 27, 1984, with attached paper by Nitze, “A Suggestion as to How to Present the Offense-Defense Interaction to Gromyko,” Sven Kraemer Files, Geneva—NSDD Package, 12/31/1984–01/01/1985 (3), Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.
14. Memorandum From Secretary of State Shultz to President Reagan, December 27, 1984, with attached paper by Nitze, “A Suggestion as to How to Present the Offense-Defense Interaction to Gromyko,” Sven Kraemer Files, Geneva—NSDD Package, 12/31/1984–01/01/1985 (3), Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.
15. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 512.
16. Archie Brown, The Human Factor: Gorbachev, Reagan, and Thatcher, and the End of the Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2020), 125.
17. For the January 5 telegram and drafting material in its preparation, see “Geneva—Allies & Congress, November 1984–December 1984,” box 90718, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, https://
www .reaganlibrary .gov /public /digitallibrary /smof /nsc -defensepolicy /kraemer /90718 /40 -305 -12015482 -90718 -001 -2018 .pdf. 18. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume IV, Soviet Union, January 1983–March 1985, document 369, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v04 /d369. 19. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume IV, Soviet Union, January 1983–March 1985, document 373, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v04 /d373. 20. Paul Nitze, “On the Road to a More Stable Peace,” Department of State Bulletin, April 1985, 27–29.
21. Callaghan, Dangerous Capabilities, 455.
22. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume IV, Soviet Union, January 1983–March 1985, document 375, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v04 /d375. 23. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 109, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d109. 24. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 107, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d107. 25. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume V, Soviet Union, March 1985–October 1986, document 43, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v05 /d43. 26. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 412.
27. Callaghan, Dangerous Capabilities, 462–63.
28. NSDD 192, “The ABM Treaty and the SDI Program,” October 11, 1985, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, https://
www .reaganlibrary .gov /public /archives /reference /scanned -nsdds /nsdd192 .pdf. 29. Letter to Paul Emmanuel, July 8, 1985, Nitze Papers, general correspondence 1985, alphabetical file, E, box 4, folder 9.
30. Letter to Paul Emmanuel, July 8, 1985 Nitze Papers, box 4, folder 9.
31. President Reagan, “Remarks at the Present Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom,” November 7, 1985, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, https://
www .reaganlibrary .gov /archives /speech /remarks -presentation -ceremony -presidential -medal -freedom -0. 32. Memorandum by Paul Nitze, “Facets of the Fireside Summit,” December 12, 1985, Nitze Papers, subject file, Geneva Summit, box 161, folder 7.
33. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume V, Soviet Union, March 1985–October 1986, document 162, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v05 /d162. 34. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume V, Soviet Union, March 1985–October 1986, document 164, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v05 /d164. 35. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 421.
36. Reagan to Gorbachev, July 25, 1986, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, http://
www .thereaganfiles .com /19860725 .pdf. 37. Reagan to Gorbachev, July 25, 1986, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, http://
www .thereaganfiles .com /19860725 .pdf. 38. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume V, Soviet Union, March 1985–October 1986, document 258, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v05 /d258. 39. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 142, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d142. 40. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume VI, Soviet Union, October 1986–January 1989, document 6, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v06 /d6. 41. “Talking Points for the School of Advanced International Relations,” December 15, 1985, Nitze Papers.
42. “Talking Points for the School of Advanced International Relations,” December 15, 1985, Nitze Papers.
43. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 444.
44. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume I, Foundations of Foreign Policy, document 299, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v01 /d299. 45. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 240, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d240. 46. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 452.
47. Strobe Talbott, “Arms and the Man: Paul Nitze,” Time, December 21, 1987, https://
content .time .com /time /subscriber /article /0,33009,966280,00 .html. 48. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 257, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d257. 49. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 257, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d257. 50. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 257, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d257. 51. Draft letter to John Herman, January 7, 1988, Nitze Papers.
52. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 261, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d261. 53. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 261, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d261. 54. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 268, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d268. 55. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 268, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d268. 56. Interview with Paul Nitze by Stephen Rearden and Ann Smith, March 1, 1988, Nitze Papers, subject file, box 121.
57. Interview with Paul Nitze by Stephen Rearden and Ann Smith, March 1, 1988, Nitze Papers, subject file, box 121.
58. Interview with Paul Nitze by Stephen Rearden and Ann Smith, March 1, 1988, Nitze Papers, subject file, box 121.
59. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 268, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d268. 60. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 270, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d270. 61. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 270, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d270. 62. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 270, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d270. 63. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 270, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d270. 64. Interview with Paul Nitze by Stephen Rearden, March 28, 1988, Nitze Papers, subject file, box 121.
65. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 290, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d290. 66. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 311, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d311. 67. Paul H. Nitze, “The Case for Cutting Strategic Arms,” Washington Post, June 21, 1988, p. A19.
68. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 314, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d314. 69. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 325, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d325. 70. FRUS, 1981–1988, volume XI, START I, document 328, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1981 -88v11 /d328.
12. No Retirement, 1989–2004
1. Interview with Paul Nitze, December 15, 1988, C-Span, https://
www .c -span .org /video / ?5607 -1 /interview -paul -nitze (42:00). 2. Chase Untermeyer to Paul Nitze, February 4, 1989, box II:116, State Department Resignation, Nitze Papers.
3. Paul Nitze, “Security Challenges Facing NATO in the 1990s,” February 6, 1989, US Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Washington, DC, https://books.google.com/books?id=W51MAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22paul+h.+nitze%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjA2K_utvnvAhU-MVkFHdvuDXc4HhDoATACegQIAhAC#v=onepage&q=%22paul%20h.%20nitze%22&f=false.
4. Paul Nitze, “Security Challenges Facing NATO in the 1990s,” February 6, 1989, US Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Washington, DC, https://books.google.com/books?id=W51MAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22paul+h.+nitze%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjA2K_utvnvAhU-MVkFHdvuDXc4HhDoATACegQIAhAC#v=onepage&q=%22paul%20h.%20nitze%22&f=false.
5. Paul Nitze to James Baker, February 28, 1989, box II:116, State Department Resignation, Nitze Papers.
6. Paul Nitze to George H. W. Bush, March 6, 1989, box II:116, State Department Resignation, Nitze Papers.
7. “Paul Nitze Dies at 97,” JHU Gazette, October 25, 2004, https://
pages .jh .edu /gazette /2004 /25oct04 /25nitze .html. Nitze had offered $5 million matching grant. In 1960, he had helped Milton Eisenhower raise $4.2 million for a SAIS building at 1740 Massachusetts Avenue. 8. “Paul Nitze Dies at 97,” JHU Gazette, October 25, 2004, https://
pages .jh .edu /gazette /2004 /25oct04 /25nitze .html. Nitze had offered $5 million matching grant. In 1960, he had helped Milton Eisenhower raise $4.2 million for a SAIS building at 1740 Massachusetts Avenue. 9. Memorandum of Conversation, May 15, 1989, Chase Untermeyer to Paul Nitze, box II:114, Soviet Union Miscellany, Nitze Papers.
10. Memorandum of Conversation, July 22, 1989, Sergei Akhromeyev and Paul Nitze, box II:114, Soviet Union Miscellany, Nitze Papers.
11. Memorandum of Conversation, July 22, 1989, Sergei Akhromeyev and Paul Nitze, box II:114, Soviet Union Miscellany, Nitze Papers.
12. Mike Stafford to Paul Nitze, October 13, 1989, box II:115, Stafford, Michael, Nitze Papers.
13. The Economist, September 16, 1989.
14. “Thoughts on Article in The Economist of September 16, 1989, 13, ‘Wow!’ ” 1989, box II:114, Nitze Papers.
15. Kenneth Thompson and Steven Rearden, eds., Paul H. Nitze on the Future (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1991), 19.
16. Thompson and Rearden, Nitze on the Future, 20.
17. Thompson and Rearden, Nitze on the Future, 20.
18. Memorandum from Paul Nitze to Lee Butler, December 6, 1989, box II:116, subject file, Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, 1986–1992, Nitze Papers.
19. Paul Nitze and Michael Stafford, “War Whether We Need It or Not? A Blockade—Plus Bombs—Can War,” Washington Post, January 6, 1991, C1.
20. Jim Hoagland, “Bush’s America: Welcome to the Post-Gulf War,” Washington Post, March 3, 1991, C4.
21. R.W. Apple Jr., “A Cold Warrior Breathes a Little Easier,” New York Times, October 13, 1991, Section 4, Page 1.
22. Paul Nitze, “Keep Nuclear Insurance,” The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May 1992, 34–36.
23. Paul Nitze, “Keep Nuclear Insurance,” The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May 1992, 34–36.
24. Don Oberdorfer, “U.S., Russia Differ on Nuclear Arsenals,” Washington Post, June 10, 1992, A26.
25. Karen De Witt, “The 1992 Campaign: Undeclared Candidate Perot to Begin Forming a National Advisory Panel,” New York Times, July 7, 1992, A13.
26. “Perot Throws Lunch for 340 to Gather Ideas for Platform,” Chicago Tribune, July 8, 1992, 8.
27. Richard Cohen, “The Perot Implosion: No Mourning for America,” Washington Post, July 19, 1992, C1.
28. Lois Romano, “The Reliable Source,” Washington Post, November 17, 1992, D03.
29. Robert Beisner, “Of Nuclear Arms and the Man,” Washington Post, October 22, 1989.
30. Stanley Hoffmann, “The Perfect In-and-Outer,” New York Review of Books, November 23, 1989.
31. Gregory Treverton, “The Silence of the Master,” Los Angeles Times, January 7, 1990, 11.
32. Paul Nitze, “The Man Behind the Marshall Plan,” Chicago Tribune, June 12, 1993, 121.
33. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, October 31, 1985, 24, box I:119, Nitze Papers.
34. Paul Nitze, “The Grand Strategy of NSC-68,” in NSC-68: Forging the Strategy of Containment, ed. S. Nelson Drew (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1994), https://
www .files .ethz .ch /isn /139678 /1994 -09 _NSC68 _Forging _Strategy .pdf. 35. “US Face Global Challenges, Nitze Says,” Christian Science Monitor, October 7, 1993.
36. David Ignatius, “The Curse of the Merit Class,” Washington Post, February 27, 1994.
37. James Chace, “All the Presidents’ Man,” New York Times, January 2, 1994, https://
www .nytimes .com /1994 /01 /02 /books /all -the -presidents -man .html. 38. Patrick Glynn, “Public and Private,” Commentary, March 1994.
39. Paul Nitze, “Is it Time to Junk our Nukes? The New World Disorder Makes Them Obsolete,” Washington Post, January 16, 1994.
40. Paul Nitze, “Is it Time to Junk our Nukes? The New World Disorder Makes Them Obsolete,” Washington Post, January 16, 1994.
41. Paul Nitze, “Is it Time to Junk our Nukes? The New World Disorder Makes Them Obsolete,” Washington Post, January 16, 1994.
42. Paul Nitze, “To B-2 or not to B-2? The Case for the Supersonic Bomber We Will Need Next Time,” Washington Post, July 17, 1994.
43. Paul Nitze, “To B-2 or not to B-2? The Case for the Supersonic Bomber We Will Need Next Time,” Washington Post, July 17, 1994.
44. Paul Nitze, “A Cold-War Solution for a Warming World,” Washington Post, July 2, 1997, p. A23.
45. Paul Nitze, “A Cold-War Solution for a Warming World,” Washington Post, July 2, 1997, p. A23.
46. Paul Nitze and Sidney Drell, “This Treaty Must Be Ratified,” Washington Post, June 21, 1999.
47. Brooke Masters, “At 50, Foreign Policy School Faces Task of Reinterpreting the World,” Washington Post, April 29, 1993, https://
www .washingtonpost .com /archive /politics /1993 /04 /29 /at -50 -foreign -policy -school -faces -task -of -reinterpreting -the -world /9a71ef89 -b4a3 -4217 -a47a -5485914924fc. 48. Masters, “At 50,” A12.
49. “Shultz Says U.S. Should Use Force Against Terrorism,” New York Times, October 26, 1984, Section A, Page 1.
50. “Executive Summary of the Report on the Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States,” July 15, 1998, https://
fas .org /irp /threat /bm -threat .htm. 51. Statement of Principles, Project for the New American Century, https://
web .archive .org /web /20050205041635 /http: / /www .newamericancentury .org /statementofprinciples .htm, last visited September 18, 2023. 52. “War Aims,” Wall Street Journal, September 20, 2001, A16.
53. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 317.
54. “War Aims,” Wall Street Journal, September 20, 2001, A16.
55. “The Legacy of Paul Nitze,” April 15, 2004, C-Span, https://
www .c -span .org /video / ?181376 -1 /legacy -paul -nitze. 56. “The Legacy of Paul Nitze,” April 15, 2004, C-Span, https://
www .c -span .org /video / ?181376 -1 /legacy -paul -nitze. 57. “The Legacy of Paul Nitze,” April 15, 2004, C-Span, https://
www .c -span .org /video / ?181376 -1 /legacy -paul -nitze. 58. “Keynote Address of the 60th Anniversary Dinner of the School of Advanced International Studies, the Johns Hopkins University,” October 13, 2004, U.S. Department of State Archive, https://
2001 -2009 .state .gov /secretary /former /powell /remarks /37087 .htm. 59. Don Oberdorfer, “Architect of Cold War Had Role in Ending It,” Washington Post, October 21, 2004, A1.
Conclusion
1. Remarks by National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice on Terrorism and Foreign Policy, April 29, 2002, https://
georgewbush -whitehouse .archives .gov /news /releases /2002 /04 /text /20020429 -9 .html. 2. On the differences between the two speeches, see Jeff Nussbaum, Undelivered: The Never-Heard Speeches That Would Have Rewritten History (New York: Flatiron Books, 2022).
3. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, 463.
4. Interview with Paul H. Nitze, September 10, 1985, 13, box I:119, Nitze Papers.
5. Nitze, Hiroshima to Glasnost, xiii.
6. FRUS, 1950, National Security Affairs; Foreign Economy Policy, volume I, document 85, https://
history .state .gov /historicaldocuments /frus1950v01 /d85.