INDEX

• Academy of Sciences, 39, 45, 47, 50–56, 60–61, 67–68, 105, 114–15, 151, 154, 178, 198–99, 201; and Billings Expedition, 181, 184, 186; and circumnavigation, 186, 190; and climate, 99–100, 174–77; and Pallas Expedition, 56, 130, 140–41, 150–51, 159–60; and Second Kamchatka Expedition, 68, 72–76, 79–80, 86, 92, 99; 110, 115, 151, 164
• Admiralty, 73–74, 98, 112, 154, 159, 164, 182
• Africa, 4, 5, 21
• Alaska, 76, 78, 80, 188. See also North Pacific
• alcohol, 25, 27, 85, 93, 103
• alcoholism. See drunkenness
• Aleksei Mikhailovich, tsar of Russia, 5, 53
• Alexander I, tsar of Russia, 1, 160–61
• Allison, Thomas, 34. See also Russia Company
• Amman, Johann, 54–56, 57, 60, 66, 78–80, 174
• anatomy, 10, 40–45, 48, 115, 193. See also iatrophysics
• Anna Ivanova, empress of Russia, 66, 111, 117
• antiscorbutics, 95, 97, 153, 156, 175, 185, 187–88. See also drugs; kvass
• apothecaries, 42, 45, 47–49, 58, 111, 193
• archiaters, 111–12, 115. See also College of Medicine, Jean Armand L’Estocq, James Mounsey; physicians
• Areskine, Robert, 49, 56–59, 160
• Arkhangel’sk, 15, 17, 34, 74
• arson, 90, 129–31
• Astrakhan, 17, 27–30, 32, 55, 96–98, 168–69, 172
• Atlantic Ocean, 4, 6–7, 11, 21, 54, 150, 161, 187, 200
• Avril, Philippe, 27–30, 33, 38
• Azov, 96–98

• Baker, Sir George, 114, 118
• Baker, William, 34. See also Russia Company
• Bakherakht, A. G., 151–52
• bania, 1, 28, 31, 71, 97, 108, 122, 150, 156–57, 177, 190–91, 195, 198
• Barthélemy de Lesseps, Jean–Baptiste, 175, 179, 191
• bathhouse. See bania
• Beddoes, Thomas, 194, 196
• Bell, John, 56–57, 59, 64, 193
• Bentham, Jeremy, 8, 159, 166
• Bentham, Samuel, 124–25, 158–59, 166, 172
• Bering, Vitus Jonassen, 10, 72–74, 76–78, 80, 92. See also First Kamchatka Expedition; Second Kamchatka Expedition
• Bering's Island, 78, 93, 94–95
• Berlin, 53, 56, 197
• Bernard, Jan Frederic, 64–65, 68. See also prisoners of war
• Bidloo, Nicolaas, 48–49, 111. See also Moscow Hospital School
• Billings Expedition, 164, 180–86, 191. See also Academy of Sciences; Joseph Billings, Carl Heinrich Merck; Martin Sauer; North Pacific; scurvy
• Billings, Joseph, 180–83. See also Billings Expedition
• birth rate. See childbirth
• black bile, 15–16, 19. See also humors; melancholy
• blood, 15–16, 19, 20, 88, 103, 108, 114, 117, 153, 165, 170, 194–95. See also bloodletting; humors; sanguine
• bloodletting, 21, 40, 43
• Blumentrost, Laurentius, 48, 57, 58, 72
• bodies. See humors; race; taxonomy
• Boerhaave, Herman, 10, 40, 42–48, 52–54, 86, 111. See also curriculum; Leiden
• botantists. See Johann Amman; Nicolaas Bidloo; Johann Georg Gmelin; John Hope; Carl Linnaeus; Daniel Gottlieb Messerschmidt; Peter Simon Pallas; Hans Sloane; Georg Wilhem Steller
• botany, 10, 40–41, 43, 45, 46, 56–57, 66–67, 72, 80, 140. See also botanists
• Boyle, Robert, 5, 16, 21–22, 24
• Brand, Adam, 35, 37–39
• Breyne, Johann Philipp, 58–60, 64
• bubonic plague, 3, 5, 43–44, 161, 163, 201; in 1654, 5, 16–17, 24; in 1710, 129; in 1738, 90–91, 129; in 1771–72, 11, 129–40, 150, 152–54, 156, 160, 168; in 1780, 160. See also disease
• Buffon. See Leclerc, George–Louis, comte de Buffon
• Bukharans, 35, 65, 145–46
• Buriats, 148

• Canada, 4–6, 98, 100
• Caribbean, 4–5, 41, 55, 200
• Carmichael, John, the Earl of Hyndford, 91–92
• Caspian Sea, 26, 32. See also Astrakhan
• catarrh, 11, 165, 173, 194. See also disease; influenza, Russian Catarrh of 1781–1782
• Cathcart, Charles, 131–38
• Catherine I, empress of Russia, 10
• Catherine II, empress of Russia, 10–11, 102, 104–5, 109, 113–15, 118–23, 133, 135–36, 139, 159–60, 193, 201
• Caucasus, 27, 54, 145
• chaplains. See Daniel Dumaresq; John Glen King; Russia Company; William Tooke
• Chappe d’Auteroche, Jean-Baptiste, 10–11, 104–110, 112, 115, 118, 147, 159, 175, 183, 199
• chemistry, 10, 40–41, 43–46, 66–67
• China, 28, 35, 37, 56, 62, 73–74, 81, 141, 148, 169, 170
• childbirth, 19, 110, 112, 115, 124, 142–43, 149–51, 163, 191. See also pregnancy; procreation
• Chirikov, Aleksei Ilyich, 73, 78. See also Second Kamchatka Expedition
• choleric, 16–17, 19, 29, 144–45. See also humoralism; yellow bile
• Chuvashes, 84, 142
• circumnavigation, 164, 186–191. See also Academy of Sciences; Adam Johann Ritter von Krusenstern; Georg Heinrich von Langsdorff; Iurii Fedorovich Lisianskii; North Pacific; scurvy
• classification, 2–3, 40–41, 45–47, 53, 68, 72, 80, 82, 90, 139, 141, 149. See also George-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon; Carl Linnaeus; nosology; taxonomy; Thomas Sydenham
• climate, Europe's temperate, 5, 19, 21, 197; Russia's extreme, 2, 15, 17, 21, 26–28, 31, 33–34, 62, 66, 87, 100, 103–5, 130, 161, 167, 199; Russia's temperate, 2, 4, 62, 90, 144, 198. See also Academy of Sciences; climate determinism; environment; geography; Little Ice Age; weather
• climate determinism, 65, 103, 190. See also Montesquieu
• College of Manufacturing, 124, 159–160
• College of Medicine, 9, 48, 52, 55, 58, 60, 68, 71, 99, 111–15, 151–52, 160, 177. See also archiaters; Moscow Hospital School; Pharmaceutical Chancellery
• Collins, Samuel, 5, 16, 24–28, 30–31, 33, 35, 38, 61–62
• Commonwealth of Poland–Lithuania. See Poland
• consumption (disease), 1, 3–4, 12, 16, 43–44, 97, 194–98. See also disease
• contagionism, 44, 135–36, 139, 163–66, 168, 170–73, 191. See also disease theory
• Cook, James, 179–80, 182, 187
• Cook, John, 5, 96–99, 112, 174
• Coxe, William, 124, 152–54
• Crichton, Alexander, 1–4, 12, 193–98
• Crull, Jodocus, 30–33, 35, 61
• Cullen, William, 165, 166, 168–69
• curriculum, 3, 9–11, 42–47, 49–50, 52, 57–58, 68, 72, 111–12, 114–15, 126

• Delisle de la Croyère, Louis, 75–76, 78, 101. See also Second Kamchatka Expedition
• Delisle, Joseph Nicholas, 76
• diet, 1, 9, 18, 22, 25–27, 30, 33, 37–38, 61, 63, 71, 77–78, 92, 95, 97–98, 111, 118, 146, 156–57, 177, 185, 194, 198. 200. See also famine; nonnaturals; nutritional diseases
• Dimsdale, Elizabeth, 161–62
• Dimsdale, Thomas, 118–26, 160–61, 163
• disease. See bubonic plague; catarrh; consumption; disease theory; endemic diseases; epidemic diseases; influenza; malaria; nutritional diseases; smallpox; syphilis; venereal diseases
• disease theory, 173, 191. See also contagionism; humoralism; miasma; putrefaction
• drugs, 41, 47, 50. See also antiscorbutics; apothecaries; emetics; materia medica; purgatives
• drunkenness, 25, 65, 85, 103–4, 142, 162, 198. See also alcohol
• Dumaresq, Daniel, 114–15

• East India Company, 180–83, 184
• Edinburgh, 21, 154, 176. See also University of Edinburgh
• Elizaveta Petrovna, empress of Russia, 111–12, 193
• emetics, 21, 40, 190. See also drugs
• endemic diseases, 3–4, 11, 23, 43, 89–90, 92, 102, 107–8, 110, 130, 134, 140, 146–47, 150, 154, 166. See also disease; disease theory
• Enlightenment, 8, 67, 103–4, 109. See also Jeremy Bentham; Montesquieu; Voltaire
• environment, 1–3, 6, 11, 15, 18, 20–24, 32, 34, 38, 43, 53, 77, 79, 83–86, 96, 144, 146, 157, 160, 174, 191. See also climate; nonnaturals
• epidemic diseases, 22, 89, 134, 136, 140, 160, 163. See also disease; disease theory
• Erskine, Robert. See Areskine, Robert

• famine, 4–5, 182. See also diet
• fire, 15, 29, 118, 146. See also arson; humors; sanguine
• First Kamchatka Expedition, 72, 73
• Fischer, Johann Bernhard, 111
• Fletcher, Giles, 15–16, 21
• France, 4, 5–6, 10, 21, 29, 45–47, 52, 105, 109, 112, 169, 175, 195

• Galen, 2, 19, 40–41, 179. See also humoralism
• geography, 6, 16–17, 19, 41, 61–62, 64–65, 80–82, 105, 134, 141, 170, 173, 182–83, 185. See also climate; nonnaturals
• Georgi, Johann Gottlieb, 140–51, 175, 222n39. See also Pallas Expedition
• German lands, 6, 45–46, 50, 52–53, 59–60, 66, 68, 75–76, 91, 111–12, 119, 140, 152, 168, 172, 180
• Glisson, Francis, 22
• Gmelin, Johann Friedrich, 75
• Gmelin, Johann Georg, 9, 74–76, 79, 81, 84–87, 94–95, 98, 105, 107–8, 113, 140, 198–99; correspondence with Linnaeus, 72, 75, 80–83, 89–90, 102. See also Second Kamchatka Expedition
• Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb, 75, 154
• Göttingen, 42, 44–45, 51–52, 56–57, 75, 169, 186
• Grand Armée, 2, 12, 192, 195, 199–201
• Gray, Edward Whitaker, 168–71
• Guthrie, Matthew, 11–12, 154, 157, 173–74, 191–92, 194, 198, 200; on climate, 11, 175–79, 183; on peasants, 158, 190–91; on rheumatism, 154; on scurvy, 155–56, 174–75; social networks, 158–60

• Halle, 51–52, 56–57, 111
• Harris, James, Earl of Malmesbury, 166–67, 173, 179
• Hippocrates, 2, 40, 104, 170–71. See also humoralism
• Hope, John, 56–57
• hospitals, 41, 42–45, 57, 96, 112, 122, 138, 174–75, 196–97. See also Moscow Hospital School; Moscow Foundling Hospital
• humoralism, 9, 19, 40, 44, 63, 84, 100, 104, 170–71. See also choleric; disease theory; humors; melancholic, phlegmatic; sanguine
• humors. See black bile; blood; humoralism; nonnaturals; phlegm; yellow bile

• Iakuts, 63, 141, 183
• Iakutsk, 77, 79
• iatrochemistry. See chemistry
• iatrophysics, 41, 42–43, 44, 66. See also anatomy
• Ides, Eberhard Isbrand, 35–39, 63, 81, 105
• Indian Ocean, 6, 41, 200
• influenza, 165–66, 169–71, 173. See also catarrh, disease; Russian Catarrh of 1781
• inoculation, 3, 11, 67, 102, 116–26, 140, 144, 147. 150–51, 163, 177, 177, 201. See also Daniel Sutton; smallpox; variolation
• Instruction, 11, 109, 181. See also Catherine II
• Irkutsk, 79, 124–25, 148
• Itelmens, 86–88, 94

• Jena, 45, 51–52, 54, 57, 111, 180, 220n65

• Kaliningrad. See Königsberg
• Kalmyks, 29, 148, 165
• Kamchadals, 146–48
• Kazan’, 29, 125, 141, 143
• King, John Glen, 157–58, 162
• Kirghiz, 144, 148–49
• Königsberg, 51, 53, 168
• Krasheninnikov, Stepan, 75–76, 80, 114. See also Second Kamchatka Expedition
• Krasnoiarsk, 84–85
• Kronstadt, 49, 96, 174
• Krusenstern, Adam Johann Ritter von, 164, 186–90, 191. See also circumnavigation
• Kunstkamera, 48–49, 57, 60. See also Johann Amman
• kvass, 25, 153, 156. See also antiscorbutics
• Kyiv, 125, 130

• L’Estocq, Jean Armand de, 111–12. See also archiaters
• Lake Baikal, 58, 79
• Langsdorff, Georg Heinrich von, 186–90. See also circumnavigation
• Laplanders, 105, 141–42, 146
• Larrey, Dominique Jean, 199
• Leclerc, George–Louis, comte de Buffon, 46–47, 53, 82. See also taxonomy
• Leiden, 10, 30, 42–47, 48, 50–4, 56, 68, 111, 193
• Lind, James, 5, 10, 95–99. See also scurvy
• Linnaeus, Carl, 10, 46–47, 100, 141, 186; and Johann Amman, 54, 55–56; and Johann Georg Gmelin, 9, 72, 75, 80–83, 89–90, 102. See also Systema Naturae; taxonomy
• Lisianskii, Iurii Fedorovich, 188. See also circumnavigation
• Little Ice Age, 4–5, 8, 16. See also climate
• London, 18, 21, 51, 55, 167–69, 176, 193, 197; correspondence to, 20, 56, 78, 91, 100, 137–38, 159–60, 166, 181, 183; publications in 22, 26, 30, 60, 119, 184. See also Royal Society for Arts, Manufacturing, and Commerce; Royal Society of London
• Lubeck, 35, 111

• Macartney, George, 109–10, 181
• malaria, 3–4
• mammoth bones, 59, 63–64
• mannagrass seed, 22–23
• Manstein, C. H. von, 98–99
• Maris, 31, 142
• marriage, 25, 31, 87–88, 106, 117, 119, 140, 142–44, 149. See also polygamy
• materia medica, 40, 43, 45, 58, 112. See also drugs
• Mauricheau–Beaupré, Pierre Jean, 198–200
• medicine. See apothecaries; archiaters; botany; College of Medicine; curriculum; disease; disease theory; drugs; hospitals; iatrophysics; inoculation; nosology; obstetrics; Pharmaceutical Chancellery; physicians; public health; seasonality; surgeons
• melancholic, 16–17, 19, 20, 24, 29, 71, 83–87, 89, 101, 109, 141–2, 145, 188–89. See also black bile; humoralism
• Merck, Carl Heinrich, 180–81, 184–86. See also Billings Expedition
• Mertens, Charles de, 156, 158, 171, 173, 183; on catarrh, 171–72; on plague, 131, 133–34, 139; on scurvy, 156–57; on syphilis, 177–78. See also Moscow Foundling Hospital
• Messerschmidt, Daniel Gottlieb, 57–60, 61, 64, 72, 73, 75–76, 81, 113
• Metzger, Johann Daniel, 167–69, 171, 172
• miasma, 163–64, 168, 170, 172–73, 188, 191. See also disease theory
• Mongols, 65, 86
• Montesquieu, 103–4, 115, 199
• Mordvins, 142–43
• Moscow, 5, 15, 16, 21, 24, 26, 28–29, 51–53, 57, 97, 124–25; plague in 1654, 5, 16, 17, 24; plague in 1771–72, 11, 129–40, 150, 152, 153–54, 156, 160, 168; in 1780, 160. See also Moscow Hospital School; Moscow Foundling Hospital
• Moscow Hospital School, 48–49, 58, 101, 115, 124. See also Nicolaas Bidloo; Bernhard Johann Fischer
• Moscow Foundling Hospital, 130–31, 139, 152–52, 156–57. See also Charles de Mertens
• Mounsey, James, 112–15, 193. See also archiaters
• Mudge, John, 165–66
• Müller, Gerhard Friedrich, 74–76, 79. See also Second Kamchatka Expedition
• Müller, John Bernard, 61. See also prisoners of war

• Nakaz. See Instruction
• Nerchinsk, 35, 37
• Netherlands, 6, 43, 46, 53, 56, 66, 68, 137. See also Leiden
• networks, 10, 54, 57–68, 72, 75, 119, 160, 169, 204
• North Pacific, 11, 64–65, 72, 101, 126, 175. See also Billings expedition; circumnavigation; Okhotsk; Second Kamchatka Expedition
• nonnaturals, 9, 16, 19, 24, 38, 42, 100, 140, 178–79. See also climate; diet; humoralism; sex
• nosology, 3, 43–44, 46, 90. See also William Cullen; Thomas Sydenham
• nutritional diseases, 22–23, 92. See also diet; rickets; scurvy

• obstetrics, 45, 102, 112–14, 163. See also childbirth; pregnancy; procreation
• Okhotsk, 74, 77, 93, 98, 183–85. See also North Pacific
• Orlov, Fedor Grigoreevich, 135–36, 138–39
• Ostiaks, 35–38, 141, 144–45, 210n54
• Ottoman Empire, 90, 98, 129–30, 134, 139

• Pacific Ocean. See North Pacific
• Pallas, Peter Simon, 56–57, 140, 148–50, 151, 154, 159, 161, 181, 183. See also Pallas Expedition
• Pallas Expedition, 140–50, 181, 183–84. See also Academy of Sciences, Johann Gottlieb Georgi, Peter Simon Pallas; scurvy
• Panin, Nikita Ivanovich, 104, 119, 125, 131–35, 139
• Paris, 47, 52, 109, 118, 167–69, 175
• Paul, tsar of Russia, 132–33, 150
• Peter I, tsar of Russia, 35, 44, 48–49, 57, 73, 76, 111, 153, 160
• Peter II, tsar of Russia, 117
• Peter III, tsar of Russia. 104, 112–13
• Pharmaceutical Chancellery, 47, 49, 58. See also apothecaries, College of Medicine
• pharmaceuticals. See drugs
• Philosophical Transactions, 54, 59–60, 64, 67, 75, 80, 113, 114–16, 155–56, 158, 168, 171, 174. See also Royal Society of London
• phlegm, 15–16, 19, 21, 33, 37, 77, 87, 92, 109. See also humors; phlegmatic
• phlegmatic, 16–17, 19–20, 24, 33, 71, 77, 83–87, 101, 141–45, 148. See also humoralism; phelgm
• physicians. See medicine
• plague. See bubonic plague
• Poland, 31, 90, 129, 130, 160
• polygamy, 31, 143–46. See also marriage
• Portugal, 6, 169
• pregnancy, 88, 114, 196. See also childbirth; obstetrics; procreation
• Prideaux, William, 17–21, 24
• prisoners of war. See Jan Frederic Bernard; John Bernard Müller; Philip Johan von Strahlenberg
• procreation, 19, 25, 33, 37, 71, 83, 88–89. 105, 110, 141, 144, 184. See also childbirth; obstetrics; population; pregnancy
• Prussia, 52, 58, 109, 150, 167, 197
• public health, 8, 44, 90, 108, 115, 138, 191–92, 208n26. See also inoculation; medicine; quarantine
• purgatives, 21, 40, 43, 94, 190. See also drugs
• putrefaction, 20–21, 23, 78, 93, 100, 108, 155–56, 164–66, 170, 175, 190–91, 194. See also disease theory

• quarantine, 90, 129–30, 134–39, 169, 201. See also public health

• race, 7, 149–50, 183. See also classification; taxonomy
• reproduction. See obstetrics
• rhetoric, 8–10, 20, 35, 40, 76. See also humoralism
• rickets, 16, 22–24. See also nutritional diseases
• Riga, 96–98, 111–12
• riots, 5, 135–36, 138
• Rogerson, John, 132–33, 193
• Rondeau, Claudius, 90–91
• Royal Society for Arts, Manufacturing, and Commerce, 100, 113
• Royal Society of London, 9, 21, 30, 49, 54, 58, 60, 67, 118, 154, 157, 160, 165, 168–69. See also Hans Sloane; Philosophical Transactions
• Rulhière, Claude–Carloman de, 104
• Russia Company, 6, 34, 55–56, 114, 120, 140, 157
• Russian Catarrh of 1781–82, 11, 164–73, 177–78, 191. See also catarrh; influenza
• Russo–Turkish War, 1768–74, 130, 154. See also bubonic plague in 1771–72
• Ruysch, Frederik, 48, 57

• Samoyeds, 26, 32–33, 141, 143
• Sarychev, Gavril Andreevich, 180–81, 184–86. See also circumnavigation
• Sauer, Martin, 180–81, 183–86, 191. See also Billings Expedition
• scurvy, 3, 5, 10–11, 16, 22, 34, 61, 102, 107–8, 130, 163, 191; during the Second Kamchatka Expedition, 74, 77–78, 88, 91–99; during the Pallas Expedition, 142, 144, 146, 149; during the circumnavigation, 183, 185–89, proposed cures for, 115, 151, 153, 155–57, 174–75, 177–78. See also nutritional diseases
• seasonality, 3, 44, 134–35, 137–38, 168, 178. See also Thomas Sydenham; nosology
• Second Kamchatka Expedition. See Vitus Jonassen Bering; Johann Georg Gmelin; Louis Delisle de la Croyère; Stepan Krasheninnikov; Gerhard Friedrich Müller; scurvy; Martin Spanberg; Georg Wilhelm Steller; Sven Waxell
• Senate, 58, 73–74, 81, 112, 123, 125, 131, 138–39
• settler colonialism, 7–8, 41, 85. See also public health
• sex, 18–19, 24–25, 27, 33, 37, 83–89, 107, 141, 146, 149. See also humoralism; procreation; sodomy; syphilis; venereal diseases
• sexually transmitted infection. See syphilis; venereal disease
• Sheremeteva, Anna Petrovna, 119
• Shirley, Henry, 110
• Siberia. See Buriats; Ostiaks; Tungus; Samoyeds, Tatars
• Sloane, Hans, 54–56, 57–60, 64, 66, 78, 80. See also Royal Society of London
• smallpox, 3, 11, 102, 107–8; 130, 144–50, 160–61, 177, 191, 201; inoculating campaign, 116–26. See also diseases; inoculation; variolation
• sodomy, 18, 25, 88, 107, 146. See also sex
• Spain, 6, 169–70
• Spanberg, Martin, 73–74. See also Second Kamchatka Expedition
• St. Petersburg, correspondence to, 5, 48, 57, 81, 139; networks in, 54, 56–57, 131–32, 133, 159–60; publications in, 49, 55–56, 80, 119, 157, 174; as a site of infection, 3, 91, 107, 166–68, 174–75, 194–97. See also Academy of Sciences; Admiralty; College of Medicine; hospitals; Kuntskamera; Senate
• Steller, Georg Wilhelm, 75–76, 80–81, 86–89, 92–95, 98–99, 102, 105, 108, 113, 140, 146, 157. See also Second Kamchatka Expedition
• Strahlenberg, Philip Johan von, 59, 61–65, 68, 72, 102, 105. See also prisoners of war
• Struys, Jan Janszoon, 26–27, 30, 33, 38
• surgeons, 42, 45–50, 58, 97–99, 111–13, 121, 136, 152, 154, 185, 188, 199. See also medicine
• Sutton, Daniel, 117–20, 121–22. See also smallpox
• Sydenham, Thomas, 2–3, 43–44. See also nosology; seasonality
• syphilis, 3, 11, 44, 102, 107–8, 110, 115, 130, 147, 185; publications on, 99, 151–52, 177–78. See also venereal diseases
• Systema Naturae, 55–56, 82–83, 89, 101–02, 141. See also Carl Linnaeus

• Tatars, 25, 29, 65, 141; Astrakhan, 32, 168–69; Baraba, 63, 65, 145–46; Kazan’, 29, 143–44; Nogai, 142–43; Siberian, 81, 84–85, 108, 124–25
• taxonomy, 9–10, 46, 55–56, 72, 80–82, 84, 89, 101–2, 141, 146, 149, 184, 200–1. See also classification; George–Louis Leclerc; Carl Linnaeus; nosology; Systema Naturae
• thermometers, 66, 101, 167
• Timonius, Emanuel, 116. See also smallpox
• Tobol’sk, 35, 59, 61, 85, 105, 118, 168–69, 198
• Tooke, William, 140–42, 178–79
• tuberculosis. See consumption
• Tungus, 37–38, 73, 82–84, 86, 141, 146–47, 210n56

• Ukraine, 57, 90, 112, 130–31, 188
• University of Edinburgh, 42, 45, 49, 51–52, 56–57, 112, 120, 154, 165, 172, 177, 193–94

• vaccination. See inoculation; variolation
• variolation, 11, 116, 118–19, 124–25. See also Daniel Sutton; inoculation; smallpox
• Venechanskii, S. A., 151–52
• venereal diseases, 89, 107, 141, 144, 146–49, 187; Russian responsibility for, 99, 126, 175; treatments, 88, 144, 151–53. See also disease; syphilis
• Voltaire, 109, 123, 136–37

• Waxell, Sven, 74–78, 92–95, 98. See also Second Kamchatka Expedition
• weather, 5, 95, 97, 161, 166, 175–76, 178, 182; cold, 37, 66, 90, 108, 133–34, 136, 167, 170, 176, 184–85, 187; hot, 132–33, 137, 139, 171, 187; seasonal, 77, 157, 168, 173. See also nonnaturals; seasonality

• yellow bile, 15–16, 19. See also choleric; humors