Index

economic success of, before OPEC oil crisis, 84–85, 90

economic weaknesses of, during OPEC oil crisis, 87–89, 91, 252

financial difficulties of, 73–74, 76, 86, 87, 89–90, 91, 252

first jets purchased by, 8, 82

forms of hiring discrimination imposed on stewardesses by, 201–3

founding of, 69, 70, 71, 72, 76, 77–80, 89–90, 138

in-flight experience at, 198, 204, 205–6, 210–11, 213, 215–16, 290n68

marketing practices eroticizing stewardesses of, 198–99

and 1969 agreement between Jamaica and US regarding air routes, 83–84, 273n37

ownership of, 79, 80, 88–89

public evaluation of debuting stewardesses, 203–8

racism experienced by stewardesses of, 216–20

second incarnation of (Air Jamaica [1968] Ltd.), 81–85

sexual harassment of stewardesses at, 98, 233–40

and stamp issued to commemorate its flight attendants, 207–8

stewardesses’ income and benefits at, 225–33

stewardess uniform for, 140, 146, 200, 208

See also Jamaica

See also JAT Airways

American predominance and standard-setting in, 10–11

Boothe Luce on, 2, 3

Boothe Luce’s impact on, 23–24

expansion of civil, 1–4, 9–10, 28–31

glamorization of, in Love and Fashion, 173–75

hope promoted by spread of, 4

interest and aspirations in, 4–6

and Jamaican economic growth, 74–75

as venue for national prestige and autocratic corruption, 274n50

and American internationalism, 31–39

articulation of freedom to fly, 3, 24–25, 28, 31, 106, 170

on desire to fly, 250–51

embrace of cartography of colonialism, 27–31

and expansion of civil aviation, 1–3, 14

impact on aviation, 23–24

as new female political model, 125

political career of, 24–27, 126

air routes of, 33, 76

competitiveness of, 33, 34

and feminization of flight attendant corps, 96

and founding of Air Jamaica, 77–78, 79, 80

hiring policies of, 258n11

and hotel development in Jamaica, 85

war-era route-miles of, 30

and feminization of flight attendant corps, 96–97

and founding of Air Jamaica, 79, 80

Jamaican ministers’ antagonism toward, 271n16

and LeWars Kirkpatrick, 131, 134–35

and opportunities for women in aviation, 6

as unprofitable, 78

See also Caribbean Airlines

achievements of, 69

on agreement between Air Jamaica and US Civil Aeronautics Board (1966), 84

and founding of Air Jamaica, 71, 72, 77, 78–79, 81–82, 84, 89–90

on Jamaican economic diversification, 75

and negotiations with IMF in 1970s, 72, 87, 88

on OPEC oil embargo of 1973–74, 85

See also British West Indies Airways (BWIA)

See also En vol: Journal d’une hôtesse de l’air (In Flight: Journal of an Air Hostess) (d’Unienville)

and Air Jamaica uniforms, 140, 146, 200, 208

and Braniff Airways uniforms, 144–46, 148–49

emphasis on, in Yugoslavia, 121–22

and JAT Airways uniforms, 185–93, 194–95

and sexual allure of stewardesses, 193–94, 205–6

intersection of aviation and, 23–25

neoliberal, 255

Second Wave, 147, 152–57, 164–65, 195, 247

See also Jet Age feminism

See also Dr. No (1962)

Braniff’s training of, 154

and childcare, 242–46, 255

difficulties maintaining families, 240–46

earliest Yugoslav visions for, 112, 114–18, 123–24, 127

feminization of corps after WWII, 95–100

lack of promotion opportunities for, 162, 233 (see also pursers)

and marriage, 5, 98, 116–17, 123, 160–61, 163–64, 240–42, 246

and motherhood, 242–46, 255

as objects of infatuation, 176–77

and opportunities for women in aviation, 161–62

and pink-collar labor, 98, 106, 113–14, 162, 275n4

restrictions imposed on, 97–99, 102–4, 113, 127, 153–54, 165, 183–85, 200–201, 214–15, 246

salaries for, 225–33, 248

as sole niche for women in aviation, 100

use of per diems, 228–30

and vacation benefits, 227–28

and Yugoslav sexual revolution, 171

See also d’Unienville, Alix; LeWars Kirkpatrick, Marguerite; Pavlović, Dragica

importance to Yugoslav aviation, 64–65

Yugoslav exports to, 297n61

Yugoslavia’s ties with, 53–57, 60, 109–10

and bilateral aviation agreements, 32–34, 38–39, 50–53, 83–84, 265n34, 273n37

and reciprocity as principle in bilateral agreements, 33, 38–39, 44, 47

and Treaty, 32, 34, 36–37, 43, 45, 47, 57, 59, 263n9

and drug trade, 232–33

early civil aviation in, 5–6

economic conditions in 1950s and early 1960s, 73–75, 76, 288n2

economic conditions in late 1960s and 1970s, 72–76, 225

hotel development in, 75–76, 78, 85, 86, 88, 271n15

IMF-imposed austerity programs for, 248

independence of, 68–69, 72–73, 129, 258n15

maternity and maternity leave in, 209, 227, 242, 243, 254

national heroes and nation-building in, 129, 278n1

1969 bilateral air agreement between US and, 83–84

Pan Am service to, 35–36, 69, 74, 75, 76, 89, 252

positioning in world politics, 14–15, 35, 37, 38

poverty abatement efforts in, 73–74, 76, 91

racial norms in, 129–40, 208–14

riots motivated by race and economic deprivation in, 199, 216–17

stewardesses in, 98, 99

tourism in, 74–75, 84–89, 90, 132, 200, 209–10, 271n13

See also Air Jamaica

and adoption of Western consumer standards, 57–61

Adria Airways’ relationship with, 268n66

aircraft employed by, 263n13

Belgrade and Adriatic Coast as hubs for, 61–65

connectedness to the Western aviation system, 11

employment policies affecting stewardesses, 114–15, 183–85, 224, 225–33

expansion of, 9

financial difficulties of, 58–59, 252–53, 269n74

first jets purchased by, 8, 60, 63, 64, 178, 180, 181, 259n18

flight attendants as public relations tools for, 118–21, 127

founding of, 42, 44–45

hiring criteria for first flight attendants, 96, 112–13, 181–83, 184

hiring policies of, 276n17

housing benefits for employees of, 227

link between Aeroput and, 263n12

link between JUSTA and, 45, 48–50, 113

new uniforms for flight attendants of, 115, 146, 168, 185–93, 194–95

rebranded as Air Serbia, 253

recruitment of flight attendants for, 111–14, 181–83, 184

sexualization of stewardesses in 1960s and 1970s, 176–85

stewardess cameos in Love and Fashion, 173, 174–75

stewardesses’ negotiation of glocalization, 13

and stewardesses’ sexual risks of Jet Age feminism, 233–40

stewardess roles as akin to domaćica (housewife/hostess), 114, 116, 117, 124

ties to Global South, 9, 56, 58, 61, 63, 120, 125, 267

and Tito-Stalin split, 48–51, 107–8

Western orientation of, 45–46, 48, 50, 53

and Yugoslav sexual revolution, 171

See also Pavlović, Dragica; Yugoslavia

and “Air Strip” marketing ploy, 157–60

as articulated by Gurley Brown and Sex and the Single Girl, 147, 154–55, 162, 233

and changes to stewardess uniforms, 115, 140, 146, 148–49, 168, 185–93, 194–95, 200, 208

as contrasted with Second Wave feminism, 152–57

defined, 13, 18–20, 144–47

as influenced by social class, 160–64, 223–24

as influenced by the aesthetics of Emilio Pucci and Alexander Girard, 149–52

stewardesses’ sexual harassment and abuse as a consequence of, 233–40

stewardesses’ struggles regarding, 223–24

background of, 134

birthdate of, 279n13

career of, 96–97, 131, 139–40

comparison between Crawford and, 138–39

and design of Air Jamaica’s stewardess uniforms (1969), 146

as “Face of Jamaica,” 200

and hiring of Air Jamaica stewardesses, 201

Ketchum’s work with, 203–4

promoted to head stewardess, 197–98

role as actress in Dr. No, 136–38

and training of Air Jamaica stewardesses, 6

air routes of, 7, 76

and development of Intercontinental Hotels in Jamaica, 75–76, 85, 271n15

expansion of, 31

and feminization of flight attendant corps, 95

hiring policies of, 6

marketing of, 34

on OPEC oil embargo of 1973–74, 89

and opposition to launch of Air Jamaica, 77–78, 79–80, 90, 91

pre-World War II route coverage of, 30

role in bilateral aviation agreements, 32–33, 52–53

service to Jamaica, 35–36, 69, 74, 75, 76, 89, 252

West German routes of, 266n38

and controversy in Jamaican beauty contests, 130, 131, 136, 182, 198, 200, 201, 279n8

and controversy involving hiring of Air Jamaica’s first flight attendants, 201–3

and Crawford’s winning of Miss World, 130, 131, 133

and its corresponding complications faced by Air Jamaica flight attendants, 129–40, 216–20

and LeWars Kirkpatrick’s role in Dr. No and as “Face of Jamaica,” 136–38, 200

and restrictions on types of aviation work undertaken, 134–35

and riots in Jamaica, 199, 216–17

faced by Air Jamaica stewardesses on the job, 214–16, 224

faced by JAT stewardesses on the job, 117–18

and hiring restrictions imposed on stewardesses, 97–99, 102–4, 113, 127, 153–54

and limited career opportunities for women in aviation, 161–62

and Second Wave feminists’ early activism, 164–65

and Wells Lawrence’s work for Braniff, 164

See also Sex and the Single Girl (Brown)

ascent to power in 1945, 40–41

at Belgrade Airport ribbon cutting (1963), 167

and early post-World War II cooperation with Soviets, 43

economic and political developments under, 168

in JAT Airways brochure, 120, 121

and Non-Aligned Movement, 9, 54

on partizanke and gender equality, 110

relationships with Nehru and Nasser, 54

and relations with USSR, 62

split with Stalin (1948), 48–51, 55–56, 107–8

vision for civil aviation before 1948, 43–44, 45, 48

and Yugoslavia’s economic ties with Global South, 55–56, 60, 109–10

decline in Jamaican, 209–10

and Jamaican economic growth, 74–75, 271n13

OPEC oil embargo and Jamaican, 84–89, 90

promotion of Jamaican, 200

and Pudarić’s plan to tie Yugoslavia to West, 46–47

for Air Jamaica’s flight attendants, 140, 146, 198, 200, 208

and “Air Strip,” 157–60

for Braniff Airways flight attendants, 144–46, 148–49

designs for Western legacy carriers, 194

for JAT Airways flight attendants, 115, 168, 188–93, 194–95

Caribbean states’ foreign policy alignment with, 70–71

d’Unienville on treatment of women in, 102

and failure of Air Jamaica, 91

and feminization of flight attendant corps, 95–96

leading role of, in aviation’s cartography of colonialism, 1–3, 10–11, 14, 27–39

1969 bilateral agreement between Jamaica and, 83–84

as point of origin for Jet Age feminism, 13, 143–47

and poverty abatement in Jamaica, 73–74, 76

and Yugoslav connections to West, 265n34

Yugoslavia opens bilateral air negotiations with, 51, 52–53

Yugoslavia purchases CV-340s from, 58–59

and Boothe Luce’s political career, 25–27

d’Unienville’s espionage activities during, 104–5, 106, 126

impact on Yugoslavia, 40–41

role in helping expansion of civil aviation, 28–31

Yugoslav women’s contributions in, 110

bilateral negotiations with Western states (1948–50), 50–53, 265n34

change in production goals in mid-1950s, 121

childcare in, 242–44

cultural tensions facing women in 1950s, 114–18

dependence on West, 45–46, 48, 50, 53, 169

development of modern aviation system in, 65–67

disintegration of, 253

economy of, 59–60, 168–70, 288n2

evolution of foreign affairs and aviation sector, 120

exports to Global South, 297n61

Five-Year-Plan of 1948, 47–48, 49, 63, 107, 264n25

forges economic ties with decolonizing states in Global South, 53–57, 60, 109–10

formula for economic development in 1940s and early 1950s, 53–54

gender equality in, 110–11, 126, 241

IMF-imposed austerity programs for, 248

infrastructural shortcomings in aviation systems of, 41, 48

as “in-between” state in Cold War, 14–15, 260n23

opposition to West’s cartography of colonialism, 38

oversight of regions of, 262n1

prewar international aviation service to, 36

sexual revolution in, 170–76

Soviet relations with, 35, 42–46, 48–51, 56, 62–63, 259n18

World War II’s impact on, 40–41

See also JAT Airways