Figures, notes, and tables are indicated by f, n, and t following the page number.

Abrahamse, Mattheus, 70

Adam (enslaved person), 85–86, 130, 145

Adams, Julia, 184n5

Adventure (ship), 246n4

Adventure Galley (ship), 230n9

Albany: borderlands conflicts in, 111; elite networks in, 81–82, 83, 159, 162; enslaved persons in, 56–58, 63–64, 101, 173t, 226n105; female networks in, 9, 64–65, 67; Livingston family in, 56–67, 70, 74, 100–101, 149; runaways in, 143–45; trade networks in, 78, 80; Van Rensselaer family in, 70; Vetch family in, 98. See also Rensselaerswijck

Alida (enslaved person), 115, 116, 118, 120–21

Allen, John, 231n19

Allyn, Ann, 75

Allyn, John, 46, 73, 79, 81, 226n112, 227n118

Allyn, Matthew, 75

Amandare (ship), 210–11n48

Amsterdam, 21, 35, 43

Ancram (ship), 128, 243n14

Andries (enslaved person), 18–19, 20–22, 62, 193n13

Andros, Governor, 72

Anglo-Dutch elite networks, 39–55

Angola, 26

Ann (enslaved person), 139

Anne and Judith (ship), 246n4

Antigua, 125, 137

antislavery movement, 53–54, 161, 216n103

Aruba, 17, 21, 26

Asiento de Negros, 52

Backer, Jacobus, 40, 49

Backer, Margrietje Stuyvesant, 40

Bailyn, Bernard, 186n17

Balthazar (enslaved person), 24

baptisms, 4, 20, 29–31, 47–48, 71, 102, 195n22, 208n35, 212nn55–57, 252n74

Barbados: Beck in, 48; family networks in, 41f; networks of enslaved persons in, 78; slave trade in, 4, 6, 72, 74–75, 78, 125; sugar industry in, 27, 204n102; trade networks in, 6, 75, 125; Van Cortlandt family in, 61

Bayard, Alida Vetch, 119

Bayard, Anna Stuyvesant, 26, 39–41, 40f

Bayard, Balthazar, 79, 89, 90, 229n149

Bayard, James, 125, 159, 161

Bayard, John, 159, 160f, 161, 162

Bayard, Judith Varlet, 53

Bayard, Lazare, 47, 48

Bayard, Margaretta van Cortlandt, 88

Bayard, Nicholas, 157, 232n48

Bayard, Nicolaes, 51, 52–53, 58, 79–80, 81, 90, 91, 103, 127

Bayard, Peter, 53–54, 216n103

Bayard, Samuel, 26, 40f, 53, 54, 88, 89–90, 125, 150–52, 159–61, 253n3

Bayard, Stephen, 119–20, 125–26, 150

Bayard, Susannah, 125

Bayard, William, 139

Bayard family, 5–6, 5f, 89–90, 91, 125

Beaumont, Adriaen, 208n35

Beck, Matthias, 47–49, 51–52, 74, 211n51, 211n54

Beebe, Samuel, 86

Beeckman, Maria, 93, 95

Beeckman, Willem, 44, 51, 68, 69, 90

Beekman, G. G., 155

Beekman, Gerard, 155

Beekman, William, 155

Behn, Aphra, 204n102

Behrendt, Stephen, 183n4

Ben (enslaved person), 98–99, 99f, 101–2, 106, 108–9, 250n54

Benjamin (enslaved person), 135

Berlin, Ira, 4, 30, 207n26

Beverwijck, 19–20, 22, 58, 111

Beyerlandt, Gijsbert Cornelissen, 35

Biemer, Linda, 240n80

Blackham, William, 230n9

Blake, Edward, 79

Block, Adriaen, 3

Bly, Antonio, 254n14

Bogardus, Anneken, 31

Bogardus, Everardus, 31

Bogardus, Pieter, 218n14

Bohemia Manor, 53–54, 159–60

Bonaire, 17, 21, 26, 46

Bonomi, Patricia, 219n26

Bonte Koe (ship), 199n59

Boot, Anna Varlet Hack, 41–42, 43, 45, 53, 206n10

Boot, Nicolaes, 42–43

Borland, John, 86, 106

Boston: Bayard family in, 161; elite networks in, 40; enslaved persons in, 230n17; Livingston family in, 58, 76; measles epidemic in, 108, 238n49; revolt following Glorious Revolution, 72; slaveholding culture in, 84–85; trade networks in, 46; Vetch family in, 87, 98, 102–3, 106–8, 112–14

bouwerijs in Manhattan, 23–31, 24f, 36–37, 50–51, 92–95

Bowdoin, Mary, 161

Bradford, William, 46, 127, 211n48

Bradish, James, 113–14

Braveboy (enslaved person), 130

Brazil, 3, 19, 25, 40, 48, 203n101

Breen, T. H., 207n26

Breese, Florah, 144

Breese, John, 143–44, 145

Brewer, Holly, 246n3

Brown, Kathleen, 189n26, 240n88

Brown, Vincent, 8

Browne, John, 46

Bruynvisch (ship), 3, 28, 184–85n9

Burger, Peter, 139

Burnett, William, 119

Bush, Jonathan, 208n33

Byam (ship), 125

Byrd, William, II, 240n88

Caesar (enslaved person), 98, 99f, 102, 114, 122, 131, 132–33

Calico Jack (enslaved person), 247n17

Callender (enslaved person), 115

Campbell, Duncan, 82–83, 85

Campbell, John, 85

Canada: as destination for runaways, 73, 104–5, 247n13; Indigenous peoples in, 72–73, 83; Palatines and, 103; trade networks in, 87

Cane (enslaved person), 68

Cardle, Thomas, 119, 120

Caribbean: family networks in, 41f, 47, 51–52; networks of enslaved persons in, 78; trade networks in, 25–26. See also specific countries

Carter, Landon, 240n88

Casparsz, Jacob, 57

Catherine (ship), 147

Catherine and Mary (ship), 251n69

Chaloner, Walter, 137

Chancellor, William, 250n49

Channing, John, 137

Channing family, 134

Charity (ship), 243n9

Charles (ship), 69

Chesapeake: Dutch settlements in, 2; elite networks in, 5, 7; enslaved persons in, 68; family networks in, 11, 40–42, 41f, 44–45, 53, 55, 162–63, 207n26; ironworks in, 128; slaveholding culture in, 27–28, 47, 49; trade networks in, 85, 188n22

children as enslaved persons, 45, 47, 79–80, 82, 84, 86, 91

Christiaensen, Hendrick, 3

Claes, Elisabeth, 218n12

Claes Croes (enslaved person), 60

Clark, George, 130

Clark-Pujara, Christy, 4

Claverack, 67, 94–95

Code Noir (Black Laws), 71, 78

Coleman, Benjamin, 102, 107

Collier, John, 68

Colve, Anthony, 58

Congoij, Emanuel, 29

Coninck Salomon (ship), 49

Connecticut, 136

Coote, Richard, 84

Cortlandt Manor, 100

Crailo (van Rensselaer family manor), 20

criminalization of race, 59–68

Cruger, Henry, 144

Cruger, John, 130

Cuffee (enslaved person), 130

culture: Dutch, 4, 46; of enslavement, 2, 8–10, 14, 37, 108, 163; of family networks, 17, 114; of violence, 108

Curaçao: in Dutch colonial empire, 17; English takeover of New Netherland and, 51; enslaved persons in, 25–26; family networks in, 40–41, 41f, 44, 47–48, 52, 55; as hub for slave trade, 34, 75, 78, 126, 199n59; Livingston family in, 83, 126, 243n9; networks of enslaved persons in, 78; Stuyvesant family in, 25, 33–34; trade networks in, 21, 40, 126

Damen, Marietje, 60–61

Danckaerts, Jasper, 53

d’Angola, Maijken, 94

Daniel (enslaved person), 122, 132

Danish West India and Guinea Company, 53

Dartmouth, Lord, 91

Davids, William, 211n48

Davis, Natalie Zemon, 188n22, 191n32

Dawson, Kevin, 224n80

De Angola, Paulo, 30

Deboras (ship), 243n9

De Bryne, Johannes, 248n19

Decker, Johan de, 43

Dego (enslaved person), 103, 115, 118–19, 120, 121, 241n97

dehumanization, 116, 122

De Laet, Johannes, 184–85n9

Delaware River, 3, 36, 44, 54–55, 147, 249n36

De Meyer, Nicholas, 87

Demos, John, 191n32

Desire (ship), 6, 74, 228n128

De Vries, Jan, 30

De Vries, Symon Janzen, 197n43

De Witt, Petrus, 135–36

Dewulf, Jeroen, 4, 29, 72

Diamond (ship), 136–37

Diana (enslaved person), 98–99, 99f, 102, 106, 107, 108–9, 120, 131

Di Bonaventura, Allegra, 4, 228n126, 228n128, 228n130, 240n80

Dijkeman, Jannetje, 110–11

Dijkeman, Johannes, 108, 110–11, 118, 122

Dijkeman, Johannes, Jr., 111

Dittelbach, Petrus, 217n108

Dongan, Thomas, 71

Dragon (ship), 251n69

Dreeper, Hans, 57

Drisius, Samuel, 45, 209n38

Droilheit, Paul, 232n39

Du Bois, W. E. B., 7

Dudley, Joseph, 87

Dudley, Paul, 87

Dunscomb, Samuel, 151

Dutch East India Company, 20

Dutch Reformed Church, 20, 39, 47–48, 212n55

Eendracht (ship), 203n101

elite networks, 5–6, 5f; Anglo-Dutch networks, 39–55; clandestine trade by enslaved persons and, 65; crossing colonial lines, 45–49; English takeover of New Netherland and, 49–54; expansion of, 41–45; runaways and, 74–79. See also specific families

Elizabeth (ship), 137

Ellis, Ellias, 152

Ellis, George William, 209n45

Emanuel (enslaved person), 90

Emanuelse, Barent, 57, 59–60

enslaved children, 45, 47, 79–80, 82, 84, 86, 91

enslaved networks, 10, 141, 147–48

Equiano, Olaudah, 154

Escott, Gabriel, 131

Esopus, 3, 37

Eva (enslaved person), 98, 102, 107, 114

Everson, Nicholas, 145–48

Eyckenboom (ship), 48

family networks: culture of, 17, 114; of enslaved persons, 98–100, 99f; expansion of, 2, 5–6, 5f, 20; in Manhattan bouwerijs, 23–31; map of, 41f; women and, 3, 58–59, 64–67, 88, 141. See also elite networks; specific families

Finley, Samuel, 161

Fletcher, Benjamin, 81

Flodder, Jacob Jansz, 192n1

Flora (enslaved person), 115, 120, 152

Folkerts, Jan, 194n19

Foote, Thelma Wills, 4

Fort Altena, 44, 51, 93

Fort Amsterdam, 25, 35, 52

Fort Chambly, 142, 247n13

Fort Kromantine, 112

Fort Orange, 204n107

Foy, Charles, 219n25

Francis (ship), 125

Francisco, Jan, 201n77

Franklin, Benjamin, 161

free Blacks: in Connecticut, 76; elite networks and, 89, 243–44n21; English takeover of New Netherland and, 49–50; legal constructs for, 150–51; in Manhattan bouwerijs, 23, 28, 29–30, 31, 94, 123–24; in New Netherland, 3; property dispossession and, 123–24, 130

Frelinghuysen, Theodorus, 154–55

Frontenac, Louis de Buade, Comte de, 65

Fuentes, Marisa, 4, 57, 191n33

Furman, Abigail Howard, 251n63

Furman, Gabriel, 155, 157, 158, 165, 251n63

Furman, Jane, 153, 158

Furman, Nowell, 155

fur trade, 22, 46, 58, 63, 65, 129

Gabriel (enslaved person), 155

Gallardo, Juan, 197n47, 212n61

Galloway (enslaved person), 143–45, 164

Gardiner, Jacob Jansen, 61

Gardiner, John, 82

geographies of slavery, 148, 191n35, 221n45

Gerrits, Aefje, 66, 68

Gideon (ship), 3, 46, 51, 93

Glorious Revolution, 71–72

Goodfriend, Joyce, 212n55

Graham, James, 61, 62, 220n31

Grange, Arnoldus de la, 53

Green, Bartholomew, 231n19

Green, Gretchen Lynn, 222n53

Gritta (enslaved person), 98, 102, 107, 114

Groth, Michael, 4, 235n8

Hack, Anna Varlet. See Boot, Anna Varlet Hack

Hack, George, 44

Hack, Joris, 41, 44

Haes, Gabriel de, 34

Hall, Kim, 189n26

Hall, Prince, 248n28

Hall, William, 248n28

Hallett family, 101–2, 154, 235n15

Hannibal (enslaved person), 117, 120

Hardenbergh, Gerrit, 218n14

Hardesty, Jared Ross, 4, 79, 246n3

Harris, Leslie, 4

Hartgers, Pieter, 22

Hartman, Saidiya, 4, 100, 191n33

Harvard College, 87

Hatfield, April Lee, 188n22, 206n10

Haudenosaunee Confederacy, 3, 12, 65, 70, 144, 222n52, 248n25

Hazard, Samuel, 208n34

Henrick (enslaved person), 103

Henrique, Mathias, 199n59

Herman, Augustine, 41, 44, 49

Herrman, Ephraim, 199n60

Hexham, Henry, 36

Hodges, Graham Russell, 4, 29, 76, 227n121, 247n6

Hollander, Martha, 199n61

Holmes, William, 75

Holyoke, Elizur, 84

Hondius, Dienke, 200n61

Honnich, Maarten, 203n101

Howard, John Randall, 253n3

Hudson River Valley, 21

Hunter, William, 103, 106

Indigenous peoples: attacks on colonial settlements, 36, 68, 111; enslavement of, 6, 37, 49, 115, 144; King William’s War (1690) and, 73, 76, 91, 94, 128–29; land grants and, 70; Livingston family and, 103–4, 112, 115; Pequot War (1636–38) and, 6; runaways and, 227n121. See also specific groups

Innes, Stephen, 207n26

ironworks, 128–29, 131, 133–35, 245n58

Isabel (enslaved person), 98–102, 99f, 106, 108, 112–13, 122, 131

Jack (enslaved person), 56–57, 62–63, 65

Jackson, Joan, 107–8

Jackson, John, 86

Jacobs, Jaap, 188n25, 194n14, 195n22, 202n83, 205n6

Jamaica, 41f, 86, 126, 128, 136–38, 155, 162

Jamaica Packet (ship), 126, 243n9

James II (king of England), 71, 72

Jan (enslaved person), 57

Jans, Fockke, 214n74

Jans, Marijken, 94

Jansz Douw, Volckert, 22, 195n23

Joe (enslaved person), 115–16, 120

Johnson, Anthony, 28

Johnson, Samuel, 138

Johnston, George, 216n103

Joseph (enslaved person), 48

Jupiter (enslaved person), 115

Kane, Maeve, 248n25

Katerickseet, 115

Katherine (ship), 126

Kerrison, Catherine, 191n32

Keteltas, Abraham, 232n39

Keteltas, William, 251n63

Key, Elizabeth, 44, 208n33

Kidd, Thomas, 253n4

Kidd, William, 82–86, 119, 230n9

Kieft, Willem, 29, 46, 49

Kieft’s War (1642), 33

Kierner, Cynthia, 219n28

Kierstede, Blandina, 217n110

King Phillip’s War (1675–78), 6

Kingsland, Isaac, 149–50

King William’s War (1690), 73, 76, 91, 94, 128–29

Kipp, Johannes, 90

Klaverack, 93, 94, 95

Klinckert, Dirck Jansz, 52

Klooster, Wim, 194n17, 203n101, 211n54

Knight, Elizabeth, 107, 237n44

Konijn, Leendert, 116

Koot, Christian, 186n16, 230n14

Kramer, Erin, 67

Labadists, 53–54, 125, 160, 216n103

Labatie, Jan, 18

legal constructs and frameworks: Dutch vs. English, 185n12; in New York, 89, 90; partus sequitor ventrem, 44, 208n33; for slaveholding, 9, 68–73, 88, 157, 163; for trade, 59–68; women and, 64, 67–68

Leisler, Jacob, 54, 72, 74, 76, 79

Leisler’s Rebellion (1689–91), 8, 72, 76

Lenape, 3

Leonard, Samuel, 146

Leonora (ship), 52

Lepore, Jill, 4, 248n21, 253n4

Leverett, John, 87

Ligon, Richard, 204n102; A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbados, 27

Lipman, Andrew, 36

Livingston, Alida Schuyler, 57–61, 63–67, 70, 74–78, 103, 108–10, 113–22, 142

Livingston, Andrew, 87

Livingston, Gilbert, 115, 118, 128, 138

Livingston, Henry, 134, 136–38

Livingston, James, 86–87, 130

Livingston, Joanna, 101, 102, 107–8, 113, 241n97

Livingston, Johannes, 66

Livingston, John, 79, 85–86, 102, 107, 128, 135, 138, 237n44

Livingston, Margaret. See Vetch, Margaret Livingston

Livingston, Mary Winthrop, 85

Livingston, Muscor, 138

Livingston, Philip, 83, 99, 104–7, 122, 124–35, 139

Livingston, Philip, Jr., 134, 148–49

Livingston, Robert: Dijkeman family and, 111; elite networks and, 94, 95–96; enslaved people networks and, 77–78; family networks and, 9, 56–66, 81–83, 101, 110–22, 144; Kidd and, 82–85, 86, 230n9; landholdings of, 70; Leisler’s Rebellion and, 72, 73; Palatines and, 103; runaways and, 73–79

Livingston, Robert, Jr., 126–27, 128, 130, 132, 133, 135–39, 243n9

Livingston, Robert James, 149–50

Livingstone, John, 58, 77

Livingston family, 5–6, 5f, 10, 57–58, 89, 91

Long Island, 101–2, 105, 113, 119, 127, 162

Loockermans, Govert, 79, 229n149

Loockermans, Maria, 79

Lopez family, 134

Lourisen, Meyndert, 42

Lucaszen, Pieter, 94

Lucia (enslaved person), 48

Lucretia (enslaved person), 24

Lupoldt, Ulrich, 35

Luyck, Ægidius, 31, 202n90

Lydon, James, 183n4

Madeira, 132–33

Mahican, 3, 65, 70, 78, 105

Manhattan, 3, 22–23, 28–29, 32–33, 45, 93, 102, 125

Manor Livingston, 10, 79, 98, 100–104, 109f, 111–22, 115f, 131

Mantet, Daillebout de, 73

Manuel (enslaved person), 22

manumission, 139, 153, 213n69

Margriet (ship), 77

Maria (enslaved person), 144, 145

Maricour (“Stow Stow”), 83–84

Martense, Catherina, 63

Martense, Paulus, 62, 63, 223n67

Martinique, 52

Mary (enslaved person), 57, 67, 116–17, 120, 135

Mary (ship), 85–86

Maryland: Bayard family in, 53–55, 125, 159–60; enslaved persons in, 173t; family networks in, 40–41, 53–55; Labadists in, 53–54, 125, 160, 216n103; Leisler’s Rebellion and, 72; runaways in, 68; trade networks in, 125

Massachusetts, 84, 136. See also Boston

mastery, notions of, 2–3, 5, 70, 73

Mather, Cotton, 84–85, 86, 87, 231n19

Mather, Elizabeth, 238n50

Maurits van Nassau-Siegen, Johan, 29, 200n71

McDonald, Kevin, 247n17

McManus, Edgar 229n147

measles epidemic, 107–8, 238nn49–50

Megapolensis, Johannes, 30, 201n77

Megapolensis, Samuel, 209n38

merchant culture. See trade

Merrett, Willem, 90

Merwick, Donna, 188n25

Meuwese, Mark, 186n16

Meyer, Nicolaes de, 34, 215n90

Midtrød, Tom Arne, 235n21

Mijnerts, Pieter, 203n101

Minck (enslaved person), 115

Mingoe (enslaved person), 68

Moesman, Jacob, 42

Mohawk, 103, 104, 235n21

Moll, John, 53

Montagne, Jean de la, 31, 37

Montagne, Johannes de la, 46, 125, 209n43

Montagne, Joseph de la, 125

Montagne, Nicholas de la, 125

Monteiro, Carolina, 29

Montreal, 104–5

Mookinga (enslaved person), 22

Moore, Abraham and Mary, 151

Moore, Philip and Ruth, 76

Moore, Simon, 150–52, 169–71

Moravians, 146, 148

Morgan, Jennifer, 189n26

Morgan, Philip D., 207n26

Morris, John Emery, 209n45

Morris, Lewis, 144

Mosterman, Andrea, 4, 20, 63, 136, 218n15

Murray, Joseph, 145

Native Americans. See Indigenous peoples

Neau, Elias, 145

Ned (enslaved person), 154–55

Neger, Jan de, 29–30

Nell (enslaved person), 149–50

networks of enslaved persons, 10, 141, 147–48

Nevis. See St. Kitts & Nevis

New Amsterdam: English takeover of, 49–54; enslaved persons in, 24, 28, 29; legal constructs in, 34; settlement of, 198n51; Stuyvesant family in, 24–25, 24f, 36–41; van Rensselaer family in, 18–19, 21–23, 37–38; Varlet family in, 41

Newell, Margaret, 237n38

New England: family networks in, 9, 41f, 55; trade networks in, 46–47. See also Boston

New Jersey: Bayard family in, 51, 89, 160–62; enslaved persons in, 142; family networks in, 5; legal constructs in, 64, 91, 157; runaways from, 146–47; Schuyler family in, 128, 133; Stuyvesant family in, 23, 51, 89, 95; Van Horne family in, 155, 158

New London, 74, 76, 107

Newman, Simon, 192n36

New Netherland: English takeover of, 49–54, 70; family networks in, 4–8, 5f, 39–50, 41f; settlement of, 2–3; slaveholding culture in, 3–4, 9–10, 18, 46–47, 49, 66; Stuyvesant family in, 17–22, 24–37; trade networks in, 20–21, 43–44; Varlet family in, 40, 42–43

New Sweden, 3, 36, 41f

Newton, Brian, 25

New York City: Bayard family in, 53, 150, 160–62; bouwerijs in Manhattan, 23–31, 24f, 36–37, 50–51, 92–95; enslaved persons in, 3, 46, 111–12, 118–20, 125, 134–38, 143–46, 148–50, 173–74t, 231n17; family networks in, 5, 5f, 9–10, 114; legal construct for slavery in, 61, 68–71, 89, 90, 91, 104; Leisler’s Rebellion and, 8, 72, 76; Livingston family in, 58–59, 61–63, 65, 69–72, 75–80, 83–84, 118–20, 125, 130, 136; Slave Revolt of 1712, 10, 100, 105, 106–7, 122, 163; Stuyvesant family in, 13–14; trade networks in, 54, 83; Van Horne family in, 153–54, 156–58; Vetch family in, 98. See also New Amsterdam

Nicholson, Francis, 72

Nicolls, Richard, 1–2, 50, 227n121

Nieuw Haarlem (Manhattan), 45

nonelites, 10, 70, 122

Noorlander, Danny, 71, 212n57

North Carolina, 150–52

Nottingham Institute, 161

Odegard, Erik, 29

Olmsted, John, 76

Onckell Philips (ship), 120, 128

Onondaga, 83–84, 104

Oswego (ship), 124–25, 129, 132

Palatines, 103, 105, 118

Panama, 86–87

Paplay, George, 137

Parmenter, Jon, 222n52

Parmyter, Paroculus, 95

partus sequitor ventrem, 44, 208n33

Pastorius, Francis Daniel, 71

patroons, 19, 28, 194n14

Paxton, William, 150

Payton, William, 150

Peddie, William, 211n48

Penn, William, 54

Pequot War (1636–38), 6

Phaeton (enslaved person), 250n54

Philadelphia, 54, 147, 161–62, 249n37

Philip, Philip, 137

Philip, Sarah Johnson, 137

Philipsburg Manor, 69, 100, 143

Philipse, Adolph, 91

Philipse, Frederick, 24, 44, 68, 69, 144, 215n90, 219n25, 247n17

Pieters, Manuel, 94

Pitkin, William, 79

Piwonka, Ruth, 243n21

Plough, Jacob, 239n72

Pompey (enslaved person), 150, 250n54

Ponte, Mark, 21

popery, 79–80

Price, Richard, 191n33

Primus (enslaved person), 13, 13f

Prinses Amelia (ship), 26, 44, 69

Prince van Denemarcken (ship), 203n101

Pritchard, Anna Stuyvesant, 95, 141, 233n64, 247n5

Providence Plantations, 54

Provoost, David, 88

Pygan, Alexander, 76, 228n126

Pynchon, John, 58, 65, 75, 81, 84

Quack (enslaved person), 130, 144, 145

Queen Anne’s War (1702–13), 10, 103, 104, 129, 163

Raeff, Sebastiaen, 197n47

Ramezay, Claude de, 105

Rawley, James, 183n4

Rebecca (ship), 75

Rensselaerswijck, 18–20, 21, 23, 29–30, 35, 59, 70, 100, 204n107

Rensselaerswijck (ship), 43

Revenge (ship), 155

Rhea, John, 161

Rhode Island, 46, 125, 128, 133, 142

Rhode Island (ship), 134, 135, 136

Richards, Paul, 143–44, 145, 248n19

Rigaud de Vaudreuil, Pierre de, 87

Ripse, Maria, 218n12

Robin (enslaved person), 152, 164

Rodenborch, Elizabeth, 199n60

Rodenborch, Lucas, 18, 25, 26–27, 46, 199n60

Rodenborch, Lucretia, 199n60

Rodenborch, Trijntjen (Catherina), 18, 20, 26–27, 193n5, 193n7

Roelofs, Sara, 54

Romney, Susanah Shaw, 8, 29, 50, 186n16, 199n61, 206n8, 213n69

Roper, L. H., 188n25

Rose (enslaved person), 115

Rousby, Christopher, 92

Royal Africa Company, 53, 71

Rucker, Walter, 112, 237n38

rum industry, 56, 63, 65–66, 118, 126, 131

runaways, 27, 44, 69–70, 73–81, 87, 104, 118, 138, 142, 159–60, 160f

Rupert, Linda, 27, 186n16, 199n59, 200n61

Saffin, John, 85–86

St. Eustatius, 52

St. Kitts & Nevis, 41f, 52, 53, 83

St. Thomas, 52, 216n96

Sainte Helene, Sieur Le Moyne de, 73

San Antonio (ship), 82

São Tomé, 184n9, 203n101

Sarah (enslaved person), 139

Saxon, Andrew, 127

Schaets, Gideon, 57, 60

Schama, Simon, 199n61

Schenectady, 8, 61, 72–74, 76, 111

Schiebinger, Londa, 189n26

Schmidt, Ariadne, 205n4

Schuyler, Arent, 142

Schuyler, Arnot, 147

Schuyler, Brandt, 65, 88, 90, 223n60

Schuyler, Cornelia, 142

Schuyler, Gerrit, 70

Schuyler, Johannes, 83–84

Schuyler, Philip Pietersz, 57, 58, 60, 67, 218n14

Schuyler, Pieter, 57, 81

Schuyler family, 67, 91

Scipio (enslaved person), 13, 13f

Seary, Robert, 68

Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665–67), 58

Selijns, Henricus, 24, 31, 45, 47, 195n22, 202n90, 209n38

Senegambia, 26

Sessions, Cato, 76

Sewall, Samuel, 81, 84–86, 219n24, 231nn19–20

Sharpe, John, 220n31

Sierra Leone, 26, 155

Singer, Roberta, 240n80

Slave Revolt of 1712 (New York), 10, 100, 105, 106–7, 122, 163

slave trade: in Barbados, 4, 6, 72, 74–75, 78, 125; in Curaçao, 34, 75, 78, 126, 199n59; elite and family networks invested in, 21–22, 29, 51, 69–70, 125–26, 131, 155; growth of, 26; of Indigenous peoples, 6, 37, 49, 115–16, 144

Sluyter, Hendrick, 54

Sluyter, Henry, 125

Sluyter, Peter, 53

smuggling, 66, 126

Soderlund, Jean, 36, 249n37

South Carolina, 11, 129, 131, 133, 137, 160, 162, 173t, 231n17 Spera Mundi (ship), 45

Springsteen, Jacobus, 155

Staets, Abraham, 22, 67

Staets, Jacob, 57, 62

Staets, Trijntie Wessels, 67

Stavast, Aefje, 63

Stavast, Claes Janse, 62, 63, 223n67

Steedman, Carolyn, 9

Steenwijck, Cornelis, 52, 70, 72, 215n90

Stoffels (enslaved person), 140–43

Storke (ship), 134, 135, 137, 243n9

“Stow Stow” (Maricour), 83–84

Stuyvesant, Anna, 39, 49

Stuyvesant, Balthazar Lazarus, 25, 31, 47, 49, 51–53, 55, 93, 137, 211n51

Stuyvesant, Elisabeth van Slichtenhorst, 92–96

Stuyvesant, Gerardus, 95, 123–24, 130, 233n64

Stuyvesant, Judith Bayard, 25–27, 30–31, 47–48, 156, 212n56

Stuyvesant, Margaret Livingston, 138

Stuyvesant, Maria Beeckman, 69

Stuyvesant, Nicolaes Willem, 25, 31, 92, 93, 95

Stuyvesant, Nicholas Willam (son of Gerardus), 138–39, 247n5

Stuyvesant, Petrus: Allyn and, 75; in Curaçao, 25–27, 48; elite networks and, 89, 93–94; English takeover of New Netherland and, 50–54; family networks and, 1–2, 44, 46, 49; Hallett family and, 102; in Manhattan bouwerijs, 25, 29–31; marriage of, 25–26; slaveholding culture and, 18, 22, 24, 32–33, 37, 200n62; Willet and, 46–47; Winthrop and, 74

Stuyvesant, Petrus (son of Gerardus), 13, 13f, 138, 247n5

Stuyvesant, Samuel, 39

Stuyvesant family, 5–6, 5f, 23, 89, 125

sugar industry, 27, 34, 48–49, 51, 53, 61, 127, 137, 163, 204n102

Suriname (ship), 58

Surlock, Eve, 139

Susanna (enslaved person), 24

Sweet, John Wood, 247n11

Sydenham, Elisabeth Stuyvesant, 92

Sydenham, George, 92, 93, 95

Symon (enslaved person), 57, 62, 63

Syphax (enslaved person), 13, 13f

Tam (enslaved person), 101, 118

Tamandare (ship), 29, 211n48

Taylor, Maureen, 247n11

Teller, Andries, 61

Teller, Willem, 57

Ten Broeck, Dierck, 158, 241n93

Ten Broeck, Tobias, 118, 241n93

Tessemaaker, Peter, 76

Thomas (enslaved person), 103

Thomasz, Jan, 22

Thornton, John, 221n38

tobacco industry, 40, 42–44, 53, 56, 63, 206n10

Toby (enslaved person), 159, 160f, 161–62, 164

Tom (enslaved person), 56–59, 62–66, 77, 108, 110, 112–13, 130, 135, 145–48

trade: elite networks and, 1–3, 11; fur trade, 22, 46, 58, 63, 65, 129; legal constructs for, 59–68; merchant culture, 186n17; networks, 6, 20–22, 25–26, 40, 43–47, 54, 63, 75, 78, 80, 83, 85, 87, 125–26, 164, 188n22; rum, 56, 63, 65–66, 118, 126, 131; sugar, 27, 34, 48–49, 51, 53, 61, 127, 137, 163, 204n102; tobacco, 40, 42–44, 53, 56, 63, 206n10

Trebie (enslaved person), 115

Ukawsaw Gronniosaw (enslaved person), 153–54

Van Angola, Jan, 29–30

Van Angola, Marie, 29

Van Angola, Mayken, 24, 139

Van Angola, Sebastiaen, 29–30

Van Bijlaer, Hillegond, 193n11

Van Brugh, Peter, 136–37

Van Campen, Jan, 197n47

Van Cleeck, Catharina, 66, 68

Van Cortlandt, Jacobus, 61, 77, 88, 127

Van Cortlandt, Maria, 22

Van Cortlandt, Oloff Stevenz, 18, 210n46, 215n90

Van Cortlandt, Stephanus, 80, 83, 219n24

Van Cortlandt family, 89

Van Curler, Arent, 67

Van de Langestraet, Jan Jansen, 214n74

Van der Woude, Joanne, 205n6

Van Dijck, Hendrick, 30, 33–34, 36

Van Dijck, Lydia, 30

Vanduersen, John, 139

Vane, George, 107

Van Horne, Abraham, 251n69

Van Horne, Cornelius, 119, 144, 153–54

Van Horne, David, 155

Van Horne, Elizabeth French, 154

Van Horne, Garret, 251n69

Van Horne, James, 153, 156–57

Van Horne, John, 158, 165, 251n69

Van Horne, Samuel, 155

Van Horne family, 5–6

Van Isendoorn, Judith, 202n90

Van Kampen, Pieter, 94

Van Laer, Arnold J. F., 195n28

Van Rensselaer, Jan Baptist, 17, 18–22, 52

Van Rensselaer, Jeremias, 10, 15–19, 16f, 20–23, 31–32, 37–38, 46, 84–85, 87, 121, 209n43

Van Rensselaer, Johannes, 19–20, 193n11

Van Rensselaer, Kiliaen, 19–20, 80, 193n11, 194n19

Van Rensselaer, Maria, 67

Van Rensselaer, Nicolaes, 58, 60, 67, 72, 220n32

Van Ruyvan, Laurens, 49

Van Ruyven, Cornelis, 37

Van Slichtenhorst, Brant, 35, 94

Van Slichtenhorst, Gerrit, 93, 218n12

Van Slichtenhorst, Margaretha, 58

Van Tienhoven, Cornelis, 31, 210n46

Van Twiller, Wouter, 28

Van Veghten, Dirk, Jr., 126

Varlet, Anna. See Boot, Anna Varlet Hack

Varlet, Caspar, 40, 43, 207n24

Varlet, Daniel, 43

Varlet, Nicolaes, 40, 41, 43, 49, 89, 90

Varlet family, 39, 45

Venema, Janny, 22

Vergulde Posthoorn (ship), 52

Verlet, Maria, 57

Vetch, Margaret Livingston, 66, 85, 98–99, 101, 106, 107–8, 113, 122

Vetch, Samuel, 85, 87–88, 98–99, 101, 105–6, 113, 234n3, 235n17

Viele, Cornelis Cornelissen, 111

Vincent, Judith, 140, 141–43, 246n4

Vincent, Samuel, 142, 246n4

Virginia, 24, 28, 43–45, 68, 70, 160

Visscher, Femmetje Jans, 57

Visscher, Tjerk Harmense, 57

Vredendael (tobacco plantation), 31

Vrooman, Pieter Meesz, 61

Wadsworth, Benjamin, 81–82; The Well-Ordered Family, 98–99

Walter, John, 147

Wapen van Amsterdam (ship), 43–44

Wapen van Leeuwarden (ship), 43

Warren, Wendy, 4, 191n32, 221–22n45

Watts, John, 147

Wax, Darold D., 249n36

Wendell, Evert, 78, 228n141

Wendell, Johannes, 218n14

Wenham, Thomas, 102, 235n17

Wesselsz, Dirck, 241n93

West India Company, 3, 18–19, 24, 27–28, 30, 33–34, 38, 44, 46, 49

Whitefield, George, 154–55, 160–61, 253n4

Wilder, Craig Steven, 4, 131, 158, 250n49

Wilkins, Richard, 84, 85, 231n19

Willet, Mary Browne, 210n45

Willet, Thomas, 46, 55, 209–10n45, 209n42, 210–11n48

William of Orange (king of England), 71

Williams, William H., 208n34

Williams-Myers, A. J., 4, 235n8

Wilree, Jacob Dircksz, 52

Winthrop, Anne, 102

Winthrop, Fitz-John, 74, 76–77, 79, 228n128

Winthrop, John, 74, 77

Wiser, Margaret, 153, 157, 165

Wittepaert (ship), 42

Wolf (ship), 148, 250n49

Wolf, Pedro de, 126, 129

Wolters, Kier, 214n74

women: as baptismal witnesses, 212n55; in Dutch colonial settlements, 40, 96; family networks and, 3, 58–59, 64–67, 88, 141; legal system and, 64, 67–68

Woodbridge, Timothy, 76

Wynant (enslaved person), 115, 116

Yeomans & Escott (trading firm), 129

Zenger, Peter, 127

Zyperius, Anna, 44

Zyperius, Michiel, 44–45, 208n35