Index
abuse, 15; sexual, 41, 90, 96, 148
Adams, Glenda, 106
adolescence and adolescents, 9, 92, 98–99, 105
adoption, 153; opposition to, 1; rarity of, 42, 104
African American children, 7, 19–22, 66–69, 71–76; activists as, 89, 179n16; age caps and, 98–99, 150, 156; isolation of, 81; manners of, 83, 86; nature and, 63; poverty and, 25, 125; publicity about, 59; race relations and, 9; racial code of conduct, 90; racism toward, 52–53, 65, 152; respectability and, 77; shift to serving, 139, 149; intimacy with, 93–94; teachers as, 82
African Methodist Episcopal Church, 19
age caps, 24, 98–99, 102–3, 106, 110, 144, 214n58
Allaben, NY, 72
amalgamation. See interracial romance
American Stock Exchange, 137
Americus, GA, 156
Ames, IA, 98
Amish people, 34, 36, 38–41, 56
Ammann, Jakob, 39
Amsterdam News, 17, 19, 48, 66, 69, 74
Anabaptists, 39–41. See also Mennonites
Annville, PA, 129
Anti-Defamation League, 74
Antioch Baptist Church, 73
Arenas, Savina, 47
Ashe, Arthur, 137
Asian Americans, 67; children, 20, 65, 66, 76
Athens, OH, 81
Atlanta, GA, 156
Atwater, David Fisher, 72
Atwater, Mary, 72
Bacall, Lauren, 137
Bailey, Lauren “Flip,” 50, 71, 81
Baltimore, MD, 2, 21, 25, 64, 69
Barbel, Kay, 126
Barrows v. Jackson, 60
Batts, Janice, 11, 145–50, 152, 155, 158
Beame, Abraham, 123
Bell Harbor, NY, 102
Bennington, VT, 1, 69, 105, 129
Bennington Banner, 122
Bethel College, 105
Bethune, Mary McCleod, 81
black freedom struggle. See civil rights movement
Black Nationalists, 56, 82, 83, 88, 128
Bonilla, George, 52
Borden industry, 113
Boston, MA, 18, 36, 38, 43, 62, 93, 99
Boys Athletic League, 133
Boys Club, 133
Brace, Charles Loring, 15
Brethren, Church of, 39
Brookfield, MA, 72
Brooklyn Urban League, 24
Brown, Natasha, 41
Brown v. Board of Education, 68, 93
Buckley, William, 138
Buckwalter, Anna, 125
Cabrini-Green Housing Project, 45
Calvin College, 106
Cambridge, MA, 69
camps, 5, 16–17, 103, 113; abuse at, 96; age caps for, 99; autonomy of children, 51; black, 71–73; boys at, 24; communists and, 32; disciplinary issues, 86–89, 98; fundraising for, 104; gender and, 25; home visits vs., 179n10; Progressive Era and, 18; race and, 25, 204–5n125; segregation of, 19, 102; scholarship about, 182n32; swimming at, 52; white, 74; wilderness and, 24, 30, 103, 154
Camp Wallkill, 19
Cantella, Lisa, 71
Carlton, Peter F., 48
Carnegie, Andrew, 27
Catholic Charities, 36
celebrities, 11, 36, 131, 137–38, 140
charity, ix–x, 17, 36–37, 111, 124
Charity Organization Society, 16, 26
Chayefsky, Paddy, 137
Chicago, IL, 16–19, 36–39, 43–49, 67–69, 192n83
Chicago Defender, 20
childhood, 156–57, 188n1; adulthood and, 92; health and, 29–30; innocence and, 6, 8, 30, 35; legislation of, 20–21; memory of, 233n5; recapitulation theory of, 24; reformers and, 23; religion and, 37; scholarship about, 180n17; sex and, 99; wonder, 8
children: agency of, 14, 31, 51, 181–82n31; family as, 103; physical intimacy with, 93–94; placing out, 15; naïveté of, 13–15, 20–25, 31–32, 46, 56, 64, 151, 157; teachers as, 80–83; theft and, 79–80, 88; wonder of, 22, 31, 56, 115, 119, 139, 151
Children’s Age Society, 15–16, 19, 22, 25, 28
Chinn, Philip, 83
Christian Recorder, 19
Christian Reformed Church, 4, 38, 82, 87, 105
cities, 36, 42–49, 90; cows and, 119; disease in, 108; donors from, 27; drugs and, 64; harm of, 17, 25–30; homesick for, 58–59; knowledge of, 15, 20–22, 38, 47, 114, 118; lack of democracy, 133; parks in, 62; racial rebellions in, 9, 67, 69; recreation in, 22; redemption by, 10, 56–57; urbanization and, 154; urban renewal in, 44
City Missionary Society, 5
civil rights movement, 6–7, 12, 65, 80, 151–56; children as activists in, 89; Freedom Struggle as, 57, 59, 155–56; massive resistance to, 93; scholarship about, 179–80n16
Clark, Shubael, 129
class, 14, 23, 45, 49, 53–55, 129, 153; fundraising and, 125; gift-giving and, 128; poverty and, 4, 27, 36, 89, 125–27, 130–31, 140; romance across, 95; vacations and, 118; wealth and, 27, 110, 118, 130, 138
Clearfield, PA, 99
Cleveland, OH, 1, 37, 43, 69–73, 81, 108–9, 121–22
Cleveland Post, 140
Cobb, Hilton, Jr., 79
Coburn, Rena L., 134
Cold War, ix, 133–34, 140, 153–54
Coleman, J. Walter, Mrs., 134
Colon, Pauline, 128
communists, 32, 66; anti-communists, 134–35
Community Renewal Society, 65
Conklin, Charles R., Dr., 28
Cooley, Bradley, 142, 144, 149
Cooley, Roger, 142–43, 145, 149
Cooper, Dale, Mrs., 100
Cooper, Etsy, 137
Cornell University, 115
Correa, Orlando, 115
countryside, 10, 140, 161; bugs in, 63; cows in, 29, 111, 113, 115; desire for, 22; disease and, 28; grass and, 59–62; health in, 29, 108; innocence and, 13, 32; nature and, 25–30; relocation to, 129; safety from war in, 132
Country Week Association of Philadelphia, 15
Country Week of Boston, 15
cows, 29, 54, 61, 111–19, 139–40, 219n16
Crandell, Richard, 61, 150–52, 156
Crawford, Guilford, A., 19
Crawford, Joan, 137
criticism of Fresh Air programs, 5–12, 137, 140, 226n164; damage by, 1, 82, 110, 129–30; urban stereotypes and, 46–47; racial limits of, 65–66
Croton-on-Hudson, NY, 46
Croydon, NH, 134
Cruz, Alexander, 50
Curry, Peggy, 106
Daily Worker, 32
David, Thomas, 88
DeBerry, William, 72
Denlinger, Emmas, 39
desegregation. See racial integration
Detroit, MI, 67
Diaz, Luis, 11, 87–88, 95, 105, 142–45, 149, 152, 158
Disney, Walt, 139
Dominicans, 97
Donhaven Country Club, 71
donors, 27, 32–33, 104, 120–21, 124, 221n60
Dorsey, Bernadette, 70
Douglas, Mary, 154
DuBois, W. E. B., 81
Dwinell, Ralph B., 68
Dwyer, Jonathan, 69
Eastern Mennonite Missions, vii
East Harlem Protestant Parish, 36
Echo Hill Farm, 129
Ecumenical Metropolitan Ministry, 4
Elk Grove, IL, 47
Elks Club, 120
Ellington, Duke, 137
Ephrata, PA, 159
Fair Labor Standards Act, 20
Fearon, Bryant, 111–12, 114–22, 126, 129, 140
Federal Aid Highway Act, 44
Federal Housing Administration, 60
Fire Island, NY, 121
Flagg, James Montgomery, 13–14, 28, 32
Flood, Jeane, 160
Florence, SC, 18
Flowers, Thomas, 78
food, 29, 107–8, 113, 135; hunger and, 43
Fortune, T. Thomas, 19
Freedoms Foundation, 134
Freeman, 19
Friedens, PA, 102
Fresh Air movement: oral history of, 233n5; scholarship about, 181n30
Fresh Air Society, Baltimore, 25
Friendly Town Program, vii, 5, 16, 94, 151; abuse in, 94; Cleveland version, 1, 122; police and, 136; racism in, 59, 75
fundraising, 27, 32, 74, 103, 119–21, 131; galas, 123–24; media and, 123; poverty and, 125–27; sports and, 122
Garden City, NY, 47
gender, 9–10, 13–14, 95–98, 157; boys, 14, 23–24, 94, 157; femininity, 15, 56; girls, 13–14, 23–25, 32, 58, 94; masculinity, 24; selection of, 97–98, 103; sophistication in, 102, 106, 157
Germantown, PA, 39
Gettysburg, PA, 134
Gibson, Frederick, 85
Gibson, Karen, 102
Gingerich, Earl, 146
Glad Tidings Mennonite Church, 36
Goodman, Benny, 137
Gorme, Eydie, 137
Graafschap, MI, 52
Grand Rapids, MI, 106
grass, 59–64, 90, 135, 157–62; lawns and, 57, 60; marijuana as, 59, 64; metonym for country and nature, 26, 60–61; parks and, 62; romanticism of, 21, 25, 30, 59, 61; unseen by children, 61
Great Migrations, 4, 18, 67, 160
Green Book, 72
Gulfport, MS, 18, 39, 78, 81, 87–88, 105, 117, 192n83
Guthrie County, IA, 121
Hagerstown, MD, 123
hair, 31, 41, 147; care of, 81; racism about, 148; stereotypes about, 118
Hall, Stanley G., 24
Hammerstein, Oscar, 137
handicapped children, 51, 104, 106
Harlem’s Children Center, 22
Harlem Children’s Fresh Air Fund, 17, 19, 71, 123
Harmon, Larry, 139
Harrisburg, PA, 65
Harrisonburg, PA, 40, 106, 126
health, 11, 108–9; country and, 28–29; disease and, 26–28, 108–9; free care, 108; malnutrition and, vii, 6, 43; nature and, 25–27; sickness, 106; tuberculosis cures, 107, 109; weight gain, 21, 107
Henry, Donald, 55
Henry Street Settlement House, 44, 129
Hepburn, Katherine, 95
Herald Tribune Fresh Air Fund: abuse in, 96; archives closed, 160–62, 234n6; assets of, 125; celebrities in, 137; class, 124; founding organization, 5, 15; fundraising and, 121–24, 126; milk and, 113, 116; military and, 134; numbers served, 16; publicity by, 122–23; racial integration in, 68–69, 74; racial segregation in, 19; racism in, 75; size shrinking, 143; studies of, 178n3; swimming instruction, 52
Hesston, KS, 117
High Aim Program, 148
Hill, Geraldine, 104
Hinesburg, VT, 111–12, 114, 129
Hinkle, Donald, Mr. and Mrs., 70
Hinkle, Melanie, 70
Hinton, James, 45
Hoff, Philip H. 136
homesickness, 42, 46, 56, 87, 101–2, 192n76
home stays and visits, 16, 21, 68, 77, 98, 103, 179n10
homosexuality, 96
Hopewell, Carol, 129
hosts, African American, 69, 71
Hotel Astor, 123
Housing Act (1949), 44
Howard Beach, NY, 121
Howatt, Shelby, 43
Hull House, 21
Huntingdon, PA, 102
Hutterites, 39
Illinois, 147
Indiana, 148
influenza outbreak, 16
Inner City Protestant, Parish, 1–2
innocence, 14–15, 30–37, 56–58, 151–58; age caps and, 2, 106; childhood and, 6–7, 30; marketing of, 139–41; Mennonites and Amish and, 40; nature and, 8; power and, 109–10; purity and, 25, 29–30, 32, 40, 57, 154; race and, 9, 11, 66, 150–52; rhetoric of, 151–52; scholarship about, 233n52; sex and, 8, 92; Steele, Shelby and, 152–53
interracial romance, 91–97, 148–50, 180–81n24
Iowa Mennonite School, 149
Jamestown, RI, 107
Jaycees, 120
Jefferson, Johnny, 117
Jefferson Park Pool, 50
Jessen, Sorn, 232n44
Johnson, Lyndon B., 36, 55, 136
Johnson, William, 19
Joyner, Margaret, 141
Kansas, 39, 87, 122, 127, 147, 192
Kansas City, KS, 69
Kelley, Florence, 21
Kerner, Otto, 55
Kerner Commission, 67
King, Barbara, 47
King, Herbert “Herbie,” 114, 119
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 7, 9, 155–56
Kingston, NY, 136
Kirton, George, 74
Kirton, Marian, 74
Kishacoquillas Valley, 91, 95, 97
kissing case, 93
Koinonia Farms, 156
Kramer, Stanley, 95
labor unions, 120
Lancaster, PA, ix, 39, 41, 159–61
Lancaster Mennonite Conference, vii
La Raza movement, 82
Larson, Kathy Knoll, 52
Latina women, 94
Latino children, 20, 57, 68, 71, 118, 160; activists as, 89; age caps and, 99, 150–56; class and, 82, 125; intimacy and, 93–94; manners of, 83; nature and, 63; publicity about, 59; racism toward, 65; restrictive covenants about, 60; shift to serving, 66, 75, 139, 149
Latino men, 94
lawns. See grass
Lawrence, Steve, 137
Lewis, Frederick, 56, 65, 107–9, 118, 134–35, 139; discipline and, 88; effects of Fresh Air and, 47–48; handicapped children and, 104; juvenile delinquency and, 85; poverty and, 125
Lindsay, John V., 136
Linville, VA, 100
Lions Club, 36
Little Rock, Arkansas, 49
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 61
Madison Square Garden, 122, 138
manners, 2, 7, 10, 56, 74, 77–78; discipline and, 87–89, 160; disruptive behavior and, 35, 40, 57–58, 86, 160; misbehavior and, 32, 37, 40, 56–57, 83, 86–89; politeness and, 2, 80, 86; sass and, 31, 57–59, 83, 90
Manzella, Frank A., 108
Martin, Mary, 137
Maxwell, Robert, 139
Mayes, Roosevelt “Teddy,” 49, 50, 55
Mays, Willie, 137
McKenna, Gerard, 120
medical examinations, 28, 37, 107, 109
Mennonites, x, 34–41, 56, 68, 85, 87, 145–49, 192n83
Mennonite Community Chapel, 145
Mennonite House, 156
Methodists, 36
Merman, Ethel, 137
Michener, James A., 137
Michigan, 39, 76, 81–82, 87, 116, 192n83
Mickolic, Laurence “Larry,” 88, 97–98, 102
Middleton, Margie, 40–41, 46, 128
Midwest, 18, 50, 65–69, 90, 93, 138, 145, 153
military, 6, 11, 46, 65, 131, 136; Air Force, 135; Army, 133; Herald Tribune Fresh Air Fund and, 134; Marines, 144, 146; Navy, 135
milk, 29, 111–16, 119, 139–41; lactose intolerance and, 291n14
Miller, Kevin, 51
Millett, Ruth, 151
Mission/Missionary Society, 90, 103
Mississippi, 82
Mojica, Danford, 111–22, 126, 129, 140
Montana, 69
mothers of Fresh Air children, 74
Moundridge, KS, 81
Mount Joy, PA, 39
Mount Union, PA, 126
Mount Zion Congregational Church, 121
Murray, James, 105
Myrdal, Gunnar, 67
NAACP, 82
National Association of Black Social Workers, 1
National Black Political Convention, 49
National Council of Churches, 66
National Playground Association, 16
National Social Workers Committee on Camping, 75
Native New Yorkers Association, 134
nature, 2, 4, 8–15, 24–26, 30–32, 58–64, 154, 157; bugs in, 63–64, 161; cows and, 119; wilderness in, 24, 30, 103, 154
Newark, NJ, 69
New Era, 159
Newkirk, Oscar V., 136
newspapers, 4, 13, 120, 131; African American, 19–20; publicity in, 122; sources in, 160. See also individual titles
New York City, 101, 105, 128–29, 151; Bronx, 45, 48, 50, 126; Brooklyn, 45–46, 50, 53, 58, 74, 79, 83, 99, 121; children from, ix, 15, 63, 135–36, 142–45, 159, 161; fundraising in, 120; Harlem, 40, 47, 50–51, 66, 72, 81, 96; inner-city issues, 102; Manhattan, 1, 47–48, 58, 83; programs in, 17–18; program origin, vii; Queens, 45, 95; recessions in, 124; suburbs of, 44; summer programming in, 48; symbol of danger, 42; travel from, 114
New York Globe, 19
New York Stock Exchange, 137
New York Times, 16, 61, 122, 161
Nixon, Richard, 136
North Carolina, 138
North Dakota, 69
Northeast, 18, 50, 65, 69, 90, 138, 153
Northwest, 138
Nungesser Chateau, 71
Office of Economic Opportunity, 48
O’Hagan, Anne, 107
O’Keefe, Carolyn, 99
Olean, NY, 36
Optimist Club, 120
Otego, NY, 95
Palmgren, Tom, 88
Paradise, PA, 39
parents of Fresh Air children, vii, 51, 109–10; care for children, 42, 140; cooperation of, 141; finances of, 72; involvement of, 12, 14, 46, 28, 121–22, 157; respectability of, 41, 77–80, 86, 89, 130; separating children from, 101; stereotypes about, 125, 140
Parsons, Willard, 15–16, 23, 27–31, 35, 66, 89, 122
Pearl, MS, 71
Pearl Harbor attack, 132
Pearson, C. Arthur, 17
Penn Laird, VA, 70
Pennsylvania, 40, 51, 68–69, 81, 91, 99, 106
Pennsylvania Lifers Association, 120
Perdeux Health Farm, 71
Peters Sisters, 137
Phifer, Lawrence, 53
Phillips, Edward, 101
Phillips, Michael, 178n3
Pittsburgh Courier, 73
Pittstown, NJ, 114
Plattsburgh, NY, 76
Poitier, Sidney, 95
police, 67, 93; children becoming, 150; distrust of, 55, 79–80, 96, 136; involvement with Fresh Air, 23, 85, 131, 136
polio, 16
Polio Parents Club, 104
politics and politicians, 11, 36, 131, 136, 138, 140
Port Royal, VA, 116
Powell, John, 83
Pro Brush, 12
Progressive Era, 14–21, 25–29, 35, 62, 66, 122, 139
Pruitt-Igoe Housing project, 45
publicity, x, 27–28, 64, 71, 135, 153, 157; age caps and, 99; camps and, 75, 104; celebrities and, 123; churches and, 36; Herald Tribune in, 15, 122; nature stereotypes in, 54; racialized reunion in, 11, 81, 93–94, 150; reach of, 139; sophistication of, 111, 115; urban stereotypes in, 43
Puerto Rican people, 67, 97, 118, 144, 149; children, 68–69, 114
Puzo, Mario, 61
race, 80; Herald Tribune and, 161; intimacy in programs and, 90, 94; lawns and, 57; nature and, 63; program purpose and, 69; selection of children by, 38, 68, 71, 94, 97; swimming and, 50; transition to children of color, 75
race relations, 10, 59, 65, 69, 84, 118, 204–5n125
racial bridge builders, 89
racial code of conduct, 10, 58, 80, 90
racial demographics, 6, 67, 73, 120, 139, 151, 160
racial discrimination, 55
racial harassment, 52, 53, 57, 145
racial identity development, 77
racial integration, 6–8, 12, 20, 65–71, 118, 136; Brown v. Board of Education and, 68; camps and, 67, 74–75; children and, 83; programs and, 156; schools of, 71, 93
racialized rejection, 11, 149–50, 152, 158
racialized reunion, 11, 149–50, 152–53, 158
racial prejudice, 71, 75–76, 80–81, 89–90, 140, 155
racial rebellions, 9, 67, 69, 74
racial segregation, 11, 19–20, 49, 52–53, 65, 76, 88; camps and, 75; programs in, 69, 118, 156; schools and, 93
racial stereotypes, 50, 77, 115, 118
racism, 7–8, 65–67, 83, 150, 159, 162; An American Dilemma and, 67; camps and, 75; children teaching about, 90, 157; civil rights movement response to, 81; exoticism and, 76; Friendly Towns in, 59, 66, 76–77, 82, 155; individual vs. institutional, 178n5; innocence and, 151–52; swimming and, 52; victimization and, 152; YWCA and, 160
Rauschenbusch, Walter, 36
Reader’s Digest, 87
recapitulation theory, 24
Red Cross, 120
Regenbogen, Helen, 45
Reid, Helen Rogers, 161
Reid, Whitelaw, 124
re-invitations, 23, 88, 91–92, 99, 101, 105
religion, 4, 10, 18, 24, 41, 56–57, 71, 96; Christians, 13, 14, 37; child evangelism, 4; churches, 10, 17, 33–37, 86; clergy of, 36, 38; faith of camp counselors, 189n18; sex, 93; social gospel, 36; Sunday School, 35, 37–38; synagogues, 34; theology, 34–35
respectability, 77–78, 83, 86, 89, 93, 151; behavior, 31, 58, 83; clothing, 127, 130
Richmond, VA, 62
Rivera, Carlos, 45
Roberts, Ginger, 137
Roberts, Nicol, 48
Rockefeller, Nelson A., 62, 136
Rogers, Richard, 137
Rolling Meadows, IL, 101
Roman Catholics, 36, 38–39, 142
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 136
Roosevelt, Franklin D., Jr., 116–17
Rosa, Elba, 129
rumor network: adults using, 88; children using, 5, 80
rural communities, 25–27, 29–30, 36, 129, 133. See also countryside
Saint Augustine, 34
Saint John’s Camp, 72
Saint Louis, MO, 45
Salisbury, MD, 42
Salvation Army, 16, 30, 114, 120
Sandusky, Rosemary, 47
Saporato, Peggy, 38
Sawyer, W. C. “Tom,” 134
Schenectady, NY, 45
Schleiermacher, Friederich, 35
Schofield, Jaquelyn, 45
settlement houses, vii, 4, 22, 47, 74, 129, 160
sex, 2, 8–9, 12–14, 30, 38, 148; education about, 92–93; girls’ interest in, 98; innocence and, 157; interracial, 8, 11, 93, 97; liberation of, 93; masturbation, 92, 96; repression of, 93
sexually transmitted diseases, 11, 28, 107–10
Sharpe Reservation, 51, 73, 83, 104, 115, 151
Shea Stadium, 123
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948), 60
Shriver, Sargent, 136
Simons, Menno, 39
Son, David, 42
Sons of Daniel Boone, 17
South, 2, 18–19, 38, 40, 66–68, 77, 90–93, 138
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 126, 155
Southwest, 138
Spangler, Gertrude M., 39
Stanley, Johnnie, 127
stock market crash, 16
Strawn, Mary Ann, 101
Stucky, Doris Zerger, 78
Stucky, Mark, 78
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 6
suburbs, 44–49, 57, 60; white people in, 9, 12, 46, 50, 71, 77, 80–81, 91
Suffolk, NJ, 62
summer: city activities during, 47–48; heat of, 29–30; swimming during, 50–57
Summer Outing Program, 16
Sunday, Billy, 107
swimming, 10, 33–34, 49–57, 65, 83, 88, 134, 145; African American, 49–50, 52–53; drowning and, 49–52, 57; Latino, 50, 53; pools, 33, 49–57
Syracuse, NY, 79
Taylor, Deborah Jean, 128
Taylor, Frederick W., 21
Thiede, Judith, 62
Thomas, Jolene, 91
Toledo, OH, 43
Tracey, Spencer, 95
transportation, 18, 36, 46, 101, 107–8, 114, 159
Troy, NY, 45
True Life Lutheran Chinese Church, 36
Truth, Sojourner, 73
Tyson, Cicely, 73
Union Settlement Association, 4, 48, 74
Union Theological Seminary, 35
United Neighborhood Houses of New York, 75
United Way: fundraising through, 122; Minneapolis of, 101
urban areas. See cities
vacations: Christmas, 5; educational value of, 115; Fresh Air origins, 15; stale air, 1, 83; swimming and, 50; work and, 50, 117–18
Vanderbilt family, 27
Vanderkodde, Cindy, 82, 105–6, 150
Vandervelde, Helen, 106
Vandervelde, Roger, 106
Vasquez, Orlando, 129
Vaughn, Roger, 112
vetting: children of, 22–23, 31, 58, 84–86, 96; hosts of, 96; medical, 11, 91, 107, 109; religious, 38
Vietnam War, 84
Vitolo, Albert, 136
Volunteers of America, 16
Walker, Tangiere, 100
Warrendale Camp, 67
Washington, D.C., 69
Watkins, Tammy, 137
weight gain. See health: weight gain
Westbury, NY, 126
West Chester, IA, 146
Wheaton (IL) Human Relations Council, 83
white people, 24, 68, 71, 82, 86; boys, 25; children, 22, 66–69, 75, 77, 80, 83, 89, 90, 118, 178; hosts, 68–69, 89, 91; European ethnics, 4, 9, 25, 139; girls, 25; men, 94; women, 94
white superiority, 118
Whitney, John Hay, 124
Wicomico, MD, 101
Winchester, MD, 52
Women’s Christian Temperance Union, 120
Woodcraft Indians, 17
Woodson, Carter G., 81
Wordsworth, William, 8