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Index
Page numbers in italics refer to figures and tables.
- Adams, John Quincy, 47, 49, 54–60
- Adams-Onís Treaty (or Transcontinental Treaty; 1819), 48, 60–62
- Africa, 35–37, 43; European “Scramble for Africa,” 141, 154. See also East Africa; specific countries
- Alamo, siege at, 63, 69
- Alexander II, Czar of Russia, 72, 73, 75–76, 78, 81, 83, 85, 86, 90–91
- Alimqul, 78
- Alliance Treaty Obligation and Provision, 36
- Altman, Dan, 3, 164–65, 174n10
- Anglo-German Treaty. See Heligoland-Zanzibar
- Treaty Annam, 38, 93, 96–97, 100, 103, 105, 107, 111–13
- annexation, 35, 36, 40, 40, 42; by Germany in Africa, 139–40, 146, 147, 157, 162–63
- Arutunyan, Anna, 166
- Asia-Pacific region, 35, 37, 175n34
- Austin, Stephen F., 61, 63, 65
- Austro-Hungarian Empire, 37, 130–31
- authoritarian regimes, 116, 136
- authority: delegation of, 15–19 (see also principal-agent problem); usurpation of, 172n25
- autocracy, 36, 40, 41, 43, 175n30
- autonomous expansion, defined, 13–14
- Beach, Michael Hicks, 16
- Beg, Yaqub, 84
- Betts, Raymond, 92
- Betts, Richard, 168
- Biden, Joseph, 169
- Bieberstein, Adolf Marschall von, 156
- Bismarck, Herbert von, 154–55
- Bismarck, Otto von, 29, 99, 139–46, 148–51, 153–58, 163, 198n39
- Black Flags, 97–98, 101, 103, 107–8, 112, 113
- Bourée, Frédéric, 110–12
- British East India Company, 1
- British Emin Pasha Relief Committee, 149, 153
- British Empire. See United Kingdom
- Broglie, duke of (Jacques-Victor Albert), 95, 99
- Brun, Charles, 102, 109, 112
- Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, 3
- Buganda, 153, 156
- Bugeaud, Thomas Robert, 16
- Buhari, Muhammadu, 165
- Bukhara, Khanate of, 38, 71, 76–81, 79, 83
- Burundi, 140, 147
- Calhoun, John C., 49–52, 56, 58–59
- Cambodia, 93
- Cameroon, 14, 38, 142
- Caprivi, Leo von, 157
- case selection, 27–30
- case study summary, 29
- Cass, Lewis, 62, 66
- Castlereagh, Lord, 58
- Cenepa War (1995), 165
- Central Asian Steppe, 71, 161. See also Ili region (1871–81); Kokand, Khanate of (1864–66)
- Chad, 165
- Challemel-Lacour, Paul-Armand, 102, 109, 111, 112
- Cherniaev, Mikhail Grigorevich, 72–81, 79, 91, 161
- Chiang Kai-shek, 117, 118
- Chimkent, 70, 73–78, 79, 80, 161
- China: cases of inadvertent expansion, 37; Ili region and, 82–91; Manchuria and, 116–17, 120, 121; Maritime Militia, 165; as target of inadvertent expansion, 175n33; Tonkin and, 93, 101, 109–14, 162
- China Expeditionary Army, 129
- Chinese Eastern Railway, 122
- civil-military relations, 5, 19, 59, 116, 162, 163, 165. See also Italy; Japan
- Cixi, Empress Dowager of China, 86
- Clay, Henry, 59
- Clemenceau, Georges, 135
- Cleveland, Grover, 22–23
- Cochinchina, 93–94, 100–101, 103, 107, 110–12
- coercive diplomacy, 59, 89
- communications technology: in Florida, 50; in Ili region, 82, 91; intentional expansion and, 45; in Kokand, 73, 91; modern, 115–16, 163; monitoring of peripheral agents through, 15–16, 160; rudimentary, 2, 8. See also information asymmetries; telegraph networks
- Composite Index of National Capabilities score (gainer_cinc), 36, 40, 41, 42
- conflict, 9, 36, 39–40, 40, 42. See also war
- Congo Free State, 141, 145
- conquest, 35; moral responsibility and, 6–7
- Correlates of War (COW): Formal Alliances, 36; “Inter-state,” “Intrastate,” and “Extra-state” war data, 36; State System Membership, 33, 174n13; Territorial Change, 32
- counterfactuals, 25–26
- Crawford, William, 51
- Creek Confederacy, 49
- Creek War (1813–14), 49
- Crimea, 39, 166
- Crimean War (1853–56), 72, 82, 94, 101
- crises, 9, 155, 165
- D’Annunzio, Gabriele, 132–37, 162
- Darwin, John, 13
- Decazes, Louis, 101
- democracy, 36, 40, 40–43, 116
- Deutsch-Ostafrikanische Gesellschaft (DOAG; German East Africa Company), 147–50, 157
- d’Hornoy, Charles de Dompierre, 95, 99–100
- Diehl, Paul F., 32, 175n14
- “dilemma of inadvertent expansion,” 24, 57, 90, 115, 138. See also Italy; Japan
- distance, 2, 35, 39–40, 40, 42, 43, 175n24; between France and Tonkin, 93; in Russian Central Asia, 73; between Washington and Florida, 48
- diverse preferences between capital and periphery, 160; France in Tonkin (1873–74), 93, 94, 113; France in Tonkin (1882–83), 100, 102, 113; Germany in Kenya and Uganda, 147, 150, 157; Italy in Fiume, 130; Japan in Manchuria, 116, 118–20; Russia in Ili region, 81–84, 91; Russia in Kokand, 91
- domestic political pressure, 6, 9, 11, 20–22, 160, 163, 166; in France, 98; in Germany, 140, 145, 148, 154, 158, 163; in Italy, 115, 130, 132, 135, 137, 138, 162; in Japan, 115, 116, 125–27, 129, 138, 162, 195n103; in Russia, 82, 86–87, 89, 91, 162; in the United States, 48, 55–57, 60, 63–65, 69
- Donbas War (2014), 166–67
- Doyle, Michael, 13
- Duclerc, Charles, 102, 110–11
- Dupré, Marie Jules, 94–100
- Dupuis, Jean, 93–96, 98
- Durán-Ballén, Sixto, 165
- East Africa: Germany in East Africa (1884–85), 139–50, 144, 148–50, 153–54, 157–58, 162–63; Germany in Kenya and Uganda (1889–90), 139–40, 147–57, 162–63
- economic isolation, 6, 23–24, 161
- Ecuador, 165
- Egypt, 36, 106, 145–46, 148–49, 154–55
- Eiran, Ehud, 4
- Ellenborough, Lord, 17
- Elman, Colin, 12–13, 35
- emergent strategy, 168
- Erving, George, 55
- Europe, 35; cases of inadvertent expansion, 37; “Scramble for Africa,” 141, 154. See also specific countries
- expansion: defined, 12. See also inadvertent expansion; intentional expansion; territorial expansion
- extra-regional territory, 35, 39–40, 40, 43
- failed inadvertent expansion, 26–27; excluded from quantitative data, 32–33, 41, 45–46; France in Tonkin (1873–74), 92–100, 113–14, 162, 186n3; Germany in Kenya and Uganda, 139–40, 147–57, 162–63; Italy in Fiume, 29, 115, 130–37, 162, 175n33, 196n129; United States in Texas, 23, 29, 47, 60–68, 161
- fait accompli, territorial, 5–6, 11, 19; acceptance of, 6, 24 (see also successful inadvertent expansion); rejection of, 6, 22 (see also failed inadvertent expansion)
- Fallières, Armand, 102
- fascism, 136–37
- Fazal, Tanisha, 3
- Fengtien Army, 118, 121–23
- Ferry, Jules, 92, 102, 108–9, 111–12
- Fieldhouse, David, 13
- Fiume (1919–20), 29, 115, 130–37, 162, 175n33, 196n129
- Florida (1818–19), 27–28, 29, 32, 47–60, 68–69, 161
- “fog of war,” 176n37
- foreign policy decision-making: decentralized structures in, 165; misperceptions about, 169
- Forsyth, John, 62, 64, 65, 67
- France, 92–114; Algeria and, 16; Cameroon and, 14, 38; cases of inadvertent expansion, 27–28, 29, 37, 38, 176n37; inadvertent expansion in Tonkin (1873–74), 92–100, 113–14, 162, 186n3; inadvertent expansion in Tonkin (1882–83), 92, 100–114, 108, 162; Italy in Fiume and, 135, 138, 162; Senegal and, 22
- Franco-Prussian War (1870–71), 93, 95, 98
- Frederick III, Kaiser of Germany, 148
- Free State of Fiume, 130, 137
- Freycinet, Charles de, 102, 104, 110
- Gaines, Edmund, 50–51, 66–67
- Galbraith, John, 13
- Galeotti, Mark, 166
- Gallagher, John, 13
- Galliéni, Joseph, 22
- Gambetta, Léon, 102, 104
- Garnier, François, 92–101, 104, 108, 162
- geopolitical risk, 11, 22–25, 35–36, 38–39, 161, 163; France in Tonkin (1873–74), 92, 93, 99–100, 113, 162; France in Tonkin (1882–83), 92, 101, 109–14; Germany in East Africa, 139–40, 145–46, 158, 163; Germany in Kenya and Uganda, 148, 154, 158; Italy in Fiume, 115, 130, 134–35, 138; Japan in Manchuria, 115–16, 122–23, 128, 138, 162; low levels of, 2, 6, 45; Russia in Ili region, 82, 87–91; Russia in Kokand, 71, 80, 91; statistical significance of, 40, 41–45; United States in Florida, 48, 56–58, 69; United States in Texas, 60, 64–69. See also conflict; crises; economic isolation; war
- German Emin Pasha Relief Expedition, 149–56
- Germany: Cameroon, 14, 142; cases of inadvertent expansion, 27–29, 29, 37, 38; expansion in 1930s, 23; France in Tonkin and (1873–74), 99; inadvertent annexation in German East Africa (1884–85), 139–50, 144, 148–50, 153–54, 157–58, 162–63; inadvertent annexation in Kenya and Uganda (1889–90), 139–40, 147–57, 162–63; New Britain, 142; New Guinea, 142; South-West Africa, 15, 142, 198n14; Togoland, 142, 198n14; Wituland, 38, 148, 152, 155, 157, 199n51
- Gesellschaft für deutsche Kolonisation (GfdK; Society for German Colonization), 141–46
- Giers, Nikolay K., 83, 86–90
- Gilpin, Robert, 3, 159
- Giolitti, Giovanni, 137
- Girkin, Igor, 166
- Gladstone, William, 2, 146
- Glaser, Charles, 168
- Glenelg, Lord, 22
- Goertz, Gary, 32, 175n14
- Gorchakov, Alexander M., 70, 72–73, 75–78, 80–81, 83
- Gorchakov Memorandum (1864), 77–78
- Gordon, Charles, 146, 149
- great powers, 27; defined, 174n13; territorial expansion data on, 33–34. See also specific countries
- Grynaviski, Eric, 167
- Hamaguchi Osachi, 126
- Hatzfeldt, Paul von, 141
- Hay, George, 56
- Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty (or Anglo-German Treaty; 1890), 148, 156
- Hirohito, Emperor of Japan, 118, 119, 121–23, 128–29, 195n103
- Holstein, Friedrich von, 154–55
- honor and prestige, 6, 9, 11, 21–22, 160, 163, 166; in France, 98, 101, 109, 111, 113, 162; in Russia, 75–76, 80, 82, 87, 89, 91, 162
- Houston, Sam, 61–65, 68
- Hyam, Ronald, 13
- Ili region (1871–81), 28, 29, 70, 81–91, 162, 175n33
- imperialism: concept of, 12; moral responsibility and, 6–7
- Imperial Japanese Army, 117–18, 121, 123, 126, 129. See also Kwantung Army
- Imperial Russian Army, 70–71. See also Cherniaev, Mikhail Grigorevich
- inadvertent expansion: concept of, 1–7, 159–60; contemporary relevance, 163–67; dilemma of, 24, 115, 138 (see also Italy; Japan); importance of, 7–9; international relations and, 7–9, 167–69; map of, 8; patterns of, 31–46, 38–40, 42, 161; policy implication, 169; prevalence of, 37, 44–45, 161; steps in (see subsequent central authorization; unauthorized peripheral expansion); theory of, 4–6, 11–25, 25, 159–61, 163
- information asymmetries, 15–16, 160; France in Tonkin (1873–74), 93, 94, 113; France in Tonkin (1882–83), 100, 102, 113; Germany in Kenya and Uganda, 151; Italy in Fiume, 130; Japan in Manchuria, 116, 118, 120; Russia in Ili region, 81–84, 91; Russia in Kokand, 71, 73, 91; United States in Florida, 49–50. See also communications technology; telegraph networks
- information capacity, 36, 40, 40, 42
- intentional expansion, 26, 41–43; communications technology and, 45; defined, 13; quantitative data on, 26, 34, 39–40; by variable, 40; by year (1816–1945), 39
- international relations: inadvertent expansion theory and, 7–9, 167–69; theories on territorial expansion, 3–4, 7, 167–69
- Inukai Tsuyoshi, 126–29, 162
- Ishiwara Kanji, 115, 117–18, 120, 121, 125, 127, 129–30, 193n14, 193n23
- Israel, 4
- Itagaki Seishirō, 117–18, 120, 121, 125, 129–30, 193n14, 193n23
- Italy: Biennio Rosso (Two Red Years), 131; cases of inadvertent expansion, 27–29, 37; dilemma of inadvertent expansion in Fiume (1919–20), 29, 115, 130–37, 162, 175n33, 196n129
- Jackson, Andrew: Florida and, 29, 47–60, 53, 69; Texas and, 28, 60–69, 161
- Japan: cases of inadvertent expansion, 23, 27–29, 29, 37, 38, 176n37; Chinese Maritime Militia and, 165; Colonial Ministry, 193n16; dilemma of inadvertent expansion in Manchuria (1931–32), 115–30, 124, 162; expansion in 1930s, 23; Manchukuo state, 117, 129–30; Meiji Constitution, 118; military dictatorship, 129
- Jauréguiberry, Jean Bernard, 102, 104–6, 109–11
- Jefferson, Thomas, 58, 60
- Jervis, Robert, 169
- Jühlke, Carl, 142–43
- Kamlang-ek, Arthit, 165
- Kaufman, Konstantin Petrovich von, 81–84, 86, 88, 91, 162
- Keck, Margaret, 167
- Kendall, Amos, 67
- Kenya (1889–90), 139–40, 147–57, 162–63
- Khiva, Khanate of, 71, 80
- Kokand, Khanate of (1864–66), 28, 29, 70–81, 79, 91, 161–62
- Kolpakovskii, G. A., 84, 86
- Krause, Peter, 4
- Kuomintang, 118
- Kusserow, Heinrich von, 141, 143–44, 146
- Kwantung Army, 116–29, 124, 137–38, 162
- Kwantung Leased Territory, 117, 193n34
- Lake, David, 168
- Lambert, George, 15
- Landes, David, 21
- Laos, 165
- leaders (in capital of state or empire), 11–16; deliberative process on territorial faits accomplis, 5–6, 11, 18–22, 24; France in Tonkin (1882–83), 100, 102–4; Germany in Kenya and Uganda, 147, 151, 157; Italy in Fiume, 137–38, 162; Japan in Manchuria, 137–38, 162; Russia in Ili region, 82–83, 91; Russia in Kokand, 74, 91; United States in Florida, 69; “view from the capital,” 16–17, 28, 47, 69, 74, 95, 102, 119. See also diverse preferences between capital and periphery; information asymmetries; principal-agent problem; subsequent central authorization
- League of Nations, 122, 128, 135
- Lee, Melissa, 165
- Le Myre de Vilers, Charles-Marie, 101, 103–7, 109–10
- Leopold II, King of Belgium, 141, 145, 148
- Liaodong Peninsula, 117
- London Naval Treaty, 126
- Lüderitz, Adolph, 15
- MacDonald, Paul, 4, 13–14
- MacKenzie, David, 73–74, 80
- Madison, James, 55, 56
- Mahy, François de, 102, 109
- Manchuria (1931–32), 115–30, 124, 162
- Manchurian Youth League, 125
- Mearsheimer, John, 3
- Mexican-American War, 23, 68
- Mexico: independence from Spain, 61; United States in Texas and, 60–65, 161
- Middle East and North Africa, 35, 37
- Miliutin, Dmitry, 72–73, 75–78, 80–87, 90
- Minami Jirō, 118, 119, 121, 122
- Minseitō Party, 126
- Mintzberg, Henry, 168
- Missouri Compromise (1820), 64
- Monroe, James, 49, 50–51, 54–60, 69, 161
- moral hazard, 17–18, 22
- moral responsibility, 6–7
- Morfit, Henry R., 67
- Mukden Incident, 120–23, 130
- Mussolini, Benito, 116, 133, 136–37
- Namibia, 15
- Napier, Charles James, 1–2
- Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 58
- Napoleon III, Emperor of France, 93
- national honor. See honor and prestige
- national security policy, 168–69
- national self-determination, 131
- Native Americans, 66. See also Seminole War, First (1817–18)
- Nevelskoi, Gennadii, 15
- Nguyen (marshal), 97
- Nguyen Dynasty, 93
- Nigeria, 165
- Nile Valley, 148, 155
- Nine Power Treaty, 122–23
- Nitti, Francesco, 132–37
- Nullification Crisis (1832–33), 64
- Paris Commune (1871), 95, 98
- Paris Peace Conference at Versailles (1919), 131–33, 135
- Pasha, Emin, 149–56
- Peattie, Mark, 120
- Peel, Robert, 1–2
- Peninsular War (1807–14), 58
- peripheral agents, 4, 7, 11, 14–16; influence of, 167–68; motivations for unauthorized peripheral expansion, 18; national honor and, 21–22; “view from the frontier,” 16–17, 28, 47, 69, 74, 94, 103, 120. See also diverse preferences between capital and periphery; information asymmetries; principal-agent problem
- Perras, Arne, 146
- Peru, 165
- Peters, Carl, 139, 141–58, 144, 163, 198n9
- Peyron, Alexandre, 102
- Pfiel, Graf Joachim von, 142–43
- Philippines, 165
- Polity score, 36, 40, 40, 43
- Polk, James K., 68
- Porch, Douglas, 1
- Pothuau, Louis, 95
- Powell, Robert, 168
- power-maximization, 12
- prestige, national. See honor and prestige
- principal-agent problem (low central control over periphery), 5–6, 11, 14–19, 45, 160, 163; France in Tonkin (1873–74), 93–96, 113; France in Tonkin (1882–83), 100, 102–4, 113; Germany in Kenya and Uganda, 147, 150, 151, 157; Italy in Fiume, 130; Japan in Manchuria, 116, 118–20; Russia in Ili region, 81, 91; Russia in Kokand, 70–71, 73–74, 91; United States in Florida, 48–49, 69; United States in Texas, 179n97. See also diverse preferences between capital and periphery; information asymmetries
- Putin, Vladimir, 166, 169
- Raffles, Stamford, 15
- Realpolitik, 141, 158
- Red Army, 118, 122
- Red Sticks Creeks, 49
- regime type, 36
- regional powers, 36
- regions, defined, 35
- relative power, 36
- Remini, Robert, 52
- Republic of Texas, 63, 68
- reputation, national. See honor and prestige
- research design and methods, 25–30
- Rhodes, Cecil, 21
- Rhodesia, 21
- rise, concept of, 12
- risk. See geopolitical risk
- Rivière, Henri, 92, 101–10, 108, 112, 162
- Robinson, Ronald, 13
- Rush, Richard, 58
- Russia, 70–91; Amur Basin and, 15; cases of inadvertent expansion, 27–29, 29, 37, 38; inadvertent expansion in Ili region (1871–81), 28, 29, 70, 81–91, 162, 175n33; inadvertent expansion in Kokand (1864–66), 28, 29, 70–81, 79, 91, 161–62; occupation of Panjdeh, 146; Wagner Group and, 165–66; war with Ukraine, 165–67, 169
- Russo-Japanese War (1905), 117
- Russo-Turkish War (1877–78), 89
- Rwanda, 140, 147
- Sakurakai (Cherry Blossom Society), 126
- Salisbury (British Prime Minister), 149–51, 154–56
- Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 61–63, 66, 68–69
- Scarborough Shoal, 165
- Schafer, Philip, 32
- Schnitzer, Eduard, 149
- Schweller, Randall, 13, 35, 172n12
- scope conditions, 27
- “Scramble for Africa,” 141, 154
- Second Anglo-Burmese War, 15
- Seeley, John Robert, 11
- Seiyukai Party, 126, 128
- Seminoles, 49–52
- Seminole War, First (1817–18), 48–60, 53
- Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands, 165
- Sforza, Carlo, 136
- Shagari, Shehu, 165
- Shidehara Kijūrō, 118, 119, 121–23, 126, 128
- Shimada, Toshihiko, 126
- Sikkink, Kathryn, 167
- Sind, 1–2, 171n4
- Sino-French War (1883), 101, 113–14
- South and Central Asia, 35, 37
- South Manchuria Railway, 117, 119, 121–23, 193n23, 193n34
- Soviet Union: Japan in Manchuria and, 116, 118–20, 122–25, 127. See also Russia
- Spain: Florida and, 27–28, 29, 32, 47–60, 68–69, 161; Mexican independence from, 61
- state unity, 168–69
- strategic decisions, 12–13, 168
- sub-Saharan Africa, 35, 37, 43
- subsequent central authorization: defined, 5–6, 159–60; factors in, 19–25. See also domestic political pressure; geopolitical risk; honor and prestige; sunk costs
- successful inadvertent expansion, 26–27; France in Tonkin (1882–83), 92, 100–114, 108, 162; Germany in East Africa, 139–50, 144, 148–50, 153–54, 157–58, 162–63; Japan in Manchuria, 115–30, 124, 162; Russia in Kokand, 28, 29, 70–81, 79, 91, 161–62; United States in Florida, 27–28, 29, 32, 47–60, 68–69, 161
- Sudan, 148, 149, 155
- Suez Canal, 155
- sunk costs, 6, 9, 11, 20, 22, 160, 163, 173n46; France in Tonkin (1873–74), 98; France in Tonkin (1882–83), 109; Germany in East Africa, 140, 145, 158; Germany in Kenya and Uganda, 148, 158; Italy in Fiume, 135; Japan in Manchuria, 116, 123, 127; Russia in Ili region, 86, 89, 91; Russia in Kokand, 71, 75, 91; United States in Florida, 48, 55, 69; United States in Texas, 63, 69
- Syria, 165
- Tait, Charles, 56
- Taliaferro, Jeffrey, 3–4
- Tanzania, 29, 140, 147
- Tashkent, 70–71, 73–74, 76–81, 79, 91, 161
- Tatekawa Yoshistugu, 121, 194n48
- telegraph networks, 2, 16, 35, 38–39, 40; in Kenya and Uganda, 147, 151–52, 157; in Russian Central Asia, 73, 83, 91; statistical significance of, 41–45, 42, 161; in Tonkin, 93–95, 100, 102, 104–5. See also communications technology; information asymmetries
- territorial expansion: decline of, 9, 163; international relations theories on, 3–4, 7, 167–69. See also inadvertent expansion; intentional expansion
- Texas Revolution, 62–64, 179n114
- Thomson, Charles, 107, 112
- Tian Shan Mountains, 82, 86, 88
- Tinsulanonda, Prem, 165
- Tir, Jaroslav, 32
- Tittoni, Tommaso, 135–36
- Tonkin (1873–74), 92–100, 113–14, 162, 186n3
- Tonkin (1882–83), 92, 100–114, 108, 162
- Transcontinental Treaty. See Adams-Onís Treaty
- Treaty of Hue (1883), 113
- Treaty of Livadia (1879), 85–87, 90
- Treaty of London (1915), 131
- Treaty of Portsmouth (1905), 117
- Treaty of Rapallo (1920), 130, 137
- Treaty of Saigon (1874), 100
- Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881), 82, 90–91
- Treaty of Tientsin (1885), 113
- Trump, Donald, 169
- Tu Duc, Emperor of Vietnam, 93, 95
- Turkestan, 83–84, 91
- Tyler, John, 68
- Uganda (1889–90), 139–40, 147–57, 162–63
- Ukraine, 165–67, 169
- unauthorized peripheral expansion: defined, 5–6, 159; factors in, 14–19, 160, 163. See also peripheral agents; principal-agent problem
- United Kingdom: Burma and, 15; cases of inadvertent expansion, 27, 37, 38, 176n37; Egypt and, 106, 145–46, 148–49, 154–55; France in Tonkin (1873–74), 99; Germany in East Africa and, 140, 145–46; Germany in Kenya and Uganda and, 148–49, 154–58; Italy in Fiume and, 138, 162; Japan in Manchuria and, 125; Russia in Kokand and, 74, 77, 80; Sind and, 1–2, 13, 17, 171n4; Singapore and, 15; Tonkin and, 106; Transkei region of South Africa and, 22; United States in Florida and, 48, 52, 54, 57–58, 68; United States in Texas and, 64–65; Zululand and, 16
- United Nations, 167
- United States of America, 47–69; cases of inadvertent expansion, 27–29, 29, 37, 38; constitutional war powers, 58–59, 67–68; Hawaii, 22–23; inadvertent expansion in Florida (1818–19), 27–28, 29, 32, 47–60, 68–69, 161; inadvertent expansion in Texas (1836–37), 23, 29, 47, 60–68, 161; Italy in Fiume and, 131, 135–36, 138, 162; Japan in Manchuria and, 125; sectional conflict over slavery, 64–66
- Van Buren, Martin, 65–66, 68
- Varieties of Democracy Polycarchy score (Vdem_polyarchy), 36, 40, 41, 43
- Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy, 133–34
- Victoria, Queen of Great Britain, 17
- Vietnamese Empire, 93–100. See also Annam; Tonkin
- “view from the capital,” 16–17, 28, 47, 69, 74, 95, 102, 119
- “view from the frontier,” 16–17, 28, 47, 69, 74, 94, 103, 120
- Wagner Group, 165–66
- Wakatsuki Reijirō 118, 119, 122, 123, 126–28, 138, 162, 193n16
- Walter, Barbara, 173n52
- Waltz, Kenneth, 168
- war, 9, 12, 23; avoidance of, 58, 60–61, 69, 87–88, 90, 161, 162. See also specific wars War of 1812 (1812–15), 49, 50, 58
- Waters, James, 168
- Weltpolitik, 148, 158
- West Bank, 4
- Western Hemisphere, 35, 37
- Wilhelm I, Kaiser of Germany, 140–41, 146, 148, 150, 156
- Wilhelm II, Kaiser of Germany, 139–40, 148, 150, 156–58, 163
- Wilson, Woodrow, 131, 135–36
- Wirt, William, 57
- Wituland, 38, 148, 152, 155, 157, 199n51
- World War I (1914–18), 130–31, 133, 147, 176n37
- Xi Jinping, 169
- Xinjiang, 88. See also Ili region
- Zanzibar, 140, 145, 146–47, 151
- Zhang Xueliang, 118, 121, 122
- Zhang Zuolin, 117, 118
- Zongli Yamen (Chinese foreign office), 85
- Zuo Zongtang, 85, 88, 184n115