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INDEX
- AEF: colonial education in, 50–61, 70–71, 88–95, 108–109, 124–127, 131; Muslims, 89, 209–212
- African political participation, 80–81, 94–95, 183–185, 196–197. See also African students; democracy
- African student associations, 135–137, 202; Association Musulmane des Étudiants d’Afrique Noire (AMEAN), 208–209; Fédération des étudiants d’Afrique noire en France (FEANF), 140–142, 171, 182, 197–198
- African students: activism, 134–137, 140–147, 154–160, 171–175, 200–20; experiences, 101–102, 123–124, 139–145, 149–150, 156–158; housing, 123–124, 147–150, 157; newspapers, 135–136, 142, 156–158, 172–174, 197–198; surveillance of, 123–124, 141, 144, 148–149, 196–197
- al-Azhar University, 202–207
- Algeria, 78, 96–97, 185, 211–212
- alienation, 33, 110, 207–209
- anticlericalism, 26–30, 41–44, 57–58, 66–69. See also laïcité
- anticolonialism: anticolonial uprisings, 9, 96–97, 129, 185; Cold War anticolonial politics, 58, 93–94, 183–185, 194–203; critiques of colonialism, 84, 106–108, 141, 156–158. See also African students: activism.
- antiracism, 102–107, 111, 141, 153–157, 160–161, 197–199
- anti-white racism, 102, 129–130, 227
- AOF: colonial education in, 33–34, 52, 57–64, 71, 83, 108–109; Muslims, 95–100, 203–209
- assimilation, 33–34, 119–121, 163–165, 174
- Atlantic Charter, 38, 58–59
- Aubineau, Yves, 62–63
- Aujoulat, Louis-Paul, 162–164
- Cabrière, Edmond, 61–62, 102–103, 122, 195
- Capelle, Jean, 108–110, 129, 134
- Capitant, René, 71–73, 96
- Cassin, René, 25–27, 34–42, 46–48, 50–51, 54–55, 57n112
- Cassou, Jean, 48–49
- Catholicism: and ecumenism, 18–19, 48–49, 64–65, 67–68; and republicanism, 28–33, 41–44, 66–71, 75–79, 94–96; social Catholicism, 67, 166n72; students, 139, 158–159
- Chauvet, Paul, 209–212
- Cheick Hamidou Kane, 207
- Chéruel, Abbé, 77–78, 95n98
- Christian Democracy, 3, 10–11, 18, 41, 85, 155
- Christian tradition, 19, 44–46, 77–78, 86–88
- Christian: Europe, 18–19, 67–68, 84–87, 190–191; France, 26, 57–58, 64–65, 76–80, 99–100
- Cité Universitaire Internationale in Paris, 34, 147–148
- citizenship, 2–3, 12–13, 105–106, 165, 221–222
- civil status, 89–91
- civilization: European, 45–47, 61–62, 66–68, 81–85, 114–120, 166–167; French. See civilizing mission
- civilizing mission, 4, 32–34, 83–84, 164–165
- Cold War, 76, 93–94, 196, 226–227; anti-Communist front, 18–20, 67–68, 140; Cold War youth race, 182–186, 189–193, 196, 200. See also entries for individual nations
- College of Europe, 82, 85n59, 86–88
- Colombani, Ignace, 209–212
- colonial discourse. See civilizing mission
- colonialism, 4, 7–9, 39–40, 193, 216–217; indigenous policy, 57, 70–71, 89–90; legacies of, 143, 177–179, 212–213. See also anticolonialism
- colorblindness. See racelessness
- Commission for Technical Cooperation in Africa (CCTA), 195
- Communism, 74–78, 170–172, 224–226. See also Cold War; Soviet Union
- Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME), 34–35, 46–48, 81, 112–115. See also United Nations: UNESCO
- confessional schooling: Qur’anic schools, 5; 121n64; 204–209; 211; mission schools, 32, 52–53, 56–57, 60, 89–90; state funding for, 75–76, 79, 88, 91–95, 139, 191, 223
- cooperation: transnational, 34, 37–39, 44–46, 81, 195, 213; International Institute for Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC), 34–35, 47
- Coste-Floret, Paul, 119, 124
- Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard, 39
- Council of Europe, 9, 81, 141, 176–179, 215–216
- Cournarie, Pierre, 59, 103, 122–124, 132, 148–149
- culturalization of Christianity, 19–20, 66, 84–91, 209–210, 222–227
- curriculum, 29–30, 33, 64, 86–87, 163–164, 199; civic and moral instruction, 42–45, 58, 78; history instruction, 44–47, 85, 101–102, 110, 115, 189
- Dadet, Jean, 108, 124, 126, 138
- de Gaulle, Charles, 34, 36, 37n37, 53–54. See also Free France
- Debré, Michel, 2–4, 68, 76n35, 85
- decolonization, 21–23, 106–107, 111, 182–184, 212–216; consequences of, 168, 177–179; in historiography, 7–8, 12–14
- Delavignette, Robert, 15, 176–177
- democracy, 9–11, 36, 43–45, 49, 77–78; democratization of education, 30–32, 60–61, 73–74; as multiracial, 5–6, 141, 160–161, 194–197, 227–228
- denazification, 47, 112–113, 116, 187–189
- development, 5, 14–15, 172–178, 182, 195, 212–217; FIDES, 109, 162, 166–167
- Diop, Alioune, 173–174
- Diop, Thomas, 158–160
- diversity: brassage, 142–148, 152–153, 169–170, 177, 186–187; “Unity in Diversity,” 45–46, 72–73, 84–87, 219–221. See also pluralism
- Dounia, Marc, 212–213
- Éboué, Félix, 55–58, 70–71, 91–92
- education reform: Capitant-Durry Commission (Algiers), 72–75, 78, 185–186; Cathala Commission (London), 41–46, 49, 55, 58; Langevin Commission (Paris), 75, 131–132; Langevin-Wallon Plan, 76, 93n87; Philip Commission (Paris), 75–79, 93, 95n98. See also Brazzaville Conference; CAME
- van Effenterre, Henri, 86–88
- Eugene, Jacques, 168–169. See also European Youth Campaign
- Eurafrica: challenges to, 142, 171–172, 181–184; conceptions of, 13–17, 39, 48–49, 161–170, 212–213; postcolonial resurrection of, 216–217, 221
- European Coal and Steel Community, 1–3, 141, 161–162, 192
- European Defense Community, 1–3, 162, 167–168, 214
- European Economic Community (EEC), 15, 141, 144n10, 169–170, 181
- European federalism, 37–40, 45, 183–184, 188–189; Juventus, Young European Federalists, 191–193; Union of European Federalists, 116, 166, 175, 184; United States of Europe, 34, 38, 183–184, 189
- European integration: as generational project, 7, 21–24, 26, 80, 190, 214–218; in historiography, 7–8, 16–17; as political, 45–46, 141–142, 161–162, 165–168; as social and cultural, 16–17, 45, 192–193, 214–215, 219–220
- European Movement, 1–3, 21, 84–85, 116, 165
- European unity, 38–39, 115–118, 178, 186–190; religion in, 18, 85–87. See also pluralism
- European Youth Campaign, 1–2, 18, 161, 165, 167–170, 191–193
- Europeanization, 16–17, 20
- Europeanness, 2–4, 163–164, 172–175, 188, 213–215
- évolués. See also Francophone Africans
- foreign policy, 47–48, 179–180, 186–187, 198–203
- Fournier, Vincent, 125–127, 128n87
- francophone Africans, 104–107, 110–112, 137–138, 197–203; elite, 33, 54, 60–61, 64; and Eurafrica, 161–165, 184; generational divide, 140, 147, 169, 181; representations of, 124–131, 145–149, 156
- Free France, 25–27, 34–41, 47–50, 57, 69–70; governments in exile, 37–38, 40; Resistance, 58, 74. See also World War II; cooperation
- Frenay, Henri, 184–185
- French Union: Assembly, 10–11, 15n34, 81n47; collapse of, 212–214; founding, 2–4, 10–11, 80–81; reforms, 107–112, 164–165; Youth Council, 198–200
- Halévy, Daniel, 172–173
- Hauck, Henry, 36–38, 57n112
- higher education, 60, 175–176, 189, 195, 218–221; European University Institute, Florence, 220–221; Institut des hautes études de Dakar (IHED), 134–136; University of Dakar, 131–134, 216–217
- history, acceleration of, 172–176
- Houphouët-Boigny, Félix, 5, 105–106, 143n9
- human rights, 27, 133, 223n22; European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), 141, 225–226; right to education, 54, 63, 107, 201, 208–209
- Huxley, Julian, 45. See also scientific racism
- identity. See belonging
- illiteracy, 94–95, 108, 138
- integration (national), 64, 83–84, 88–92, 153–155, 221–222
- international aid. See development
- international opinion, 4–5, 118–119, 131, 194–199
- international order, 13–14, 20, 41–49, 68, 137, 183–186
- international oversight. See League of Nations; United Nations
- international socialism, 183–184
- internationalism, 37–38, 44–45; youth role in, 185–191, 214; Cold War, 192–193
- interracial sex, 123, 149
- Islam, 19–20, 89, 95–99, 160, 185, 202–206; racialization of, 20, 98–99, 167, 204–206, 208–212
- labor, 55, 57n112, 105–106
- laïcité, 30–32, 66–69, 73–77, 88–93, 95–100, 209–210; querelle scolaire, 28–30, 41–45, 75
- language of instruction, 33, 63, 83–85, 187, 208–211
- Laurentie, Henri, 55–61, 91, 124, 155
- Lawrence, Antoine, 128–129, 168
- League of Nations, 34, 37–39
- Loi Cadre, 148–149, 168–171, 212–214
- Lorelei Rally, 192–193
- Lycée Van Vollenhoven, 101–103, 195
- pan-Africanism, 4, 102, 140, 166, 214
- pedagogy, 42–43, 53, 85, 125–127, 163–164, 205–207
- Peyrefitte, Alain, 81–82, 189–191, 213n115
- Philip, André, 1, 75–76, 88, 183, 188
- Planchais, Louis, 170–171
- Pleven, René, 83–84, 122
- pluralism: cultural, 115–116, 165; debates surrounding, 20, 77–78, 174–178, 221, 225–227; religious, 18–20, 67–69, 72, 86–87, 158. See also diversity
- Pré, Roland, 165–167
- primary education: expansion of, 29–30, 59–60, 63, 139–140
- public/private education, 57, 91–92, 95
- Puteaux “Congress of European, African, and Asian Peoples,” 183–184
- Qur’anic schools. See confessional schooling
- race: and African difference, 52–54, 118–122, 125–127, 144–153, 210–211; as category, 3, 17, 51–52, 114–118, 136–137; and citizenship, 54–55, 105–107, 125–126, 143, 221–222. See also whiteness
- racelessness, 17, 103, 114–119, 188–189, 227–228
- racial common sense, 17, 103, 134–135, 138, 213–214, 227
- racial discrimination, 107–112, 157, 199, 225–228
- racial minorities, 153, 199
- racism: in education, 103, 108, 110; experience of, 104–105, 155–160. See also antiracism; anti-white racism, scientific racism; structural racism
- religious education: Catholic, 28–30; Islamic, 78, 95–99, 205–211; Jewish, 36–37, 78–79; in official state curriculum, 29–30, 42–44, 98, 206–209, 223–224; right to, 191, 208–209
- republican ideology, 20, 27, 32, 41, 44; limits of, 124, 221
- revolutionary tradition, 27–28, 44–46, 125
- Sadji, Amadou Booker, 145, 181–182, 196n45, 197, 201
- Sarkozy, Nicolas, 216–217
- Sarraut, Albert, 10n18, 15
- Saurat, Denis, 36, 45–46, 49–53, 55, 57–58
- Savary, Alain, 183n9, 223–224
- Schmittlein, Raymond, 186–189
- scholarships, 131, 139–140, 182, 202; representations of boursiers, 144–149
- Schuman, Robert, 67, 192
- scientific racism, 51–52, 112–115, 115n49; and Nazism, 112–117. See also Huxley, Julian
- scouting, 31, 43, 60, 82, 69–75, 96–98
- secondary education: access to, 53–54, 60–63, 83, 101–103, 122–124, 130–131; expansion of, 73, 107, 127–129, 139. See also Lycée Van Vollenhoven
- secularism. See laïcité
- self-determination. See decolonization
- Senghor, Léopold Sédar, 12–14, 33, 106–107, 132–134
- single school system, 28–30, 42–43, 77–79, 224
- Socé Diop, Ousmane, 9, 161–162
- social mobility, 4, 62, 128
- Socialist Movement for the United States of Europe (MSEUE), 183
- solidarity, 7, 160, 183–184, 191–193, 201–202
- Sommerfelt, Alf, 113–114, 116–117
- sovereignty, 12–14, 39–40, 48–49
- Soviet Union, 19, 129, 182, 185–186, 197–198, 202n73
- Spaak, Paul-Henri, 37–39, 172
- structural racism, 112, 138, 141–144, 153–159
- supranationalism, 1–3, 18, 45, 175–176, 218
- Suret-Canale, Jean, 101–102
- teaching. See curriculum; pedagogy
- Teitgen, Pierre-Henri, 3, 203, 211
- Tévoedjrè, Albert, 157–159
- Tévoedjrè, Isabelle, 156–157
- textbooks, 45–47, 85, 113–115, 189n23, 199, 217–218
- Third Republic, 28–34, 66–67; Popular Front, 30–31, 33, 108n28
- Third World, 182–185, 192–193, 201–203
- totalitarianism, 27, 51, 167
- Treaty of Rome, 141–142, 181, 212–215
- Wallerstein, Immanuel, 200
- Western Europe, 17–20, 45–46, 67–68, 84, 166–167
- whiteness, 3, 16–17, 61–62, 120–121, 218–222. See also race; racelessness
- World Festival of Youth and Students, 182, 192, 197
- World War II, 4, 7–9, 23; June 1940 defeat, 29, 57; postwar moment, 8–11, 22–24, 31–32; wartime Brazzaville, 56–57; wartime London, 35–40. See also Free France; Vichy
- Yaméogo, Antoine, 143–146
- Youla, Nabi Ibrahima, 169–170
- youth and education policy, 26, 31–33; in French Africa, 51–55, 58–64, 109–110, 163–164, 217–218; transnational European, 45–46, 84–85, 113–117, 175–179
- youth exchanges, 5–6, 185–187, 199; internship and training, 154–155, 162–163, 168, 182; student exchanges Africa-metropole, 139–144, 153–154; student exchanges Africa-Europe, 144, 168–169, 178–180, 182, 186; student exchanges within Europe, 188–189, 193, 219–220; South-South exchanges, 182–183, 200–204
- youth leaders, 82, 168n76, 186–188, 200. See also Lawrence, Antoine
- youth organizations, 5, 30–31, 43, 78, 157n49; World Association of Youth, 168, 186, 198–200; World Federation of Democratic Youth, 182, 186, 197. See also scouting
- youth political participation, 97–98, 167–170, 182–186, 192–194, 197–200
- youth programs, 30–31, 42–43, 59–60, 167–169, 187–193
- youth: appeals to, 182–186, 197, 215–218; as a category of analysis, 12–13, 16; myth of, 30, 150–152, 173–174, 177–178, 190