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Reed, Harry. Platform for Change: The Foundations of the Northern Free Black Community, 1775–1865. East Lansing, Mich., 1994.
Regosin, Elizabeth. Freedom’s Promise: Ex-Slave Families and Citizenship in the Era of Emancipation. Charlottesville, Va., 2002.
Richardson, Heather Cox. The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post-Civil War North, 1865–1901. Cambridge, Mass., 2001.
Rusco, Elmer R. “Good Time Coming?”: Black Nevadans in the Nineteenth Century. Westport, Conn., 1975.
Samito, Christian G. Becoming American under Fire: Irish Americans, African Americans, and the Politics of Citizenship during the Civil War Era. Ithaca, N.Y., 2009.
Sawrey, Robert D. Dubious Victory: The Reconstruction Debate in Ohio. Lexington, Ky., 1992.
Scheiner, Seth M. Negro Mecca: A History of the Negro in New York City, 1865–1920. New York, 1965
Schor, Joel. Henry Highland Garnet: A Voice of Black Radicalism in the Nineteenth Century. Westport, Conn., 1977.
Schultz, Stanley K. The Culture Factory: The Boston Public Schools, 1789–1860. New York, 1973.
Schwalm, Leslie A. Emancipation’s Diaspora: Race and Reconstruction in the Upper Midwest. Chapel Hill, N.C., 2009.
Self, Robert O. American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland. Princeton, N.J., 2003.
Seraile, William. Fire in His Heart: Bishop Benjamin Tucker Tanner and the A.M.E. Church. Knoxville, Tenn., 1998.
Shaffer, Donald R. After the Glory: The Struggles of Black Civil War Veterans. Lawrence, Kans., 2004.
Sherman, Richard B. The Republican Party and Black America: From McKinley to Hoover, 1896–1933. Charlottesville, Va., 1973.
Simpson, Brooks. Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of Reconstruction, 1861–1868. Chapel Hill, N.C., 1991.
——. The Reconstruction Presidents. Lawrence, Kans., 1998.
Sitkoff, Haravard. The Struggle for Black Equality, 1954–1992. Rev. ed. New York, 1993.
Spear, Allan H. Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890–1920. Chicago, 1967.
Stampp, Kenneth M. America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink. New York, 1990.
Stauffer, John. The Black Hearts of Men: Radical Abolitionists and the Transformation of Race. Cambridge, Mass., 2002.
Stewart, James Brewer. Holy Warriors: The Abolitionists and American Slavery. 2d ed. New York, 1996.
Sugrue, Thomas J. Sweet Land of Liberty: The Forgotten Struggle for Civil Rights in the North. New York, 2008.
Sweet, Leonard I. Black Images of America, 1784–1870. New York, 1976.
Swift, David E. Black Prophets of Justice: Activist Clergy before the Civil War. Baton Rouge, La., 1989.
Taylor, Quintard. In Search of the Racial Frontier: African Americans in the American West, 1528–1990. New York, 1998.
Terborg-Penn, Rosalyn. African American Women in the Struggle for the Vote, 1850–1920. Bloomington, Ind., 1998.
Theoharis, Jeanne, and Kamozi Woodward, eds. Freedom North: Black Freedom Struggles outside the South, 1940–1980. New York, 2003.
Thornbrough, Emma Lou. Indiana in the Civil War Era, 1850–1880. Indianapolis, 1965.
——. The Negro in Indiana. Indianapolis, 1957.
Toll, William. The Resurgence of Race: Black Social Theory from Reconstruction to the Pan-African Conferences. Philadelphia, 1979.
Trefousse, Hans L. Thaddeus Stevens: Nineteenth-Century Egalitarian. Chapel Hill, N.C., 1997.
Trelease, Allen W. Reconstruction: The Great Experiment. New York, 1977.
——. White Terror: The KKK Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction. Westport, Conn., 1971.
Trotter, Joe William, Jr., and Eric Ledell Smith, eds. African Americans in Pennsylvania: Shifting Historical Perspectives. University Park, Pa., 1997.
Valelly, Richard M. The Two Reconstructions: The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement. Chicago, 2004.
Vaughn, William Preston. Schools for All: The Blacks and Public Education in the South, 1865–1877. Lexington, Ky., 1974.
Voegeli, V. Jacque. Free but Not Equal: The Midwest and the Negro during the Civil War. Chicago, 1967.
Vorenberg, Michael. Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment. Cambridge, Eng., 2001.
Waggoner, Clark. The History of the City of Toledo and Lucas County. Toledo, Ohio, 1888.
Walker, Clarence E. Deromanticizing Black History: Critical Essays and Reappraisals. Knoxville, Tenn., 1991.
——. A Rock in a Weary Land: The African Methodist Episcopal Church during the Civil War and Reconstruction. Baton Rouge, La., 1982.
Walther, Eric. The Shattering of the Union: America in the 1850s. Wilmington, N.C., 2004.
Wang, Xi. The Trial of Democracy: Black Suffrage and Northern Republicans, 1860–1910. Athens, Ga., 1997.
Warner, Robert Austin. New Haven Negroes: A Social History. New Haven, Conn., 1940.
Warner, Sam Bass. The Private City: Philadelphia in Three Periods of Its Growth. Philadelphia, 1968.
Weinberg, Meyer. A Chance to Learn: The History of Race and Education in the United States. Cambridge, Eng., 1977.
Welke, Barbara Young. Recasting American Liberty: Gender, Race, Law, and the Railroad Revolution, 1865–1920. Cambridge, Eng., 2001.
Williamson, Joel. After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina during Reconstruction. Chapel Hill, N.C., 1965.
Wilson, Kirt H. The Reconstruction Desegregation Debate: The Politics of Equality and the Rhetoric of Place, 1870–1875. East Lansing, Mich., 2002.
Winch, Julie. Philadelphia’s Black Elite: Activism, Accommodation, and the Struggle for Autonomy, 1787–1848. Philadelphia, 1988.
Wollenberg, Charles. All Deliberate Speed: Segregation and Exclusion in California Schools, 1855–1975. Berkeley, Calif., 1976.
Wood, Forrest G. Black Scare: The Racist Response to Emancipation and Reconstruction. Berkeley, Calif., 1968.
Articles
Bacon, Margaret Hope. “‘One Great Bundle of Humanity’: Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (1825–1911).” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 113 (January 1989): 21–43.
Belz, Herman. “Law, Politics, and Race in the Struggle for Equal Pay during the Civil War.” Civil War History 22 (September 1976): 197–222.
Benedict, Michael Les. “Equality and Expediency in the Reconstruction Era: A Review Essay.” Civil War History 23 (December 1977): 322–35.
——. “The Rout of Radicalism: Republicans and the Election of 1867.” Civil War History 18 (December 1972): 334–44.
Berrier, G. Galin. “The Negro Suffrage Issue in Iowa—1865–1869.” Annals of Iowa 39 (Spring 1968): 241–61.
Berwanger, Eugene H. “Hardin and Langston: Western Black Spokesmen of the Reconstruction Era.” Journal of Negro History 64 (Spring 1979): 101–15.
——. “Reconstruction on the Frontier: The Equal Rights Struggle in Colorado, 1865–1867.” Pacific Historical Review 44 (August 1975): 313–29.
——. “William J. Hardin: Colorado Spokesman for Racial Justice, 1863–1873.” Colorado Magazine 52 (Winter 1975): 52–65.
Bigham, Darrel E. “The New History and Neglected Hoosiers: A Case Study of Blacks in Vanderburgh County, 1850–1880.” Indiana Academy of the Social Sciences Proceedings (1977), Third Series, Vol. 12: 88–96.
Blight, David W. “‘For Something beyond the Battlefield’: Frederick Douglass and the Struggle for the Memory of the Civil War.” Journal of American History 75 (March 1989): 1156–78.
Bridges, Roger D. “Equality Deferred: Civil Rights for Illinois Blacks, 1865–1885.” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 74 (Summer 1981): 82–108.
Brown, Ira V. “Pennsylvania and the Rights of the Negro, 1865–1887.” Pennsylvania History 28 (January 1961): 45–57.
——. “William D. Kelley and Radical Reconstruction.” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 85 (July 1961): 316–29.
Brownlow, Paul C. “The Pulpit and Black America: 1865–1877.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 58 (December 1972): 431–40.
Butchart, Ronald E. “‘We Best Can Instruct Our Own People’: New York African Americans in the Freedmen’s Schools, 1861–1875.” Afro-Americans in New York Life and History 12 (January 1988): 27–40.
Calkins, David L. “Black Education and the Nineteenth-Century City: An Institutional Analysis of Cincinnati’s Colored Schools, 1850–1877.” Cincinnati Historical Society Bulletin 33 (Fall 1975): 161–71.
Chandler, Robert J. “Friends in Time of Need: Republicans and Black Civil Rights in California during the Civil War Era.” Arizona and the West 24 (Winter 1982): 319–40.
Cox, Lawanda, and John H. Cox. “Negro Suffrage and Republican Politics: The Problem of Motivation in Reconstruction Historiography.” Journal of Southern History 33 (August 1967): 303–30.
Daniel, Philip T. K. “A History of the Segregation-Discrimination Dilemma: The Chicago Experience.” Phylon 41 (June 1980): 126–36.
Davis, Hugh. “The Pennsylvania State Equal Rights League and the Northern Black Struggle for Legal Equality, 1864–1877.” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 126 (October 2002): 611–34.
Diemer, Andrew. “Reconstruction Philadelphia: African Americans and Politics in the Post-Civil War North.” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 133 (January 2009): 29–58.
Dunbar, Willis F., with William G. Shade. “The Black Man Gains the Vote: The Centennial of ‘Impartial Suffrage’ in Michigan.” Michigan History 56 (Spring 1972): 42–57.
Dykstra, Robert R., and Harlan Hahn. “Northern Voters and Negro Suffrage: The Case of Iowa, 1868.” Public Opinion Quarterly 32 (Summer 1968): 202–15.
Erickson, Leonard. “Toledo Desegregates, 1877.” Northwest Ohio Quarterly 41 (Winter 1968–1969): 5–12.
Farley, Ena L. “The Denial of Black Equality Under the States Rights Dictum: New York, 1865–1877.” Afro-Americans in New York Life and History 1 (January 1977): 9–23.
Farrison, W. Edward. “William Wells Brown, Social Reformer.” Journal of Negro Education 18 (Winter 1949): 29–39.
Ficker, Douglas J. “From Roberts to Plessy: Educational Segregation and the ‘Separate but Equal’ Doctrine.” Journal of Negro History 84 (Autumn 1999): 301–14.
Finkleman, Paul. “Prelude to the Fourteenth Amendment: Black Legal Rights in the Antebellum North.” Rutgers Law Journal 17 (Spring and Summer 1986): 415–82.
Fishel, Leslie H. Jr. “Northern Prejudice and Negro Suffrage, 1865–1870.” Journal of Negro History 39 (January 1954): 8–26.
——. “Repercussions of Reconstruction: The Northern Negro, 1870–1883.” Civil War History 14 (December 1968): 325–45.
Fisher, James. “The Struggle for Negro Testimony in California, 1851–1863.” Southern California Quarterly 51 (December 1969): 313–24.
Foner, Philip S. “The Battle to End Discrimination against Negroes on Philadelphia’s Streetcars: (Part I) Background and the Beginning of the Battle.” Pennsylvania History 40 (July 1973): 261–90.
——. “The Battle to End Discrimination against Negroes on Philadelphia’s Streetcars: (Part II) The Victory.” Pennsylvania History 40 (October 1973): 355–99.
Franklin, John Hope. “The Enforcement of the Civil Rights Act of 1875.” Prologue: Quarterly of the National Archives 6 (1974): 225–35.
Franklin, Vincent P. “The Persistence of School Segregation in the Urban North: An Historical Perspective.” Journal of Ethnic Studies 1 (Winter 1974): 51–68.
Gerber, David A. “Education, Expediency, and Ideology: Race and Politics in the Desegregation of Ohio Public Schools in the Late Nineteenth Century.” Journal of Ethnic Studies 1 (Fall 1973): 1–31.
——. “A Politics of Limited Options: Northern Black Politics and the Problem of Change and Continuity in Race Relations Historiography.” Journal of Social History 14 (Winter 1980): 235–55.
Gerichs, William C. “The Ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment in Indiana.” Indiana Magazine of History 9 (September 1913): 131–66.
Green, William D. “‘Critical Mass is Fifteen Coloreds!’: De Facto and De Jure Policies of Racial Isolation in St. Paul’s Schools and Housing Patterns during the Nineteenth Century, and Beyond.” Journal of Public Law and Policy 17 (1996): 299–321.
——. “Minnesota’s Long Road to Black Suffrage, 1849–1868.” Minnesota History 56 (Summer 1998): 58–84.
Gregory, John Goadby. “Negro Suffrage in Wisconsin.” Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters 11 (1896–97): 94–101.
Grossman, Lawrence. “George T. Downing and the Desegregation of the Rhode Island Public Schools, 1855–1866.” Rhode Island History 36 (November 1977): 99–105.
——. “In His Veins Coursed No Bootlicking Blood: The Career of Peter H. Clark.” Ohio History 86 (Spring 1977): 79–95.
Hanchett, Catherine M. “George Boyer Vashon, 1824–1878: Black Educator, Poet, Fighter for Equal Rights: Part Two.” Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine 68 (October 1985): 333–49.
Hanchett, William. “Yankee Law and the Negro in Nevada, 1861–1869.” Western Humanities Review 10 (Summer 1956): 241–49.
Harding, Vincent. “Wrestling Toward the Dawn: The Afro-American Freedom Movement and the Changing Constitution.” Journal of American History 74 (December 1987): 718–39.
Hays, Christopher K. “The African American Struggle for Equality and Justice in Cairo, Illinois, 1865–1900.” Illinois Historical Journal 90 (Winter 1997): 265–84.
Hendrick, Irving G. “Approaching Equality of Educational Opportunity in California: The Successful Struggle of Black Citizens 1880–1920.” Pacific Historian 25 (Winter 1981): 22–29.
Hurst, Marsha. “Integration, Freedom of Choice, and Community Control in Nineteenth Century Brooklyn.” Journal of Ethnic Studies 3 (Fall 1975): 33–55.
“The Illinois Black Laws.” Chicago History 8 (Spring 1967): 65–75.
Jackson, Debra. “A Cultural Stronghold: The Anglo-African Newspaper and the Black Community in New York.” New York History 85 (Fall 2004): 331–57.
Jacobs, Donald M. “The Nineteenth-Century Struggle over Segregated Education in the Boston Schools.” Journal of Negro Education 39 (Winter 1970): 76–85.
Jager, Ronald B. “Charles Sumner, the Constitution, and the Civil Rights Act of 1875.” New England Quarterly 42 (1969): 350–72.
Johnsen, Leigh Dana. “Equal Rights and the ‘Heathen Chinee’: Black Activism in San Francisco.” Western Historical Quarterly 11 (January 1980): 57–68.
Kaczorowski, Robert J. “Revolutionary Constitutionalism in the Era of the Civil War and Reconstruction.” New York University Law Review 61 (November 1986): 863–940.
——. “To Begin the Nation Anew: Congress, Citizenship, and Civil Rights after the Civil War.” American Historical Review 92 (February 1987): 45–68.
Kelley, Alfred H. “The Congressional Controversy over School Segregation, 1867–1875.” American Historical Review 64 (April 1959): 537–63.
Levesque, George A. “Before Integration: The Forgotten Years of Jim Crow Education in Boston.” Journal of Negro Education 48 (Spring 1979): 113–25.
Lowenberg, Ted. “The Blade and the Black Man: 1867.” Northwest Ohio Quarterly 44 (Summer 1972): 40–50.
Lurie, Jonathan. “The Fourteenth Amendment: Use and Application in Selected State Court Civil Liberties Cases, 1870–1890—A Preliminary Assessment.” American Journal of Legal History 28 (October 1984): 295–313.
MacMaster, Richard. “Henry Highland Garnet and the African Civilization Society.” Journal of Presbyterian Church History 48 (Summer 1970): 90–112.
McAfee, Ward M. “Reconstruction Revisited: The Republican Public Education Crusade of the 1870s.” Civil War History 42 (June 1996): 133–53.
McCormick, Richard P. “William Whipper: Moral Reformer.” Pennsylvania History 43 (January 1976): 23–46.
McPherson, James M. “The Abolitionists and the Civil Rights Act of 1875.” Journal of American History 52 (December 1965): 493–510.
Montgomery, David. “Radical Republicanism in Pennsylvania, 1866–1873.” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 85 (October 1961): 439–57.
Mothershead, Harmon. “Negro Rights in Colorado Territory (1859–1867).” Colorado Magazine 40 (July 1963): 212–23.
Pease, Jane H., and William H. Pease. “Ends, Means, and Attitudes: Black-White Conflict in the Antislavery Movement.” Civil War History 18 (June 1972): 117–28.
——. “Negro Conventions and the Problem of Black Leadership.” Journal of Black Studies 2 (September 1972): 29–44.
Peebles, Robin S. “Fanny Richards and the Integration of the Detroit Public Schools.” Michigan History 65 (January/ February 1981): 30–31.
Price, Edward J. “School Segregation in Nineteenth-Century Pennsylvania.” Pennsylvania History 43 (April 1976): 121–37.
Richard, K. Keith. “Unwelcome Settlers: Black and Mulatto Oregon Pioneers.” Oregon Historical Quarterly 84 (Spring 1983): 29–55.
Riegel, Stephen J. “The Persistent Career of Jim Crow: The Lower Federal Courts and the ‘Separate but Equal’ Doctrine, 1856–1896.” American Journal of Legal History 28 (January 1984): 17–40.
Saville, Julie. “Rites and Power: Reflections on Slavery, Freedom, and Political Ritual.” Slavery and Abolition 20 (January 1999): 81–102.
Schor, Joel. “The Rivalry between Frederick Douglass and Henry Highland Garnet.” Journal of Negro History 64 (Spring 1979): 101–15.
Seraile, William. “The Civil War’s Impact on Race Relations in New York State, 1865–1875.” Afro-Americans in New York Life and History 25 (January 2001): 57–89.
Silcox, Harry C. “The Black ‘Better Class’ Political Dilemma: Philadelphia Prototype Isaiah C. Wears.” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 113 (January 1989): 45–66.
——. “Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia Black Militant: Octavius V. Catto (1839–1871).” Pennsylvania History 44 (January 1977): 53–76.
Snorgrass, J. William. “The Black Press in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1856–1900.” California History 60 (Winter 1981/82): 306–17.
Stephenson, William “The Integration of the Detroit Public School System during the Period 1839–1869.” Negro History Bulletin 26 (October 1962): 23–28.
Thelan, David P., and Leslie H. Fishel Jr. “Reconstruction in the North: The World Looks at New York’s Negroes, March 16, 1867.” New York History 49 (October 1968): 404–40.
Van Meter, Sondra. “Black Resistance to Segregation in the Wichita Public Schools, 1870–1912.” Midwest Quarterly 20 (Autumn 1978): 64–77.
Weaver, Valeria W. “The Failure of Civil Rights, 1875–1883, and Its Repercussions.” Journal of Negro History 54 (October 1969): 368–82.
White, Arthur O. “The Black Movement against Jim Crow Education in Buffalo, New York, 1800–1900.” Phylon 30 (Winter 1969): 375–93.
——. “The Black Movement against Jim Crow Education in Lockport, New York, 1835–1876.” New York History 50 (July 1969): 265–82.
Woodward, C. Vann. “Equality: America’s Deferred Commitment.” American Scholar 27 (Autumn 1958): 459–72.
Wright, Marion Thompson. “Negro Suffrage in New Jersey, 1776–1875.” Journal of Negro History 33 (April 1948): 168–224.
Wubben, Hubert H. “The Uncertain Trumpet: Iowa Republicans and Black Suffrage, 1860–1868.” Annals of Iowa 47 (Summer 1984): 409–29.
Wyatt-Brown, Bertram. “The Civil Rights Act of 1875.” Western Political Quarterly 18 (December 1965): 763–75.
Dissertations
Caldwell, Martha Belle. “The Attitude of Kansas toward the Reconstruction of the South.” Ph.D. diss., University of Kansas, 1933.
Carlson, Shirley Jean Motley. “The Black Community in the Rural North: Pulaski County, Illinois, 1860–1900.” Ph.D. diss., Washington University, 1982.
Connor, Malcolm. “A Comparative Study of Black and White Public Education in New Brunswick, New Jersey.” Ph.D. diss., Rutgers University, 1976.
Erickson, Leonard Ernest. “The Color Line in Ohio Public Schools, 1829–1890.” Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1959.
Farley, Ena Lunette. “The Issue of Black Equality in New York State, 1865–1873.” Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, 1973.
Fishel, Leslie H., Jr. “The North and the Negro, 1865–1900: A Study in Race Discrimination.” Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1953.
Fisher, James Adolphus. “A History of the Political and Social Development of the Black Community in California, 1850–1950.” Ph.D. diss., State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1971.
Foster, Herbert James. “The Urban Experience of Blacks in Atlantic City: 1850–1915.” Ph.D. diss., Rutgers University, 1981.
Heller, Herbert Lynn. “Negro Education in Indiana from 1816 to 1869.” Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 1951.
Jackson, Rose J. “The Black Educational Experience in a Northern City: Albany, New York, 1830–1970.” Ph.D. diss., Northwestern University, 1976.
Lewis, Janice Sumler. “The Fortens of Philadelphia: An Afro-American Family and Nineteenth-Century Reform.” Ph.D. diss., Georgetown University, 1978.
Libman, Gary. “Minnesota and the Struggle for Black Suffrage: 1849–1870. A Study in Party Motivation.” Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota, 1972.
Matthews, Samuel. “The Black Educational Experience in Nineteenth-Century Cincinnati, 1817–1874.” Ph.D. diss., University of Cincinnati, 1985.
Mittrick, Robert. “A History of Negro Voting in Pennsylvania during the Nineteenth Century.” Ph.D. diss., Rutgers University, 1985.
Moore, Louis B. “The Response to Reconstruction: Change and Continuity in New Jersey Politics, 1866–1874.” Ph.D. diss., Rutgers University, 1999.
Pitre, Merline. “Frederick Douglass: A Party Loyalist, 1870–1895.” Ph.D. diss., Temple University, 1976.
Price, Edward J. “Let the Law be Just: The Quest for Racial Equality in Pennsylvania, 1780–1915.” Ph.D. diss., Pennsylvania State University, 1973.
Reid, John B. “Race, Class, Gender and the Teaching Profession: African American Schoolteachers of the Urban Midwest, 1865–1950.” Ph.D. diss., Michigan State University, 1996.
Sanelli, Thomas A. “The Struggle for Black Suffrage in Pennsylvania, 1838–1870.” Ph.D. diss., Temple University, 1977.
Squibb, John Roy. “Roads to Plessy: Blacks and the Law in the Old Northwest: 1860–1896.” Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, 1992.
Terborg-Penn, Rosalyn M. “Afro-Americans in the Struggle for Woman Suffrage.” Ph.D. diss., Howard University, 1977.
Turpin-Parham, Shirley. “A History of Black Public Education in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1864 to 1914.” Ph.D. diss., Temple University, 1986.
Ward, William E. “Charles Lenox Remond: Black Abolitionist, 1838–1873.” Ph.D. diss., Clark University, 1977.
Williams, Gilbert Anthony. “The ‘A.M.E. Christian Recorder’: A Forum for the Social Ideas of Black Americans, 1854–1902.” Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois, 1979.
Wilmoth, Ann Greenwood. “Pittsburgh and the Blacks: A Short History, 1780–1875.” Ph.D. diss., Pennsylvania State University, 1975.
Master’s Theses
Dixon, Robert S. “The Education of the Negro in the City of New York, 1853 to 1900.” Master’s thesis, College of the City of New York, 1935.
Emmer, Dorothy. “The Civil and Political Status of the Negro in Michigan and the Northwest before 1870.” Master’s thesis, Wayne State University, 1935.
Hamblin, Thomas Dean. “Drive the Last Nail: John M. Palmer and the Blacks in Illinois and Kentucky.” Master’s thesis, Southern Illinois University, 1976.
Holderried, Elsa. “The Public Life of Jacob Merritt Howard.” Master’s thesis, Wayne State University, 1950.
Marshall, Arthur R. “The Negro in Illinois Politics, 1865–1870: A Study of the Race Issue in Illinois during Reconstruction.” Master’s thesis, University of Maryland, 1977.
Woodson, June Babar. “A Century with the Negroes of Detroit, 1830–1930.” Master’s thesis, Wayne State University, 1949.