Skip to main content

Veiled Threats: Bibliography

Veiled Threats
Bibliography
  • Show the following:

    Annotations
    Resources
  • Adjust appearance:

    Font
    Font style
    Color Scheme
    Light
    Dark
    Annotation contrast
    Low
    High
    Margins
  • Search within:
    • Notifications
    • Privacy
  • Project HomeVeiled Threats
  • Projects
  • Learn more about Manifold

Notes

table of contents
  1. Acknowledgments
  2. Introduction: Misconceptions about Women and Terror
  3. 1. Women in ISIS Compared to Women in Al Qaeda
  4. 2. Radicalization and Recruitment Online
  5. 3. Boko Haram and Weaponizing Misogyny
  6. 4. Women Bought, Sold, and Abused by Jihadis
  7. 5. The Long and Winding Road
  8. Conclusions: Delegitimize, Deglamorize, and Demobilize
  9. Notes
  10. Bibliography

Bibliography

Abdul Zahra, Qassim, and Brian Murphy. “Iraq Arrests Female Suicide Bomber Recruiter.” Huffington Post, February 3, 2009. 009/02/03/iraq-arrests-female-suici_n_163505.html.

Abé, Nicola. “The Suicide Bombing Girls of Boko Haram.” Spiegel International, April 29, 2016. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/the-boko-haram-tactic-of-using-girls-as-suicide-bombers-a-1089713.html.

Ahmad, Eqbal. “Ahmad Replies.” The Nation, November 8, 1993.

Ahmad, Eqbal. “The Question of Iraq.” The Nation, August 9, 1993.

Ahmed, Saeed. “Who Were Syed Rizwan Farook and Tashfeen Malik?” CNN, December 4, 2015. https://www.cnn.com/2015/12/03/us/syed-farook-tashfeen-malik-mass-shooting-profile/index.html.

Ahram, Ariel I. “Sexual Violence, Competitive State Building, and Islamic State in Iraq and Syria.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 13, no. 2 (2019): 180–96. https://doi:10.1080/17502977.2018.1541577.

Aimery, Jakkar, “U.S. House Condemns Hamas’ Use of Rape as Weapons of War; Tlaib Votes Present.” Detroit News, February 14, 2024. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2024/02/14/u-s-house-condemns-hamas-use-of-rape-as-weapons-of-war-tlaib-votes-present/72607152007/.

Alami, Mona. “Martyrs Wanted: ISIS’ Devastating Defector Problem.” National Interest, February 26, 2015. http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/martyrs-wanted-isis-devastating-defector-problem-12330?page=2.

“Alerta en la Inteligencia europea ante posibles nuevos atentados de Al Qaeda en Francia y Bruselas.” Globedia, May 16, 2009. http://globedia.com/alerta-inteligencia-europea-posible-atentado-qaeda-francia-brusela.

Alexander, Audrey, and Rebecca Turkington. “Treatment of Terrorists: How Does Gender Affect Justice?” CTC Sentinel 11, no. 8 (September 2018) 24–29. https://ctc.westpoint.edu/treatment-terrorists-gender-affect-justice/.

Alfa, Ismail, and Ruth Maclean. “She Was Kidnapped a Decade Ago With 275 Girls. Finally, She Escaped.” New York Times, April 14, 2024.

Ali, Farhana. “Female Suicide Bombers in Iraq: Why the Trend Continues.” Counter-Terrorism Blog, March 2008. http://counterterrorismblog.org/2008/03/female_suicide_bombers_in_iraq.php.

Allen, Beverly. Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996.

“Al-Qaeda to Muslim Extremist Women: Stay Home, Raise the Kids.” Fox News, May 31, 2008. Accessed June 2008. https://www.foxnews.com/story/al-qaeda-to-muslim-extremist-women-stay-home-raise-kids.

“Al-Qaeda’s Chick-Lit: How to Please Your Holy Warrior.” The Economist, February 3, 2018. https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2018/02/03/al-qaedas-chick-lit-how-to-please-your-holy-warrior.

“Al-Shamikha, Al Qaeda Women’s Magazine, Launches: Report.” Huffington Post, March 14, 2011. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/al-shamikha-al-qaeda-womens-magazine_n_835572.

Alter, Charlotte. “Girls Who Escaped Boko Haram Tell of Horrors in Captivity.” Time, October 27, 2014.

American Jewish Committee. “What Is Known about Israeli Hostages Taken by Hamas,” January 9, 2024. https://www.ajc.org/news/what-is-known-about-israeli-hostages-taken-by-hamas.

Amir, Menachem. Patterns in Forcible Rape. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971.

Amlin Adow, M. “Bomb Kills Top Somali Sports Officials.” CNN, April 4, 2012. http://articles.cnn.com/2012-04-04/africa/world_africa_somalia-blast_1_omar-jamal-somali-football-federation-somali-government?_s=PM:AFRICA.

Amnesty International. “Iraq: Legacy of Terror: The Plight of Yezidi Child Survivors of ISIS.” July 30, 2020. https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE1427592020ENGLISH.PDF.

Amnesty International. “Nigeria: ICC Must Not Dash the Hope of Survivors of Atrocities by the Military.” March 28, 2024. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/03/nigeria-icc-must-not-dash-the-hope-of-survivors-of-atrocities-by-the-military/#:~:text=In%20December%202020%2C%20the%20ICC,and%20the%20Nigerian%20Security%20Forces.

Amnesty International. Trapped by Violence: Women in Iraq. 2009. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde14/005/2009/en/.

Armesto, Marie-Rose. Son mari a tué Massoud. Paris: DRANCY Publishers, 2002.

Arraf, Jane. “Yazidi Women Hide among ISIS Wives in Syria Detention Camp.” NPR Morning Edition, June 5, 2019. https://www.npr.org/2019/06/05/729893315/Yazidi-women-hide-among-isis-wives-in-syria-detention-camp.

Asadu, Chinedu. “At Least 200 People, Mostly Women and Children, Abducted by Extremists in Northeastern Nigeria.” Washington Post, March 7, 2024.

Ashbrook, Tom, and Nada Bakos. “Transcript: Sexual Violence under ISIS Control.” On Point, WBUR, September 30, 2014. https://www.wbur.org/onpoint/2014/09/30/transcript-sexual-violence-under-isis-control.

“Ask a Scholar.” “Muslim Women Participating in Jihad.” Islam OnLine. Accessed June 2009. https://fiqh.islamonline.net/en/muslim-women-participating-in-jihad/.

Awan, Akil N. “Radicalization on the Internet? The Virtual Propagation of Jihadist Media and Its Effects.” RUSI Journal 152, no. 3 (2007): 76.

Awlaki, Anwar al-. “44 Ways to Support Jihad.” NEFA Foundation, February 5, 2009. http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/nefaawlaki44wayssupportjihad.pdf.

Azani, Eitan, and Liram Koblentz-Stenzler. “Muslim Converts Who Turn to Global Jihad: Radicalization Characteristics and Countermeasures.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 45, no. 2 (2002): 173–99.

Azzam, Abdullah. “Women Fighting Jihad.” Islamwebnet, February 27, 2001. http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/index.php?page=showfatwa&Option=FatwaId&Id=82641.

Badurdeen, Fathima Azmiya. “Why We Did It: The Kenyan Women and Girls Who Joined Al-Shabaab.” The Conversation, February 21, 2021. https://theconversation.com/why-we-did-it-the-kenyan-women-and-girls-who-joined-al-shabaab-151592.

Baker, Joshua. I’m Not a Monster. 2020. BBC Panorama and Frontline, podcast. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/podcast/im-not-a-monster/.

Baker, Joshua. I’m Not a Monster: The Shamima Begum Story. 2023. BBC, podcast. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p0dn5zm8.

Baloch, Kiyya, and Akbar Notezai. “Pakistan: Woman Suicide Bomber Change in Baloch Rebels’ Strategy?” Al Jazeera, April 28, 2022. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/28/pakistan-woman-suicide-bomber-change-in-baloch-rebels-strategy.

Bandolfi, Sibilla. “The Story of Three Female Converts.” Swissinfo, July 1, 2016. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/religion-and-gender_why-islam-the-story-of-three-female-converts/42263106.

Bar, Shmuel. “The Religious Sources of Islamic Terrorism.” Policy Review, June–July 2004.

Barbaro, Michael. “The American Women Who Joined ISIS.” February 22, 2019. The Daily, podcast. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/22/podcasts/the-daily/isis-american-women.html.

“Barbaric Manchester Explosion Kills 22 and Injures Many More.” International Business Times, May 23, 2017. https://www.ibtimes.sg/barbaric-manchester-explosion-kills-22-and-injures-many-more-10422.

Bashar, I. “Facebook: The Online Recruiting Office for Jihad.” Retrieved May 11, 2011. http://undhimmi.com/2011/02/17/facebook-the-online-recruiting-office-for-jihad.

Bauer, Shane. “Betrayal. Torture. Escape: An American Woman inside the Islamic State.” Mother Jones, June 26, 2019. https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2019/06/betrayal-torture-escape-an-american-woman-inside-the-islamic-state/.

Bayati, Kaishan al. “Supervision Is Tightened against Women: Officials Fear Female Suicide Bombers in Baghdad.” Al Arab online (in Arabic), June 25, 2008.

Beagan, Brenda, and Shelly Saunders. “Occupations of Masculinity: Producing Gender through What Men Do and Don’t Do.” Journal of Occupational Science 12, no. 3 (2005): 161–69.

“Beheading Desecration Video of Dead U.S. Soldiers Released on Internet by al Qaeda.” Jawa Report, blog, July 10, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20141028214611/http:/mypetjawa.mu.nu/archives/183865.php.

Berko, Anat, The Smarter Bomb: Women and Children as Suicide Bombers. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2016.

Berko, Anat, and Edna Erez, “Gender, Palestinian Women, and Terrorism: Women’s Liberation or Oppression?” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 30, no. 6 (June 2007): 493–519.

Berman, Eli. Radical, Religious, and Violent. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009.

Bhagwat, Medha. “Who Is Shamima Begum? A Former Brit and Jihadi Bride Faces Execution Threat in Syria.” International Business Times, June 12, 2022. https://www.ibtimes.sg/who-shamima-begum-former-brit-jihadi-bride-faces-execution-threat-syria-65169?utm_source=social&utm_medium=twitter&utm_campaign=/who-shamima-begum-former-brit-jihadi-bride-faces-execution-threat-syria-65169.

Bloom, Mia. Bombshell: Women and Terrorism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.

Bloom, Mia. “Death Becomes Her: Women, Occupation, and Terrorist Mobilization.” PS: Political Science & Politics 43, no. 3 (2010): 445–50.

Bloom, Mia. Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005.

Bloom, Mia. “Failures of Intervention: The Unintended Consequences of Mixed Messages and the Exacerbation of Ethnic Conflict.” PhD dissertation, Columbia University, 1999. https://www.worldcat.org/title/failures-of-intervention-the-unintended-consequences-of-mixed-messages-and-the-exacerbation-of-ethnic-conflict/oclc/43659339.

Bloom, Mia. “In Defense of Honor: Women and Terrorist Recruitment on the Internet.” Journal of Postcolonial Cultures and Societies 4, no. 1 (2013): 150–95.

Bloom, Mia. “The Iraqi Genocide of the Kurds.” In Contemporary Genocides: Cases, Causes and Consequences, edited by Alberto Jongman. Leiden: PIOOM, 1996.

Bloom, Mia. “No Place to Hide, No Place to Post: Lessons from Recent Efforts at ‘De-Platforming’ ISIS.” Just Security, December 5, 2019. https://www.justsecurity.org/67605/no-place-to-hide-no-place-topost-lessons-from-recent-efforts-at-de-platforming-isis/.

Bloom, Mia. “The Predatory Nature of ISIS’s Recruitment of Western Women.” Frontline. “Understanding The Rise of ISIS” panel discussion, 2014. https://soundcloud.com/frontlinepbs/isis-panel-mia-bloom-on-women.

Bloom, Mia. “Rape by Russian Soldiers in Ukraine Is the Latest Despicable War Crime.” The Conversation, April 7, 2022. https://theconversation.com/rape-by-russian-soldiers-in-ukraine-is-the-latest-example-of-a-despicable-wartime-crime-that-spans-the-globe-180656.

Bloom, Mia. “Six Things You Need to Know about Women and ISIS. “Washington Post, June 4, 2015. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2015/06/04/six-things-you-need-to-know-about-women-and-isis/.

Bloom, Mia. Small Arms: Children and Terror. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019.

Bloom, Mia. “Terror’s Stealth Weapon.” Los Angeles Times, November 29, 2005. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-nov-29-oe-bloom29-story.html.

Bloom, Mia. “Women and Terrorism.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia, 2022. https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-124.

Bloom, Mia, and Hilary Matfess. “Women as Symbols and Swords in Boko Haram’s Terror.” Prism: Inclusive Security 6, no. 1 (January 2016): 112. https://www.inclusivesecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Women-as-Symbols-and-Swords.pdf.

Bloom, Mia and Sophia Moskalenko. Pastels and Pedophiles: Inside the Mind of QAnon. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2021.

Boguslaw, Daniel, and Ryan Grim. “The New York Times Puts ‘Daily’ Episode on Ice amid Internal Firestorm over Hamas Sexual Violence Article.” The Intercept, January 28, 2024. https://theintercept.com/2024/01/28/new-york-times-daily-podcast-camera/.

Bohannon, John. “Women Critical for Online Terrorist Networks.” Science, June 10, 2016. Accessed July 22, 2016. http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/06/women-critical-online-terrorist-networks.

“Boko Haram ‘to Sell’ Nigeria Girls Abducted from Chibok.” BBC News. May 5, 2014. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27283383.

Botelho, Greg. “ISIS: Enslaving, Having Sex with ‘Unbelieving’ Women, Girls Is OK.” CNN, December 12, 2014. http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/12/world/meast/isis-justification-female-slaves/.

Brady, Tara. “Jihad Jane: ‘This Story Has Nothing to Do with Religion.’ ” The Irish Times, February 16, 2020. https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/jihad-jane-this-story-has-nothing-to-do-with-religion-1.4168517.

Bronstein, Scott, and Drew Griffin. “Young ISIS Recruit: I Was Blinded by Love.” CNN, December 6, 2016. https://www.cnn.com/2016/12/02/us/mississippi-isis-muhammad-dakhlalla-interview.

Brown, Daniel. “ISIS Posts Video of What Appears to Be an American Child Threatening Trump.” Business Insider, August 23, 2017. https://www.businessinsider.com/isis-posts-video-of-us-child-threatening-trump-2017-8.

Brown, Jonathan A. C. Slavery and Islam. London: Oneworld Publications, 2020.

Browne, Anthony, and Rory Watson. “The Girl Who Went from Baker’s Assistant to Baghdad Bomber.” The Times, December 2, 2005. www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article744833.ece.

Bruno, Maria F. “Madonna, Whores and the Persian Gulf War.” Feminist Teacher 7, no. 1 (Fall 1992): 20–21.

Burns, John F., and Miguel Helft. “YouTube Withdraws Clerics Videos.” New York Times, November 4, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/05/world/05britain.html?_r=1.

Busby, Mattha. “Shamima Begum Would Face Death Penalty in Bangladesh, Says Minister.” The Guardian, May 4, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/may/04/shamima-begum-would-face-death-penalty-in-bangladesh-says-minister.

Butsch, Richard. “Crystal Sets and Scarf-Pin Radios: Gender, Technology and the Construction of American Radio Listening in the 1920s.” Media, Culture and Society 20, no. 4 (October 1998): 557–72.

Bytyci, Fatos. “Kosovo Brings Back Fighters, Families of Jihadists from Syria.” Reuters, April 20, 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kosovo-syria/kosovobrings-back-fighters-families-of-jihadists-from-syria-idUSKCN1RW003.

Calderwood, Imogen. “Teenage ‘Terror Twins’ Who Fled Britain to Join ISIS Tried to Recruit Their Whole Family Telling Brothers: ‘We Might Seem Evil to You, but We Will All Be Happy in the Afterlife.’ ” Daily Mail, October 4, 2015. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3259363/Teenage-terror-twins-fled-Britain-join-ISIS-tried-recruit-family-telling-brothers-evil-happy-afterlife.html#ixzz4LZBjVzFj.

Callimachi, Rukmini, and Catherine Porter. “2 American Wives of ISIS Militants Want to Return Home.” New York Times, February 19, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/19/us/islamic-state-american-women.html.

Card, Claudia. “Rape as a Weapon of War.” Hypatia 11, no. 4 (1996): 5–18. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3810388.

Carpenter, R. Charli. “Surfacing Children: Limitations of Genocidal Rape Discourse.” Human Rights Quarterly 22 (2000): 428–77.

Carpenter, R. Charli. “ ‘Women and Children First’: Gender, Norms, and Humanitarian Evacuation in the Balkans, 1991–95.” International Organization 57 (2003): 661–94.

Carsten, Paul, Reade Levinson, David Lewis, and Libby George. “The Abortion Assault.” Reuters, December 7, 2022. https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/nigeria-military-abortions/.

Carujo, Cristina, and Robert Legare. “Kansas Woman Allison Fluke-Ekren, Who Led All- Female ISIS Battalion, Sentenced to 20 Years in Prison.” CBS News, November 1, 2022. https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/female-isis-battalion-kansas-allison-fluke-ekren/.

Cavendish, Julius. “Al-Qa’ida Glossy Advises Women to Cover Up and Marry a Martyr.” The Independent, March 14, 2011. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/alqaida-glossy-advises-women-to-cover-up-and-marry-a-martyr-2240992.html.

Chesler, Phyllis. “Worldwide Trends in Honor Killings.” Middle East Quarterly (Spring 2010): 3–11. http://www.meforum.org/2646/worldwide-trends-in-honor-killings#_ftnref6.

Chew, Amy. “ ‘ISIS Version Two’: Malaysia, Indonesia Fear Return Home of Fighters Jailed in Syria after Trump’s Troop Withdrawal.” This Week in Asia, October 13, 2019. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3032671/isis-version-two-malaysia-indonesia-fear-return-home-fighters.

“Chibok Diaries: Chronicling a Boko Haram Kidnapping.” BBC, October 23, 2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41570252.

Choueiki, Amira, and Theodore Karasik. “Conduits to Terror: Classifying the Methods of Middle Eastern Terrorist Recruitment.” Institute for Near East and Gulf Military Analysis (INEGMA) report 1, no. 11 (2010). https://www.inegma.com/Admin/Content/File-810201314851.pdf.

Chulov, Martin, and Bethan McKernan. “Hoda Muthana ‘Deeply Regrets’ Joining Isis and Wants to Return Home.” The Guardian, February 17, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/17/us-woman-hoda-muthana-deeply-regrets-joining-isis-and-wants-return-home.

Civiroglu, Mutlu. “In an Alleged Recent ISIS Video a Woman Is Fighting against SDF in #Baghouz.” Twitter, March 22, 2019. https://twitter.com/mutludc/status/1108952105367158784.

Clay, Rebecca A. “Treating Yazidi Rape Survivors.” Monitor on Psychology 47, no. 8 (2016): 32.

Clooney, Amal. “Final UN General Assembly Speech—Daesh Accountability.” Doughty Street Chambers, September 26, 2019. https://www.doughtystreet.co.uk/news/amal-clooney-addresses-united-nations-security-council-arria-formula-meeting-ensuring.

Cohen, Ben. “ ‘Never Again’: Israeli Government Shows Uncensored Footage of Hamas Pogrom to Journalists, Diplomats in New York.” Algemeiner, November 3, 2023. https://www.algemeiner.com/2023/11/03/never-again-israeli-goverment-shows-uncensored-footage-hamas-pogrom-journalists-diplomats-new-york/.

Cohen, Dara K. Rape during Civil War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2016.

Cohen, Michael A. “The October 7 Rape Denialists.” The Atlantic, April 17, 2024. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/04/october-7-hamas-sexual-assault/678091/.

Coll, Steve. The Bin Ladens: An Arabian Family in the American Century. New York: Penguin, 2009.

Congressional Record (Bound Edition), Volume 152 (2006), Part 9, House, Three Brothers Of The Band Of Brothers. U.S. Government Publishing Office. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRECB-2006-pt9/html/CRECB-2006-pt9-Pg11968-2.htm.

Conway, Maura. “ ‘At Risk’ or ‘A Risk’: The Portrayal of ‘Jihadi’ Brides in the UK Press.” Paper presented at University College Cork, Ireland, March 2015.

Conway, Maura. “Terrorist ‘Use’ of the Internet and Fighting Back.” Information & Security 19 (2006): 9–30.

Cook, David. “The ‘Greater Jihad’ and the ‘Lesser Jihad.’ ” In Understanding Jihad, 32–48. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015.

Cook, David. “Women Fighting in Jihad?” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 28 (2005): 375–84.

Cook, Joana, and Gina Vale. “From ‘Daesh to ‘Diaspora’: Tracing the Women and Minors of Islamic State.” International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation, July 2018. https://icsr.info/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/ICSR-Report-From-Daesh-to-‘Diaspora’-Tracing-the-Women-and-Minors-of-Islamic-State.pdf.

Cook, Joana, and Gina Vale. “From Daesh to ‘Diaspora,’ Part II: The Challenges Posed by Women and Minors after the Fall of the Caliphate.” CTC Sentinel 12, no. 6 (July 2019): 30–45. https://ctc.westpoint.edu/daesh-diaspora-challenges-posed-women-minors-fall-caliphate/.

Corbin, Theresa. “I’m a Feminist and I Converted to Islam.” CNN, October 14, 2014. https://www.cnn.com/2014/10/14/opinion/muslim-convert-irpt/index.html.

Cordesman, Anthony. “The Real World Capabilities of ISIS: The Threat Continues.” Center for Strategic and International Studies, September 9, 2020. https://www.csis.org/analysis/real-world-capabilities-isis-threat-continues.

Cottee, Simon. “Jihadism as a Subcultural Response to Social Strain: Extending Marc Sageman’s ‘Bunch of Guys’ Thesis.” Terrorism and Political Violence 23, no. 5 (2011): 730–51.

Counter Extremism Project. “U.N. Investigators Declare 2014 ISIS Offensive against Yazidis an Act of Genocide.” May 13, 2021. https://www.counterextremism.com/press/un-investigators-declare-2014-isis-offensive-against-yazidis-act-genocide.

Crilly, Rob. “Woman Suicide Bomber Kills 40 Queuing for Food Aid in Pakistan.” The Telegraph, December 25, 2010. Accessed August 4, 2014. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/8224760/Woman-suicide-bomber-kills-40-queuing-for-food-aid-in-Pakistan.html.

Cruickshank, Paul. “Love in the Time of Terror.” Marie Claire, May 18, 2009. Accessed June 2009. http://www.marieclaire.com/world-reports/news/malika-el-aroud-female-terrorist.

Cruickshank, Paul, and Tim Lister. “French Killings Refocus Fears on ‘Solo’ Acts of Terror.” CNN, March 21, 2012. http://articles.cnn.com/2012-03-21/world/world_europe_france-solo-terror_1_french-nationals-french-intelligence-french-citizen?_s=PM:EUROPE.

Cunningham, Karla J. “Terror’s Invisible Women.” RAND, April 4, 2012. http://www.rand.org/blog/2012/04/terrors-invisible-women.html.

Damon, Arwa, Kareem Khadder, and Brice Laine. “A Forgotten Camp in Syria Could Be the Birthplace of ISIS’ Revenge Generation.” CNN, September 12, 2019. https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/12/middleeast/syria-al-hol-camp-isis-intl/index.html.

Dasgupta, Shamita Das. “The Spectacle of Violence in Partition Fiction: Women, Voyeurs and Witnesses.” Journal of Postcolonial Writing 47, no. 1 (2011): 30–41.

DeBode, Lisa. “Global Outrage over Kidnapping of Nigerian Girls.” Al Jazeera, May 6, 2014. http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/5/6/protesters-demandactionatnigerianembassiestohelpkidnappedgirls.html.

Dettmer, Jamie. “The ISIS Online Campaign Luring Western Girls to Jihad.” Daily Beast, August 6, 2014. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/08/06/the-isis-online-campaign-luring-western-girls-to-jihad.html.

Dhillon, Navtel. The Middle Eastern Marriage Crisis. Brookings Institution report, July 11, 2008. https://www.brookings.edu/on-the-record/the-middle-eastern-marriage-crisis/.

Domi, Tanya. “Rwanda, Bosnia, Ukraine and Now Hamas: October 7 and Surging Wartime Sexual Violence Around the World.” Ha’aretz, April 4, 2024. https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2024-04-04/ty-article-opinion/.premium/bosnia-ukraine-now-hamas-oct-7-and-the-global-rise-in-wartime-sexual-violence/0000018e-a911-defe-a3ef-bb1d61db0000.

Duffy, Liam. “Western Foreign Fighters and the Yazidi Genocide.” Counter Extremism Project, March 2020. https://www.counterextremism.com/sites/default/files/2021-03/Western%20Foreign%20Fighters%20and%20the%20Yazidi%20Genocide%20Report%2016%20March%202021.pdf.

Dworkin, Andrea. Pornography: Men Possessing Women. New York: Dutton, 1981.

Dworkin, Andrea. Woman Hating. New York: Dutton, 1974.

Edwards, Christian, and Bianna Golodryga. “Freed Israeli Hostage Says She Endured ‘Psychological Warfare’ During 50 Days of Hamas Captivity.” CNN, January 4, 2024. https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/04/middleeast/israel-hostage-doron-katz-asher-interview-hamas-gaza-intl/index.html.

Eeckhaut, Mark. “Bastin’s Muslim Elite.” Groot Bijgaarden De Standaard, November 23, 2004.

Eleftheriou-Smith, Loulla-Mae. “Escaped Isis Wives Describe Life in the All-Female al-Khansa Brigade Who Punish Women with 40 Lashes for Wearing Wrong Clothes.” The Independent, April 20, 2015. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/escaped-isis-wives-describe-life-in-the-all-female-alkhansa-brigade-who-punish-women-with-40-lashes-10190317.html.

Ellery, Ben. “Palestinian Women Who Hijacked Two Planes to Give Talk in the UK.” The Times of London, March 4, 2024. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/palestinian-plane-hijack-leila-khaled-talk-psc-hamas-gaza-77lcb8r8s.

Ellis, B. Heidi, Sanaa N. Abdi, and J. P. Winer. “Mental Health Practice with Immigrant and Refugee Youth: A Socioecological Framework.” American Psychological Association, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000163-000.

England, Charlotte. “Yazidi Girl Set Herself on Fire to Avoid Further Rape at Hands of ISIS.” The Independent, August 25, 2016. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-soldiers-rape-yazidi-girl-sets-herself-on-fire-burns-alive-iraq-refugee-camp-a7208656.html.

Enjoli, Francis, and James Longman. “ISIS Bride Who Left US for Syria Says She Interpreted Everything Very Wrong.” ABC News, February 19, 2019. https://abcnews.go.com/international/isis-bride-left-us-syria-interpreted-wrong/story?id=61175508.

Enloe, Cynthia. “Spoils of War.” Ms. Magazine 6, no. 5 (March 1996): 119–21.

Ensor, Josie. “Amal Clooney Files Lawsuit against Senior IS Enslaver in Pursuit of Elusive Justice for Yezidis.” The Telegraph, May 1, 2021. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/05/01/amal-clooney-files-lawsuit-against-senior-enslaver-pursuit-elusive/#:~:text=in%20the%20election%3F-,Amal%20Clooney%20files%20lawsuit%20against%20senior%20IS%20enslaver,of%20elusive%20justice%20for%20Yazidis&text=Amal%20Clooney%20has%20launched%20a,far%20eluded%20the%20minority.

Ensor, Josie. “ISIL Finds New Online Home.” The Telegraph, December 3, 2019. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/12/03/isil-finds-new-online-home-telegram-messaging-service-purge/.

Erelle, Anna. In the Skin of a Jihadist: A Young Journalist Enters the ISIS Recruitment Network. New York: Harper, 2015.

Ezedania, Emenike. Boko Haram, Chibok Girls, and All Matters Nigeria Security. Self-pub., 2015.

Fadlallah, Hussein. “Martyr Operations: A Means of Jihad.” Bayynat. Accessed June 2009. english.bayynat.org.lb/news/martyr.htm.

Faiola, Anthony, and Souad Mekhennet. “From Hip Hop to Jihad: How the Islamic State Became a Magnet for Converts.” Washington Post, May 6, 2015. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/from-hip-hop-to-jihad-how-the-islamic-state-became-a-magnet-for-converts/2015/05/06/b1358758-d23f-11e4-8b1e-274d670aa9c9_story.html.

Federal Bureau of Investigation. “World Trade Center Bombing, 1993.” FBI archives. https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/world-trade-center-bombing-1993.

Fisk, Robert. “Bosnia War Crimes: ‘The Rapes Went on Day and Night.’ ” The Independent, February 8, 1993. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bosnia-war-crimes-the-rapes-went-on-day-and-night-robert-fisk-in-mostar-gathers-detailed-evidence-of-the-systematic-sexual-assaults-on-muslim-women-by-serbian-white-eagle-gunmen-1471656.html.

Flynn, Ellie. “Brit Jihadi Bride Dead.” The Sun, August 11, 2016. https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/1595302/brit-jihadi-bride-dead-kadiza-sultana-bethnal-green-schoolgirl-who-fled-to-syria-killed-in-airstrike/.

Foucault, Michel. History of Sexuality. New York: Vintage Books, 1980.

Fredericks, Jim. Black Hearts: One Platoon’s Descent into Madness in Iraq’s Triangle of Death. New York: Crown, 2011.

Gagnon, V. P. Ethnic Conflict as Demobilizer: The Case of Serbia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996.

Gagnon, V. P. The Myth of Ethnic War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006.

“German Woman Jailed for Nine Years for Enslaving Yazidi Woman.” Al Jazeera, June 22, 2023. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/22/german-woman-jailed-for-nine-years-for-enslaving-yazidi-woman.

Gettleman, Jeffrey, Anat Schwartz, and Adam Sella. “Screams Without Words.” New York Times, December 28, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/28/world/middleeast/oct-7-attacks-hamas-israel-sexual-violence.html.

Gilbert, Benjamin. “ISIS Is Still Holding Nearly 2000 Yazidi Women as Slaves.” Vice News, August 20, 2016. https://news.vice.com/article/isis-is-still-holding-nearly-2000-Yazidi-women-as-slaves.

Graham, Dee L. R., Edna Rawlings, and Roberta K. Rigsby. Loving to Survive: Sexual Terror, Men’s Violence, and Women’s Lives. New York: NYU Press, 1994.

Grier, Peter. “ ‘Jihad Jane’: How Does Al Qaeda Recruit US-Born Women?” Christian Science Monitor, March 10, 2010. Accessed January 7, 2012. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0310/Jihad-Jane-How-does-Al-Qaeda-recruit-US-born-women.

Goldstein, Joshua. War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Gopal, Anand. “The Open-Air Prison for ISIS Supporters—and Victims.” New Yorker, March 24, 2024. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2024/03/18/the-open-air-prison-for-isis-supporters-and-victims.

Gowrinathan, Nimmi. “The Women of ISIS,” Foreign Affairs, August 21, 2014, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/141926/nimmi-gowrinathan/the-women-of-isis#cid=soc-twitter-at-snapshot-the_women_of_isis-000000.

Gullace, Nicolletta F. “White Feathers and Wounded Men: Female Patriotism and the Memory of the Great War.” Journal of British Studies 36 (April 1997): 178–206.

Hall, Ellie. “Gone Girl: An Interview with an American in ISIS.” BuzzFeed, April 17, 2015. https://www.buzzfeed.com/ellievhall/gone-girl-an-interview-with-an-american-in-isis?utm_term=.gcEVOxB8z#.im43am7Ex.

Hall, Ellie. “Inside the Chilling Online World of the Women of ISIS.” BuzzFeed, September 12, 2014. https://www.buzzfeed.com/ellievhall/inside-the-online-world-of-the-women-of-isis.

Hall, John. “ ‘Islamic State Magazine Says Group Enslaves Yazidis.” Daily Mail, October 12, 2014. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2790131/Islamic-State-magazine-says-group-enslaved-yazidis.html.

Hamm, Mark. “Terrorist Recruitment in American Correctional Institutions: An Exploratory Study of Non-Traditional Faith Groups Final Report.” US Department of Justice, December 2007. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/220957.pdf.

Hammer, Joshua. “Escape from Boko Haram.” Smithsonian Magazine 46, no. 5 (2015): 56–67. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=fth&AN=109175909&site=eds-live&scope=site.

Harding, Luke. “The Other Prisoners.” The Guardian, May 21, 2004.

Harrison, Shane. “Lisa Smith: Ex-Soldier Turned IS Member Gets 15 Month Sentence.” BBC, July 22, 2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62264471.

Hassan, Lila. “Repatriating ISIS Foreign Fighters Is Key to Stemming Radicalization, Experts Say, but Many Countries Don’t Want Their Citizens Back.” Frontline, April 6, 2021. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/repatriating-isis-foreign-fighters-key-to-stemming-radicalization-experts-say-but-many-countries-dont-want-citizens-back/.

“The Height of Humiliation.” Al-Ahram, June 22–28, 2006. http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2006/800/focus.htm.

Hibri, Azizah Yahia al-. “Muslim Women’s Rights in the Global Village: Challenges and Opportunities.” Journal of Law and Religion 15, no. 1/2 (2000): 37–66. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1051514.

Hilberg, Raul. The Destruction of the Jews. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1973.

“Hoda Muthana: Alabama IS Bride Loses Appeal for Return to US.” BBC, January 12, 2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-59974939.

Hoffman, Yaacov S. G., et al. “Complex PTSD and Its Correlates amongst Female Yazidi Victims of Sexual Slavery Living in Post-ISIS Camps.” World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) 17, no. 1 (2018): 112–13.

Howard, Michael. “Tortured Bodies of US Soldiers Found Dumped Near Baghdad.” The Guardian, June 21, 2006. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/21/usa.iraq1.

“How Do You Define Genocide?” BBC, April 2, 2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-11108059.

Hoyle, Carolyn, Alexandra Bradford, and Ross Frenett. Becoming Mulan: Female Western Migrants to ISIS. ISD Global, 2015. https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/ISDJ2969_Becoming_Mulan_01.15_WEB.pdf.

Hughes, Seamus, Bennett Clifford, and Alexander Milagreou Hitchens. “When Terrorists Plotted a Texas Jailbreak and Other Stories We Almost Missed.” Daily Beast, November 15, 2020. https://www.thedailybeast.com/when-isis-plotted-a-texas-jailbreak-and-other-terrorism-stories-we-almost-missed.

Human Rights Council. “Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel.” June 18, 2024. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/06/israeli-authorities-palestinian-armed-groups-are-responsible-war-crimes.

Human Rights Watch. “Boko Haram Abducts Women, Recruits Children—Hundreds ‘Disappeared’ by Security Forces—Vigilante Movement on the Rise.” Press release, November 29, 2013. https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/11/29/nigeria-boko-haram-abducts-women-recruits-children.

Human Rights Watch. “Iraq: ISIS Escapees Describe Systematic Rape, Yazidi Survivors in Need of Urgent Care.” April 14, 2015. http://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/14/iraq-isis-escapees-describe-systematic-rape.

Human Rights Watch. “A Long Way Home: Life for the Women Rescued from Boko Haram.” July 29, 2015. https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/07/29/long-way-home-life-women-rescued-boko-haram.

Human Rights Watch. “Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence during the Rwandan Genocide and Its Aftermath.” 1996. https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1996/Rwanda.htm.

Human Rights Watch. “Syria: Dire Conditions for ISIS Suspects’ Families.” July 23, 2019. https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/07/23/syria-dire-conditions-isis-suspects-families.

Human Rights Watch. “Syria: Extremists Restricting Women’s Rights.” January 13, 2014. https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/01/13/syria-extremists-restricting-womens-rights.

Human Rights Watch. “Victims of Abductions Tell Their Stories—Horrific Abuses by Boko Haram, Lack of Government Protection.” October 27, 2014. https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/10/27/nigeria-victims-abductions-tell-their-stories.

Human Rights Watch/Middle East Watch. Iraq’s Crime of Genocide: The Anfal Campaign against the Kurds. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.

Hussein, Rikar, and Nisan Ahmado. “In New Decree, Yazidi Accept Kids Born of IS Rape.” Voice of America, April 25, 2019. https://www.voanews.com/a/in-new-decree-yazidi-to-accept-children-born-of-is-rape/4892284.html.

Hussein, Tam. “How Malika El-Aroud Paved the Way for Francophone Jihadism in Europe.” New Lines Magazine, June 12, 2023. https://newlinesmag.com/essays/how-malika-el-aroud-paved-the-way-for-francophone-jihadism-in-europe/.

Ibrahim, Hawkar, Verena Ertl, Claudia Catani, Azed Ali Ismail, and Frank Neuner. “Trauma and Perceived Social Rejection among Yazidi Women and Girls Who Survived Enslavement and Genocide.” BMC Medicine 16, no. 1 (2018): 154. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1140-5.

“Increase in Female Bombers Raises Concern.” CBS News, July 19, 2009. http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-500257_162-3677485.html.

Ingram, Hororo, Craig Whiteside, and Charlie Winter, eds. The ISIS Reader: Milestone Texts of the Islamic State. London: Oxford University Press, 2020.

Ingram, Kiriloi M. “An Analysis of Islamic State’s Gendered Propaganda Targeted towards Women: From Territorial Control to Insurgency.” Terrorism and Political Violence 35, no. 2 (2023): 338–54. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546553.2021.1919637.

Ingram, Kiriloi M. “The Militarisation of Motherhood: Repatriating ISIS’s Western Women.” Lowy Institute, November 22, 2022. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/militarisation-motherhood-repatriating-isis-s-western-women.

International Crisis Group. “Women and Children First: Repatriating the Westerners Affiliated with ISIS.” November 18, 2019. https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/eastern-mediterranean/syria/208-women-and-children-first-repatriating-westerners-affiliated-isis.

Ioanes, Ellen, “What the UN Report on October 7 Sexual Violence Does—and Doesn’t—Say.” Vox, March 8, 2024. https://www.vox.com/world-politics/24093631/un-israel-october-7-sexual-violence.

“IS Bride Full Interview: I Was Okay with Beheadings.” Sky News, February 18, 2019. https://news.sky.com/video/is-bride-a-lot-of-people-should-have-sympathy-for-me-11640208.

“IS Bride Shamima Begum Full Transcript: ‘It Was Nice at First, Like in the Videos.’ ” Sky News, February 20, 2019. https://news.sky.com/story/is-bride-shamima-begum-full-transcript-i-did-have-a-good-time-there-11640278.

ISIS. “ ‘O Women, Give Charity.’ ” Al-Nabā’ 45, no. 30 (August 2016): 14.

“ISIS Claims It Executed Haruna Yukawa, One of Two Japanese Hostages.” NBC News, January 24, 2015. https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/isis-claims-it-executed-haruna-yukawa-one-two-japanese-hostages-n291926.

“ISIS’ Demand for Release of Sajida al-Rishawi Seen as Propaganda Ploy.” NBC News, January 24, 2015. https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/isis-demand-release-sajida-al-rishawi-seen-propaganda-ploy-n292956.

“ISIS Using Kidnapped Yazidi Children in Suicide Missions.” Foreign Desk, February 14, 2017. https://foreigndesknews.com/lisas-desk/isis-using-kidnapped-yazidi-children-suicide-missions/.

“Islamic State ‘Beatle’ Backs Slavery, Disagrees with Traffic Tickets.” The Week, April 9, 2018. https://www.theweek.co.uk/92787/islamic-state-beatle-backs-slavery-disagrees-with-traffic-tickets.

“Islamic State Video Depicts Final Hours of Yazidi Child Suicide Bombers.” Iraqi News, February 15, 2017. http://www.iraqinews.com/iraq-war/video-depicts-last-minutes-life-minor-yazidi-suicide-bombers/.

Itkowitz, Colby. “CNN: Islamic State Uses Nutella and Kittens to Entice Female Recruits.” Washington Post, February 18, 2015. https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/in-the-loop/wp/2015/02/18/cnn-islamic-state-uses-nutella-and-kittens-to-entice-female-recruits/.

Izso, Lauren, Jeremy Diamond, and Eyad Kourdi. “Israeli Woman Who Was Held Hostage by Hamas Speaks Out on Her Abduction and Sexual Assault in Gaza.” CNN, March 27, 2024. https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/26/middleeast/amit-soussana-israeli-hostage-hamas-sexual-assault-intl/index.html.

Jaffer, Nabeela. “The Secret World of ISIS Brides.” The Guardian, June 24, 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/24/isis-brides-secret-world-jihad-western-women-syria.

Jalassi, Mohammad Yassin al-. “Tunisians Raise Alarm on Fatwa Encouraging ‘Sexual Jihad.’ ” Al Monitor, March 27, 2013.

Jamidyar, Ahmad. “Syrian, Iranian–Led Forces Capture Abu Kamal.” Middle East Institute, November 8, 2017. https://www.mei.edu/publications/syrian-iranian-led-forces-capture-abu-kamal-threaten-confront-us-and-sdf.

Josh, Adesewa. “Women of War—Boko Haram Wives.” TRT World, 2019. https://www.trtworld.com/perspectives/women-of-war-boko-haram-wives-27522.

Joshi, Priya. “Boko Haram in Nigeria: Women Describe Being ‘Sex Machines’ for Islamist Captors.” International Business Times, May 7, 2015. https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/boko-haram-nigeria-women-describe-being-sex-machines-by-islamist-captors-1500247.

Jougla, Karina. “The Ideology of the Veil: Fundamentally Misogynistic or Fundamentally Misunderstood?” The Morningside Review 10 (May 2014): 40–46. https://journals.library.columbia.edu/index.php/TMR/article/view/5431.

Kao, Kristen, and Mara Redlich Revkin. “Retribution or Reconciliation? Post-Conflict Attitudes toward Enemy Collaborators.” American Journal of Political Science, February 12, 2021. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ajps.12673.

Kehoe, Paddy. “Jihad Jane and the Waterford Link in New Documentary.” RTÉ, February 17, 2020. https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/movie-reviews/2020/0212/1114787-jihad-jane-and-the-waterford-link-in-new-documentary/.

Kenetkar, Riddhima. “Indiana Woman Samantha Sally Claims Husband Duped Her into Joining ISIS.” International Business Times, April 20, 2018. https://www.ibtimes.com/indiana-woman-samantha-sally-claims-husband-duped-her-joining-isis-2673759.

Kershner, Isabelle. “Palestinians Honor a Figure Reviled in Israel as a Terrorist.” New York Times, March 12, 2010. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/12/world/middleeast/12westbank.html.

Khosrokhavar, Farhad. “The Jihadis and the Family.” In Jihadism in Europe: European Youth and the New Caliphate, 224–71. New York: Oxford Academic, 2021.

Kikoler, Naomi. “Our Generation Is Gone.” US Holocaust Memorial Museum. https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/Iraq-Bearing-Witness-Report-111215.pdf.

Kizilhan, J. I., T. Berger, L. Sennhauser, and T. Wenzel. “The Psychological Impact of Genocide on the Yazidis.” Frontiers in Psychology 14 (2023). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1074283.

Kressel, Gideon M., et al. “Bride-Price Reconsidered [and Comments].” Current Anthropology 18, no. 3 (1977): 441–58.

Kressel, Neil J. “When Moderate Religion Fails: Some Social and Psychological Roots of Extremist Faith.” Paper presented at the Thirtieth Annual Scientific Meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology, Portland, Oregon, July 6, 2007.

Kruglanski, Arie W., Erica Molinario, Katarzyna Jasko, David Webber, N. Pontus Leander, and Antonio Pierro. “Significance-Quest Theory.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 17, no. 4 (February 2022): 1050–71.

Lahoud, Nelly. The Bin Laden Papers: How the Abbottabad Raid Revealed the Truth about al-Qaeda, Its Leader, and His Family. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2022.

Lahoud, Nelly. “Empowerment or Subjugation: An Analysis of ISIL’s Gender Messaging.” UN Women, 2018. https://arabstates.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2018/6/empowerment-or-subjugation.

Lahoud, Nelly. “The Neglected Sex: The Jihadis’ Exclusion of Women from Jihad.” Combating Terrorism Center, West Point. February 19, 2014. https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-neglected-sex-the-jihadis-exclusion-of-women-from-jihad.

Lahoud, Nelly. “Umayma al-Zawahiri on Women’s Role in Jihad.” February 26, 2010, the-real-islam.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=315.

Lahoud, Nelly. “What the Jihadis Left Behind.” London Review of Books 42, no. 2 (January 23, 2020). https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v42/n02/nelly-lahoud/what-the-jihadis-left-behind.

Lalzoy, Najibullah. “Taliban to Include Suicide Bombers in Their Army.” Khaama, January 4, 2022. https://www.khaama.com/taliban-to-include-suicide-bombers-in-their-army-876876/.

Lancaster, Roger N. “Subject Honor and Object Shame: The Construction of Male Homosexuality and Stigma in Nicaragua.” Ethnology 27, no. 2 (April 1988): 111–25.

“Lars Vilks Dead.” New York Times, October 4, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/04/world/europe/lars-vilks-dead.html.

Lathem, Niles. “Kidnapped GIs Slaughtered: Throats Are Slit by Qaeda’s New Fiend.” New York Post, June 21, 2006. https://nypost.com/2006/06/21/kidnapped-gis-slaughtered-throats-are-slit-by-qaedas-new-fiend-2/.

Lavoie, Frédérick. “Moscou: Une des Kamikazes Avait 17 Ans.” La Presse, April 3, 2010. https://www.lapresse.ca/international/correspondants/201004/02/01-4266798-moscou-une-des-kamikazes-avait-17-ans.php.

Lazaroff, Tovah. “Kirby: Safe to Assume Hamas Is still Weaponizing Sexual Violence.” Jerusalem Post, December 7, 2023. https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-777071.

Lederer, Edith M. “Sexual Violence Becomes Favorite Tool of Torture for Extremist Groups Like ISIS and Boko Haram: Report.” Huffington Post, April 14, 2015. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/14/sexual-violence-report-boko-haram-isis_n_7059652.html.

Leithead, Alastair. “Boko Haram Abductions: Freed ‘Bride’ Tells of Stigma Ordeal.” BBC, April 14, 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36041860.

Lemkin, Raphael. Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation—Analysis of Government—Proposals for Redress. 2nd ed. Clark, NJ: Lawbook Exchange, 2005.

Libell, Henrik Pryser. “ISIS Wife’s Return to Norway Divides Government.” New York Times, January 24, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/20/world/europe/isis-norway.html.

Liow, Joseph Chinyong. “ISIS Reaches Indonesia: The Terrorist Group’s Prospects in Southeast Asia.” Foreign Affairs, February 8, 2016. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/indonesia/2016-02-08/isis-reaches-indonesia.

Lipstadt, Deborah and Michèle Taylor. “Israeli Women and Girls Have Suffered Horrific Sexual Violence from Hamas. Where Is the Outrage?” The Guardian, January 11, 2024. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/jan/11/israeli-women-and-girls-have-suffered-horrific-sexual-violence-from-hamas-where-is-the-outrage?CMP=share_btn_tw.

Lobel, Oved. “The Taliban Are Losing the Fight against Islamic State.” Australian Strategic Policy Institute, December 6, 2021. https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-taliban-are-losing-the-fight-against-islamic-state/.

Logan, Nick, “ISIS Demanded Sajida al-Rishawi’s Release, Now Jordan Has Executed Her.” Global News, February 3, 2015. https://globalnews.ca/news/1810144/isis-demanded-sajida-al-rishawis-release-now-jordan-plans-to-execute-her/.

Loveluck, Louisa. “After Five Failed Attempts to Escape ISIS Slavery, She Tried One Last Time.” Washington Post, February 23, 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/after-five-failed-attempts-to-escape-isis-slavery-she-tried-one-last-time/2019/02/23/2137450c-3469–11e9–8375-e3dcf6b68558_story.html.

Lybrand, Holmes. “Kansas Woman Who Led Female ISIS Battalion in Syria Pleads Guilty.” CNN, June 7, 2022. https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/07/politics/isis-allison-fluke-ekren-plea/index.html?utm_source=twCNN&utm_content=2022-06-07T22%3A30%3A11&utm_term=link&utm_medium=social.

Macdarmid, Campbell. “Families of British Women and Children in Syrian Camps Fear for Their Safety.” The Telegraph, April 2, 2021. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/04/02/families-british-women-children-held-syrian-camps-fear-safety/.

MacDonald, Robin. “White Feather Feminism: The Recalcitrant Progeny of Radical Suffragist and Conservative Pro-War Britain.” Florida Gulf Coast University. Accessed June 2009. http://itech.fgcu.edu/&/issues/vol1/issue1/feather.htm.

Madar, Revital. “Beyond Male Israeli Soldiers, Palestinian Women, Rape, and War.” Conflict and Society 9, no. 1 (June 2023): 72–88.

Maiangwa, Benjamin, Ufo Okeke Uzodike, Ayo Whetho, and Hakeem Onapajo. “ ‘Baptism by Fire’: Boko Haram and the Reign of Terror in Nigeria.” Africa Today 59, no. 2 (Winter 2012): 41–57, https://doi.org/10.2979/africatoday.59.2.41.

Makiya, Kanan [Samir al Khalil]. Cruelty and Silence. New York: W. W. Norton, 1994.

Makiya, Kanan. “Rape in the Service of the State.” The Nation 256, no. 18 (May 10, 1993): 627–30.

Makiya, Kanan. “State Rape: Violation of Iraqi Women.” New Statesman and Society 6, no. 251 (May 17, 1993): 16–17.

Malik, Shiv. “English-Speaking Female Jihadis in Libya Issue Islamic State Call to Arms.” The Guardian, September 27, 2015. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/27/english-speaking-female-jihadis-libya-islamic-state.

Malm, Sara. “Nine-Year-Old Sex Slave Is Made Pregnant by 10 ISIS Militants Raping Her, Says Aid Worker.” Daily Mail, April 12, 2015. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3035577/Nine-year-old-sex-slave-pregnant-10-ISIS-militants-raping-says-aid-worker.html.

Markovic, Vesna. “Suicide Squad: Boko Haram’s Use of the Female Suicide Bomber.” Women & Criminal Justice 29, no. 4–5 (2019): 283–302.

Massad, Joseph. Desiring Arabs. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.

McDowall, Adam. “Freed Yazidi Woman in Syria Endured Years of Islamic State Slavery.” Reuters, March 8, 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-islamic-state-yazidi-idUSKCN1QP1FL.

McEvans, Kelly. “Jemaah Islamiyah Uses Women, Marriage to Strengthen Ties.” The Straits Times (Singapore), January 14, 2004.

Mehra, Tanya, Thomas Renard, and Merlina Herbach, eds. Female Jihadis Facing Justice: Comparing Approaches in Europe. The Hague: ICCT Press, 2024.

Mekhennet, Souad, and Joby Warrick. “ISIS Brides Returning Home and Raising the Next Generation of Jihadist Martyrs.” National Post, November 27, 2017. https://nationalpost.com/news/world/isis-brides-returning-home-and-raising-the-next-generation-of-jihadist-martyrs.

Menmy, Dana Taib. “ ‘We Do Not Accept Those Children’: Yazidis Forbid ISIL Offspring.” Al Jazeera, March 24, 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/3/24/wrenching-choice-Yazidi-mothers-to-choose-children-or-community.

Merlin, Ohad. “Hamas, Al Jazeera Admit: Story of IDF Rapes in Gaza Hospital Fabricated.” Jerusalem Post, March 25, 2024. https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-793560.

Miadjenovic, Lepa, and Divna Matijasevic. “SOS Belgrade July 1993-1995: Dirty Streets.” In Women in a Violent World: Feminist Analyses and Resistance across Europe, edited by Chris Corrin, chap. 6. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 1996.

Middle East Media Research Institute. “Leader of Al-Qaeda in Iraq Al-Zarqawi Declares ‘Total War’ on Shi’ites, States That the Sunni Women of Tel’afar Had ‘Their Wombs Filled with the Sperm of the Crusaders.’ ”: MEMRI, September 16, 2005. https://scholarship.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/items/8b5cdf19-f016-4210-849c-fe0ef6388280.

Middle East Media Research Institute. “Islamic State (ISIS) Releases Pamphlet on Female Slaves.” MEMRI, December 3, 2014. http://www.memrijttm.org/islamic-state-isis-releases-pamphlet-on-female-slaves.html.

Mironova, Vera. “The Challenge of Foreign Fighters: Repatriating and Prosecuting ISIS Detainees.” Middle East Institute, January 2021. https://www.mei.edu/sites/default/files/202101/The%20Challenge%20of%20Foreign%20Fighters.pdf.

Mironova, Vera. From Freedom Fighters to Jihadists: Human Resources of Non State Armed Groups. London: Oxford University Press, 2019.

Moaveni, Azadeh. Guest House for Young Widows: Among the Women of ISIS. London: Scribe, 2019.

Moaveni, Azadeh. “What Would Make a Woman Go Back to Boko Haram? Despair.” The Guardian, January 13, 2019.

Mohammadi, Dara. “Help for Yazidi Survivors of Sexual Violence.” The Lancet Psychiatry 3, no. 5 (2016): 409–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30004-9.

Mostarom, Tuty Raihanah, and Nur Azlin Mohamed Yasin. “The Internet: Avenue for Women Jihadi ‘Participation.’ ” Nanyang Technical University, Singapore. http://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/handle/10220/6649/RSIS0882010.pdf?sequence=1.

“Mother of the Female Bombers Speaks Out.” Die Welt, February 5, 2009.

Moussa, Jenan. “I Had First Interview with Notorious ISIS Member from UK, Part of Group Dubbed ‘The Beatles.’ ” @jenanmoussa, April 8, 2018, cited in https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/982935563694215168.html.

Muir, Jim. “Behind the Grim Kurdish Flight.” Christian Science Monitor, April 18, 1991.

Murad, Nadia. The Last Girl: My Story of Captivity, and My Fight against the Islamic State. New York: Crown, 2017.

Mylroie, Laurie. “US Woman Backed ISIS—‘Way for Her to Feel Important.’ ” Kurdistan24, June 8, 2022. https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/28630-US-woman-backed-ISIS%E2%80%94%27way-for-her-to-feel-important%27.

National Bureau of Economic Research. “Where Are ISIS’s Foreign Fighters Coming From?” The Digest, June 6, 2016. https://www.nber.org/digest/jun16/where-are-isiss-foreign-fighters-coming.

Ndung’u, Irene, and Uyo Salifu. “The Role of Women in Violent Extremism in Kenya.” Institute for Security Studies, Report 12, May 2017. http://genderinkenya.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/The-role-of-women-in-VE-in-Kenya.pdf.

Ndung’u, Irene, Romi Sigsworth, and Uyo Yenwong-fai. “Violent Extremism in Kenya: Why Women Are a Priority.” Institute for Security Studies, November 8, 2017. https://issafrica.org/research/monographs/violent-extremism-in-kenya-why-women-are-a-priority.

Neighbour, Sally. Mother of Mohammed: An Australian Woman’s Extraordinary Journey into Jihad. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.

“Nigeria: Starving Women Raped by Soldiers and Militia Who Claim to Be Rescuing Them.” Impact News Service, May 24, 2018. https://allafrica.com/stories/201410280972.html.

“Nigeria’s Boko Haram Group Explained—in 60 Seconds.” BBC, May 6, 2014. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-27048076.

Nitsan, Tal. “Controlled Occupation: The Rarity of Military Rape in the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict.” Master’s thesis, Hebrew University, 2006. https://www.academia.edu/3731117/Controlled_Occupation_The_Rarity_of_Military_Rape_in_the_Israeli_Palestinian_Conflict_2007_Hebrew_.

Noack, Rick. “Norway’s Prime Minister Loses Majority after Authorities Repatriate Islamic State Suspect and Her Children from Syria.” Washington Post, January 20, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/01/20/norways-prime-minister-loses-majority-after-authorities-repatriate-islamic-state-suspect-her-children-syria/+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us.

“No, Buying ‘The Koran for Dummies’ Doesn’t Mean You’ll Get Islam Right.” The World, August 27, 2014. https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-08-27/no-buying-koran-dummies-doesnt-mean-youll-get-islam-right.

Nossiter, Adam. “Boko Haram Militants Raped Hundreds of Female Captives in Nigeria.” New York Times, May 18, 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/19/world/africa/boko-haram-militants-raped-hundreds-of-female-captives-in-nigeria.html?smid=tw-share&_r=1.

Nossiter, Adam. “Boko Haram’s Strategy of Sexual Terror.” International New York Times, May 18, 2015.

Nwaubani, Adaobi Tricia. “The Women Rescued from Boko Haram Who Are Returning to Their Captors,” The New Yorker, December 20, 2018. https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/the-women-rescued-from-boko-haram-who-are-returning-to-their-captors.

Nzwilli, Frederick. “As Nigeria Prepares to Install New President, Female Suicide Bombings Spike.” Religion News Service, May 27, 2015. http://www.religionnews.com/2015/05/27/nigeria-prepares-install-new-president-female-suicide-bombings-spike/.

Olaniyan, Azeez. “Feminization of Terror: Boko Haram and Female Suicide Bombers in Nigeria.” IAFOR: The Academic Platform, June 6, 2017. https://think.iafor.org/feminization-of-terror-boko-haram-and-female-suicide-bombers-in-nigeria/.

Papinen, Padmasayee. “Children of Bad Memories.” The Lancet, September 6, 2003. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(03)14277-8/fulltext.

Paraszczuk, Joanna. “Speed Dating in the Islamic State.” Mercator, January 7, 2015. https://mercatornet.com/speed_dating_in_the_islamic_state/18028/.

Pardy, Nicola. “Yazidi Women Still Fear ISIS Months after Their Defeat.” The World, Public Radio International, May 21, 2019. https://theworld.org/stories/2019/05/20/yazidi-women-still-fear-isis-months-after-their-defeat.

Percy, Jennifer. “How Does the Human Soul Survive Atrocity?” New York Times Magazine, November 3, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/10/31/magazine/iraq-mental-health.html.

Perelman, Marc. “The Interview: ‘How I Escaped Boko Haram.’ ” France 24, February 25, 2015. https://www.france24.com/en/20150225-interview-escaped-boko-haram-nigeria-chibok.

Perez, Lt. Col. Celestino. “The Embedded Morality in FM 3–24 Counterinsurgency.” Military Review, May–June 2009, 25. http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20090630_art007.pdf.

Perry, Alex. “Countering al Shabab: How the War on Terrorism Is Being Fought in East Africa.” Time, July 3, 2012. http://world.time.com/2012/07/03/countering-al-shabab-how-the-war-on-terror-is-being-fought-in-east-africa/.

Pesta, Abigail. “#Bring Back Our Girls: Meet Some of the Survivors From the Boko Haram Chibok Kidnapping.” Cosmopolitan, June 9, 2015. https://www.cosmopolitan.com/politics/a41623/bring-back-our-girls-chibok-interview/.

Pharr, Susanne. “Hate Violence against Women.” Transformation 5, no. 1 (1990): 1–3.

Phillips, Brian J., Theodora-Ismene Gizelis, and Sara M. T. Polo. “Gendered Restraint: Why Do Some Militant Groups Rarely Kill Women?” Paper presented at International Studies Association, April 7, 2021.

Pilkington Ed. “ ‘Jihad Jane’ Explains Her Strange Journey from Victim to Radical Muslim.” The Guardian, December 8, 2012. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/08/jihad-jane-journey-victim-radical.

Pollard, Ruth. “Rape Is a War Crime That Goes Unpunished.” Washington Post, April 18, 2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/rape-is-a-war-crime-that-goes-unpunished/2022/04/18/483e3792-bf70-11ec-b5df-1fba61a66c75_story.html.

Pompeo, Mike. Mornings with Maria Bartiromo. Fox Business News, February 21, 2019.

Poris, Aaron, Miriam Bulwar, and David-Hay, “Freed from Hell: Timeline of Hostage Releases during Israel Hamas War,” Jerusalem Post, December 3, 2023, https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-776293.

Post, Jerrold. Military Studies in the Jihad against the Tyrants: The Al Qaeda Training Manual. Montgomery, AL: USAF Counterproliferation Center, 2004.

“President Says Saddam Hussein Must Leave Iraq within 48 Hours.” White House Press statement, March 17, 2003. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030317-7.html.

Prucha, Nico. “Pictures of Female Mujahidin in Afpak.” Online Jihad: Monitoring Jihadist Online Communities, November 28, 2009. Accessed April 2024. https://onlinejihad.net/2009/11/28/pictures-of-female-mujahidin-in-afpak/.

Qaradawi, Yusuf al. “Advisory Opinion of the Brand about the Participation of Women in Martyrdom Operations.” Middle East Forum. https://www.meforum.org/646/the-qaradawi-fatwas.

Qaradawi, Yusuf al. Fiqh al Jihad. “Qaradawi’s Revisions.” Posted by Marc Lynch on Foreign Policy, July 9, 2009. https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/07/09/qaradawis-revisions/.

Rada, Richard T. Clinical Aspects of the Rapist. Seminars in Psychiatry. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1978.

Rahman, Khaleeda. “ ‘I Don’t Think John Lennon Would Like Us Much’: British ISIS ‘Beatle’ Who Helped Torture and Behead Hostages with Jihadi John DEFENDS Slavery as He Gives Bizarre Interview from Custody.” Daily Mail, April 8, 2018. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5591465/ISIS-thug-Beatles-gives-bizarre-interview-custody.html#ixzz5CAKxUUDl.

Rashed, AbdulRahman al-. “The Reality of Sexual Jihad.” Al Sharq al Awsat, March 4, 2015. http://www.aawsat.net/2015/03/article55341996/opinion-the-reality-of-sexual-jihad.

Rauhala, Emily, and Amanda Coletta. “Far from the Crumbling Caliphate but Haunted by ISIS.” Washington Post, April 10, 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/world/wp/2019/04/10/feature/the-caliphate-has-crumbled-but-isis-still-haunts-Yazidi-refugees-in-canada/.

“Regeringen vil hente børn og mødre hjem fra fangelejre i Syrien.” TV2 (Denmark), May 18, 2021. https://nyheder.tv2.dk/politik/2021-05-18-regeringen-vil-hente-boern-og-moedre-hjem-fra-fangelejre-i-syrien.

Renard, Thomas, and Rik Coolsaet. “From Bad to Worse: The Fate of European Fighters and Their Families Detained in Syria One Year after the Turkish Offensive.” Security Policy Brief no. 130, Edgmont Institute, October 2020.

The Return: Life after ISIS. CBC, Passionate Eye series. May 2021. https://www.cbc.ca/documentaries/the-passionate-eye/these-western-women-left-their-home-countries-to-join-isis-why-did-they-do-it-1.6207886.

Reuter, Christopher. “ ‘Sex Jihad’ and Other Lies: Assad’s Elaborate Disinformation Campaign.” Der Speigel, October 7, 2013. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/assad-regime-wages-pr-campaign-to-discredit-rebels-a-926479.html.

Revkin, Mara Redlich, and Elisabeth Jean Wood. “The Islamic State’s Pattern of Sexual Violence: Ideology and Institutions, Policies and Practices,” Journal of Global Security Studies 6, no. 2 (2020): 1–20.

Ridolfo, Kathleen. “Iraq: Rape Case Highlights Sectarian Power Struggle.” Radio Free Europe, February 21, 2007. https://www.rferl.org/a/1074851.html.

Rizzo, Salvator. “Kansas Mom Pleads Guilty to Terrorism.” Washington Post, June 7, 2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/06/07/kansas-mom-pleads-guilty-to-terrorism/.

Robertson, Nic. “Belgian Al Qaeda Cell Linked to 2006 Airline Plot.” CNN, February 10, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/02/10/belgium.terror/index.html.

Roy, Jessica. “Two Sisters and the Terrorist Who Came Between Them.” Elle, August 27, 2019. https://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/a28485965/samantha-elhassani-isis-sisters-part-one/.

Rubin, Alissa J. “How Baida Wanted to Die.” New York Times, August 12, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/16/magazine/16suicide-t.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.

Sageman, Marc. “The Next Generation of Terror.” Foreign Policy 165 (2008): 36–42.

Sahari, Yassera al. “SAVE Yemen.” WLUML.org. Accessed June 2010. http://www.wluml.org/node/5917.

Salih, Huda al. “Baghdadi Appoints ISIS Female Fighter to Syria Battalion.” Al Arabiya News, February 28, 2016. https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2016/02/28/Baghdadi-appoints-ISIS-female-fighter-to-Syria-battalion.

Saltman, Erin Marie, and Melanie Smith. “ ‘Till Martyrdom Do Us Part’: Gender and the ISIS Phenomenon.” Institute for Strategic Dialogue, May 2015. https://www.isdglobal.org/isd-publications/till-martyrdom-do-us-part-gender-and-the-isis-phenomenon/.

Sanghani, Radhika. “Inside Boko Haram—Where Women Persuade Men to Rape Kidnapped Young Girls.” The Telegraph, October 27, 2014. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11190098/Boko-Haram-Nigerian-women-persuade-men-to-rape-kidnapped-young-girls.html.

Schecter, Anna. “Their Bodies Tell the Stories, They’re Not Alive to Speak for Themselves.” NBC News, December 5, 2023. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/hamas-rape-israeli-women-oct-7-rcna128221#.

Scheerhout, John. “Chorlton Jihadi Bride Twins’ Husbands Killed ‘Fighting in Iraq.’ ” Manchester Evening News, December 7, 2014. https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/chorlton-jihadi-bride-twins-husbands-8242422.

Schelling, Thomas. The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960.

Sciolino, Elaine, and Souad Mekhennet. “Al Qaeda Warrior Uses Internet to Rally Women.” New York Times, May 28, 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/28/world/europe/28terror.html.

Searcey, Dionne. “18 Escaped Girls, 18 Interviews.” New York Times, October 25, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/25/insider/boko-haram-suicide-bombers.html.

Searcey, Dionne. “They Said If We Press the Button.” New York Times, October 25, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/10/25/world/africa/nigeria-boko-haram-suicide-bomb.html.

Seifert, Ruth. “The Second Front: The Logic of Sexual Violence in Wars.” Women’s Studies International Forum 19, nos. 1–2 (January 1996) 35–43.

Seifert, Ruth. War and Rape: A Preliminary Analysis. London: Routledge, 2014.

Sephton, Connor. “Shamima Begum: Britain’s Treatment of IS Bride Criticized as New Photos of Her in Syrian Refugee Camp Emerge.” SkyNews, March 15, 2021.

“Sex Jihad Raging in Syria, Claims Minister.” The Telegraph, September 20, 2013. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10322578/Sex-Jihad-raging-in-Syria-claims-minister.html.

Shalhoub-Kevorkian, Nadera. “Palestinian Women and the Politics of Invisibility Towards a Feminist Methodology.” Peace Prints: South Asian Journal of Peace Building 3 (2010): 1–21.

“Shamima Begum: How Can You Lose Your Citizenship?” BBC, January 11, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/explainers-53428191.

“Shamima Begum: ‘I didn’t want to be IS poster girl.’ ” BBC News interview with Quentin Sommerville, February 19, 2019. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGAxm6KJTWE.

“Shamima Begum: Stripping Citizenship Put Her at Risk of Hanging, Court Hears.” BBC, October 22, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-50137470.

Shane, Scott. “The Web as al-Qaida’s Safety Net.” Baltimore Sun, March 28, 2003.

Sherwood, Harriet. “Boko Haram Abductees Tell of Forced Marriage, Rape, Torture and Abuse.” The Guardian, October 27, 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/27/boko-haram-forced-marriage-rape-torture-abuse-hrw-report.

Shiffman, John. “Special Report: From Abuse to a Chat Room, a Martyr Is Made—Jane’s Jihad.” Reuters, December 7, 2012. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-jihadjane/special-report-from-abuse-to-a-chat-room-a-martyr-is-made-janes-jihad-idUSBRE8B60GP20121207.

Shiffman, John. “U.S. Woman Known as Jihad Jane Sentenced to 10 Years in Plot.” Reuters, January 6, 2014. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-jihadjane/u-s-woman-known-as-jihad-jane-sentenced-to-10-years-in-plot-idUSBREA050PC20140106.

Shpigel, Noa. “Freed Hostage Maya Regev: Every Woman Hostage in Gaza Experiences Sexual Abuse.” Ha’aretz, April 2, 2024. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-04-02/ty-article/.premium/freed-hostage-maya-regev-every-woman-hostage-in-gaza-experiences-sexual-abuse/0000018e-9e09-d764-adff-9ecfce650000.

Shtuni, Adrian. “Rehabilitation and Reintegration Path of Kosovar Minors and Women Repatriated from Syria.” International Republican Institute, 2021. https://www.iri.org/resources/new-report-supports-rehabilitation-of-kosovo-youth-and-women-with-connection-to-violent-extremism/#footnote3.

Sims, Christopher. “Black Widows and Internet Videos: Employing Women in Islamist Insurgencies.” Paper presented to the Gender and War Conference, Newcastle, UK, March 12, 2011. http://kcl.academia.edu/ChristopherSims/Talks/45589/Black_Widows_and_internetInternet_Videos_Employing_Women_in_Islamist_Insurgencies.

Smiley, Minda. “Boko Haram Survivors Share Their Stories in This Chilling International Day of the Girl Campaign.” Adweek, October 11, 2018. https://www.adweek.com/creativity/boko-haram-survivors-share-their-stories-in-this-chilling-international-day-of-the-girl-campaign/.

Specia, Megan. “Shamima Begum Loses Appeal over British Citizenship.” New York Times, February 23, 2024. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/23/world/europe/shamima-begum-uk-citizenship-appeal.html.

Sridharan, Vasudevan. “Egypt: Is ‘Sexual Jihad’ Claim Part of Anti-Morsi Black Propaganda Campaign?” International Business Times, July 13, 2013.

Stahl, Lesley, “Freed Israeli Hostage Yarden Roman-Gat Recounts 54 Days of Terror Being Held by Hamas in Gaza.” CBS News, December 17, 2023. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/freed-israeli-hostage-yarden-roman-gat-recounts-being-held-hamas-gaza-60-minutes-transcript/.

Stahl, Lesley. “The Chibok Girls: Survivors of Kidnapping by Boko Haram Share Their Stories.” 60 Minutes, February 17, 2019. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-chibok-girls-survivors-of-kidnapping-by-boko-haram-share-their-stories-60-minutes/.

Stahl, Leslie, and David Morgan. “Doctor Who Treated Freed Hamas Hostages Describes Physical, Sexual and Psychological Abuse.” CBS News, December 17, 2023. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/doctor-who-treated-freed-hamas-hostages-describes-physical-sexual-and-psychological-abuse/.

Stalinsky, Anat, dir. Screams before Silence, featuring Sheryl Sandberg. Released April 25, 2024. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zAr9oGSXgak.

Storey, Kate. “The American Women of ISIS.” Marie Claire, April 22, 2016. http://www.marieclaire.com/politics/a20011/western-women-who-join-isis/.

Suliman, Adela. “Alabama Woman Who Became ‘ISIS Bride’ Will Continue Legal Fight to Return to U.S., Lawyers Say.” Washington Post, January 13, 2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/01/13/hoda-muthana-islamic-state-alabama-supreme-court/.

“Survivors of Hamas Assault on Music Fest Describe Horrors and How They Made It Out Alive.” PBS NewsHour, transcript. October 10, 2023. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/survivors-of-hamas-assault-on-music-fest-describe-horrors-and-how-they-made-it-out-alive.

“Suspects Plotted Attack from behind Bars.” The Telegraph, May 12, 2009. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/5314517/Al-Qaeda-suspects-plotted-attack-on-Britain-from-behind-bars.html.

Syria, A. L. “Shamima Begum: I Was Brainwashed. I Knew Nothing.” The Times, April 1, 2019. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/isis-bride-shamima-begum-i-regret-everything-please-let-me-start-my-life-again-in-britain-9g0tn08vn.

Tachibana, Yuka, Ben Adams, and Kelly Cobiella. “Yazidi Women Tell of Rape and Enslavement at Hands of ISIS.” NBC News, November 29, 2015. https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-uncovered/yazidi-women-tell-rape-enslavement-hands-isis-n462091.

Tapper, Jake. “ ‘Not Just Killed, Cruelly Mutilated’: Witness Describes Assault of Women on Oct. 7.” CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2023/11/16/the-lead-israel-investigates-sexual-violence-claims-on-october-7-jake-tapper.cnn.

Tapper, Jake, and Kirsten Appleton. “Israel Investigates Sexual Violence Committed by Hamas as Part of October 7 Horror.” CNN, November 19, 2023. https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/17/world/israel-investigates-sexual-violence-hamas/index.html#:~:text=Israeli%20police%20are%20using%20forensic,witnesses%20to%20the%20aftermath%20say.

Temple-Raston, Dina. “Jihadi Cool: Terrorists’ Recruiters Latest Weapon.” NPR, March 26, 2010. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125186382.

“Ten Years of Abu Ghraib.” New Yorker, April 28, 2014. https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/ten-years-of-abu-ghraib.

“Terrorist Identified.” Die Welt, April 6, 2010. https://www.dw.com/en/russia-names-teacher-as-second-subway-suicide-bomber/a-5437274.

“They Said If We Press the Button, We Will Go to Heaven.” The Nation (Nigeria), February 24, 2017. https://thenationonlineng.net/inside-minds-borno-bomber-girls/.

Thomas, Sean. “The Devil Worshippers of Iraq.” The Telegraph, August 19, 2007. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1560714/The-Devil-worshippers-of-Iraq.html.

Thornhill, Ted. “Almost a Year after Boko Haram Kidnapped 270 Girls, One Who Escaped Reveals How the Failure to Save Them Has Inspired the Islamists to Capture and Rape Hundreds More.” Mail Online, February 13, 2015.

Torok, Robyn. “Facebook Jihad: A Case Study of Recruitment Discourses and Strategies Targeting a Western Female.” Proceedings of the 2nd International Cyber Resilience Conference, August 2, 2011.

Turabi, Hassan. “Women in the Teachings of Islam” (Arabic). In Turabi: Spokesman of Radical Islam (Hebrew), edited by Amir Weissbrod, 53–56. Tel Aviv: Dayan Center, Tel Aviv University, 1999.

UNICEF. “Northeast Nigeria: Alarming Spike in Suicide Attacks Involving Women and Girls.” Press release, May 26, 2015. https://www.unicefusa.org/press/northeast-nigeria-alarming-spike-suicide-attacks-involving-women-and-girls.

United Nations, “Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.” December 1984. https://legal.un.org/avl/ha/catcidtp/catcidtp.html.

United Nations. “Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.” December 1948. https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf.

United Nations. “Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness.” 1961. https://www.unhcr.org/ibelong/wp-content/uploads/1961-Convention-on-the-reduction-of-Statelessness_ENG.pdf.

United Nations. “Mission Report: Official Visit of the Office of the SRSG–SVC to Israel and the Occupied West Bank, 29 January–14 February 2024.” https://news.un.org/en/sites/news.un.org.en/files/atoms/files/Mission_report_of_SRSG_SVC_to_Israel-oWB_29Jan_14_feb_2024.pdf.

United Nations. Security Council Resolution 1820. June 19, 2008. https://www.un.org/shestandsforpeace/content/united-nations-security-council-resolution-1820-2008-sres18202008.

United Nations. “Sexual Violence and Armed Conflict: United Nations Response.” April 1998. https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/cover.pdf.

United Nations. “Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery.” April 30, 1957. https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/supplementaryconventionabolitionofslavery.aspx.

United Nations. “UNICEF Urges Repatriation of All Children in Syria’s Al-Hol Camp Following Deadly Fire.” February 28, 2021. https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/02/1085982.

United Nations. “Universal Declaration of Human Rights.” December 10, 1948. https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=Article+15+of+the+Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8.

United Nations, Human Rights Council. “They Came to Destroy: ISIS Crimes against the Yazidis.” June 15, 2016. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/843515?ln=en.

United Nations, Security Council, Counter Terrorism Committee. “Gender Dimensions of Returning Foreign Terrorist Fighters: Research Perspectives.” February 2019. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/ctc/content/gender-dimensions-response-returning-foreign-terrorist-fighters-research-perspectives.

United Nations, Security Council, Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate. “CTED Analytical Brief: The Prosecution of ISIL-Associated Women,” August 8, 2020. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/ctc/sites/www.un.org.securitycouncil.ctc/files/files/documents/2021/Jan/cted_analytical_brief_the_prosecution_of_isil-associated_women.pdf.

United Nations, Security Council, Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate. “Gender Dimensions of Returning Foreign Terrorist Fighters: Research Perspectives.” February 2019. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/ctc/sites/www.un.org.securitycouncil.ctc/files/feb_2019_cted_trends_report_0.pdf.

“UN Team Says Islamic State Committed Genocide against Yazidis.” Voice of America, May 10, 2021. https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/un-team-says-islamic-state-committed-genocide-against-yazidis.

UN Women. “Statement on the Situation in Israel and Gaza.” December 1, 2023. https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/statement/2023/12/un-women-statement-on-the-situation-in-israel-and-gaza#:~:text=We%20deeply%20regret%20that%20military,on%20Israel%20on%207%20October.

“Update: Nadia Murad Urges Turkish FM to Halt Airstrikes in Shingal.” Rudaw, December 16, 2018. https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/161220182.

US Army. “ ‘Black Hearts’ Case Study: The Yusufiyah Crimes, Iraq,” March 12, 2006. https://caplalacaplpfwstorprod01.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/web/repository/written-case-studies/black-hearts-yusufiyah-iraq.pdf.

US Attorney’s Office, Middle District of Tennessee. “Sparta Woman Pleads Guilty to Concealing Material Support Intended for a Foreign Terrorist Organization,” January 18, 2022. https://www.justice.gov/usao-mdtn/pr/sparta-woman-pleads-guilty-concealing-material-support-intended-foreign-terrorist.

US Department of Justice. “Colorado Woman Sentenced for Conspiracy to Provide Material Support to a Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization,” January 23, 2015. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/colorado-woman-sentenced-conspiracy-provide-material-support-designated-foreign-terrorist.

US Department of Justice. “Former Indiana Resident Pleads Guilty to Concealing Terrorism Financing,” November 26, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/former-indiana-resident-pleads-guilty-concealing-terrorism-financing.

US Department of Justice. United States v. Ali Charaf Damache. Sentencing memorandum. October 30, 2018. https://extremism.gwu.edu/sites/g/files/zaxdzs2191/f/Damache%20Sentencing%20Memorandum.pdf.

US Department of Justice. United States v. Georgianna A. M. Giampietro. “Motion to Revoke Detention Order and Release to Home Confinement.” November 6, 2020. https://extremism.gwu.edu/sites/g/files/zaxdzs2191/f/Giampietro%20Govt%20Opposition%20to%20Defendant%20Motion%20to%20Revoke%20Detention%20Order.pdf.

US Department of Justice. The United States v. Jaelyn Delshaun Young and Mohammed Oda Dakhlalla. Criminal complaint, May 21, 2015. https://www.justice.gov/opa/file/705906/download.

US Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs. November 1, 2022. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/american-woman-who-led-isis-battalion-sentenced-20-years.

US Department of State. “What Is Modern Slavery?” https://www.state.gov/what-is-modern-slavery/#child.

US House of Representatives, Committee on Homeland Security, 112th Congress. “Boko Haram: Emerging Threat to the U.S. Homeland.” December 2011. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CPRT-112HPRT71725/html/CPRT-112HPRT71725.htm.

US House of Representatives. “Women under Isis Rule: From Brutality to Recruitment.” Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, 114th Congress, US Government Publishing Office, July 29, 2015. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-114hhrg95695/html/CHRG-114hhrg95695.htm.

‘Uyairī, Yūsuf al-. “The Role of the Women in Fighting the Enemies.” Pamphlet. Al Tibyan Publications, undated.

Vale, Gina. “Women in Islamic State: From Caliphate to Camps.” Report, International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, The Hague, October 2019. https://icct.nl/app/uploads/2019/10/Women-in-Islamic-State-From-Caliphate-to-Camps.pdf.

Van Evera, Stephen. “Hypotheses on Nationalism and War.” International Security 18, no. 4 (1994): 5–39. https://doi.org/10.2307/2539176.

Variyar, Mugdha. “Woman Burned Alive for Refusing Extreme Sex Act.” International Business Times, May 25, 2015. http://www.ibtimes.co.in/isis-woman-burned-alive-refusing-extreme-sex-act-girls-offered-sexual-jihad-fighters-633613.

Von Heine, Matthias. “Never-Ending Catastrophe for Yazidi Children.” Deutsche Weille, August 3, 2020. https://www.dw.com/en/yazidi-children/a-54417617.

Walsh, Nick Paton. “Beaten, Tortured, Sexually Abused: An American ISIS Widow Looks for a Way Home.” CNN, April 20, 2018. https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/19/middleeast/syria-us-isis-bride-intl/index.html.

Walsh, Nick Paton. “ISIS Bride.” CNN, April 20, 2018. https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/19/middleeast/syria-us-isis-bride-intl/index.html.

Walter, Barbara F., and Jack Snyder, eds. Civil Wars, Insecurity, and Intervention. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.

Ward, Myah. “Biden Calls on World to ‘Forcefully Condemn’ Sexual Violence by Hamas.” Politico, December 5, 2023. https://www.politico.com/news/2023/12/05/biden-condemn-sexual-violence-hamas-00130221.

Ware, Gemma, and Wale Fatade. “Nigeria: Why Do Children Keep Getting Kidnapped?” The Conversation, podcast, April 22, 2021. https://theconversation.com/nigeria-why-do-children-keep-getting-kidnapped-podcast-159099?utm_campaign=Counter-Terrorism%20News%20Round-Up&utm_medium=email&utm_source=Revue%20newsletter.

Warner, Jason, and Hilary Matfess. “Exploding Stereotypes: The Unexpected Operational and Demographic Characteristics of Boko Haram’s Suicide Bombers.” Combatting Terrorism Center, West Point, August 9, 2017. https://ctc.westpoint.edu/report-exploding-stereotypes-the-unexpected-operational-and-demographic-characteristics-of-boko-harams-suicide-bombers/.

Weaver, Mary Anne. “The Short, Violent Life of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi.” The Atlantic, July–August 2006. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/07/the-short-violent-life-of-abu-musab-al-zarqawi/304983/+&cd=8&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us.

Weaver, Matthew. “Fishmongers’ Hall Terrorist Usman Khan Was Lawfully Killed, Inquest Jury Finds.” The Guardian, June 10, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jun/10/fishmongers-hall-terrorist-usman-khan-lawfully-killed-inquest-jury-finds.

Wedeman, Ben, “ISIS Makes its Final Stand.” CNN, January 31, 2019. https://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2019/01/31/isis-last-stand-syria-wedeman-pkg-vpx.cnn.

“Weekly Address: The First Lady Marks Mother’s Day and Speaks Out on the Tragic Kidnapping in Nigeria.” May 10, 2014. White House Archives. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/share/first-lady-marks-mother-s-day-and-speaks-out-tragic-kidnapping-nigeria.

Weimann, Gabriel. “www.terror.net: How Modern Terrorism Uses the Internet.” United States Institute of Peace, Special Report 116. March 2004. https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/sr116.pdf.

Weine, Stevan. “Rehabilitating the Islamic State’s Women and Children Returnees in Kazakhstan.” Just Security, December 12, 2019. https://www.justsecurity.org/67694/rehabilitating-the-islamic-states-women-and-children-returnees-in-kazakhstan/.

Weitsman, Patricia. “The Politics of Identity and Sexual Violence: A Review of Bosnia and Rwanda.” Human Rights Quarterly 30, no. 3 (August 2008): 561–78, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20072859.

“ ‘We’ll Never Forgive’: Mom, Daughter on Life of Fear in Gaza Captivity, Pain upon Return.” Times of Israel, December 23, 2023. https://www.timesofisrael.com/we-will-never-forgive-freed-hostages-describe-intense-fear-in-gaza-captivity/.

“What’s Behind Islamic State’s Prisoner Swap Demand?” PBS NewsHour, January 28, 2015. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/whats-behind-islamic-states-prisoner-swap-demand.

Whitehead, Nadia. “A Religious Forecast for 2050: Atheism Is Down, Islam Is Rising.” NPR, December 25, 2015. https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/12/25/460797744/a-religious-forecast-for-2050-atheism-is-down-islam-is-rising.

Williams, Pete, and Halima Abdullah. “FBI: San Bernardino Shooters Radicalized before They Met.” NBC News, December 9, 2015. https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/san-bernardino-shooting/fbi-san-bernardino-shooters-radicalized-they-met-n476971.

Windsor, Leah. “The Language of Radicalization: Female Internet Recruitment to Participation in ISIS Activities.” Terrorism and Political Violence 32 no. 3 (2020): 506–38.

Winter, Charlie. “Women of the Islamic State: A Manifesto on Women by the Al-Khanssa’a Brigade.” Report translated by the Quilliam Foundation. http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/women-of-the-islamic-state3.pdf.

Winter, Charlie, and Devorah Margolin. “The Mujahidat Dilemma: Female Combatants and the Islamic State.” CTC Sentinel 10, no. 7 (August 2017): 23–29. https://ctc.usma.edu/the-mujahidat-dilemma-femalecombatants-and-the-islamic-state/.

Wolfe, Sarah, and Cholpon Orozobekova. “Kazakhstan Welcomes Back Women of the Islamic State, Warily.” New York Times, August 10, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/10/world/europe/kazakhstan-women-islamic-state-deradicalization.html.

“Woman Appointed by IS Leader to Head New Battalion in Syria.” i24 News, February 29, 2016. https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/middle-east/104566-160229-woman-appointed-by-is-leader-to-head-new-battalion-in-syria.

“Woman on Trial in Norway Provides Glimpse of Life under ISIS.” France 24, March 3, 2021. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210303-woman-on-trial-in-norway-provides-glimpse-of-life-under-is.

“Women Plead with Al Qaeda to Join Jihad.” The Telegraph, June 1, 2008. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/2062430/Women-plead-with-al-Qaeda-to-join-jihad.html.

“The Women Who Came Home: Kazakhstan Tries to Rehabilitate Islamic State Returnees.” Radio Free Europe, June 23, 2019. https://www.rferl.org/a/the-women-who-came-home-kazakhstan-tries-to-rehabilitate-islamic-state-returnees/30015082.html.

“The Women Who Love and Loved Boko Haram.” Al Jazeera Africa, September 22, 2016. https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/08/women-love-loved-boko-haram-160823120617834.html.

Wood, Graeme. “Maybe You Have to Be Disagreeable to Convert?” The Atlantic, June 6, 2021. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/06/why-muslim-converts-jihad/619107/.

Woods, Mark. “Boko Haram Could Be Using Kidnapped Chibok Schoolgirls as Suicide Bombers.” Christian Today, May 26, 2015. www.christiantoday.com/article/boko.haram.could.be.using.kidnapped.chibok.schoolgirls.as.suicide.bombers/54681.htm.

Wright, Lawrence. The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11. New York: Knopf, 2006.

Wright, Lawrence. “The Rebellion Within.” The New Yorker, June 2, 2008. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/06/02/080602fa_fact_wright.

“Yazidi Children ‘Left Alone’ to Deal with ISIL Captivity Trauma.” Al Jazeera, July 30, 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/7/30/yazidi-children-left-alone-to-deal-with-isil-captivity-trauma.

“Yazidi Teenager Sets Herself on Fire in Bid to Avoid Rape by ISIS Soldiers.” The Independent, August 25, 2016. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-soldiers-rape-yazidi-girl-sets-herself-on-fire-burns-alive-iraq-refugee-camp-a7208656.html/.

Yishau, Olukorede. “Tales of Horror from Boko Haram Child-Victims.” The Nation (Nigeria), September 8, 2014. https://thenationonlineng.net/tales-of-horror-from-boko-haram-child-victims/.

Yusuf, Hannah, and Steve Swann. “Shamima Begum: Lawyer Says Teen Was ‘Groomed.’ ” BBC, May 31, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-48444604.

Zavadski, Katie. “The Terrorists Drones Couldn’t Silence.” Politico, September 30, 2016. https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/09/samir-khan-drone-strike-anwar-al-awlaki-214308/.

Zawahiri, Umayma al-. “Risalat illah al Akhawat al Muslimat” (Letter to My Muslim Sisters). Jihadica.com, February 2010. www.jihadica.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/umayma-al-zawahiri-risala-jan-2010.pdf.

Zelin, Aaron Y. “Anṣār al-Mujāhidīn Arabic Forum Adds a Section for Women.” Jihadology, October 20, 2010. http://jihadology.net/2010/10/20/an%E1%B9%A3ar-al-mujahidin-arabic-forum-adds-a-section-for-women/.

Interviews

Fatima Akilu, Oslo, June 2017, and Sussex, UK, October 2018.

Hamsatu Allamin, Oslo, June 2017, and online Zoom call, May 25, 2021.

Hamsatu Allamin, Malé, Maldives, June 2022.

Maysoon al Bayati, Malé, Maldives, June 2022.

Charlotte Bunche, New York, February 1998.

Maya Foa, Strasbourg, December 2021.

Ja’afar Gholi, Paris, July 1995.

Justice Richard Goldstone, New York, May 2004.

Sidney Jones, Jakarta via phone, January 2009.

Nelly Lahoud, Washington, DC, May 2010.

Nelly Lahoud, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, March 22, 2023, and March 15, 2024.

Lisa McInerney, personal communication with the author, June 2009.

Hafsat Muhammed, Arlington, Virginia, August 2017.

Names withheld, interviews with the author, Belfast, January 15, 2010.

Name withheld, interview with the author, Israel, April 2024.

Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy, May 11, 2007.

Maji Peterx, The Hague, March 2019.

Julie Rajan, personal communication with the author, March 13, 2012.

Marc Sageman, Washington, DC, March 2005.

John Suthers, White House, Washington, DC, February 18, 2015.

Zainab Al-Suwaij, Washington, DC, September 7, 2016.

Charlie Winter, Atlanta, 2016.

Nancy and Maya Yamout, Rescue Me, Beirut via FaceTime, June 2022.

Nancy Yamout, personal communication with the author, January 2023.

Leila Zerrougui, New York, March 2016.

Annotate

Next Chapter
Veiled Threats
PreviousNext
Copyright © 2025 by Cornell University, All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. Visit our website at cornellpress.cornell.edu.
Powered by Manifold Scholarship. Learn more at
Opens in new tab or windowmanifoldapp.org