Index
African Americans: and antiblack racism, 12, 21, 34, 52, 80–81, 91, 92, 98, 114, 117, 118, 132, 156, 179n32; children and youth, 19, 41–42, 44, 48–51, 94, 96, 98–99, 101, 113–14, 118, 120, 122–25, 127–52; Communist Party USA and, 27–30, 32, 37–38; depiction in comic books, 122, 124–25, 151–52; during the Great Depression, 86, 88, 89; in Harlem, NY, during World War II, 90–95; human sciences research and, 10–19, 24, 25–26, 29, 39, 40, 42–45, 92, 117, 124–25, 127–32, 135, 155–57, 158, 169n7, 171n64; in Jim Crow armed forces, 12–13, 20–21, 37, 90–91, 166–67n34; mental health care and, 5, 6, 14, 44, 85, 96–98, 157, 159; migration and urbanization of, 4, 6–7, 10, 17, 22, 24–26, 28, 34, 43, 46, 47, 51, 56, 90, 92, 93, 117, 167n40; patients at the Lafargue Clinic, 14, 16, 88, 101–6; public school segregation and, 130, 132–53
Basie, Count, 2
Bavaria, Germany, 5, 53, 55, 57–58, 60–61, 174n25
Bellevue Hospital, 5–6, 56, 76, 78–79, 81, 83, 86, 93, 95, 100, 112, 120, 179n32
Belton v. Gebhart, 19, 130, 133; Judge Seitz’s ruling in, 146–47; Lafargue Clinic’s role in, 134–39, 151–52; Wertham’s courtroom testimony in, 139–47
Bernard, Viola, 47, 96, 99, 147–48
Bipolar disorder, 59–60, 64, 67, 82
Bishop (Davis Trussell), Elizabeth, 85
Bishop, Reverend Shelton Hale, 7, 47, 49, 85–88, 100–101, 105, 151, 161, 164n18, 179n43; mental health care advocacy of, 85–86, 101, 164n18, 177n1, 179n43
Black Boy/American Hunger (Wright), 22–23, 39, 41–46, 51, 163n6
Black Metropolis (Drake and Cayton), 24, 39
Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, 15
Black Skin, White Masks (Fanon), 16, 155, 171n66
Boas, Franz, 11
Bolling v. Sharpe, 130
Brain: disorders of, 82, 113, 174n21; studies of, 54, 59–60, 72, 76. See also Neurology
Briggs v. Elliot, 130, 131, 133, 134
Brown, Claude, 90
Brown v. Board of Education, 19, 130, 146–52, 159, 165n21
Bulah v. Gebhart, 19, 130, 133; Judge Seitz’s ruling in, 146–47; Lafargue Clinic’s role in, 134–39, 151–52; Wertham’s courtroom testimony in, 139–47
Carter, Robert L., 129–32, 147
Caste and Class school, 11, 166n31, 171n64, 185n55
Cayton, Horace R., Jr., 24, 39–44, 51, 169n13, 171n64
Chicago, IL: African Americans in, 10, 17, 27–31, 34, 56, 169n7; Communist Party USA in, 26–30, 32, 37, 169n20; during the Great Depression, 23, 30, 89; as laboratory for urban sociological research, 23–25; Richard Wright in, 17–18, 22–24, 27–32, 40, 56, 62, 89, 169n20; South Side (Black Belt), 28–30, 37, 169n7; South Side Boys’ Club in, 30–32. See also Chicago School of sociology; Native Son (Wright); Wright, Richard
Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis, 40–41, 43, 171n56
Chicago School of sociology, 11, 17–18, 22, 23–26, 55, 77, 89, 169n15
Children and youth: African American, 19, 41–42, 44, 48–51, 94, 96, 98–99, 101, 113–14, 118, 120, 122–25; African American, and public school segregation, 127–53; comic books and, 19, 122–26, 151–52, 182n10, 182n16; racism as public health threat to (pathogenic to), 19, 122, 124–26, 138–39, 142–47, 151–52; white, and public school segregation, 135, 136, 139, 144, 146, 152, 164n12, 166n29. See also Juvenile delinquency
“The Children of Harlem” (Wright), 50–51
Citizenship: American, 9, 53–54, 70, 184n53; contradiction, 15; and mental health, 9, 117, 154; social, 15, 168n42
City-Wide Citizens’ Committee on Harlem, 47, 48, 91, 94, 98
Clark, Kenneth B., 121; and Northside Center for Child Development, 98–99, 165n21; research on black children of, 128–30; and school desegregation court cases, 131–35, 138, 147–50, 160
Clark, Mamie, 132, 138, 160; and Northside Center for Child Development, 98–99, 165n21; research on black children, 128–30
Class oppression, intertwined with antiblack racism, 9, 27, 46, 88, 90, 104, 107, 109, 115, 117, 154, 156–57, 159. See also Racism
Comic books, 2, 18, 19, 122–27, 151–53, 182n53
Committee for Mental Hygiene for Negroes (CMHM), 96–99
Communist Party USA, 17, 18, 20, 26–30, 32–33, 37–38, 169n20, 170n35
Community Mental Health Services Act, 159–61
Court of General Sessions, New York City, 5, 56, 76, 78, 79
Culture and personality, 106, 109
Crime and criminality, 2, 3, 12, 77–78, 81, 82, 89, 91, 94. See also Comic books; Juvenile delinquency
Curtis, Constance, 120
Dark Legend: A Study in Murder (Wertham), 2; Gino, character in, 81–83
Davis v. County School Board, 130
Delaware, 19, 130, 132–47, 150–51; Court of Chancery, 19, 139, 144; University of, 133
Dementia praecox, 59, 64, 65. See also Schizophrenia
Dewey, John, 66
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-I), 109–11
Displaced Persons (DPs), 92, 116–17
Dollard, John, 166n31, 171n64, 185n55. See also Caste and Class school; Race relations, frustration and aggression paradigm of; Yale Institute of Human Relations
Doll tests, 128, 133–34, 152, 165n21, 184n35
Drake, St. Clair, 11
“Effects of Segregation and the Consequences of Desegregation: A Social Science Statement,” 147–51; signatories to, 132
Ellison, Ralph, 7, 15, 33, 51, 86, 172n75, 178n13; on the Lafargue Clinic, 92–93, 115–17, 177, 181n78
Eugenics, 61, 73, 157, 176n60. See also Racial hygiene
Fanon, Frantz, 16, 155–56, 171n66
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 21
Fictional literature: African American, 39, 57; American, 16, 32, 34, 35, 55, 117, 170n43, 171n54; psychoanalysis and, 2, 35–37, 82. See also specific book titles
Field Foundation, 7, 49, 95–96, 99, 148. See also Philanthropy
Fourteenth Amendment, 130, 134, 143, 149
Freud, Sigmund, 59, 75–76, 111, 155, 176n64, 176n65, 180n49. See also Neo-Freudianism and Post-Freudianism; Psychoanalysis
Garcia, Jay, 16, 166n31, 168n46
German Research Institute for Psychiatry (Munich Institute), 5, 59, 60, 62, 72–74
Great Depression, 26, 27, 30, 75, 76, 93; African Americans during, 86, 88, 89; Chicago during, 17, 23, 24; New York City during, 85, 88–90
Great Migration. See Migration
Great War. See World War I
“Harlem is Nowhere” (Ellison), 92, 116–17, 177, 181n78
Harlem Hospital, 85, 93, 94, 120, 121, 160, 184n40
Harlem, NY, 4, 7, 32; African American intellectuals’ writings on, 33, 89–93, 115–17; African American population in, 6–7, 15, 16, 86, 88–94; children and youth in, 47–48, 50, 122; during the Great Depression and World War II, 85–86, 88–94; mental health care in, 6, 17, 25, 85–86, 88, 93–95, 98–106, 164n18; segregation and ghettoization of, 50, 89, 93–94. See also Migration; Riots
Haywood, Harry, 29
Heredity and hereditarianism, 64, 68, 157. See also Eugenics; Physical constitution; Racial hygiene
Herndon, Angelo, 32
“Heroes, Red and Black” (Wright), 28–29
“How Bigger Was Born” (Wright), 34–35
Human sciences, 15, 157, 168n45; cultural and psychological (psychodynamic) turn in, 11, 127; epistemological and methodological debates within, 17, 23–24, 98, 106, 107, 111, 125, 132, 144–45, 150, 152; influence on Wright’s writing, 18, 23–26, 28–29, 34–37, 51–52; influence on social policy in post–World War II U.S. society, 14, 21–22, 121, 127, 148–49; research on racial prejudice and discrimination and their effects on U.S. minority groups, 10–11, 14–17, 127–28, 130, 155, 165n24, 165–66n25. See also Psychology
James, William, 66
Jews and Judaism, 127, 178n29; as advocates of antiracist psychiatry, 12, 88, 99; in Germany prior to World War II, 55, 57, 61, 73, 173n9; and Wertham’s identity, 5, 53, 55, 56–57, 73, 75
Jim Crow segregation, 17, 20, 37, 43, 44, 45, 50, 92, 117, 159; in the American South, 41, 62, 73, 171; in the U.S. military, 12, 20, 37, 90–91; in psychiatric care and treatment, 85, 93–95, 97, 102, 120–21. See also Plessy v. Ferguson ; Race relations; Racism
John Reed Club, 26
Johns Hopkins University, 53, 62. See also Phipps Psychiatric Clinic
Joint Committee on Mental Hygiene Services in Harlem, 121, 132
Jurisprudence: medico-legal, 77–78; social scientific, 129–30, 147–49. See also Psychiatry: forensic
Juvenile delinquency, 30, 77, 122–23, 152; and crime comic books, 123–26; in Harlem, NY, during World War II, 48, 50, 91, 98, 164n17. See also Children and youth; Seduction of the Innocent (Wertham)
Lafargue Mental Hygiene Clinic: antiracism of, 19, 100–101, 102, 117–18, 121–22, 149–50, 157; diagnosis at, 7, 110–14, 115, 135–38; Ellison’s writing on, 92–93, 115–17, 177, 181n78; founding of, 4, 9, 14, 19, 56, 86, 88, 94, 95–96, 98, 100–101, 115, 121, 151, 154; funding for, 6–7, 95–96, 100, 136, 160–61, 165n21; media coverage on, 101–2, 114–15, 120–21, 136; patients, 14, 16, 88, 101–6, 111; psychotherapeutic orientation and techniques, 9, 19, 100, 102–6, 111–14, 126, 135–39, 154–57, 180n49; psychiatric research at, 19, 121, 122–26, 134–35, 152, 160, 180n50, 184n38; and public school desegregation cases, 19, 130, 134–47; social psychiatric paradigm at, 55, 108–11, 113–14, 117–18, 121–22, 124, 126, 136, 151–52, 154–56, 160, 179n43; staff of, 7–8, 95, 101–6, 111–15, 136–37, 138, 144, 160–61; statistics of, 7, 111–12; Wright’s writing on, 115–17
La Guardia, Fiorello, 6, 89, 93
Legal Defense and Education Fund (LDEF), of the NAACP, 127–35, 143, 147, 148, 152
Liberalism and liberals, 15, 21, 164n15; and American philanthropy, 50, 96, 98, 172n75; in post–World War II U.S. social policy and society, 13, 14, 35, 55, 89, 91, 100, 128, 155, 172n75; as paradigmatic in the social and behavioral sciences, 10, 11, 131, 168n45. See also Race relations
Macalpine, Ida (Wertham’s sister), 57
Madness, 57, 173n10. See also Mental disorders
Manic-depressive disorder, 59–60, 64, 67, 82. See also Bipolar disorder
Markowitz, Gerald, 99
Marshall, Thurgood, 130–32, 147
Marx, Jenny Laura, 8
Marxism, 17, 61. See also Communist Party USA; Wright, Richard
Masses, The, 27
McLaurin v Oklahoma Board of Regents, 130
McLean, Dr. Franklin C., 70–72
Medicine, 15, 18, 36, 44, 55, 57, 58, 64, 65, 68, 69, 71, 88, 116–17, 126, 150, 157, 161, 174n21; psychiatry as branch of, 12, 58–60, 63, 67, 70, 111. See also Psychiatry; Psychology: medical
Menninger, Karl, 109
Mental disorders, 4, 5, 21, 59, 64–67, 68, 69, 82, 93, 97, 107–8, 115, 117–18, 126, 138, 157; diagnoses at the Lafargue Clinic, 101, 103, 110–14; differential diagnosis for, 80, 177n74; etiology of, 9, 12, 16–17, 45, 53, 59–60, 63, 67–68, 94–95, 99, 107, 109–14, 154, 156–57, 181n65; nosology (classification) of, 59, 60, 64–67, 79, 181n71; treatment of (see Psychotherapy). See also Racism
Mental health, 9, 122, 135, 136, 142, 143, 144, 147, 150, 152, 154–55, 158, 161; care and services for African Americans, 5, 6, 14, 44, 85, 96–98, 157, 159; concepts of, 16, 17, 111, 156; positive, 124, 138–39, 152; provision of care and treatment programs and facilities, 4, 5, 13–14, 19, 31–32, 65, 86, 88, 96–98, 120, 136, 150, 154–55, 157, 159–60, 164n9; research on, 12, 62, 64, 106–10; and social justice efforts in the United States, 4, 19, 54. See also Cultural competency; Psychotherapy
Mental hygiene movement, 64, 69, 107, 174n36, 175–76n36. See also Public health
Mental illness. See Mental disorders
Metzl, Jonathan, 110, 157, 181n71
Meyer, Adolf: and mental hygiene movement, 5, 64–65; philosophical pragmatism, 66–67; and psychobiology, 18, 64–67, 175n40; and reaction types, 65, 110; and Fredric Wertham, 53–54, 68, 74–75, 78–79, 83, 110
Migration, 25; African Americans and, 6–7, 10, 17, 22, 24–26, 28, 34, 43, 46, 56, 90, 92, 117, 167n40
Mosse, Hilde L., 86, 88, 103–5, 114, 160, 180n51, 184n38
Munich Institute. See German Research Institute for Psychiatry
Myrdal, Gunnar, 15, 43, 127–28, 131, 149. See also Race relations
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), Legal Defense and Education Fund (LDEF) of, 127–35, 143, 147, 148, 152
National Committee for Mental Hygiene (NCMH), 64, 72
National Research Council (NRC), 72
Native Son (Wright), 1–2, 6, 20, 30–31, 34–37, 80; Bigger Thomas character in, 1–2, 34–36, 80–82, 170n38
Nelson, Alondra, 15
Neo-Freudianism and post-Freudianism, 106–7
Neurology, 59, 70, 72, 76, 174n21. See also Brain; Psychiatry: somatic
New York Amsterdam News, 1, 89, 120
New York Department of Hospitals, 2, 86, 93
New York Psychoanalytic Society, 76
New York State Lunacy Commission, 81
Normality and abnormality/pathology, 9–11, 15, 17, 22, 63, 68, 80, 114, 131, 138
Northside Center for Child Development, 98–100, 121, 128, 131, 160, 165n21
Park, Robert Ezra, 11, 18, 23, 29, 55
Parker v. University of Delaware, 133
Patients, at Lafargue Clinic, 14, 16, 88, 101–6; significance of class position of, 111
Philanthropy, 7, 49–50, 63, 95–96, 99–100, 136, 172n75
Phipps Psychiatric Clinic, of Johns Hopkins Hospital, 5, 53–56, 62–64, 69–72, 74, 76, 97, 100, 110. See also Meyer, Adolf
Physical constitution, human, 45, 66, 67–69, 70, 76, 107, 140, 155–57
Physique and Character (Kretschmer), 67
Plessy v. Ferguson, 130, 146–49, 159
Poindexter, David, 28–29, 32, 170n27
Polier, Judge Justine Wise, 47, 96, 99
Polish Peasant, The (Thomas and Zianecki), 24–25
Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 98
Progressivism, 64, 86, 88, 98, 174n36
Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, 93, 94, 102, 120
Psychiatry: antiracist, 102, 104–6, 109, 113–14, 115–18, 121–22, 136, 138, 151, 152, 154–59; Bishop’s embrace of, 7, 85–86, 88, 100–101, 161, 164n18, 177n1, 179n43; clinical, 19, 53, 58–62, 72, 108–10, 111, 117, 122, 123–26, 135–40, 150–51, 152, 159–60, 173n15, 173n19, 182n13, 182n16, 184n38, 185n68; forensic, 56, 76–78, 139–40, 152–53; medicalization of, 59–60; psychodynamic, 11–12, 63–68, 107–10, 180n57; social, 16–17, 55, 56, 66, 78, 106–11, 117, 121, 122, 124, 126, 135–36, 140, 151–52, 154–55, 179n43; somatic, 60, 63–64, 68, 76, 106–7, 110, 180n57. See also Mental disorders; Mental health; Mental hygiene movement; Public health
“Psychiatry Comes to Harlem” (Wright), 115–16
Psychoanalysis, 18, 53, 64, 67, 75–80, 82, 107, 176n64; key concepts in, 104, 123, 153; at the Lafargue Clinic, 103–5, 180n49, 180n51; and fictional literature, 2, 35–37, 82; and race, 40–44, 155–56, 170n43, 171n64; Wertham’s critique of, 106–7, 110–11; Wright’s interest in, 18, 22, 35–37. See also Freud, Sigmund; Neo-Freudianism and post-Freudianism; Psychiatry; Psychology; Psychotherapy
Psychobiology, 18, 64–67. See also Meyer, Adolf
Psychology, 20–22; experimental and projective methods in, 128–29, 132–35, 148, 150, 172n6; incorporated into expert testimony in school desegregation court cases, 127–32, 133–34, 138, 147–51, 152; medical, 55, 58–60, 77, 83, 172n6, 173n15; of racial differences and conflict, 10–12, 21, 39–46, 127–29. See also Clark, Kenneth B.; Clark, Mamie Phipps; Medicine; Psychiatry; Psychoanalysis; Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy, 36, 63, 158; affordable and accessible, 4, 6, 14, 95, 100, 109, 136, 180n49; African Americans and, 5, 6, 14, 44, 85, 96, 157; orientation and techniques at the Lafargue Clinic, 9, 19, 100, 102–6, 111–14, 126, 135–39, 154–57, 180n49; psychoanalytic, 67, 79, 80, 106, 180n49; social basis of, 4, 9, 16, 136, 155, 157, 160. See also Mental disorders; Mental health; Mental hygiene movement; Psychiatry; Psychoanalysis; Psychology
Public health, 1, 64, 97, 136, 139, 160, 174n28; positive mental health and, 138–39; racial discrimination and segregation as a threat to, 19, 138–39, 143, 151–52
Race relations: black–white, 10, 18, 21, 41–44, 47, 51–52, 89–90, 91, 127–28, 135; experts and technicians, 15, 44, 50, 121, 127, 130–34; folklore of, 49, 95; frustration and aggression paradigm of, 11, 94, 145, 166n31; liberal antiracist model of, 14, 43, 127–28, 155; psychological basis of and approach to, 11, 17, 21, 40–52, 97, 127–28, 135, 171n64; tensions during World War II, 47–50, 90, 91–92. See also Jim Crow segregation; Philanthropy; Psychology: of racial differences and conflict; Racism; Riots
Race Relations Institute (Fisk University), 41
Racism, 4, 5, 11, 14, 16, 21, 37, 40, 41, 46, 50, 99, 118, 121, 125, 142, 159; antiblack, 12, 21, 34, 52, 80–81, 91, 92, 98, 114, 117, 118, 132, 156, 179n32; intertwined with class oppression, 9, 27, 46, 88, 90, 104, 107, 109, 115, 117, 154, 156–57, 159; as public mental health threat (pathogenic), 12–13, 19, 38, 115, 124–26, 128, 138–39, 143–44, 150–52; represented in comic books, 122, 124–26. See also Jim Crow segregation; Race relations; Riots
Redding, Louis, 133
Riots, 47, 91: in Harlem 1935, 89; in Harlem 1943, 91–92. See also Race relations; Racism; Violence
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 48
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 37
Rosen, Paul L., 149
Rosenberg, Ethel, 179n44, 185n65
Rosenberg, Julius, 185n65
Rosenwald Fund, 49, 95, 99. See also Philanthropy
Rosner, Mark, 99
Rudin, Ernst, 73
St. Elizabeth’s Hospital (Washington, DC), 78–79
St. Philip’s Episcopal Church, 7, 47, 49, 85–88, 101, 161; composition of church congregants, 86, 161. See also Bishop, Reverend Shelton Hale; Lafargue Mental Hygiene Clinic
Saturday Review of Literature, 122–23
Schizophrenia, 59, 65–66, 67, 80, 82, 181n71; diagnoses of, at the Lafargue Clinic, 112–13. See also Dementia praecox; Mental disorders
Scott, Daryl Michael, 15–16, 168n45
Seduction of the Innocent (Wertham), 2, 18, 19, 123–26, 153, 182n10, 182n13, 182n16
Seitz, Collins J., 133, 144, 147, 153
Significance of the Physical Constitution in Mental Disease, The (Wertheimer and Hesketh), 67–68. See also Physical constitution
Small, Albion W., 23. See also Chicago School of sociology
Smith, Lillian, 16
Social Darwinism, 10–11, 61, 73
Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI), 131–32
Sociogeny, in etiology of mental health or disorder, 45, 114, 155–56, 171n66
Sociology, 23–25, 77; race relations research within, 127; and social psychiatry, 107; Wright’s engagement with, 23–26, 28–29, 51–52. See also Chicago School of sociology; Human sciences
South Side Boys’ Club, 30–33, 170n38
Spielmeyer, Dr. Walther, 72–74
Stein, Gertrude, 118
Sullivan, Harry Stack, 106
Supreme Court, U.S., 93, 130, 146–52, 159
Sweatt v. Painter, 130
“Towards the Conquest of Ourselves” (Wright), 18, 37–39, 51
Uncle Tom’s Children (Wright), 33
“Unconscious Determinant in Native Son, An” (Wertham), 35–37, 170n43
University of Chicago. See Chicago School of Sociology
Urbanization: of African Americans, 4, 10, 25, 28, 34, 47, 51, 90, 93, 117, 167n40; and ghettoization in U.S. cities, 4, 90, 93; and outpatient psychiatric clinics in Germany, 59; social research on, 23–25, 51, 117, 167. See also Migration; Chicago School of Sociology
Veterans: African American, of World War II, 12–13, 179–80n44; psychiatric treatment of, at the Lafargue Clinic, 101–2, 179–80n44; World War I, 58; World War II, 101–2
Violence, 5, 7, 27, 89, 91; among and between African Americans, 41, 156; in comic books, 122–26; in Dark Legend (Wertham), 2, 81–83; institutional and structural, 14–15; juvenile delinquency and, 62, 122–26; in Native Son (Wright), 1, 31, 35, 80–81; psychic, against children and youth, 122, 151–52; psychopathology and, 2–5, 54, 79–83; racial, 46–48, 89, 91–92, 124; scientific study of, 77–78, 83, 172n5, 177n80. See also Jim Crow segregation; Riots
Weiss, Louis, 95–96, 99. See also Field Foundation; Philanthropy
Welfare Island (Metropolitan Out-Patient Department), 112
Wertham, Florence Hesketh, 6, 7, 70, 75, 119, 175n47
Wertham, Fredric: and Bellevue Mental Hospital, 5–6, 56, 76, 78–79, 81, 83, 93, 100; and Clinton Brewer, 3–4, 35, 77; changes to his name, 53, 163n3, 172n1; character and personality of, 54, 70–72, 74–75, 79, 83, 100, 109–10, 140; and Kenneth B. Clark, 99, 121, 132, 148–50, 152, 160; clinical psychiatric method of, 2, 19, 67, 79, 111, 113, 122–27, 135–39, 144–45, 150–52, 160, 180n13, 182n16, 184n38, 185n68; and the Court of General Sessions Psychiatric Clinic, 5, 56, 76, 78, 79; courtroom testimony in Belton/Bulah v. Gebhart, 139–47; and criminal psychopathology, 18, 54, 56, 76–83; criticism of American psychiatry and psychology by, 13, 17, 55, 100, 106–7, 109–11, 123–25; criticism of comic books by, 122–27, 151–52; discovery of the Catathymic crisis by, 79–83; family background of, 5, 55–57, 173n10, 173n11; and Frantz Fanon, 155–56, 171n66; formal education of, 5, 57–60; on human physical constitution, 67–69, 70, 76; interment of in England during World War I, 57–58; on the intersection of race and social class, 107, 111; on juvenile delinquency, 122–26, 139, 152; marginality to American psychiatry, of, 18–19, 54–56, 79, 83, 100, 109–10, 136, 140, 149–50; on medico-legal work (forensic psychiatry), 56, 77–78, 139–40, 152–53, 184n48; and Adolf Meyer, 53–54, 68, 74–75, 78–79, 83, 110; and Phipps Psychiatric Clinic, 5, 53, 54, 56, 62, 69–72, 74, 100; on positive mental health, 124, 138–39, 152; and public school desegregation cases, 19, 121–22, 127, 134–53; and Queens General Hospital, 56, 83, 86, 101, 104, 113, 123; on racism as public health threat, 19, 136, 138–40, 143–44, 147, 151–52; on the role of the state in public school segregation, 142–43, 145; and social psychiatry, 16–17, 55, 56, 66, 78, 106–11, 121–22, 124, 126, 135–36, 140, 151–52, 154–55, 160, 179n43; and SPSSI’s Brown v. Board Social Science Statement, 147–51; and Richard Wright, 4, 6, 17, 25, 35–37, 46–47, 88, 117, 119, 170n43, 173n11
Westminster v. Menendez, 129–30
Weston, M. Moran, 161
White, Morton, 66
White Plains Mental Hygiene Group, 97
whiteness and white people, 5, 26, 34, 49, 80, 114, 129, 164n12: effects of antiblack comic book images on white children, 122, 124, 151–52; and philanthropy, 49; and the psychological approach to race relations, 38, 39, 43–44, 171n64; public school segregation and, 135, 136, 139, 144, 146, 152, 164n12, 166n29. See also Race relations
Wilmington, DE, 132–33, 135, 140, 147, 150, 151. See also Belton v. Gebhart ; Bulah v. Gebart
Wiltwyck School for Boys, 48–52
Winter, Adolphe, 57
Winter, Ella, 2, 57, 163n6, 173n11
Worcester State Hospital (MA), 64, 74–75
World War I, 54, 56–57, 180n49; American cultural politics post–Great War era, 75; American psychiatry in post–Great War era, 53–54, 63, 66–67; German politics and society in the post-Great War era, 60–62, 73; German psychiatry in the years surrounding, 59–63, 73
World War II, 11, 13, 83, 92, 97, 127, 157; African Americans and, 12–13, 37, 43, 91, 166n26, 178n13; Harlem during, 90–94; mental health research and services in the United States during and soon after, 13, 93, 97–98, 107, 109–11; racial tension in the United States during, 47, 49, 90–93; Richard Wright’s thought and activity during, 20–21, 37, 47, 49, 51–52, 91, 118–19. See also Riots
Wretched of the Earth (Fanon), 16
Wright, Julia, 118
Wright, Richard: on African Americans and modernity, 22, 25, 28, 29, 34, 38, 45, 46; and American philanthropy, 49–50, 95–96; on Bigger Thomas (Native Son), 34–35; and Clinton Brewer, 1–4, 35, 77; and Horace R. Cayton Jr., 24, 39–40, 42–44, 51, 169n13, 171n64; and the Chicago School of sociology, 11, 17–18, 22, 23–26, 55, 169n15; and the Communist Party USA, 17, 18, 20, 26–30, 32–33, 37–38, 169n20, 170n35; on the effects of Jim Crow on “Negro personality,” 16, 38, 40–41, 46, 50, 117, 156; and the “folklore of race relations,” 49, 95; and France, 58, 118; on Harlem Riot of 1943, 91–92; and Jim Crow U.S. Armed Forces, 20–21, 37; and the Lafargue Clinic, 4, 7, 16, 17, 19, 25, 31, 52, 56, 86–88, 115–16, 118–19, 156; on migration and urbanization of African Americans, 24–26, 28, 34, 56, 117; personal journal entries (1945), 22, 36, 49, 51; political radicalism of, 17, 22, 26, 38, 39; and the psychological approach to race relations, 16, 18, 21, 22, 35, 39, 40, 44, 51–52, 115, 168n46, 171n54; and psychotherapy, 4, 16, 36, 95, 115–16; and self-conquest, 18, 37–39, 51; study of psychology by, 4, 16, 18, 22, 35, 36, 38, 39, 51, 171n54; and the South Side Boys’ Club, 30–33, 170n38; and violence, 4, 34, 41, 46, 47, 56; wartime FBI report on, 21–22; and Fredric Wertham, 4, 6, 17, 25, 35–37, 46–47, 88, 117, 119, 173n11; and Wiltwyck School for Boys, 48–52; World War II, thought and activity during, 20–21, 37, 47, 49, 51–52, 91, 118–19