Index
Affirmatively furthering fair housing (AFFH), 95–96, 103, 140–41, 149
Allport, Gordon, 26
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 68
Anderson, Elizabeth, 21, 27, 29, 59
Areawide Housing Opportunity Program (AHOP), 43, 101
Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation, 79
Bell, Derrick, 56
Black Lives Matter, 149
Black nationalism, 35, 63–64, 70–75, 81
Black Panthers, 74–75, 83, 90, 106, 172n51
Black power, 35, 59, 73–75, 78–84, 87, 89, 94
Brown v. Board of Education, 25, 56
Burney v. Housing Authority of Beaver County, 113
Carmichael, Stokely, 73–74, 78, 82–83, 89
Castro, Julian, 95
Chapple, Karen, 122, 159n1, 168n131
Chicago, 29, 38, 40, 46, 65–66, 76, 82, 106–08, 115–16, 122–24, 135, 161n43
Chicago Housing Authority, 105–06, 108, 116–17, 176n63
Cisneros, Henry, 51
Civil rights era, 36, 39, 62, 70–79, 81–89, 153n24, 170–71n26
Civil rights movement, 21, 35, 63–64, 70, 72–75, 81–83, 86–87, 106, 145, 172n47, 173n69
COINTELPRO, 172n51
Community Action Program, 77–78, 90
Community control, 15, 59, 63–64, 70, 76–79, 82, 173n69
Community development, 1, 14, 76, 95
advocates of, 1, 4, 7, 13, 24, 132–33, 140, 143, 145
benefits of, 15, 32, 35, 41–42, 46–49
failure of, 6, 19, 28–30, 126, 132–33, 138, 145, 147
political goals of, 15, 58–59, 149–50
strategies and objectives, 31–32, 55, 61, 126, 130, 142–45, 148
Community Development Corporations, 2–6, 29, 35, 76–80, 133, 165n98, 183n74
Concentrated poverty, 4, 11, 14, 17–18, 24–25, 30, 40–41, 44, 60, 116, 120, 123, 128, 131, 134, 156n28
Contact theory, 26–27, 37, 59, 160n29
Desegregation, 5, 10, 13, 39, 42, 46, 59, 66, 84, 86–87, 93, 97–101, 117, 126, 128–29, 142
lawsuits, 13, 28, 108, 114–15, 118, 129, 155n15, 186n5
Discrimination, 18, 21, 36–37, 39, 64–65, 68, 70, 99, 142–43, 152n7
Fair Housing Act and, 9–10, 86–87, 90, 92–97, 112–13, 136, 152n14
housing, 1, 4, 8–10, 12, 21–23, 33, 38, 52–53, 55–56, 67–69, 81–82, 97, 110, 137, 143, 148
Disparate impact, 121, 137–141, 183n72
Dispersal, 9–10, 14, 19, 24, 26, 33–34, 37, 40, 42, 44, 52, 58, 60–61, 64, 88, 100–01, 104, 108–09, 114–15, 119–21, 125, 138–39, 141
Displacement, 13–14, 51, 60, 65, 80, 114–15, 118, 124–26, 135, 146
Exclusionary communities, 11, 28, 42, 54, 67, 82, 85, 89–90, 97, 99, 102, 118–19, 143, 145–56, 148–49, 186n7
Exclusionary zoning, 9, 12, 18, 53, 67, 93, 99–99, 143, 145–46
Fainstein, Susan, 55
Fair Housing Act, 69, 81, 88, 106, 110–11, 119, 138–39, 148, 183n72
core principles of, 9, 93–95, 112
courts interpretation of, 13, 96–98, 103, 113
See also affirmatively furthering fair housing; disparate impact
Fair housing movement, 67, 81, 83–87, 97, 118, 145
Fair market rent (FMR), 33, 159n4, 176n50
Fair share housing, 11, 28, 41, 43, 100, 102
Gautreaux lawsuit, 19, 28, 38, 52, 103, 105–08, 115–17
mobility program, 26, 41–42, 44, 60, 106, 108, 126, 128, 162n60, 180n35
Gentrification, 40, 60, 123–25, 135, 148, 180n23
Ghetto, 12, 19, 28, 37, 67, 75, 82, 112
breaking up of, 84–86, 93, 97, 112
creation of, 84
enrichment, 24, 27–29, 34, 80–81, 85, 87, 90, 94, 158n77
policy target, 76, 78, 80, 82–83, 85, 89, 96
revitalization of, 85–86, 90, 91, 104
Holman v. Cisneros, 43, 181n37
HOPE VI, 13, 40, 43–44, 60, 106, 117–18, 126, 186n5
See also public housing: redevelopment
Horner Homes, Henry, 116
Housing and Community Development Act of, 1974, 101, 106
Housing Choice Voucher. See vouchers
HUD, 32–34, 39, 43, 84, 95, 97–106, 108, 114, 116, 125, 129, 134–37, 140–41
Imbroscio, David, 55–56, 153n25, 154n28, 168n136, 169nn156, 159
Impaction rules, 12–13, 34, 41, 103–04
See also siting guidelines
Inclusionary housing, 12
advocates of, 2, 65, 70, 86, 119, 144, 172n47
and antidiscrimination, 38, 67–68, 81, 85, 87, 92–96, 102
benefits of, 15, 24–26, 30, 44–46
and black nationalism, 63, 70–75, 82–83, 87, 94, 173n69
burden of, 56, 87, 96, 110, 113–14, 119, 146, 160n26
and choice, 6, 10, 31, 34, 38, 49–54, 96, 110–13, 160n31
democratic virtues of, 26–27, 30, 59, 169n159
“exhaustion,” 37–38, 160nn25, 29
objectives of, 10–11, 15, 30, 33, 59, 82, 86, 123–24, 128, 153n24, 159n1
policies, 9–10, 12, 28, 40, 84, 99
privileged place of, 6, 9, 18, 33, 57, 87, 90, 93–96, 110–13, 119, 146–48
and social capital, 58
as spatial solution, 55, 97, 119, 161n48
versus ghetto enrichment, 80–81, 87, 90, 94
and white dominance, 56, 61, 71, 83, 110, 112–13, 146, 149, 186n7
white resistance to, 31–32, 39–40, 58
Integration maintenance programs, 9–10, 12–13, 50, 54, 93, 109–110, 112–13, 146, 177n79
Johnson, President Lyndon B., 76–77, 80, 173n68
Kennedy, President John F., 69, 170n18
Kennedy, Robert F., 77
Kerner Commission, 27, 80–81, 90–91, 94, 99, 160n22
King Jr., Rev. Martin Luther, 73–75, 81–82, 90–91, 93
Location Affordability Index (LAI), 134–36
Low Income Housing Tax Credit, 13, 48–49, 96, 129–35, 138–40, 149, 165n99, 182–83nn62, 65
See also Qualified Action Plan; Qualified Census Tract
Metropolitan council of the Twin Cities, 43, 133, 162n51
Minneapolis, 43, 52, 74, 76, 114, 124, 133–34, 165n99, 178n107, 183n74
Mixed income development, 14, 19, 44, 46, 61, 108, 126, 136
Mobility programs, 11, 26, 38, 41, 44–46, 50, 52, 60, 101–02, 106, 108–09, 126, 148, 162n60, 180n35, 186n5
See also Moving to Opportunity; Gautreaux
Mondale, Sen. Walter, 92–95, 112
Moving to Opportunity (MTO) program, 19, 26, 28, 39–42, 44–45, 52, 60, 108, 126, 141, 180n35
NAACP, 68–70, 72, 74, 84–85, 100, 107, 142
NAACP Boston Chapter v. HUD, 97
National Association of Home Builders, 48, 99
National Committee against Discrimination in Housing (NCDH), 37–38, 68–69, 83–85
National Low Income Housing Coalition, 7, 33
New York City, 49, 68, 79, 111, 124–25
New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA), 111–113
Nixon, President Richard M., 39, 98–99, 170n18, 173n68, 174n13
Obama Administration, 95, 121, 134–37, 140–41
Open Communities program, 98
Open housing
laws, 25
movement, 11–12, 63, 67–70, 81–86, 89, 148
See also fair housing
Operation Breakthrough, 98
Opportunity, 1, 19, 45, 57, 63, 66, 120, 141–42, 144, 168n131, 180n31, 181n36
geography of, 4, 20, 121, 123, 125–26, 144
indices of, 127–28, 181nn38, 42, 184n82
neighborhoods, 7, 39, 42–43, 60, 102, 121, 125–129, 132, 135, 150
Polikoff, Alexander, 18, 38, 106–108, 116–118
Poverty and Race Research Action Council (PRRAC), 130, 135
Public housing, 22, 36, 46–47, 49, 63–64, 66, 69, 84, 111, 115, 118, 135
redevelopment and demolition of, 13, 40–41, 51, 60, 114–15, 117–19, 123, 126–27, 155n15
See also HOPE VI
Qualified Action Plan (QAP), 129–30, 132, 181n46
Qualified Census Tract (QCT), 130, 133, 181n47
Racial policy alliances, 7–9, 142–43
Racial zoning, 22
Racism
institutional, 55, 71, 83, 143, 146
white, 30, 37, 56, 61, 71, 112, 142–44, 146
Regionalism, 16, 19, 29, 56, 154n28, 155n15, 168n136
Relocation, 6, 10, 14, 26, 36, 44–45, 51–52, 54, 102, 106, 115, 118, 124, 126
Resegregation, 13, 34, 50, 93, 102, 109, 111–12
Riots
race, 22
urban, 70, 74–76, 79–81, 89–91
Roisman, Florence, 21, 93, 96–97, 103, 114
Romney, George, 39, 93, 98, 178n13
Rusk, David, 19–20, 25, 29, 126
Saltman, Juliet, 67, 69, 85–86, 101
Section, 8, 49, 101–102, 106–08, 162nn51, 55
See also vouchers
Segregation
and choice (self-segregation), 22, 50–51, 53–54, 57, 113, 153n24
and fair housing movement, 11–13, 54, 69–70, 81–82, 84, 97, 102, 114
harms of, 4, 8, 14, 19–21, 25, 27, 29–30, 71, 127, 143
and housing programs, 5, 17–18, 22, 30, 34, 40, 42–45, 50, 52, 60, 63–65, 69, 81, 84, 90, 101, 103–06, 108, 115, 117, 121, 125, 129–33, 138, 140–41
and oppression, 27, 55, 65, 71, 90
and public policy, 19, 21–23, 30, 67–68, 121, 135–36
residential, 1, 4, 26, 29, 55, 67, 81, 90, 121–23
See also desegregation; resegregation
Shannon v. HUD, 13, 34, 103–04, 153n26
Shelby, Tommie, 37–38, 55, 57–58, 146
Sidney, Mara, 93, 95, 144, 151n1
Siting guidelines, 84, 103–08, 145–46
See also impaction rules
Social capital, 20, 44, 57–58, 156n26
Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC), 70, 72, 74, 82, 106
Special Impact Program (SIP), 77–79
Student Nonviolence Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 70, 72–73
Stuyvesant Town, 68
Suburbs, 2–3, 53, 75, 89, 100, 102, 109, 127
demographic changes in, 25, 39, 43, 121–24, 144
exclusionary policies in, 22, 53, 84–85, 98, 143
need for housing in, 4, 43–44, 61, 139
resistance to affordable housing in, 39–40, 43, 98–100, 133–34, 137
as targets of fair housing advocacy, 11, 22, 25, 42–43, 67, 69, 85, 93, 96, 98, 101–02, 106–07
Supreme Court, U.S., 22, 96–97, 105, 121, 138–39, 141, 183n72
Sustainable Communities Initiative, 134–35
Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs v. Inclusionary Communities Project (TDHCA v. ICP), 121, 132–33, 138–41, 183n72
Tipping point, 50, 56, 61, 110–113
Traficante v. Metropolitan Live Insurance, Co., 97
Urban renewal, 22, 55, 65, 80, 90, 94–95
U.S. Conference of Mayors, 100
U.S. v. Charlottesville Redevelopment and Housing Authority, 113
US Organization, 74
Vouchers, 11, 28, 38, 43, 47, 60, 101–02, 108–09, 115, 126, 130, 135, 159n4, 162n55
War on poverty, 76–78, 85, 173n68
Westchester, NY, 133, 137, 140
White flight, 11, 22, 50, 52, 75, 90, 109–110, 174n2
Wilkins, Roger, 74
Young, Andrew, 74