Index

Note: Page numbers in italics refer to figures and tables.

abandoned and vacant properties: in concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 267–71; in decline of good neighborhoods, 22–23, 27, 28–29; and foreclosure crisis, 114, 117–18; and gentrification, 226; in middle-neighborhood crisis, 252–53; in neighborhood change theories, 40, 44, 45; in urban crisis, 82–84, 175
activism, 78–82, 181, 213–15
Adams, Carolyn, 208
affluence: and demographic change, 156; and economic transformation, 161; in gentrification, 215, 224, 231–32, 315–16; in good neighborhoods, 22–24, 25, 27, 28–29, 30; in neighborhood change theories, 32–33, 35–36, 41; and neighborhood networks, 5, 13–14; in suburban neighborhoods, 284, 286, 287, 288, 301–3; as threat to good neighborhoods, 308–10. See also wealth
Affordable Care Act of 2010, 204
African American neighborhoods. See Black neighborhoods
aging-in-place, 152–53
Ahlbrandt, Roger, 41
Alinsky, Saul, 178–79
Allard, Scott, 290
Allegheny County, PA, 287–88
amenities: in defining good neighborhoods, 5; in gentrification, 217–18, 219, 220, 233; local governments in providing, 190; in millennial in-migration, 149–50; in neighborhood markets, 128, 133–34, 136; in successful integration, 180–81, 183, 184–85; in urban middle neighborhoods, 244, 253–54
anchor institutions, 201–10
Anderson, Elijah, 168–69
appraisal, real estate, 127, 128, 139–40
Asians/Asian communities, 154–55, 156, 168, 185, 186, 187–88
assets: anchor institutions as, 202, 204, 208–9; Black middle neighborhoods as, 256; CDCs as, 196–97, 198, 201; in concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 274; in consumer choice, 130–31, 133–34; in integrated neighborhoods, 184–85; in middle-neighborhood crisis, 240–41, 244, 256, 257; in suburban change, 297–98
assimilation, cultural, 64, 69, 154, 157, 256
Atlanta, GA, 19–20, 131, 192–93

Babcock, Frederic: The Valuation of Real Estate, 39
baby boomers, 152, 153–54
Baltimore, MD: anchor institutions in, 202–3; gentrification in, 107, 216, 220–23, 226; middle neighborhoods in, 235–36, 239, 247–48; millennial in-migration to, 149–50, 151–52; neighborhood markets in, 127, 138, 140–42
Baltimore County, MD, 291–92, 298–302, 303–4
Banglatown, Detroit, 156, 157
Baroni, Msgr. Geno, 81
Bartholomew, Harland, 74
Beauregard, Robert, 88–90, 219, 281–82
Bedford-Stuyvesant, NYC, 223
Bier, Thomas, 101–2, 245, 283
Bischoff, Kendra, 22–23, 264
Black Bottom, Detroit, 65, 79
Black Bottom, Philadelphia, 203–4
Black families/households: anchor institutions in falling populations of, 207; in concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 263–64; and gentrification, 226–27, 314; and good neighborhoods, 20–22, 23; and middle neighborhoods, 88, 237, 240, 256, 257, 320; in neighborhood markets, 135–36; and the rise of Black neighborhoods, 64–65; and suburban change, 292–95, 298–300; suburbanization of, 148, 186–87, 293, 295, 319–20; and urban neighborhood decline, 71, 75–77, 90–91
Black home buyers, 136, 176–78, 179–80, 252–55, 262–63, 319–20
Black homeowners/homeownership, 117, 174–78, 227–28, 254–55, 263, 320–21
Black Lives Matter movement, 188
Black middle-class: and gentrification, 227–28; good neighborhoods in outcomes of, 20–21; and middle-neighborhood crisis, 238, 249, 250, 256; in mixed-income neighborhoods, 262, 264; in neighborhood markets, 130; out-migration and urban neighborhood decline, 82, 88; in the rise of good Black neighborhoods, 175–76, 177–78; in the rise of urban neighborhoods, 64; in suburban neighborhood change, 286. See also middle class
Black neighborhoods: building the market in, 319–21; changing significance of race in, 168–69, 174–78, 187; concentrated poverty in, 262–67; decline of, 23, 27, 28, 243–44, 246–57, 265; demographic change in, 155; gentrification of, 221, 223, 228–30; as good neighborhoods, 174–78; and middle-neighborhood crisis, 238, 246–47, 253–54, 256; in neighborhood change theories, 44–45; in neighborhood markets, 128, 130, 135–36, 140–41; in the rise of urban neighborhoods, 51–52, 63–67; subprime lending and foreclosure crisis in, 29, 115–17, 118, 119; suburban, 286, 289–90, 300–301; and urban neighborhood decline, 73–82, 88, 90–91
blockbusting, 82–83, 181–82, 292–93
Bonam, Courtney, 169, 254
Boston, MA, 17–18, 55, 75–76, 103–4, 149, 192
Boustan, Leah, 71
Branas, Charles, 271–72
Bronzeville, Chicago, 65, 66
Brophy, Paul, 41, 228–29, 245–46
Brown, Michael, 292, 295–96
buffering hypothesis, 186
Burgess, Ernest, 35–36

capital, financial, 47–48, 125, 127–28, 216–17, 218
Carnegie, Andrew, 60–61
cars and auto-dependency, 67, 75, 235–36, 282, 297, 302. See also highways, interstate
Carter, Jimmy, 81
Case Western Reserve University and Medical Center, 208
Catholic social theory, 81
Cayton, Horace: Black Metropolis, 64–65
CDCs (community development corporations), 80–81, 92–98, 125, 194–202, 210, 290, 300–301, 313
CenterState Corporation for Economic Opportunity, Syracuse, 208
Central North Side, Pittsburgh, 93
Cereal Killer demonstrations, London, 214–15
Chambersburg neighborhood, Trenton, 59
change agents: anchor institutions and private corporations as, 201–10; challenge of equity and accountability for, 189–90, 207–8, 210–11; city and local governments as, 190–94, 198–99, 201–2, 203, 204, 209, 210–11; in community development, 97–98, 194–202, 210; conflict among, 194–95, 202, 209, 210–11; intentionality of, 189–90; in the suburbs, 288–90
Chetty, Raj, 272–73
Chicago, IL: concentrated poverty neighborhoods in, 271; foreclosure crisis in, 114–15; rise of neighborhoods in, 53–54, 55, 59–61, 64–65, 66; significance of race in, 177; social ties in neighborhoods of, 20; suburban change in, 284–85, 287, 289–90; white flight from, 71, 82
Chicago School of Human Ecology, 34–42, 67–68, 168, 178–79, 188, 310–11, 317, 328n37
children/childrearing: in concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 271–73; in demographic change, 146–47; and gentrification, 231–32, 233; and good neighborhoods, 20–21, 23; in neighborhood change theory and practice, 309, 314–15; shared childcare during COVID-19, 12; in suburban change, 281; in urban middle neighborhoods, 236
Cincinnati, OH, 52–53, 202
Cincinnati Center City Community Development Corporation, 202
civil rights movement, 181
Clark, Terry Nichols, 217
class, socioeconomic, 5, 14–15, 27, 30–31, 53, 172, 183–84, 229–30. See also middle-class
Cleveland, OH: change agents in, 196–97, 201, 208–9; change in suburbs of, 283; concentrated poverty in, 265, 266, 269, 270; decline of middle neighborhoods in, 235–36, 245–46, 251, 252–53; rise of neighborhoods in, 64, 68–69; significance of race in, 181–82; subprime mortgages in, 28
Cleveland Neighborhood Progress, 93
Coates, Ta-Nehisi, 90, 229
code enforcement, 227, 278, 318–19
collective action, 17, 45, 131–32, 206, 209–10, 300–301, 313, 319
collective efficacy, 17, 131–32, 300–301, 319
college graduates, 99–101, 148–52, 161–64, 216–18, 230–31, 232–33
Columbia University, 203–4
communitarianism, 6, 15–18, 23, 30, 45, 163–65, 308–9, 313–14
Community Action Program, 80
Community Development Block Grant Program, 75, 96, 191–92, 290
Community Reinvestment Act, 245–46
concentrated poverty neighborhoods: change agents in, 195, 196, 197, 201, 206–7, 208, 209–10; in the COVID-19 pandemic, 12; effects of living in, 19–22, 260–61, 271–73; gentrification of, 213, 218–19, 229–30, 274; as good neighborhoods, 7, 17–18, 19–20, 273–79; in middle-neighborhood crisis, 239, 246–47; in neighborhood change theories, 30, 32–33; in neighborhood change theory and practice, 312–13, 315, 317–19; in neighborhood markets, 127, 130, 132–33, 267–70, 317–19; origins and growth of, 27, 260, 261, 262–67; race in, 20–21, 30, 174, 186–87, 259–60, 262, 263, 265; restoration of, 317–19; suburban, 295, 301–2; in urban neighborhood decline, 77–78, 80, 84–86, 90–91, 94, 95–96; vacancy and abandonment in, 267–72
concentric zone model of neighborhood succession, 35–36, 38
Conn, Steve, 75
Cook County, IL, 102, 115, 316
Cortright, Joe, 23–24, 109, 232–33, 261
covenants, racial, 21–22, 64–65, 73–74, 169–70, 171, 263, 300. See also redlining; segregation, racial and ethnic
COVID-19 pandemic, 11–12, 118–20, 307
crack epidemic, 90, 265, 267
Crary-St. Mary’s neighborhood, Detroit, 175–77, 246–47, 250
crime: and change agents, 197–99, 201, 204, 206, 207; and children, 20; and community, 17–18; and gentrification, 217; and good Black neighborhoods, 174, 178; and immigration, 156–57; in neighborhood change theories, 39–40, 43–44; in neighborhood decline, 26–27, 250, 251; in neighborhood markets, 133, 135–36; and neighborhood safety, 5, 190–91, 197, 206, 217, 265, 267, 270–71, 276–77, 318–19; recent increase in, 333n52; in suburban change, 196–97, 280; in urban crisis, 83–84, 90–91
Crowder, Kyle, 180

Deaton, Angus, 43
decline, neighborhood: of Black neighborhoods, 229, 246–57; and change agents, 196–97, 198, 202; and concentrated poverty, 261, 264; in the dynamic systems approach, 32–34, 39–41, 42–43, 44–46; federal government in, 73–82, 84–85, 86–91, 93–95, 96–97, 331n19; and gentrification, 106, 107, 111, 219–20, 223, 229, 232–33; of good neighborhoods, 7–9, 22–31; housing abandonment in, 83–84; of middle neighborhoods, 27, 120–22, 236, 238, 243–44, 246–58, 265; in neighborhood change theory and practice, 305, 309–11, 312, 316, 319–21; and neighborhood markets, 135, 140–41, 251–52, 254–55; and population change, 71–72, 74, 84, 90; public policy in, 269; and the rise of the community development system, 92–98; significance of race in, 168–69, 172–74, 183; in spatial inequality, 305; suburban, 283, 286, 288, 290–91, 292–93, 298, 299–301; suburbanization in, 70, 73–74, 90; in the “urban crisis” years, 82–88; white flight in, 22, 27, 70–71, 82–83, 88
deindustrialization, 8, 25–26, 27, 130, 159–61, 216–17, 241–42, 249, 256–57, 300–301. See also industrialization
demographics/demographic change: in decline of neighborhoods, 25–26, 111, 249–57; and gentrification, 215, 225–26; immigration in, 57–58, 145, 154–59; in middle neighborhoods, 241–42, 249–57; in neighborhood change theory and practice, 314–15; rise of millennials and decline of traditional families in, 146–54; since 1960, 145–46; in suburban change, 280–81
demolition, 75, 76–77, 124–25, 221, 268–69, 300
Denton, Nancy A., 180–81
Denver, CO, 114, 196
Desmond, Matthew, 270
Desnoyer Park neighborhood, St. Paul, 1
destabilization. See stability/instability
Detroit, MI: change agents in, 191, 208–9; concentrated poverty in, 263–64, 265–66; demographic change and economic restructuring in, 155, 156; gentrification in, 229–30; growth of, 53, 55, 58, 64, 65; middle-neighborhood crisis in, 237–38, 246–47, 253–54; neighborhood decline in, 71, 78–79, 82; neighborhood markets in, 137–38; significance of race in, 175–77
Detroit Future City, 254
developers, 125–27, 139–40, 169–70, 198, 209–10, 215, 219, 225–26
discrimination ethnic, 48–49, 131–32. See also racism/racial discrimination
disinvestment/disinvested neighborhoods: in concentrated poverty, 262, 267, 270–71, 273; and gentrification, 218, 221, 229–30; and good neighborhoods, 27, 29–30, 316; in middle-neighborhood crisis, 238–39, 243; in neighborhood markets, 140. See also investment/investors
disorder, neighborhood, 18, 19–20, 37, 135–36, 250, 271–72
displacement, 75–76, 187, 203–4, 213–14, 219, 224–28, 232, 263–64, 316–17
diversity, economic: in gentrification, 216; in good neighborhoods, 23, 29–30, 161–62; of Latinx neighborhoods, 155–56; in middle neighborhoods, 161, 236, 238–39; in neighborhood change, 37; suburban, 280–81, 286
diversity, ethnic and racial: changing context of, 169, 172–73, 174; demographic change in, 145–46, 154–56; in federal housing policy, 73–74; and globalization of neighborhoods, 185–88; in good neighborhoods, 14–15, 29–30; in middle neighborhoods, 239; suburban, 280–81; and successful integration, 179, 181, 183–84
Dom Polski (Polish House), Buffalo, NY, 61–63
downtowns: change agents’ investments in, 192–93, 202, 207; in the concentric zone model, 35–36; demographic change and economic restructuring in, 149–52, 166; and gentrification, 215, 218, 256; in middle-neighborhood crisis, 249, 256–57; in polarization, 100–101, 102, 107, 111; in the rise of urban neighborhoods, 58, 63; in urban neighborhood decline, 90
Drake, St. Clair: Black Metropolis, 64–65
Drexel University, 206
Duff, Charlie, 53, 259
Duggan, Mike, 191
Dundalk, MD, 300–302
Dundalk Renaissance Corporation, 300–301
dynamic systems approach, 32–50, 305–6

Earned Income Tax Credit, 91
economics/economic forces: change in, since 1960, 145–46; and city governments, 192–94; in gentrification, 216–17; in modeling neighborhood change, 46; in neighborhood change theories, 45, 47–48, 305–6; in neighborhood decline, 26–27, 75, 91, 249–57; and race, in globalization of neighborhoods, 185–86; as threat to good neighborhoods, 8; in understanding American neighborhoods, 4–5
education, 161–64, 183–84, 216–18, 230–31, 301–2, 318–19. See also schools
education and health care sector, 41–42, 47, 100–101, 202–9, 216–17, 234–35, 249, 274
Ehrenhalt, Alan, 26, 32, 71, 147
emergency rental assistance programs, 118–19
employment/unemployment: change agents in, 199–200, 202–3, 204, 206, 208–9; in concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 267, 270, 272, 275–76, 278; COVID-19 in, 118; deindustrialization in, 99–100, 159–61, 300–301; in gentrification, 216–17
empty nester phenomenon, 153–54
endogeneity, 43, 124–25, 144, 197
engagement, civic and community, 97–98, 195–96, 243, 256
Enterprise Community Partners, 92–93, 94–95
equality/inequality: and communitarian values, 163–66; in concentrated poverty, 259–60; COVID-19 in revealing, 12; economic, 30, 121, 163–65, 187, 199, 201, 287, 290–91; in interracial interactions, 187; in neighborhood decline, 29, 30, 305; in power dynamics of gentrification, 212; in resource distribution, 312–13; and suburban change, 287, 288–89, 290–92. See also income gap/inequality
equity, home, 21–22, 116–17, 127, 243–44, 255
equity/inequity, 127–28, 189–90, 210–11, 303–4
Erickson, David, 96–97
ethnicity: and concentrated poverty, 259–60; and demographic change, 145, 154–59; ethnic identity rhetoric, 81; ethnic neighborhoods, 61–63, 67–69, 76–77, 155–57, 275–76, 307; and globalization of neighborhoods, 185–87; in neighborhood change theories, 37; in neighborhood markets, 131–32; and suburbanization, 71; and urban neighborhood decline, 75–76, 81. See also diversity, ethnic and racial; race
evictions, 114, 118–19, 225, 270, 277–78, 312–13, 336–37n14
exogenous/external forces, 41, 45, 47–49, 124–29, 144, 273, 305–6, 311–12

fabric, urban and neighborhood, 7–8, 25, 28, 53–54, 59, 123–24, 197–98, 221, 222
Fair Housing Act, 74
families: in concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 263–64; in demographic change, 146–48; and gentrification, 226–27, 314; in good neighborhoods, 8, 20–22, 25–26, 29–30; middle-income, suburbanization of, 148; and middle neighborhoods, 88, 236, 237, 240, 256, 257, 320; and neighborhood markets, 132, 135–36; in the rise of urban neighborhoods, 64–65; and suburban change, 186–87, 281, 292–95, 298–300, 319–20; and urban neighborhood decline, 71, 75–77, 90–91
feedback systems: as echo chambers, 3, 34, 42, 45–46, 49, 165, 281; in neighborhood change theories, 42–46, 49, 305–6, 314, 316, 328n37; and neighborhood markets, 10, 123, 142–44; race in, 172, 173–74; in suburban change, 281, 290; and successful integration, 181
Ferguson, MO, 292–99
FHA (Federal Housing Administration), 70–71, 73–74, 84–86, 127–28, 129–30, 170, 262
filtering, economic theory of, 36, 37, 40, 219
First Great Migration, 64, 169–70, 262, 330n24
Fishtown, Philadelphia, 230–31
Five Points neighborhood, Denver, 196, 201
Ford, Gerald, 81
Ford Foundation, 92–94
foreclosure crisis, 27–28, 243, 245, 251, 296, 297, 319–20
Fry, John, 206
Fullilove, Mindy, 224–25

Galster, George, 44–45, 261
Gans, Herbert, 17–18
Garland, TX, 106–7, 108
Garrett, Shaylyn Romney, 23, 160–61, 163, 165–66
Gary, Indiana, 267–69
gatekeepers, 125–26, 127–28
gentrification/gentrifying neighborhoods: “back to the city” movement, 101, 348n4; change agents in, 192, 196, 206–7; and concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 213, 218–19, 229–30, 274; definition and phenomenon of, 212–15; and displacement, 213–14, 219, 224–28, 232, 316–17; drivers of, 215–24; in dynamic systems, 34; as ethical and behavioral choice, 18; as form of neighborhood change, 230–33; future of, 232–33; of middle neighborhoods, 247; millennials in, 29, 32, 149–50, 151–52, 216, 217–18; in neighborhood change theory and practice, 311–12, 314, 315–17, 319; and neighborhood decline, 28–30, 106, 107, 111, 219–20, 223, 229, 232–33; power relations in, 10, 212, 228–30, 316–17; and replacement, 226–27
ghettos, urban, 37, 38, 64–65, 69–70, 168–69, 174–75, 237–38, 262–63
Glass, Ruth: London Aspects of Change, 213–14
Goetze, Rolf, 41
good neighborhoods: Black, 174–78; concentrated poverty neighborhoods as, 7, 17–18, 19–20, 273–79; concept of, 3–7, 13–15, 306; decline of, 22–31; gentrified neighborhoods as, 232; inner-ring suburbs as, 283; in life outcomes, 15, 19–22; as nurturing community, 15–18; and the reality of change, 305–6; restoration of, 315–21; significance of, 306–8; social relations and networks in, 5–8, 13–14, 15, 16–19, 20, 306–8; supply of, 22–23, 26–27, 308–9, 313; threats to, 7–9, 305, 308–12; urban middle neighborhoods as, 236–37
governance, networked, 97–98, 198, 200–201, 207–8, 210–11, 313
government, federal: aid to cities by, 191–92; in gentrification, 216; as market actor, 127; in middle-neighborhood crisis, 245–46; in neighborhood change theory and practice, 309–10, 312–13, 319; programs, 85, 95; in urban neighborhood decline, 73–82, 84–85, 86–91, 93–95, 96–97, 331n19
governments, local: anchor institutions replacing, 208, 209; and disinvestment, 270–71; and gentrification, 219, 226, 312; and the Great Recession, 191; in neighborhood markets, 125, 136, 142–43; in racial integration, 181–82, 183; roles and responsibilities of, 190–94, 198–99, 201–2, 203, 204, 209, 210–11; in suburban change, 281, 287–302; in urban neighborhood decline, 75, 96
governments, state, 94, 96–98, 226, 245–46, 269, 289–90, 296–97, 298
Grandmont Rosedale Development Corporation, Detroit, 137–38
Granovetter, Mark, 5–6, 16–18, 307–8
Great Depression, 68, 73
“great inversion,” 32
Great Recession, 27–28, 191–92, 214, 250–51, 255, 259–60, 319–20. See also recessions
Grier, George and Eunice, 225–26
Groveland neighborhood, Chicago, 177

Hackworth, Jason, 268–69
Hall, Richard, 288–89
Hamilton Village, Philadelphia, 203–4
Hart-Celler Act (Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965), 154–55
Hartman, Chester, 94–95
Hastings Street, Detroit, 79
Haurin, Donald, 320
health: and concentrated poverty, 261, 271–72, 277, 278; and demographic change, 153–54; good neighborhoods in, 19–20, 22–23; mental, 19, 23, 83–84, 271–72; and suburban change, 290–91; and vacant properties, 83–84
health care, 41–42, 100, 133–34, 190–91, 202–3, 216, 272. See also education and health care sector
highways, interstate, 72, 77–80, 129–30, 224–25, 263. See also cars and auto-dependency
Hill neighborhood, St. Louis, 88
Hoboken, NJ, 223
Hoffman, Alexander von, 200
home buyers: in decline of middle neighborhoods, 245–46, 249–50, 252–55; in gentrification, 223, 226; in neighborhood markets, 125–27, 129–37, 138, 139–40, 141–42, 144, 319–20; self-sorting by, 165–66; significance of race for, 172, 174, 176–78, 179–82, 184–85; in suburban change, 280–81, 289
homeowners/homeownership: and concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 263, 274; in gentrification, 227–28; in good neighborhoods, 21, 28; in middle-neighborhood crisis, 243–44, 246–47, 249–50, 252–53, 254–55, 351–52n7; in neighborhood change theories, 45–46; in neighborhood markets, 123, 127, 131–32, 139–40, 320–21; in restoring good neighborhoods, 316; in the rise of Black neighborhoods, 65, 176–77; significance of race to, 174–80; in suburban change, 283, 293, 295, 296, 303; in urban neighborhood decline, 73, 85–86
homicides, 20, 90–91
homogeneity/homogenous communities: and demographic change, 145, 155; in FHA mortgage underwriting, 73–74; and gentrification, 231–32; and integration, 179; in middle-neighborhood crisis, 238, 239; in neighborhood change theories, 37; in the rise of urban neighborhoods, 59–60, 307; and social ties, 17, 187
Hood, Lauren, 256
Hoover, J. Edgar, 39–40
HOPE VI, 96
Hopewell, D’Juan, 229
housing, affordable/subsidized: CDCs in, 195; in concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 209–10, 263–64, 265, 276, 277, 318–19; and gentrification, 227, 316; programs and projects, 85, 88, 93–96, 97–98, 198–99, 209, 234–35, 263–64, 265, 267, 270; significance of race in, 169–70; in suburban change, 288; and urban neighborhood decline, 75, 88, 92–94, 96, 97–98
Housing Act of 1949, 75
Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program, 277–78, 312–13
housing demand: change agents in, 196–97, 199–201; in concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 269, 274; in decline of good neighborhoods, 28–29; and gentrification, 215–16, 217–18, 220; in middle-neighborhood crisis, 237, 242–44, 245, 253–55; in neighborhood change theories, 41, 44–45, 46, 314–16, 319–21; in neighborhood markets, 140–41, 145; in the rise of African American neighborhoods, 64; significance of race in, 174–75, 177–78, 181–82, 185–86; in suburban change, 286, 289. See also markets, neighborhood and housing
housing prices: in concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 269–70; and gentrification, 219, 223, 228–29; in middle-neighborhood crisis, 243–44, 250, 251, 252–53, 255; in neighborhood markets, 41–42, 123, 132–33, 139–41; significance of race in, 180–81, 183; in suburban change, 284, 285–86, 287, 289, 291–92, 296. See also property values
housing production/construction: change agents in, 190–91, 195; in concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 265, 269; and gentrification, 215, 315–16; in the rise of urban neighborhoods, 67, 68–69; suburban, 67, 70, 285–86; and urban middle neighborhoods, 237–38, 245; in urban neighborhood decline, 70, 82–83, 87, 94
housing supply/housing stock: in CDC success, 196–97; in concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 267–69, 272, 277; in gentrification, 215–16, 219, 221; in middle-neighborhood crisis, 237, 240, 242, 255; in neighborhood change theories, 44–45, 46, 313; in neighborhood markets, 127, 128, 132–33, 136, 139, 140, 338n38; obsolescence of, 38, 40, 75–77, 272; in the rise of urban neighborhoods, 68–69; suburban, 70, 282, 283–86, 297–98; in successful integration, 180–81, 183; in urban neighborhood decline, 75, 83
Hoyt, Homer, 38, 39, 73–74, 178–79
HUD (US Department of Housing and Urban Development), 39–40, 84–85, 88–90, 204–5, 214
Hunts Point-Longwood, South Bronx, 198–200
Husock, Howard, 194–95
Hymowitz, Kay, 61
Hyra, Derek, 185–86

immigrants/immigration: in concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 275–76; in demographic change, 57–58, 145, 154–59; and good neighborhoods, 24, 30–31; immigrant neighborhoods, 51, 53–63, 67–68, 99, 145, 155–57, 202, 263–64; Immigration Act of 1924, 65, 67, 154; integration of, 186, 330n32; in neighborhood change theories, 35, 37, 38; in neighborhood markets, 131–32; in the rise of urban neighborhoods, 51, 53–63, 65–68; significance of race for, 168, 186, 187–88; in suburban change, 280–81
income gap/inequality, 8, 21–22, 25, 91, 160–63, 188, 230–31, 241–42. See also equality/inequality; polarization
income/income level: in concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 260, 263–64, 270, 272–74, 275, 277–78; demographic change and economic restructuring in, 145–46, 156, 160–63; and gentrification, 225, 226–28, 229–231, 232; and good neighborhoods, 8, 13–14, 19–23, 25, 29; in middle-neighborhood crisis, 234–35, 239, 241–42, 243–44, 246–47, 250, 255; in neighborhood change theories, 35–36, 39, 41–43, 45–46, 316–19; and neighborhood markets, 124–26, 127, 129–33, 139–40; and polarization, 30, 102, 104, 106–10, 112–13, 118, 119–20; and race, 175–76, 177, 180–81, 187, 188; in suburban change, 281, 283, 286–87, 289–90, 292, 294–95, 296–97, 298–300, 301, 302–3; and urban neighborhood decline, 84–86, 90–91, 92–94, 95–96, 97–98
Indian American communities, New Jersey, 156, 157
industrial cities, 29–30, 32–33, 38, 53–63, 100, 159–61, 216, 220. See also under city name
industrialization, 9, 51, 55–56, 57, 59. See also deindustrialization
infrastructure, 55, 77–78, 126, 128, 190, 240–41, 245, 270–71, 278, 289, 298, 320
in-migration: Black, 64, 72–73, 84, 169–70, 172, 175, 184, 262; in decline of neighborhoods, 28–30; in demographic change and urban restructuring, 148–52, 153–54; in gentrification, 215, 217, 218, 232–33, 315–16; in growth of concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 262, 263; in middle-neighborhood crisis, 248–49, 252–53, 256–57; in neighborhood markets, 144; in polarization, 100–102, 104, 106, 107. See also out-migration
institutions/institutional frameworks, 47–48, 61–63, 127, 288–90, 291–301, 303–4, 305–6, 309, 312–13
insurance, 39–40, 320. See also FHA (Federal Housing Administration)
integration, racial, 178–85, 186–87, 289, 292–93, 330n32. See also segregation, racial and ethnic
Interstate Highway and Defense Act, 77–78
invasion-succession model of neighborhood change, 35–37, 168, 237, 305, 310–11, 317
investment/investors: change agents in, 191–95, 205–6, 207–8, 209–11; community development systems in, 92–93, 94–96; in concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 263, 266–67, 273–75, 279; in decline of neighborhoods, 28, 250, 252–53; in downtowns, and urban decline, 90; and gentrification, 216–17, 218–19, 229–30, 231–32; in good neighborhoods, 21, 29–30, 318–19, 321; in middle neighborhoods, 240–41, 243, 245–46, 248–49, 321; in neighborhood change theories, 41–42, 45; in neighborhood markets, 123, 126–27, 134–35, 139, 140–42, 144; in suburban change, 293, 295, 296, 300, 301–2. See also speculation/speculators
Ironbound neighborhood, Newark, 240

Jackson, Kenneth, 74
Jacobs, Jane, 15, 40, 78, 80, 136–37, 213
Jacobus, Rick, 230
Jargowsky, Paul, 260, 261
Jewish neighborhoods, 64–65, 67–68, 275
Johns Hopkins University and medical complex, 151–52, 202–3

Kahneman, Daniel, 134–35
Keller, Suzanne, 13–14
Kelley, Florence, 60–61
Kennedy, John F., and administration, 74
Klinenberg, Eric, 20, 271
knowledge economy, 8, 38, 42, 100, 104, 267. See also deindustrialization; education and health care sector
Koch, Ed, 198
Krysan, Maria, 180

labor market, 22, 131, 147, 199–200, 328n37. See also employment/unemployment
labor unions, 159–61, 241–42
Lacks, Henrietta, 301, 358n51
landlords: in Black neighborhoods, 174–75; in concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 269, 270, 272; and the COVID-19 pandemic, 117–19; in gentrification and displacement, 224, 225–26; in middle-neighborhood crisis, 237, 243; in neighborhood markets, 123, 140, 321, 336–37n14
land use, 18, 27, 52–53, 58, 73, 273–74, 281, 288, 298, 302. See also zoning
Lasch, Christopher, 164–65
Latinx communities and people: in demographic change, 154–59; gentrification of, 196; poverty of, 259–60, 262; in the rise of urban neighborhoods, 57–58; significance of race for, 185, 186, 187–88; in urban middle neighborhoods, 239, 243, 250
Lee, William, 256
legacy cities, 104–6, 240, 255, 257
Lemann, Nicholas, 194–95
lenders/lending: and concentrated poverty, 262–63, 269; discrimination by, 21–22, 125–26, 127–28, 131–32, 170–71, 262–63, 269; in life outcomes, 21–22; in middle-neighborhood crisis, 243, 250; in neighborhood markets, 125–28, 131–32; predatory, 27–28, 115–16, 243, 250; significance of race for, 170–71, 178; in urban neighborhood decline, 73, 74. See also mortgages; redlining
Levittowns, 283–84, 285–86
life cycles/life cycle theory, 37, 39–40, 46, 146, 168, 173–74, 178–79, 233, 249–50, 252, 314
life expectancy, 19–20, 146, 152, 272–73, 290
LIHTC (Low-Income Housing Tax Credit) program, 94–95, 200–201, 295
Lin, Cui, 43
LISC (Local Initiatives Support Corporation), 92–93, 94
Logan, John R., 186
Long, Norton, 288–89
Lowe, Jeanne, 103–4
low-income neighborhoods. See concentrated poverty neighborhoods

Maestre, Sidney, 77
magnet cities, 101, 103–4, 107, 149, 212, 244
Mahmoudi, Dillon, 22–23, 261
Mandelker, Daniel, 32
markets, neighborhood and housing: in CDC outcomes, 196–97, 199–200; and concentrated poverty, 127, 130, 132–33, 267–70, 274, 317–19; consumer choice in, 122, 129–37, 336–37n14; feedback systems in, 142–44; forces and actors in, 124–29; in gentrification, 218–19; in good neighborhoods, 4–5; housing stock in, 319–20, 338n38; information channels in, 137–38; in middle-neighborhood crisis, 237, 257; in neighborhood change theories, 41–42, 44–45, 46, 48–49; and neighborhood decline, 28–30, 251–52, 254–55; quantifying strength of, 139–42, 339n42, 339n46; regional, in successful integration, 180–81; in restoring good neighborhoods, 315–21; in suburban change, 285–86, 291–92, 297
Massey, Douglas S., 180–81
mayors, 47–48, 86, 192, 193, 208. See also governments, local
McCormack Baron Salazar (MBS), 209–10
McGhee, Heather, 310
McGoldrick, Joseph, 74–75
McMansions, 32–33, 102–3, 302–3
McNeely, Joseph, 245–46
memory, collective, 185–86, 224–25
Mercer County, NJ, 19–20
Merton, Robert, 49–50
middle class: and concentrated-poverty neighborhoods, 263–64, 274, 275–76; decline of, as threat to good neighborhoods, 8, 25, 309; decline of, in polarization, 99–100, 102, 121; and decline of good neighborhoods, 24, 25, 26–27, 29–30; in demographic change and economic restructuring, 160, 161; in gentrification, 215, 217, 227–28, 231–32; in middle-neighborhood crisis, 234, 238, 241–42, 252–54; in neighborhood change theories, 32–33; in urban neighborhood decline, 71, 78, 80
middle-class/middle-income/middle neighborhoods: changing significance of race in, 168–69, 175–76, 177–78; decline of, 8, 25, 27, 120–22, 236, 238, 243–44, 246–58, 265; diversity in, 238–39; economic trauma in, 161; in the foreclosure crisis, 115–17, 118, 119; gentrification of, 29, 212, 232; as good neighborhoods, 4, 7, 8, 18, 20–21, 174–79; and middle-neighborhood crisis, 238–39, 246–47, 252, 253–54, 265, 289–90; in neighborhood change theories, 44–45, 319–21; opportunities in, 240, 255, 257–58; racial transition of, 174–77; restoration of, 315, 319–21; rise and fall of, 234–41; rise of poverty in, 265; significance of race in, 174–78, 187; suburban, 102, 280, 281–83, 289–90, 297–98, 300–301
Middle Neighborhoods Initiative and Community of Practice, 257–58
Mill Creek Valley urban renewal project, St. Louis, 76–77
millennials, 29, 32, 100–102, 111, 130, 149–52, 185–86, 216, 217–18, 232, 314
Miller, Claire Cain, 163
Minneapolis, MN, 170, 171, 284
mixed-income communities and housing, 22–23, 94, 96, 209, 239, 274, 317–18
mixed-race/ethnicity neighborhoods: assimilation of immigrants into, 157; and decline of Black middle neighborhoods, 252, 253–55; in FHA mortgage underwriting, 73–74; and the housing market, 136; in origins of concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 262; restoration of, 316–17, 319–20; significance of race in, 172–73, 177–78
mixed-use areas, 8, 41–42, 73–74, 100–101, 202, 204, 218–19, 280–81, 283–84
mobility, socioeconomic, 19, 131, 136, 140, 180, 194–95, 240, 257, 272–73, 275–76, 278
Model Cities Program, 86–88
modernization theory, 34–37, 38–39
Montgomery, AL, 310
Mooney-Melvin, Patricia, 53
mortgages: in concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 262–63, 296; in middle-neighborhood crisis, 150, 243, 250, 252–53; in neighborhood markets, 125–26, 127, 128, 131–32, 139–40, 320; significance of race in, 115–17, 170–71, 172; subprime, 27–28, 47–48, 111–13, 170, 172, 243, 245, 250, 296; in suburbanization and suburban change, 70–71, 296, 297; in urban neighborhood decline, 73–74. See also lenders/lending
Mount Laurel doctrine, New Jersey, 273–74
Moving to Opportunity program, 273–74, 328n30
multiethnic neighborhoods, 59, 62–63, 154–55, 186
Myers, Dowell, 232–33

National Commission on Neighborhoods, 81
National Congress for Community Economic Development, 92
Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORCs), 152–53
neighborhood effects, 19–22, 83–84, 114–15, 121, 260–61, 271–73
Neighborhood Housing Services/NeighborWorks America, 92–93
“neighborhoodism”/neighborhoods movement, 77–82, 245–46
Neighborhood Reinvestment Task Force, 93
Neighborhood Stabilization Program, 114, 335n15
neighborliness/neighborhood connections: in 19th century American neighborhoods, 51–52; in good neighborhoods, 16–17, 20, 24, 306–7; in neighborhood change theories, 308; significance of during COVID-19, 11–12; in urban middle neighborhoods, 236; waning of, 1–2. See also social relations/ties/networks
New Haven Promise, 209
New Jersey, 102, 111, 112–13, 156, 157, 157–59, 173–74, 286
New York City, 59–60, 103–4, 198, 221, 223
Nextdoor.com, 24–25
nonprofits, 92–98, 138, 189–90, 204–5, 208, 209–10, 287–88, 290. See also CDCs (community development corporations)
Northern Liberties, Philadelphia, 230–31
North Lawndale, Chicago, 271
Northside Urban Partnership, Syracuse, 208

Oak Park, IL, 181–83
Obama, Michelle: Becoming, 177
opportunities/opportunity spaces, 8–9, 22, 30, 47–48, 188, 240, 255, 257–58, 272–73, 275–76
Opportunity Zone program, 95–96, 313
order/organization, social, 23, 34–35, 38, 47
organizations, community and neighborhood: as change agents, 195, 209; in good neighborhoods, 18; labor unions as, 160–61; in middle neighborhoods, 237; in neighborhood change theory and practice, 318–19; in neighborhoodism, 80; significance of race in, 178–79, 181; suburban, 71, 281–82, 288–90, 301, 303
out-migration: from concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 273–74; in decline of neighborhoods, 28, 29–30, 32–33, 82–83, 84; in demographic change, 161; in gentrification, 218; in middle-neighborhood crisis, 241, 252–53, 255–57; in neighborhood change theories, 32–33, 38, 41; in suburban change, 283. See also in-migration; white flight
overcrowding, 51–52, 61, 82, 83, 88, 175, 237–38, 263
Over-the-Rhine, Cincinnati, 202

Park, Robert, 36–37, 38
Park Forest, Cook County, IL, 102
Park Slope, Brooklyn, 233
Pattillo-McCoy, Mary, 177, 178
Penn Alexander School, Philadelphia, 206–7
perceptions: in good neighborhoods, 18; in neighborhood change theories, 38, 43–44, 45–46, 47, 48–50, 305–6, 316; in neighborhood markets, 133, 134–36, 137–38, 142–44; of self and community, 18, 38, 43–44, 45–46, 47, 48–50, 102–3, 133; in successful integration, 180
Peterson, Paul, 90, 192–93
Philadelphia, PA: change agents in, 202–4, 205–9; demographic change and economic restructuring in, 152–53, 161; gentrification in, 216, 219–21, 230–31; middle neighborhoods in, 235–36, 239; rise of neighborhoods in, 52–56; significance of race in, 183–84; urban neighborhood decline in, 71, 82–84, 90
philanthropy/philanthropists, 274, 287–88, 290
Pittsburgh, PA, 60, 71, 93, 100, 103–5, 147–48, 208–9, 242
polarization: COVID-19 pandemic in, 118–20; demographic change and economic restructuring in, 99–100, 163–64, 165–66; economic, 30, 102, 104, 106–10, 112–13, 118, 119–20; foreclosure crisis in, 111–20; and gentrification, 103–11, 115, 117, 120–21, 231–32, 317; and neighborhood decline, 30, 106, 107, 109, 115, 120–22, 256–57; in politics, 163–64; and race, 110, 115–17, 163, 165–66, 188; subprime mortgages in, 111–13, 115–17; and suburban change, 102, 286–87; as threat to good neighborhoods, 8, 308–10. See also segregation, economic and political
police/policing, 190–92, 201, 266–67, 276–77, 296–97, 301–2, 318–19, 320
policies, public: in concentration of poverty, 265, 267–68, 269; in neighborhood change theory and practice, 312–13, 319; in neighborhood markets, 129–30; in suburban change, 298–301, 303–4; in successful integration, 181–82; as threat to middle neighborhoods, 244–46; in urban neighborhood decline, 73–74, 88–90, 92–98
politics: and change agents, 193, 210–11; and concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 273, 278; demographic change and economic restructuring in, 156–57, 163–67; of gentrification, 212, 213–14, 219–20, 223–24, 225; and good neighborhoods, 6, 8, 18; in neighborhood change theories, 47–50, 309–10, 312–13, 316, 317; in neighborhood markets, 130–31; in suburban change, 287–88, 290–91, 297–98; in urban neighborhood decline, 80, 81–82, 94–95, 96–97. See also under government, local
populism, urban, 192, 193
Portland, OR, 114, 316
poverty: in early urban neighborhoods, 60–61; effects of, 260–61, 271–73; and gentrification, 225, 231–32; in good neighborhoods, 5, 7, 13–14, 17–18, 19–20, 22–23, 199, 273–79; and health, 261, 271–72, 277, 278; and life outcomes, 19–22; in middle neighborhoods, 239, 246–47; in neighborhood change theories, 30, 32–33, 41–42, 44–45, 312–13, 317–19; race and ethnicity in, 20–21, 30, 174, 178, 186–87, 259–60, 262, 263, 265; rise in, 259–61; suburban, 295, 296, 301–2; in urban neighborhood decline, 77–78, 80–81, 84–86, 90–91, 94, 95–96
power/power relations: and change agents, 193–94, 199–200, 209, 210–11; in decline of good neighborhoods, 27; of gatekeepers, in neighborhood markets, 128; in gentrification, 10, 212, 228–30, 316–17; latent, 18; race in, 168, 170, 181, 185, 228–30; in urban neighborhood decline, 76, 78–80, 81–82
preferences, consumer, 129–37, 163, 179–80, 218, 232–33, 242
President’s National Urban Policy Report, The (Reagan administration), 88–90
privatization, 92, 93–96, 97–98, 309–10, 313
PRIZM model (Claritas market research), 130–31
property taxes and tax revenues, 207, 287, 289–90, 296–97, 303, 309–10, 316, 320
property values: anchor institutions, effect of, 206–7; appreciation in, 21–22, 119, 123, 135, 232, 253–54; CDCs in, 195–97, 201; in concentrated poverty, 269; and decline of good neighborhoods, 27; in defining good neighborhoods, 4–5; in gentrification, 220, 232; in neighborhood markets, 123, 127, 135, 139, 316; race in, 177, 342n22; real estate bubble, 111–13, 243–44; in suburban change, 286, 287, 289–90, 299–300; as threat to middle neighborhoods, 243–44. See also housing prices
PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), 19–20, 271–72
Putnam, Robert, 16–17, 23, 24, 160–61, 163, 165–66, 187

quality of life: change agents in, 192–94, 196–97, 199, 201; in concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 265, 276, 277, 278–79, 317–18; in middle neighborhoods, 240, 255; and the Model Cities program, 86–87; in neighborhood change theories, 47, 306, 317–18; and neighborhood decline, 8–9, 255; and neighborhood markets, 123–24, 136; suburban, 283, 288; in successful integration, 184, 185

race: Black-white binary, 30–31, 185, 228–30; as caste system, 167–69, 174; changing context of, 169–74; in concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 20–21, 30, 174, 186–87, 259–60, 262, 263, 265; and COVID-19, 12; and demographic change, 154–59, 163, 165–66; in discourse on American neighborhoods, 4; in exclusion, 21–22, 27, 169–70, 245, 288, 293–94, 312–13, 359n14; and gentrification, 223, 224, 226–27, 228, 350n32; and globalization of neighborhoods, 185–88; and good neighborhoods, 14, 20–22, 27, 30–31, 174–78; in neighborhood change theory and practice, 303–4, 310–12; in neighborhood markets, 127–28, 129, 130, 131–32, 135–36, 137, 321; in power relations, 168, 170, 181, 185; in the rise of urban neighborhoods, 57–58; and subprime lending, 115–17, 170–71, 172; and suburban change, 283, 286, 288–89, 298–300; and successful integration, 178–85; and urban middle neighborhoods, 238, 250, 252–56. See also ethnicity
racism/racial discrimination: in access to good neighborhoods, 20–22; in concepts of “good” neighborhoods, 4; and gentrification, 226; in middle-neighborhood crisis, 236–37, 249; in neighborhood markets, 127–28, 131–32; in persistence of concentrated poverty, 262–63, 275–76; and the rise of African American neighborhoods, 64; in segregation, 168–70, 172, 174–75; in suburban inequities and police violence, 296–97, 303–4; and urban neighborhood decline, 70–71, 73–74. See also segregation, racial and ethnic
railroad suburbs, 283–84, 292, 302–3
Randallstown, MD, 298–300
“Randomistas,” researchers as, 43
Reagan, Ronald and administration, 82, 88–91
real estate values. See property values
Reardon, Sean, 22–23, 264
recessions, 27–28, 127, 174, 214, 250–51, 255, 259–60, 319–20
redistribution/redistributive policies, 192–94, 287, 300, 301–2, 303–4
redlining, 21–22, 73–74, 125, 127, 170–72, 269. See also covenants, racial
regulations/regulatory framework: in concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 276–77; in good neighborhoods, 18; local governments in, 190–91; in middle-neighborhood crisis, 245; in neighborhood markets, 127, 129–30; race in, 169–70; in suburban change, 280, 288; in urban neighborhood decline, 86, 97. See also FHA (Federal Housing Administration); HUD (US Department of Housing and Urban Development)
Renaissance Development Initiative (Baltimore County), 300–301
rentals and renters: and community development systems, 93–94; in concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 270, 278; in the COVID-19 pandemic, 118–19; and gentrification, 225–26; in middle neighborhoods, 243; in neighborhood change theories, 44–45; in neighborhood markets, 123, 131–32, 139–40; and race, 179–80; in suburban change, 286
rent gap hypothesis, 218–20, 223, 229
RERC (Real Estate Research Corporation), 39–40
revival/revitalization: change agents in, 189, 191–92, 193–95, 202, 205–6; of concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 274–76; gentrification as, 10–11, 217–18, 230; immigration in, 156–57, 166; in middle-neighborhood crisis, 249, 257; in neighborhood change theories, 32–33, 41, 47, 49, 311–12, 314–15, 318–19; relationship to urban neighborhood decline, 28–29, 86–88, 89–90, 94; in suburban change, 288, 291–92, 296, 300–302; of urban middle neighborhoods, 245–46, 247, 248–49, 251–54
Richardson, Diane, 255–56
Richardson, Dorothy, 93
Riis, Jacob, 58, 59–61
Robinson, Eugene, 263–64
Rodin, Judith, 205–6
Rogers, Fred: Mr. Rogers’ Neighborhood, 22
Rohe, William, 41
Roman neighborhoods, 2
Roosevelt, NJ, 1–2
Rosenblum, Nancy, 16
Rosenthal, Stuart, 320
Rouse, James, 92–93, 274–75
Rust Belt cities, 121, 191, 267–69

safety. See crime
Saltman, Juliet, 181, 183
Sampson, Robert, 43
Sandel, Michael, 308–9
Sandtown-Winchester, Baltimore, 274–75
San Francisco/San Francisco Bay Area, CA, 78, 287–88
Scarsdale, NY, 302–3
Schelling, Thomas, 172, 179–80
schools: and change agents, 199, 206–7; in concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 265, 267, 270–71, 278, 318–19; failing, in decline of neighborhoods, 26–27; in idea of good neighborhoods, 5; in neighborhood markets, 134–35, 319–20; in restoring good neighborhoods, 318–20; significance of race in, 174, 182–84, 187; and suburban municipal fragmentation, 281, 289, 291. See also education
Schragger, Richard, 193
Schubert, Michael, 47, 321
Seattle, WA, 104–5, 170
Second Great Migration, 263
segregation, economic and political, 22–23, 37, 195, 263–64, 274, 289, 290–92, 312. See also polarization
segregation, racial and ethnic: and CDCs, 195; changing context of, 169–74; in concentrated poverty, 262–64, 273; in Ferguson, MO, 292, 293–94, 297–98; and globalization of neighborhoods, 186–88; and good neighborhoods, 14–15, 21–22, 174, 177–78; in middle-neighborhood crisis, 237, 254–55; municipal fragmentation in, 289; in neighborhood change theories, 37, 40, 310–12; racial covenants in, 169–70, 171; in the rise of urban neighborhoods, 51–52, 63–65; in suburban neighborhoods, 290–92, 297–98, 301–2; and successful integration, 178–85; in urban neighborhood decline, 73–74. See also integration, racial; racism/racial discrimination
Sennett, Richard, 164–65
services, public, 207–8, 250, 270–71, 272, 276–77, 278, 287–88, 289–90, 303–4, 308, 309–10. See also infrastructure; police/policing; schools
Shaker Heights, Ohio, 181–83
Sharkey, Patrick, 20, 23, 90–91, 197, 272–73
Shaw-U Street, Washington, DC, 185–86, 187
shopping streets/districts, 7–8, 63, 237, 280, 282
Slavic Village Development, Cleveland, 196–97
slums, 40, 61, 74–75, 83, 213. See also concentrated poverty neighborhoods
Smart Growth Areas Act of 1997 (MD), 298
Smith, Neil, 215, 218–20, 223, 348–49n19
Smithsimon, Gregory, 299–300
social capital: bridging, in good neighborhoods, 17–18, 239, 306–8; in community development, 98; in concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 279; in good neighborhoods, 16–17, 24, 30; in middle neighborhoods, 257, 321; in neighborhood markets, 131–32, 321; and social control, 17, 34–35, 197, 271–72, 309
social relations/ties/networks: bridging capital, 239, 306–8; CDCs in, 197; in concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 271, 272, 275–76; during COVID-19, 11–12, 307; in diverse neighborhoods, 187; in feedback systems, 45–46; in good neighborhoods, 5–8, 13–14, 15, 16–19, 20, 306–8; kinship, 16–17, 275, 307; in middle neighborhoods, 239; in neighborhood change theories, 35–36, 306–8, 313; neighborhood markets in, 123–24; neighborhoods as containers of, 2; in the rise of African American neighborhoods, 65; social media in, 14, 24–25, 102–3, 137, 165, 307; in suburban neighborhoods, 302. See also neighborliness/neighborhood connections; ties, weak
Society Hill, Philadelphia, 219
sorting, socioeconomic: college degrees as element in, 161–63; in gentrification, 231–32; geographic, 22–23; in neighborhood change theories, 36–37; racial and ethnic, 37, 180, 289; suburban, 281, 289; as threat to good neighborhoods, 309–10; as threat to middle neighborhoods, 241–42
South Bronx, NYC, 198–200
Special Impact Program, 80–81
speculation/speculators, 4–5, 114, 117–18, 123–24, 139, 245, 250, 269–70. See also investment/investors
sports stadiums, 192–93
stability/instability: change agents in, 191–92; in concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 196, 270, 277, 278; and decline of neighborhoods, 28–29, 81, 82–83, 85–86, 90–91; and gentrification, 106–7, 223, 227–28; of middle neighborhoods, 241, 243, 245, 248–50, 253–54, 255, 257; in neighborhood change theories, 38, 47, 305–6, 311–13, 320; in neighborhood markets, 123, 128–29, 131, 133–37; significance of race in, 174, 178–85; in the suburbs, 287, 296, 298–300, 301–2, 303–4
steering, racial, 127–28, 131–32
stereotypes: Black and mixed neighborhoods as exceptions to, 173–85; of Black space, 168–69; in middle-neighborhood crisis, 254; racist, and “good neighborhoods,” 4; of the suburbs, 280–81; in tipping point theory, 173–74
St. Louis, MO: concentrated poverty in, 109, 267–69; desegregation of swimming pools in, 310, 311; gentrification in, 228–29, 232; middle-neighborhood crisis in, 237–38, 254–55; rise of Black neighborhoods in, 63; significance of race in, 172–74, 175, 179; St. Louis County, 70, 186, 291–98; urban decline in, 70, 71, 76–77, 88
Suarez, Ray: The Old Neighborhood, 22, 69, 126–27
subsidies, 192–94, 208–9, 245, 312–13. See also housing, affordable/subsidized
suburbs/suburbanization: in Baltimore and St. Louis counties, 291–302; Black households in, 186–87, 292–95, 298–300, 319–20; changing context of life in, 281–88; demographic change and economic restructuring in, 148, 152, 156, 157–59; impact of aging populations in, 152, 283; municipal fragmentation in, 281, 289, 291; neighborhood decline in, 283, 286, 288, 290–91, 292–93, 298, 299–301; as neighborhoods, 302–4; origins of, in the 1920s, 67; racial and economic diversity in, 280–81; subprime lending in, 28, 116–17; successful integration in, 180–84; and urban middle neighborhoods, 235–36, 237, 242, 253–54, 257, 319–20; in urban neighborhood decline, 27, 70, 73–74, 90; vitality of, 285–86, 288–90, 302, 303
Sugrue, Thomas, 237
sunbelt cities, 104, 106–7, 114, 149, 152–53, 251
“sweating” system, 60–61
Syracuse, NY, 208

Talen, Emily, 2
Temkin, Kenneth, 41
tenants. See rentals and renters
tenements, 59–60, 223, 235, 240, 259
Ten-Year Plan for Housing, NYC, 198
ties, weak: across racial lines, 183, 187; bridging, 183, 187, 239, 306–8; CDCs in, 197; in concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 270, 271, 272, 275–76; in good neighborhoods, 5–7, 15, 16–18, 22, 30, 306–8; in middle neighborhoods, 236–37, 239; in neighborhood change theories, 35–36; in the suburbs, 302. See also social relations/ties/networks
tipping point theory, 168, 172, 173–74, 178–80, 188, 311–12, 314
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 18
trauma, 19–20, 118, 159–61, 271–72, 273
Trenton, NJ, 19–20, 59
Tucker, Raymond, 77
Turner Station, MD, 300–302
Tversky, Amos, 134–35
Tyagi, Amelia, 26–27

universities, 202–9. See also education and health care sector
University Circle, Inc., Cleveland, 208
University City, MO, 181–82, 292–93, 297–98
University City, West Philadelphia, 205–6, 207–8
University Cultural Center Inc., Detroit, 208
University of Pennsylvania, 203–8
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 208–9
upscale neighborhoods, 101, 102, 115, 117, 207, 218–19, 233, 298–300
urbanization, 2, 28, 34–35, 37, 41, 103
“urban prairies,” 267–69
urban renewal: change agents in, 198, 203–4, 205–6; destruction of Black neighborhoods in, 155; in gentrification, 214, 219, 224–25; in neighborhood change theories, 38–39, 42–43, 313, 316–17, 321; in the rise of concentrated poverty, 263; in urban neighborhood decline, 72, 75–78, 80–82, 84–85, 331n19
Urban-Rural Demarcation Line, Baltimore County, 291–92, 298–300

Vernon, Raymond, 39–40
veterans, WWII, 68–69
Veterans Administration (VA), 70–71, 74, 170
violence: CDCs in declines in, 197–98; in concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 271–72; decline in, and millennial urban migration, 100–101; and gentrification, 217; in life outcomes, 20; in neighborhood markets, 135–36; in suburban change, 296–97; as threat to good neighborhoods, 310; and urban crisis, 83–84, 90–91
Vollintine Evergreen, Memphis, 183, 184–85
Volmert, Andrew, 317

walkability, 102, 207, 236, 257, 280–81
Walsh, Randall, 43
Warren, Elizabeth, 26–27
Washington, D.C.: crime in, 90, 91; decline of good neighborhoods in, 28–29; demographic change and economic restructuring in, 147–48, 149; gentrification in, 216, 217, 221, 223; neighborhood markets in, 124–25; significance of race in, 180–81, 185–86
Wayne State University and Detroit Medical Center, 208
wealth: in the foreclosure crisis, 115–17; in gentrification, 217, 220, 228, 231–32, 233; good neighborhoods in building, 5, 21–22; influx of, in polarization, 104, 106, 110; of institutional change agents, 207; and middle-neighborhood crisis, 239, 243–44, 255, 256; in neighborhood markets, 129; racial gap in, 21, 74, 188. See also affluence
wealth gap. See income gap/inequality
Weaver, Robert, 75
Webber, Henry, 7
West Mt. Airy, Philadelphia, 183–84
West Philadelphia, 205–7
white flight: from Ferguson, 293, 295; and middle-neighborhood crisis, 237, 238, 257; in neighborhood decline, 4, 22, 27, 70–71, 82–83, 88; in neighborhood markets, 130; race in, 172, 174–75, 178–80, 187; and the rise of African American neighborhoods, 64; in the rise of concentrated poverty, 263. See also out-migration
Whyte, William, 281–82
Wilkerson, Isabel, 167–68
Wilson, William Julius, 272
Wirth, Louis, 34–35, 307
Woldoff, Rachel, 227–28
working class, 29–30, 99–100, 129, 213, 215, 217, 231–32, 262
working-class neighborhoods, 35–36, 58, 68, 76, 88, 174, 175–76, 213, 221, 222–23, 230–31, 236, 298–301

Yale University, 209
Youngstown Neighborhood Development Corporation, Youngstown, OH, 200

Zhang, Weiwei, 186
Zito, Salena, 159
zoning, 27, 64–65, 73, 169, 245, 295, 297, 312, 359n14. See also land use
Zorbaugh, Harvey, 58, 59

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